<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://pictures.reuters.com/archive/SOCCER-PBEAHUNUCDK.html">Zainal Abd Halim/REUTERS</a></span></p><p class="caption">Saudi Arabia will experience some of the most intolerable temperatures by 2100 if climate change continues.</p></div><p></p></div></div>The <a href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-recorded-temperature/">highest temperature ever recorded</a> was 134.06 degrees Fahrenheit in Death Valley, California.</p><p>By 2100, climate change could make that extreme a typical hot summer day in the Persian Gulf.</p><p>And the worst heat could be in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, according to a <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2833.epdf?referrer_access_token=5G7uKXVvd2jx1NhbRbyEa9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OZpZnipSID05z1sMtFpyQJIBXPEiHECZySbcPV-XkFfvrNdS5iJnpyJE7w9t4x_jIDkXwSdVVoD2QiBrD0trPDB4tOovNzaXHbzjcZNSLNTVpANbnm-hhnKeuJgIIbvzqQ4vZrKHkZtxC416FUG63hHhOBrB7EoJQC3aLYcuWh1znAttrCvqh5m_enyzdkIB6Jzlw5vbecqZ6yFJI-tUurir3coju5gZpaJkcq7n2aqA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com">study published Oct. 26 in Nature Climate Change</a>.</p><p>With <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Saudi_Arabia.pdf">1.6 million people</a> living in the metropolitan area, Dhahran hosts the headquarters of the <a href="http://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home.html">Saudi Arabian Oil Company, a.k.a. Aramco</a>, which owns the largest oil reserves in the world.</p><p>Right now, typical summer days in the city crest at <a href="http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/dhahran/Dhahran%20City%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm">104 degrees Fahrenheit</a>, and the humid air blowing off the coast of the Persian Gulf can make daytime activities difficult without the aid of <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/air-conditioning-intolerable-persian-heat-making-planet-even-hotter-2015-10">air conditioning</a>.</p><p>Dhahran isn't alone. If climate change continues on the path it's on today, the study found, maximum temperatures in <a href="http://www.worldtravelguide.net/kuwait-city">Kuwait City</a> and <a href="http://visitabudhabi.ae/en/tag/al.ain.aspx">Al Ain</a>, United Arab Emirates are expected to climb above 140 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.</p><p>The researchers, from Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, used climate models to predict what regional temperatures would look like on the Arabian Peninsula by 2100 if the world doesn't start cutting carbon emissions.</p><p>Dhahran had the highest maximum "wet-bulb temperature" reported in the study at 91.94 degrees Fahrenheit. This projection could become the new normal for extreme summer days by the end of the century.</p><p>The study analyzed both dry-bulb temperature we normally hear in a weather report, like the 140 degree figure above, and the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/opinion/sunday/the-deadly-combination-of-heat-and-humidity.html?_r=0">wet-bulb temperature</a>, which accounts for both heat and humidity. If the wet-bulb reading gets above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, the human body can no longer cool itself off, even when fully drenched with sweat. This is when health problems like heat stroke can set in, even for young and healthy people.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://pictures.reuters.com/archive/RIYADH--GM1E95Q1L5M01.html">Faisal Al Nasser/REUTERS</a></span></p><p class="caption">Summer heat in Saudi Arabia is bad today, but climate change could make it intolerable.</p></div><p></p></div></div>Areas near the sea have higher wet-bulb temperatures because of the humid air, the authors explain, compared to drier desert regions further inland. This is why the most intolerably hot cities they identified are located near the water.</p><p>Dhahran already holds the unofficial record for the highest heat index ever recorded, according to the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/07/30/iran-city-hits-suffocating-heat-index-of-154-degrees-near-world-record/">Washington Post</a>. In July 2003, the temperature in the city reached 108 degrees Fahrenheit with a dew point of 95, making the <a href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/heat/heat_index.shtml">heat index</a> - which is what it "feels like" outside in the shade - 178 degrees Fahrenheit.</p><p>All these measurements (wet-bulb temperature, humidity, dew point, heat index, etc.) are really just different ways of expressing how hot it feels to us outside, since just the air temperature alone often can't express how humidity can make the heat unbearable and even deadly.</p><p>Here's what our extremely-heated future looks like on a map - the color shows the projected extreme wet-bulb temperatures in the Persian Gulf by 2100. The purple areas show temperatures the human body can no longer handle. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia had the highest extreme heat values reported in the study.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Pal et al. " title_caption="Projected wet-bulb temperatures by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't mitigated (35 degrees Celsius = 95 degrees Fahrenheit)." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/56328796dd0895e5788b45ab-960/hottest city persian heat.png"><span class="sprites click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span></a><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HI-KkwSKZcA">Pal et al. </a></span></p><p class="caption">Projected wet-bulb temperatures by the end of the century if carbon emissions aren't mitigated (35 degrees Celsius = 95 degrees Fahrenheit).