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Unlike the Earth, space is ever-changing. What we see during the day or on any given day changes rapidly, but what’s the exact significance when this happens? 
 For any country, this can be a potential threat. For instance, the US has been on a panic mode ever since the 9/11 terrorist attack. And when the <keyword id="808313" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="space-shuttle-Columbia">space shuttle Columbia</keyword> was reduced to cinders, it gave the US heebie-jeebies as a new term came into being – space terrorism, to be precise. 
 Although <keyword id="1927141" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="terrorism-in-space">terrorism in space</keyword> is ruled out for now, it still throbs somewhere in people’s mind, with the potential to explode in their faces some day. Cost is probably the only factor that poses some limitation on organisations that are bent upon carrying out destructive activities against any country – let’s say developed countries in particular. 
 So in more ways than one, inflicting damage to <keyword id="1927143" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="space-machines">space machines</keyword> or <keyword id="630124" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="space-shuttles">space shuttles</keyword> need not be perceived as an act that happens somewhere in the orbit or to a satellite/machine in motion. Heard of control room, anyone? It can happen right here on earth, much closer home than anywhere else. 
 Tampering with ground segment and mission control centres can do more harm than self-launching into the orbit and shattering a <keyword id="6358065" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Satellite">satellite</keyword>. The outcome is the same and this move is more destructive than the other in <keyword id="523986" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="outer-space">outer space</keyword>. Although it is highly impossible to tinker with satellites in the orbit simply through the controls, it cannot be ruled out completely! 
 
But there is another facet. The military operations of most countries now depend less on surveillance and more on the Global Positioning System (GPS). Even for a country like America, it would throw up a huge challenge if a terrorist outfit creates an effective jamming circuit for GPS, thus compromising its security forces. 
 
Jamming the GPS will yield one certain result. If a country is to fight another via air route, a faulty GPS can show a highly compromised target, which in reality need not be the one that’s aimed for. 
 
In fact, one of the most developed nations decided to destroy the orbiting satellites of its ‘enemy’ nation, which had managed to successfully toss a highly efficient satellite into the orbit. Several proposals were drawn up to clear off the orbiting satellite. But even before any such plan could be executed, an outer space treaty signed between a few nations, thwarted such a situation from arising, keeping the ‘space’ away from any act of hostility. 
 On the other hand, <keyword id="6422364" type="TECHNOLOGY" weightage="100" keywordseo="space-technology">space technology</keyword> and satellites were put to excellent use with the tracing of <keyword id="41240" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Osama-bin-Laden">Osama Bin Laden</keyword> and his eventual killing by the American forces in a high precision planning and execution. 
 
We still wonder how space would be utilised in the near future – as a security heaven or a new terrorism hub. But one thing is certain. It won’t be long before space would find its space way too crowded with activities ranging from entertainment, science, security and more. After all, space is open for all.

Outer Space: Terrorism Hub Or Security Haven?

