In a press conference, Russian president Vladimir Putin called the act a "stab in the back by the associates of terrorism," and added that "today's tragic event will have serious consequences for Russian-Turkish relations."
This latest development adds another complicated layer to the on-going Syrian conflict, where the key players have varying regional interests and priorities.
Citi Research's chief global political analyst Tina Fordham put together a brief cheat-sheet on the key players in the Syria conflict - and some of their motivations.
If you need a quick refresher, take a look below:
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