</p></div><p></p></div></div>In extreme heat, manmade objects start to fail us, too.</p><p>"When [the dry-bulb temperature] approaches such extremes, much machinery designed for the current climate may malfunction," the authors wrote in the study. "For example, aircraft may not operate properly during takeoff and landing, and rail lines can buckle at extreme temperatures, even at temperatures around 40 [degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit)]."</p><p>The Gulf has already started experiencing heat waves like the ones predicted to become average in the study. This July, some of the highest wet-bulb temperatures ever recorded swept across the Arabian Peninsula.</p><p><a href="http://www.iac.ethz.ch/people/cschaer">Christoph Schär</a> from the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science at ETH Zurich wrote an essay accompanying the study explaining just how bad the heat wave was this summer.</p><p>Sea surface wet-bulb temperatures crept above 93 degrees Fahrenheit in the Gulf, he wrote, with the dry-bulb temp on land peaking at 115 degrees Fahrenheit in <a href="http://www.weather.com/weather/today/l/BandarE+Mahshahr+Iran+IRXX0040:1:IR">Bandar-e Mahshahr</a>, Iran on July 31. The humidity was at 49%, resulting in an insufferable mix of heat and mugginess.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nclimate2864_F1.html">doi:10.1038/nclimate2864</a></span></p><p class="caption">The gray parts are land, and the colors show what the sea surface wet-bulb temperatures were during the heat wave in July 2015.</p></div><p></p></div></div>The worst of the worst projected temperatures can be mitigated by cutting carbon emissions now, the study found. But these decisions to cut down on greenhouse gas pollution - which have to be agreed upon by big governments followed through by corporations and individuals - have been slow in coming.</p><p>The <a href="http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en">United Nations Conference on Climate Change</a> coming up in Paris this December, however, could be the place to make stopping climate change a reality, and hopefully prevent these intolerable temps.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/plankton-co2-absorption-climate-change-2015-10">Scientists think the secrets of the ocean's 'twilight zone' could help save the planet</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="cyOXhleDrx8cscu6r2B7dbDe1HNZyNoh" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

This city in the Persian Gulf could become hotter than humans can handle

<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div>By 2100, the most extreme summer days seen today could become the new norm in the Persian Gulf.<p>Today, "wet-bulb temperatures" in the summer typically reach 88 degrees Fahrenheit every 20 days, but climate change could make every day this unbearably hot, according to a <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2833.epdf?referrer_access_token=5G7uKXVvd2jx1NhbRbyEa9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OZpZnipSID05z1sMtFpyQJIBXPEiHECZySbcPV-XkFfvrNdS5iJnpyJE7w9t4x_jIDkXwSdVVoD2QiBrD0trPDB4tOovNzaXHbzjcZNSLNTVpANbnm-hhnKeuJgIIbvzqQ4vZrKHkZtxC416FUG63hHhOBrB7EoJQC3aLYcuWh1znAttrCvqh5m_enyzdkIB6Jzlw5vbecqZ6yFJI-tUurir3coju5gZpaJkcq7n2aqA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com">study published Oct. 26 in Nature Climate Change</a>.</p><p>The <a href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/educ/activit/wetbulb.htm">wet-bulb temperature</a> accounts for both heat and humidity. If this reading gets above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, the human body can no longer cool itself off, even when fully drenched with sweat. This is when health problems like heat stroke can set in, even for young and healthy people. The temperature we typically hear in a weather report is the dry-bulb measurement.</p><p>If nothing is done to mitigate climate change and the world proceeds in a business-as-usual scenario, the study found that a typical extreme day's dry-bulb temperature in 2100 could be 113 degrees Fahrenheit in many areas of the Persian Gulf, even exceeding 140 degrees Fahrenheit in Kuwait City.</p><p>Here's what that looks like, in graph form:</p><p><div></div></p><p>The study projected Yemen's coast around the cities of Al-Hudaydah and Aden could reach wet-bulb temps of 91 degrees Fahrenheit in extreme years. "Under such conditions," the authors wrote in the study, "climate change would possibly lead to premature death of the weakest - namely children and elderly."</p><p>By the end of the century, if carbon emissions continue at the rate they're at today, wet-bulb temperatures in the cities of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Doha, Dhahran and Bandar Abbas could top the 95 degrees Fahrenheit threshold several times in the 30 years at the end of this century.</p><p>Based on the researcher's predictions, the purple areas in this map could be the most intolerable.