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A piece of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astroscale-mission-to-clean-up-space-junk-magnets-2021-3">space debris</a> has struck the <keyword id="6382020" type="LOCATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="international-space-station">International Space Station</keyword>.</li><li>NASA found a hole in one of the station's robotic arms, though it's still working.</li><li>Scientists monitor 23,000 pieces of <keyword id="938050" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="space-junk">space junk</keyword> that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astroscale-mission-to-clean-up-space-junk-magnets-2021-3">could harm the station</a>, but some debris is too small to track.</li></ul>A piece of <keyword id="943402" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Space-Debris">space debris</keyword> has punched a hole in one of the International <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="space">Space</keyword> Station's robotic arms.NASA and the Canadian Space Agency <a href="https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/news.asp">announced on Friday</a> that they found a 0.2-inch (5-millimeter) puncture during a routine inspection of Canadarm2, Canada's autonomous arm, on May 12.The arm is used to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures">transport spacewalking astronauts</a> outside the station and deploy <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> experiments in orbit. It appears to be working properly despite the hole, <a href="https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/news.asp">according to the Canadian Space Agency</a>.It's unknown what the piece of space junk responsible for the hole looked like, or where it came from. <div type="image" title="impact ISS chip" height="1371" width="1920" msid="83158245" hostid="261"></div>This isn't the first time the ISS - a floating laboratory that orbits more than 220 miles above our heads - has taken a hit. Five years ago, an object struck one of the windows on the ISS's dome, gouging <a href="http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2016/05/Impact_chip">a 0.3-inch-wide chip in the glass</a>. The culprit may have been a small metal fragment no bigger than the width of an eyelash.In total, <a href="https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers">nearly 130 million pieces of debris</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astroscale-mission-to-clean-up-space-junk-magnets-2021-3"> crowd</a> Earth's orbit - including leftover rocket parts, pieces of dead satellites, even tiny meteorites. In total, this debris weighs more than 10,000 tons, and more gets added every year. The chunks zip around the planet at more than 17,500 mph, roughly 10 times the speed of a bullet. NASA and other space agencies keep tabs on more than <a href="https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/iss/news.asp">23,000 known pieces of space debris</a> that could threaten the space station - pretty much anything larger than a softball. If there's more than a 1-in-100,000 chance of a collision, NASA will maneuver the ISS out of harm's way, since a collision could endanger the lives of the <keyword id="73998" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="astronauts">astronauts</keyword> on board.<div type="image" title="astronauts spacewalk international space station iss" height="1519" width="2026" msid="83158246" hostid="261"></div>Last year, the agency had to move the station away from space debris <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21451587/iss-space-junk-debris-avoidance-maneuver#:~:text=On%20Twitter%2C%20Jim%20Bridenstine%2C%20the,three%20times%20in%202020%20alone.">three times</a>.But plenty of space debris is too tiny to track, and even pebbles, dust particles, or flecks of paint that slough off of other satellites can damage the ISS.<h2>A space-junk problem</h2>Among the biggest pieces of space junk in n low-Earth orbit are <a href="http://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Space_Debris/Space_debris_by_the_numbers">2,900 dead satellites</a> that float uncontrolled. Nobody can maneuver them.<div type="image" title="space junk" height="2160" width="3840" msid="83158247" hostid="261"></div>The worst-case scenario is a collision between one of these large objects and the ISS or a crewed spaceship. But even if two dead, uninhabited satellites hit each other, that's also a problem because any crash will produce new clouds of smaller bits of debris. As Earth's orbit gets <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starlink-internet-satellites-percent-failure-rate-space-debris-risk-2020-10">more congested</a>, the likelihood of this type of dangerous collision increases.Last year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/soviet-satellite-chinese-rocket-might-crash-in-space-2020-10">a defunct Soviet satellite and an old Chinese rocket body passed alarmingly close</a>, and two dead satellites <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-air-force-satellites-might-crash-in-space-over-pittsburgh-2020-1">almost crossed paths</a> as well.<div type="image" title="nasa international space station iss earth clouds sts130 shuttle crew photo february 19 2010 iss_sts130_big" height="1735" width="2314" msid="83158249" hostid="261"></div>In an extreme scenario, a chain of collisions in space could spiral out of control, with the debris from one crash causing more collisions, which would create more debris. This could and wind up blanketing Earth in a practically <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-junk-kessler-syndrome-chain-reaction-prevention-2018-3">impassable field of debris</a> - a possibility known as the Kessler syndrome. According to Donald J. Kessler, the NASA astrophysicist who suggested the idea in 1978, it could take hundreds or even thousands of years for such debris to clear enough to make spaceflight safe again.Morgan McFall-Johnsen contributed reporting to this story.

A piece of space debris punched a tiny hole in the International Space Station, damaging a robotic arm