</p><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div>In Mecca, where the Muslim pilgrimage Hajj takes place in the western middle of Saudi Arabia,<strong> annual maximum wet-bulb temperatures could soar to 91 degrees Fahrenheit, with annual maximum dry-bulb temps rising above 131 degrees Fahrenheit. </strong><p>While <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/air-conditioning-intolerable-persian-heat-making-planet-even-hotter-2015-10">oil-rich countries can rely on air conditioning</a> to get by indoors, "even the most basic outdoor activities are likely to be severely impacted," by the temperature increase, the authors wrote. On the other hand, they write, "the relatively poor countries of Southwest Asia with limited financial resources and declining or non-existent oil production will probably suffer both indoors and outdoors."</p><p>Luckily, there is a solution. If the world starts to mitigate carbon emissions, the authors wrote that the annual maximum wet-bulb temperature in Mecca would only be about 2 degrees Celsius higher in 2100 than it is today.</p><p>But if emissions aren't mitigated and business continues as usual, the mean global temperature is <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-011-0151-4">projected</a> to rise <a href="http://press.nature.com/wp-content/uploads/files/2015/10/nclimate2864-aop.pdf">4 degrees Celsius by 2100</a>. Globally, this increase doesn't sound like a lot, but you start to see the measurable effects it will have once you look at regional changes like the ones in this study.</p><p>The graphic below, from the paper, really says it all.</p><p>The top row shows the 30-year maximum wet-bulb temperatures today (left) and in 2100 if the world mitigates carbon emissions (middle), and in 2100 if emissions continue on a business-as-usual path (right). The bottom row shows the 30-year maximum dry-bulb temperatures for those three scenarios.</p><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="Pal et al. " title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/562fe8bddd0895b64c8b46d5-960/nclimate2833-f1.jpg"><span class="sprites click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span></a><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nclimate2833_F1.html">Pal et al. </a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>The really scary part of those graphics is the purple coloring on the far right maps.<p>In the top row, the map shows where wet-bulb temps reach 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) - the point when the temperature becomes intolerable, and humans can't cool off anymore.</p><p>Similarly, the purple areas on the bottom maps are where dry-bulb temps could reach 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit). That's higher than the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth, which was <a href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-recorded-temperature/">134 </a><a href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-recorded-temperature/">degrees Fahrenheit in Death Valley, California in 1913</a>.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/neil-degrasse-tyson-sun-disappear-science-2015-10">Neil deGrasse Tyson: Here's what would happen if the sun disappeared</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="VrOWFkeDrFcZ5RkDKe7Yzupz8R8Ktl7U" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

Here's where the 'intolerable' heat will hit hardest in the Persian Gulf

<ul class="summary-list"><li>I tried <keyword id="484151" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Stuffing" source="Orion">stuffing</keyword> dishes from famous chefs <keyword id="9178737" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ina-garten" source="Orion">Ina Garten</keyword>, Paula Deen, Ree Drummond, and Sunny Anderson. </li><li>Anderson's recipe was my favorite because of its mostly savory flavor and easy preparation. </li></ul><p>For many <keyword id="32170" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Thanksgiving" source="Orion">Thanksgiving</keyword> menus, stuffing is a must, but the countless recipes and techniques can make this <a href="https://www.insider.com/which-famous-chef-has-the-best-pumpkin-pie-recipe">Turkey Day staple</a> feel overwhelming. </p><p>To find the best stuffing option, I tried making recipes from <a href="https://www.insider.com/famous-cooking-show-judges-share-their-best-cooking-advice">celebrity chefs</a> Ina Garten, Paula Deen, Ree Drummond, and Sunny Anderson. </p><h2><strong>Garten's herb-and-apple stuffing features plenty of fresh ingredients</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="ingredients for Ina Garten's stuffing laid out on wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331129" hostid="261"></div><p>Unlike the other recipes I tested, <a href="https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/ina-garten/herb-and-apple-stuffing-recipe-1941887">Garten's</a> requires only one type of bread — baguettes — which made it easier to prepare.</p><p>I also appreciated the addition of fresh herbs but was unsure how I'd like the apples and almonds combined with the savory onions and celery. </p><p>This recipe yields a huge portion, so I cut it in half.</p><h2><strong>This stuffing was quite easy to make</strong></h2><div type="image" title="celery and onions cooking in a pan for Ina Garten's stuffing" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331139" hostid="261"></div><p>Overall, the process was pretty simple. </p><p>While drying the bread in the oven at 300 degrees Fahrenheit for about 10 minutes, I sautéed the veggies, apples, and herbs in a saucepan <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-best-mashed-potato-recipes-from-chefs">with butter</a>.</p><p>Once the mixture was combined, I poured it and the vegetable stock over the bread cubes.