President Droupadi Murmu, on Friday visited an exhibition to showcase space technologies and achievements, at Bharat Mandapam, on the maiden <keyword id="22301946" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="National-Space-Day" source="keywords">National Space Day</keyword>. Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh and <keyword id="19915124" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="ISRO" meta.hostid="153" meta.entityid="ISRO">ISRO</keyword> Chairman S Somanath were also present. <keyword id="19939985" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="President-Murmu" source="keywords">President Murmu</keyword> extended her greetings on the occasion of the first National Space Day and welcomed the decision to celebrate Space Day on the day <keyword id="19990220" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan" source="keywords">Chandrayaan</keyword> landed on the <keyword id="19899207" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="moon" source="keywords">Moon</keyword>. "It was a glorious moment for all the Indians when ISRO's Chandrayaan landed on the moon. I saw the live telecast of that moment, I was so proud that day like other Indians. To celebrate National Space Day on this occasion is a commendable step. I congratulate all of you on the first National Space Day. ISRO has achieved many feats since its inception". She also expressed her happiness with the student's participation in the event "Happy to see students' participation in this event." Highlighting the significance of <keyword id="19929542" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-exploration" source="keywords">space exploration</keyword>, she added "Space exploration has extended human's ability and help complete the imagination of humankind. Space exploration is exciting and challenging at the same time. Health, transportation, environment, energy, security and information technology are benefitted due to the growth in the <keyword id="20242397" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-sector" source="keywords">space sector</keyword>". The president termed the growth of the ISRO as extraordinary, "The growth of <keyword id="19895063" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="India" source="keywords">India</keyword>'s space sector is extraordinary, be it Mangalyan mission that was accomplished through minimum resources or launching more than 100 satellites at a time. we have achieved many such feats". She also praised the introduction of private players in the space sector in the country, "Introducing of the private sector in Indian has led to the formation of many <keyword id="22829456" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-start-ups" source="keywords">space start-ups</keyword> in India. This has allowed the youths of India to explore the space sector". Expressing her happiness about ISRO's plan to make <keyword id="20793131" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-mission" source="keywords">space mission</keyword> debris-free she said "I am happy that India is moving towards making India's space mission debris-free by 2030". India celebrated its first-ever National Space Day on Friday on the theme "Touching Lives While Touching the Moon: India's Space Saga". On 23 August 2023, India achieved a historic milestone when the Chandrayaan-3 lander completed a soft landing on the moon. This remarkable accomplishment made India the 4th country to accomplish this feat and the 1st to land on the lunar South Pole. In recognition of this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has declared August 23 as National Space Day.

"A glorious moment for all Indians when Chandrayaan landed on moon" says President Murmu on National Space Day

Australian High Commissioner to <keyword id="19895063" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="India" source="keywords">India</keyword>, <keyword id="20307863" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="philip-green" source="keywords">Philip Green</keyword> OAM, on Wednesday, expressed Canberra's willingness to collaborate with New Delhi in the <keyword id="20242397" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-sector" source="keywords">space sector</keyword> and added that both nations are going ahead with the three collaborative space projects and signing the first Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) today. While speaking to ANI, Philip Green expressed <keyword id="19895799" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Australia" source="keywords">Australia</keyword>'s interest in partnering with India in its <keyword id="19929542" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-exploration" source="keywords">space exploration</keyword> endeavours, adding that the Australian government has pledged a USD 18 million grant for <keyword id="22187831" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="joint-India-Australia-space-projects" source="keywords">joint India-Australia space projects</keyword>. "Here today we are saying that we are keen to be partners for India in its space journey. We're already strategic and quad partners with India and we want to do more with space and my government is backing it," said Philip Green. Today we're signing the first MOU of three that has been settled as a result of an USD 18 million dollar grant for my government specifically, for India-Australia space collaborations," he added. Further, the Australian envoy said they are excited about the <keyword id="20535850" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-space-sector" source="keywords">Indian space sector</keyword> and believe its different and complementary skills can benefit each other. "We're very excited about the Indian space sector and we're particularly excited about the fact that Australia has different and complementary skills," the Australian envoy said to ANI. "We're a very big continent with very few numbers of people, which means we have very dark skies. We have great abilities in terms of space tracking," he added. Congratulating PM Modi for his victory in the 2024 general elections, Philip Green said that Australia is looking to work even more closely in the future. He also disclosed during the interview that there could be high-level visits by Australia and India to galvanise the already strong partnership. "We congratulate Modi and his government on re-election. We look forward to working even more closely as we go forward. There are three powerful drivers in our bilateral relationship, our new strategic alignment, the very strong complementarity between our economies and what we call the human bridge, the more than a million people of Indian origin who now make Australia their home," said Philip Green. "We're planning visits I'm not going to announce them to you today, but I can assure you there will be high-level visits by Australia and India to galvanise what is already a strong partnership," he added On April 30, "the Australian Government announced funding for three collaborative space projects that will strengthen the space economy for the two partner nations," said the <keyword id="22187832" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Australian-Space-Agency" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Australian Space Agency" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</keyword> in an official statement. "The projects will receive a total of A$18 million (Rs 98 crore) as part of the International Space Investment India (ISI) Projects program," the statement added. Each project will include a number of Australian and Indian partners, who will help address climate change, boost manufacturing, and advance artificial intelligence, among other objectives.