</p><div type="image" title="Ina Garten's stuffing spread out in a white baking dish" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331160" hostid="261"></div><p><a href="https://www.insider.com/which-famous-chef-has-the-best-macaroni-and-cheese-recipe-2020-1">This recipe calls for</a> cooking the filling inside a turkey cavity for two-and-a-half hours at 350 degrees Fahrenheit — however, <a href="https://www.insider.com/best-vegan-roast-to-buy-for-holidays-review">I wasn't making a bird</a> for this <keyword id="2178926" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="taste-test" source="Orion">taste test</keyword>, so I baked the stuffing at the same temperature in a shallow dish for an hour instead. </p><p>The longest part of the process was cooking the onions, celery, and apples, but even that only took about 10 minutes.</p><h2><strong>I enjoyed the apples but not the almonds</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="Ina Garten's stuffing cooked in a white baking dish on a wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331168" hostid="261"></div><p>The <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-best-mashed-potato-recipes-from-chefs">final dish</a> was pretty crispy and golden on top, but when I scooped a serving out of the pan, its center looked less appetizing. </p><p>The texture was OK — the insides were definitely soggy, but not terrible. Adding a little less broth would likely solve this. </p><div type="image" title="Ina Garten's stuffing serving on a white plate on a wooden cutting board" height="2844" width="3792" msid="79331172" hostid="261"></div><p>Next time, I would definitely omit the nuts. I used slivered almonds, and between their crunchiness, size, and shape, they threw off the dish's overall texture.</p><p>The crusty breaded exterior was delicious and added all of the crunch this dish needed. </p><p>I could definitely taste the rosemary, and I actually <a href="https://www.insider.com/apple-pie-recipes-taste-test-2019-3">enjoyed the apples</a>, which gave the stuffing a <a href="https://www.insider.com/best-cinnamon-roll-recipe-from-famous-chefs">slight sweetness that balanced</a> the other savory flavors.</p><h2><strong>Deen's recipe calls for a lot of butter and homemade cornbread</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="The ingredients for Paula Deen's stuffing laid out on wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331176" hostid="261"></div><p>In true Deen fashion, <a href="https://www.pauladeen.com/recipe/southern-cornbread-stuffing/">this stuffing</a> calls for a full stick of butter. </p><p>I was also unsure about the mixture of carbs here — saltine crackers, white bread, and <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-the-best-cornbread-recipes-from-chefs">cornbread</a>, which I made from scratch using Deen's recipe.</p><h2><strong>My stuffing mix ended up with too much broth, some of which I had to carefully pour out before baking</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Celery and onion cooking in pan for Paula Deen's stuffing" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331183" hostid="261"></div><p>For the carbs, I started by making the cornbread — which was a quick and easy process that resulted in a savory, slightly dense dish — and dried the white bread slices in the oven.</p><p>I then sautéed the veggies with the <a href="https://www.insider.com/which-famous-chef-has-the-best-chocolate-chip-cookie-recipe">stick of butter</a> and mixed all of the prepared ingredients in a bowl. </p><div type="image" title="Mixing Paula Deen's stuffing ingredients in white bowl" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331193" hostid="261"></div><p>When adding the vegetable stock, I stopped after about five cups because the mixture looked far too soggy already. Still concerned about the texture, I poured out more broth before adding five <a href="https://www.insider.com/best-scrambled-egg-recipes-review-from-celebrity-chefs">eggs to the mix</a>.</p><p>I then transferred everything into a shallow, glass baking dish. It took about an hour in the oven for the mix to really crisp up.</p><h2><strong>The flavor was fine, but the texture was disappointing</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Paula Deen's stuffing cooked in glass baking dish on wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331196" hostid="261"></div><p>The top was slightly golden, but it didn't get as crispy as the other recipes I tested. </p><p>When I took a bite, I noted the interior was far too soggy — there was definitely too much broth, and the crackers turned mushy after absorbing the liquid. </p><div type="image" title="Paula Deen's stuffing served on white plate on wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331208" hostid="261"></div><p>The flavor was OK — very savory and buttery — but the extra-soggy texture was not appetizing. </p><p>If I <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-celebrity-chef-cocktail-recipes-for-negronis-best-drink">made this again</a>, I'd swap some of the crackers for more bread and cut the broth back by at least half of the amount called for.</p><h2><strong>Drummond's stuffing recipe requires 3 kinds of bread</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="the ingredients for Ree Drummond's stuffing laid out on wooden cutting board" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331236" hostid="261"></div><p>The <a href="https://www.thepioneerwoman.com/food-cooking/recipes/a11893/thanksgiving-dressing-recipe/">Pioneer Woman's recipe</a> calls for <a href="https://www.insider.com/which-chef-has-the-best-french-toast-recipe-2020-3">a lot of bread</a> — three different types, including <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-the-best-cornbread-recipes-from-chefs">homemade cornbread</a>. Because I already had the ingredients needed to make Deen's cornbread, I used that option for this dish as well. </p><p>In addition to a large amount of bread, this recipe also requires a lot of parsley.</p><h2><strong>The process involved making cornbread and carefully ladling broth onto the cubed carbs</strong></h2><p>I noticed a little too late that I was supposed to dry <a href="https://www.insider.com/review-ranking-all-einstein-bros-bagels-worst-to-best">the bread</a> out for one to two days, but I threw it in the oven at 300 degrees Fahrenheit for 15 minutes and it still firmed up really well. </p><p>In general, <a href="https://www.insider.com/which-chef-has-the-best-recipe-for-deviled-eggs">this recipe</a> had a similar process to the other two, from making the cornbread and dehydrating the other carbs to sautéeing the veggies. </p><div type="image" title="The ingredients for Ree Drummond's stuffing simmering together" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331238" hostid="261"></div><p>The recipe instructed me to add six cups of broth to the sautéed vegetables, then ladle this mixture onto the tossed bread cubes until they were soaked to my liking.</p><p>I preferred this approach, as it was easier to control and prevent the stuffing from becoming soggy. </p><div type="image" title="Mixing the ingredients for Ree Drummond's stuffing in metal bowl" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331294" hostid="261"></div><p>My stuffing took about 40 minutes in the oven rather than the 20 to 30 minutes the recipe called for, but the extra time helped it achieve a crisp, golden top.</p><h2><strong>The flavor would've been better with less celery</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Ree Drummond's stuffing cooked in glass baking dish" height="3024" width="4032" msid="79331296" hostid="261"></div><p>Although the stuffing was toasty on top without being burnt, it still looked soggy inside.</p><p>But upon tasting it, the dish's <a href="https://www.insider.com/which-famous-chef-has-the-best-brownies-test-review-2019-12">flavor and texture</a> actually weren't bad at all. The center was slightly soggy, but not overwhelmingly so, and the extra-crispy top helped balance the texture. </p><div type="image" title="Ree Drummond's stuffing served on white plate on wooden cutting board" height="2880" width="3840" msid="79331299" hostid="261"></div><p>My only issue with this recipe was it had way too much celery. I'm not a fan of the vegetable in general, but I can tolerate it in moderate amounts — still, almost every bite tasted strongly of it. </p><p>That said, the bites with minimal celery were delicious, with a savory, herby flavor.</p><h2><strong>Anderson's stuffing recipe offers 4 flavor combinations to choose from</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="The ingredients for Sunny Anderson's stuffing laid out on white counter" height="3024" width="4032" msid="87768119" hostid="261"></div><p>Anderson's <a href="https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/sunny-anderson/sunnys-simple-stuffing-2656618">simple and quick recipe</a> combines store-bought stuffing mix with sautéed veggies, broth, and herbs to <a href="https://www.insider.com/ways-to-make-a-pre-made-pie-look-and-taste-better">make it taste homemade</a>. </p><p>I swapped turkey stock for vegetable broth since I don't eat meat products, and I left out the thyme as a personal preference. </p><p>Anderson also offers four add-on combinations to give the dish more flavor — sausage and bell peppers, oysters and hard-boiled eggs, walnuts and apples, and sautéed fennel bulb and dried apricots. I opted for the last combo. </p><h2><strong>Most of the prep work involved chopping veggies</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Chopped veggies, like celery and onions, cooking in a pan to make Sunny Anderson's stuffing" height="3024" width="4032" msid="87768120" hostid="261"></div><p>This recipe was quick to put together. For the base, I simply dumped the stuffing mixture in a large bowl and added freshly chopped parsley. </p><p>I got to work mincing the garlic and chopping the onion, celery, fennel bulb, sage, and dried apricots. Aside from the hands-off baking portion of the process, this step took the longest.</p><p>Then I cooked the veggies, sage, garlic, salt, and pepper in a pan until the mix started to soften.</p><div type="image" title="Mixing the stuffing with veggies and broth in glass baking dish to make Sunny Anderson's stuffing" height="3024" width="4032" msid="87768122" hostid="261"></div><p>After combining the sautéed mixture with the boxed stuffing and vegetable broth, I mixed in the dried apricots and pressed everything down into a glass baking dish. </p><p>I covered the whole thing with foil and let it bake for 45 minutes at 350 degrees Fahrenheit, before removing the metal topping and cooking it for an additional 15 minutes at 400 degrees Fahrenheit.