"Keen to be partners with India in its space journey": Australian envoy on space collaboration projects

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A leader in the US <keyword id="12578797" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="space-force" source="Orion">Space Force</keyword> said <keyword id="11892748" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="china" source="Orion">China</keyword> is building satellites at twice the rate of the US. </li><li>Gen. David Thompson told <a href="https://video.foxnews.com/v/6285308595001#sp=show-clips">"Fox News Sunday"</a> that the US needs to adapt to outpace China.</li></ul>The vice chief of operations at the US <keyword id="11895441" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="space" source="Orion">Space</keyword> Force warned that <a href="https://www.insider.com/china-up-the-ante-space-race-sky-ladder-to-mars-2021-6">China is rapidly expanding its space capabilities</a> and may soon overpower the US. While Gen. David Thompson told <a href="https://video.foxnews.com/v/6285308595001#sp=show-clips">"Fox News Sunday"</a> host Chris Wallace the US is still the world leader in space operations, China is on track to surpass the country. "I don't think it's a foregone conclusion they will be the leader in space at the end of the decade, but they are on an incredible pace," Thompson told Wallace.China is already launching twice as many satellites into space as the US. Thompson called this advancement a "tremendous threat.""Our capabilities are the best in the world of space, but they're moving aggressively," Thompson said. "They're moving quickly and we need to adapt our approach."Thompson told Wallace that China may have the potential to take out US sensors in the near future, but as of now, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/iss-swerves-avoid-debris-chinese-satellite-space-junk-2021-11">the country already has robots</a> in space that can conduct attacks against US operations. "They can conduct jamming attacks and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-4-blinding-laser-weapons-that-china-has-developed-2018-5">laser dazzling</a> attacks. They have a full suite of cyber capabilities," Thompson added. <a href="https://www.axios.com/china-hypersonic-missile-mark-milley-sputnik-25ff02e7-6858-4232-bfdc-8ce287002756.html">Axios</a> reported that China launched a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-hypersonic-weapon-fired-something-off-during-flight-report-2021-11">hypersonic missile</a> that Gen. Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-27/milley-likens-china-s-hypersonic-weapon-test-to-sputnik-moment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">warned</a> was "very concerning." He described it as something similar to a 'Sputnik moment." Thompson also addressed the threat Russia posed in space, adding that the country launched a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-condemns-irresponsible-russian-anti-satellite-test-threatening-space-station-2021-11">destructive test last month that took out its own defunct satellites</a>. He said Space Force needs to understand and adapt to these threats and develop solutions to prevent them. "It's our job in the Space Force to ensure, should they propose to attack us with something like a space robot or other things, we have countermeasures, we have tactics and we have means to employ to prevent that attack from being successful," Thompson said.

China is rapidly becoming a 'tremendous threat' in the solar system, says US Space Force leader