</p><h2><strong>The stuffing turned out crispy and flavorful</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Sunny Anderson's stuffing cooked in a glass baking dish on white counter" height="3024" width="4032" msid="87768124" hostid="261"></div><p>I was worried this recipe would turn out too soggy since it's meant to be a wet dressing, but it actually baked up really well. It came out of the oven with a <a href="https://www.insider.com/trying-best-overnight-oats-from-different-popular-chefs-review-photos">soft, almost creamy center</a> and an extra-crispy exterior. </p><div type="image" title="Sunny Anderson's stuffing on a white plate on a white counter" height="2851" width="3801" msid="87768126" hostid="261"></div><p>The sautéed veggies created a very <a href="https://www.insider.com/best-chef-recipe-for-roast-chicken-reviewed-photos-2021-5">savory flavor</a> profile, and I couldn't even taste the celery. </p><p>I was also a little unsure about the apricots, but they added a touch of sweetness and melted in my mouth, which was a nice addition to the various textures.</p><h2><strong>Anderson's easy stuffing was my favorite, but all of these recipes would be worth making again with a few tweaks</strong></h2><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="The writer posing with Ina Garten's stuffing" height="2448" width="3264" msid="79331302" hostid="261"></div><p>If I had to choose a favorite, I'd go for Anderson's unique stuffing.</p><p>I was surprised by how much I enjoyed the fennel-and-apricot combination — it added an <a href="https://www.insider.com/best-way-to-make-corn-in-air-fryer-tiktok-hack-review">interesting twist</a> while remaining true to the traditional dish. Plus, this recipe was the quickest and easiest to make.</p><p>I also loved the flavor of Garten's herby stuffing with the rosemary and apple, but I'd leave out the almonds and use less broth next time.</p><p><a href="https://www.insider.com/which-chef-has-the-best-blueberry-muffin-recipe">Deen's recipe</a> had an enjoyable savory, buttery flavor, but it needed far less stock to fix the texture. I think adding more bread instead of as many crackers would also help. </p><p>For Drummond's stuffing, I'd use slightly less broth for an even better texture and way less celery to help the flavor of the sautéed veggies and fresh herbs shine.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/the-best-recipes-from-celebrity-chefs-by-category-list-photos-review" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Click to check out the other celebrity-chef recipes we've put head-to-head so far</a>.</strong></p>

I made stuffing using 4 recipes from celebrity chefs &mdash; the best used a boxed mix and beat Ina Garten's

<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div>Climate change could make the hottest summer days in the Persian Gulf today the norm by 2100. The new extreme could exceed the hottest temperature ever recorded on Earth, according to a <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2833.epdf?referrer_access_token=5G7uKXVvd2jx1NhbRbyEa9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OZpZnipSID05z1sMtFpyQJIBXPEiHECZySbcPV-XkFfvrNdS5iJnpyJE7w9t4x_jIDkXwSdVVoD2QiBrD0trPDB4tOovNzaXHbzjcZNSLNTVpANbnm-hhnKeuJgIIbvzqQ4vZrKHkZtxC416FUG63hHhOBrB7EoJQC3aLYcuWh1znAttrCvqh5m_enyzdkIB6Jzlw5vbecqZ6yFJI-tUurir3coju5gZpaJkcq7n2aqA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com">study published Oct. 26 in Nature Climate Change</a>.<p>And those kinds of temperatures are "intolerable" for humans, the scientists said in the study.</p><p>By 2100, if nothing is done to mitigate climate change and the world proceeds in a business-as-usual scenario, a typical extreme day's "<a href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/educ/activit/wetbulb.htm">wet-bulb temperature</a>" could be 113 degrees Fahrenheit in many areas, reaching 92 degrees Fahrenheit in Mecca and exceeding 140 degrees Fahrenheit in Kuwait City.</p><p>The wet-bulb temperature accounts for both heat and humidity. A wet-bulb temperature above 95 degrees Fahrenheit is when the human body, even for a fit young person, can no longer cool itself off with sweat and problems like heat stroke could set in.</p><p><div></div></p><p>This permanent heat wave could make living in and around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea unbearable, the authors write - making working outside virtually impossible, and turning air conditioning into a universal necessity.</p><p>"Electricity demands for air conditioner use, for example, would considerably increase in the future to adapt to projected changes in climate and population," they wrote. "Although it may be feasible to adapt indoor activities in the rich oil countries of the region, even the most basic outdoor activities are likely to be severely impacted."</p><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div><p></p></div></div>But the global demand for air conditioning is also partly to blame for the planet's continued warming. Because of climate change, air-conditioning energy demand is expected to increase 72% by 2100, according to a <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421508005168">2009 study in Energy Policy</a>.<p>That study also found that the need to heat and cool because of climate change will increase carbon emissions from 0.8 gigatonnes in 2000 to 2.2 gigatonnes in 2100 - accounting for 12% of the total CO2 emissions coming from energy use.</p><p>This huge number is largely because the air conditioners we use today rely on today use <a href="http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.html">hydrofluorocarbons</a>, or HFCs, which are greenhouse gases, and are powered by electricity, most of which is still generated using fossil fuels like coal and natural gas.</p><p>The efficiency of air conditioners has <a href="http://e360.yale.edu/feature/cooling_a_warming_planet_a_global_air_conditioning_surge/2550">increased by about 30% in the last decade</a>, according to a story on Yale University's e360. And if we are going to stay cool in extremely hot areas like the Persian Gulf, we will need to keep making them more efficient.