Chennai, Indian private sector players wanting to provide communication service within and outside India using a space-based asset are liable for damages caused to other space objects in outer space and its environment, states the Draft Space Based Communication Policy of India-2020 (Spacecom Policy-2020) and draft Norms, Guidelines and Procedures for implementation of Spacecom Policy-2020 (Spacecom NGP-2020). According to the drafts released by the Department of Space (DOS), private players can provide communication services using space based assets within and outside India. As regards any damages that may occur to other space objects in the outer space the private service providers are liable for financial damages and they have to take care of that by providing financial guarantee or insurance cover. The extent of financial guarantee or the insurance cover will be determined by the Indian authorising/licensing body taking into account the risks involved in nature and operations of that space object in outer space. The DOS has called for comments on the draft policy by 4.11.2020. According to the draft Spacecom Policy-2020 any communication service within the Indian territory from space can be carried out only with an authorised space asset. Only Indian entities are eligible for obtaining space asset authorisation. As per the draft policy, any Indian entity can seek authorisation for use of space asset for communication within Indian territory. This authorisation addresses use of Indian orbital resource, non-Indian orbital resource, use of owned or leased space asset. The draft policy also proposes to allow Indian companies to establish ground system within Indian territory for monitoring and controlling space asset. While use of outer space for peaceful purposes is governed by the UN treaties and international conventions, use of orbital resources is governed by radio regulations of the specialised UN agency, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Government of India as member of such UN bodies has responsibilities and obligations towards use of outer space as a common province of humanity. Towards meeting this responsibility and obligation, it is essential that Government of India has the knowledge and provisions of having control on the activities with respect to any communication involving space objects from its territory and defines the roles and responsibilities for each of the stakeholders. This necessitates that the use of space based communication in any frequency of electromagnetic spectrum, to or from Indian territory, be permitted through a process of authorisation. Under the provisions of Spacecom Policy-2020, Indian entities can establish and operate satellite systems to provide capacity for communication services with authorisations. Indian entities can undertake design, development and realisation of satellites and associated communication systems. They can establish satellite system through their own built satellite or procured satellite. The Indian companies can establish telemetry, tracking and command (TT&amp;C) earth stations and satellite control centre (SCC) in or outside India. They can offer the capacity to commercial and societal communications within India as well as outside India. They can also supply their systems and solutions to international markets. Indian entities can avail Indian as well as non-Indian orbital resources to establish their space based systems for communication services over India and outside India. Indian orbital resources can be availed from designated public sector undertaking under DOS on commercial basis subject to availability. The authorised Indian entities can directly offer their capacities to customers. As per the proposed policy use of Non-Indian orbital resources shall be permitted subject to an appropriate arrangement by which such orbital resources are eventually brought under Indian administration, through Indian ITU filing. "The authorization requires a satisfactory commitment by the applicant through an appropriate arrangement with the concerned foreign administration which has the priority for the use of the proposed orbital resources. In case of a leased space asset, apart from the applicant, the operator of such asset shall also agree and commit for the arrangement of bringing the orbital resources eventually under Indian administration," the draft policy notes. The Spacecom Policy-2020 states that the Government of India shall: #Adopt measures to monitor and authorise use of space assets for communication to or from Indian territory. #Ensure protection of space assets already put in place and adopt measures to bring in more space assets under the administrative control for enhancing ability to utilize space based communication for national needs. #Promote increased participation of commercial Indian industry to provide space based communications both within the country and outside. #Concentrate on realisation of space based communication systems for addressing the requirements that cannot be effectively, affordably and reliably satisfied by commercial Indian industry either because of national security concerns or economic factors. #Provide a timely and responsive regulatory environment for the commercial Indian industry to establish and operate space based communication systems. It is an opportune time to enable commercial communication activities to be carried out by non-governmental Indian entities to not only meet Indian requirements but also enable them to become significant players in global space communication arena, the draft policy notes. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/twitter-ceo-is-facing-fire-from-india-after-a-map-showed-jammu-and-kashmir-as-part-of-china/articleshow/78805315.cms">Twitter CEO is facing fire from India after a map showed Jammu and Kashmir as part of China</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/hcl-tech-is-bringing-employees-back-to-offices-weekly-once-to-start-with/articleshow/78802219.cms">EXCLUSIVE: HCL Tech is bringing employees back to offices — once a week to begin with</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/kumar-mangalam-birla-says-cement-industry-is-recovering-and-analysts-find-evidence-of-it-outside-ultratech-too/articleshow/78791281.cms">EXCLUSIVE: Billionaire Kumar Mangalam Birla is surprised by the rebound in infrastructure and construction in India</a>

India's Draft Space Communications Policy puts liability for damage to outer space objects on private sector players