</p><p>We'll also have to stop relying so heavily on fossil fuels to generate our electricity, and <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/map-shows-solar-panels-to-power-the-earth-2015-9">switch to renewable sources like solar</a>, wind, and hydroelectric.</p><p>The worst of the worst projected temperatures can be mitigated by cutting carbon emissions now, the Nature Climate Change study found. But these decisions to cut down on greenhouse gas pollution - which have to be agreed upon by big governments followed through by corporations and individuals - have been slow in coming.</p><p>The <a href="http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en">United Nations Conference on Climate Change</a> coming up in Paris this December, however, could be the place to make these actions binding, and make the need to cull climate change a reality.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/charting-prehistoric-human-migration-animated-map-2015-10">This animated map shows how humans migrated across the globe</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="tmbm81dTpO6aBNx_yCsj-WV1tmRLYQly" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

The one thing that could make 'intolerable' Persian heat bearable will make the planet even hotter

10 ways to cool down a room if you don't have AC

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Pablo Porcuincula/AFP/Getty Images)</span></p><p class="caption">People walk by an office of French bank BNP-Paribas as lightning strike on June 8, 2014 in Paris, France.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li>On Sunday, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/survivors-explain-what-its-like-to-get-struck-by-lightning-2013-1">lightning hit</a> a man in Clearwater Beach, Florida. He went into cardiac arrest and was transported to the hospital in critical condition.</li><li>Seven other people were injured in the lightning strike as well.</li><li>A person who gets struck by lightning can suffer third degree burns and ruptured ear drums, and their heart is at risk of stopping.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul><p>On Sunday, as beach-goers in Florida were enjoying a warm afternoon, a thunderstorm rolled in.</p><p>A bolt of lightning struck the sand on Clearwater Beach around 12:42 in the afternoon.</p><p>A man in his 40s, whose identity has not been released, took a direct hit. Seven other people nearby were thrown from their feet and injured.</p><p><span>"It was this big strike. This dude, he got struck by lightning and he fell," witness Kenijah Everson <a href="https://www.abcactionnews.com/news/region-pinellas/lightning-strikes-clearwater-beach-injuring-several">told ABC affiliate WFTS Tampa Bay</a>.</span></p><p>The man went into cardiac arrest. Bystanders performed CPR and dragged him and the other victims off the beach. The man was rushed to a nearby hospital and is currently in critical condition. One of the injured survivors was also treated for burns, WFTS reported.</p><p>According to <span><a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/flash-facts-about-lightning/">the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a>, the odds of getting hit by lightning in a given year is 1 in 700,000. About 10% of victims die; lightning killed almost 3,696 Americans between 1959 and 2003.</span></p><p><span>Most survivors of a lightning strike, however, experience long-term effects, including severe burns, brain damage, deafness, and memory loss. Here's what happens if you get hit by lightning.</span></p><h2>Lightning strikes sear clothing, scar skin, and deafen ears</h2><p><span>A lot can happen in the three-thousandths of a second it takes for a lightning bolt to course through your body. </span></p><p>As the lightning strikes then exits your body, your hair and clothing might singe or catch fire, and possibly even disintegrate.</p><p><em><strong>Read More:</strong> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-to-expect-when-you-survive-lightning-2016-4">The most terrifying part about getting struck by lightning is what happens to you afterwards</a></em></p><p>If you happen to be wearing metal objects, like a necklace, those items can channel the electric current and sear your skin with third-degree burns.</p><p>Lightning that exits the body through the feet can literally <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/lightning-knocks-atlanta-area-man-clean-smoking-boots/story?id=24262532">knock your shoes off</a>. (<a href="https://www.weather.gov/media/owlie/backcountry_lightning.pdf">According to the National Weather Service</a>, the explosive force of lightning can cause blunt trauma resulting in fractures or soft-tissue injuries.)</p><p>It's also not uncommon for the blast to rupture the eardrums, possibly leading to hearing loss.</p><p>What's more, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/05/08/ten-shocking-things-that-can-happen-if-you-are-struck-by-lightning/">blood vessels burst</a> due to the electric discharge, and the heat can create a scarring pattern called a <a href="https://weather.com/health/news/catching-lightning-body-what-happens-when-lightning-strikes-20140114">Lichtenberg figure</a> on the skin. These scars branch out across one's body like the limbs of a tree, tracing the path the electricity took as it traveled.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.GearDiary.com">Winston Kemp</a></span></p><p class="caption">Lichtenberg figures are a type of scarring that can occur when a person has been struck by lightning.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p><span>Lightning carries between 1 to 10 billion joules of energy - enough to power a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-happens-people-struck-by-lightning-chances-2018-5">100-watt bulb for at least three months</a>. When that amount of electricity enters your body, it short-circuits the small electrical signals that keep your heart, lungs, and nervous system running.</span></p><p><span>That disruption in your heart's electrical rhythm can result in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cardiac-arrest-is-major-killer-but-there-are-no-cpr-standards-2015-12">cardiac arrest</a> - one of the leading causes of death in lightning strike victims. The shock can also cause seizures or make it difficult to breathe. If the electric current enters your skull, it can cook your brain, resulting in brain damage or coma. </span></p><p><span>A lightning strike can cause <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15798352">temporary or permanent paralysis</a> as well. In the wake of a strike, some survivors undergo <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-to-expect-when-you-survive-lightning-2016-4">personality changes, mood swings, and memory loss</a>. </span></p><p><a href="http://www.5280.com/magazine/2013/01/after-shock?page=0,0">Denver's 5280 magazine</a> interviewed multiple <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/survivors-explain-what-its-like-to-get-struck-by-lightning-2013-1">lightning strike survivors</a> in 2013; one of those survivors, Betsy Smith, was temporarily paralyzed after she was hit by lightning on a rock ledge in Wyoming.</p><p>"I was convinced my body had become soup inside my clothes," Smith told 5280. She was immobile for 45 minutes after the strike, and her left arm was severely burned. One of Smith's fingers was burned so severely that the flesh died, and the finger had to be amputated.</p><h2>Five times hotter than the surface of the sun</h2><p>Lightning forms as the result of particles of rain and ice <a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120926-what-causes-lightening">bumping together</a> inside a cloud. </p><p>This can cause an excess of negative charge to collect at the bottom of the cloud. The charge can be so powerful that it repels electrons (negatively charged particles) on the ground below.</p><p>The ground consequently becomes positively charged, and an intense attraction builds between the negative cloud and the positive ground. <span style="font-weight: 400;">This attraction entices the negatively charged electrons at the bottom of the cloud to branch toward the Earth's surface. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">That negative stream is met by a stream of positively-charged particles flying skyward. </span></p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Chris McGrath/Getty Images</span></p><p class="caption">Lightning strikes Fatih Mosque over the Istanbul skyline during a thunderstorm on May 7, 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When that happens, the opposing streams of particles exchange energy, which manifests as the bright lightning strikes we see. </span></p><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lightning strikes can be up to <a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/flash-facts-about-lightning/">5 miles long from end to end</a>, and they</span> can heat the surrounding air to a temperature of nearly 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit (27,700 degrees Celsius) - around five times hotter than the surface of the sun.</p><h2>How to avoid lightning strikes</h2><p>According to <span> </span><a href="http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/bio_jensenius.shtml">John Jensenius</a><span>, a lightning-safety specialist with NOAA, the best way to stay safe during a thunderstorm is to shelter inside a car or enclosed building. If that's not an option, you should find another way to avoid getting caught out in the open, Jensenius <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stand-under-tree-second-worst-thing-do-in-lightning-storm-2017-7">previously told Business Insider</a>. </span></p><p><span>Avoid standing under trees, and stay away from wet and metal objects, Jensenius added. Even wet sand can effectively conduct the </span>electrical current from a lightning strike. <em><br /></em></p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Getty Images/Ethan Miller</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p><span>Jensenius</span> added that it's important to wait 30 minutes after the last rumble of thunder before leaving your place of shelter, since ground strikes can happen even when the skies have cleared and the center of a thunderstorm is <a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/flash-facts-about-lightning/">10 miles (16 kilometers) away</a>.<em><br /></em></p><p class="tagline"><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intelligence/digital-health?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_subscription&amp;itm_content=health&amp;itm_campaign=digital-health"></a></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/plane-struck-lightning-more-common-than-you-might-think-2016-11">What really happens when lightning strikes a plane - and the clever features that reduce the risk of damage</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

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