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A team of astronomers used the <keyword id="145693" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Hubble-Space-Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</keyword> to capture images of a <keyword id="1684499" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="nebula">nebula</keyword> dimming quickly over just 20 years.</li><li>One researcher called the rapid fading "very, very dramatic, and very weird."</li></ul>Astronomers often study changes that take place over vast stretches of time: Stars, for instance, can take millions of years to form and billions more to die.But a team of astronomers recently captured a much speedier process. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-captures-unprecedented-fading-of-stingray-nebula">NASA reported last week</a> that the Stingray Nebula, which is <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_919.html">18,000 light-years</a> from Earth and located near the <a href="https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/88constellations.html">southern constellation Ara</a>, has dimmed remarkably fast, fading over just 20 years.The difference is visible in images taken by the Hubble <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="space">Space</keyword> Telescope in 1996 and 2016."This is very, very dramatic, and very weird," Martín A. Guerrero, a member of the research team and professor at the The Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia in Spain, said in a NASA press release. "What we're witnessing is a nebula's evolution in real-time. In a span of years, we see variations in the nebula. We have not seen that before with the clarity we get with this view."The GIF below captures the nebula's dimming.<h2>A cloud surrounding a dying star</h2>A nebula is a giant cloud of gas and dust in space. Some nebulae form as stars die: As a star's core cools, it starts to shed its outer layers, which disperse to form the cloud. Nebulae are also the nurseries in which baby stars form.The Stingray Nebula, formally known as Hen 3-1357, surrounds a dying star - a type known as a planetary nebula. Such nebulae absorb ultraviolet radiation from their star as it dies, causing them to glow.Researchers determined Stingray to be the youngest known planetary nebula ever observed after the Hubble telescope captured images of it right as its star began shedding layers.In the early image in the pair above, the nebula has a bright blue appearance and wavy blue edges - which is how it got its oceanic nickname. Astronomers think the star at Stingray's center was in the process of heating rapidly at that time. From 1971 to 2002, the star's temperature rose from less than 40,000 degrees Fahrenheit to 108,000 degrees as helium atoms fused in a layer around its core. The nebula also appeared to grow during that time, since more of its gas was visible due to the increased heat and radiation.But then the star started to cool, <a href="https://spacetelescope.org/news/heic1618/">according to a 2016 study</a>. By that year, Hubble photos revealed that the nebula had dimmed dramatically, and its visible portions had shrunk to a more compact, oval-like shape because there was less heat."Because of Hubble's optical stability, we are very, very confident that this nebula is changing in brightness with time," Guerrero told NASA. "This is something that can only be confirmed with Hubble's visual acuity."In the later images, the nebula appeared dark orange."We were amazed when the Hubble images revealed how quickly the nebula was fading," Bruce Balick, an astronomer at the University of Washington and the leader of the new research, <a href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/12/03/stingray-nebula-fading/">said in a University of Washington press release</a>. "It took a month of work to believe it."But despite appearances, the nebula hasn't actually gotten smaller, according to Balick. Rather, some gas is just going dark, making it harder to see."The nebula appears to have shrunk, but that's just the way it's fading," Balick told Business Insider, adding, "the gas is right where it was 20 years ago." Astronomers predict that the nebula will likely continue to expand and dim as it cools further. The team estimated that at its current rate of fading, the nebula may be barely detectable in 20 or 30 years.

The Hubble telescope has revealed a 'very dramatic and very weird' fading nebula in deep space

<ul><li>India is currently processing its ‘Space Activities Bill’ to align its liability in outer space with international standards. </li><li>This means that in case any Indian space objects cause damage to another, natural or man-made, object in space, India will have a financial plan in place. </li><li>It can also be construed as a contingency plan against the overcrowding in space and the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>) increasing ambitious plans for the future. </li></ul>The Earth’s orbit is getting <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/musk-space-x-starlink-satellite-train-could-block-telescopes-view-of-outer-space/articleshow/69571504.cms">more crowded</a> by the day and since outer space is a ‘shared’ space, countries have be held liable for any damage that they may cause in that expanse. The Indian government, as a member of the UN Treaties on Outer Space activities, is currently processing a ‘<a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1575742">Space Activities Bill</a>’, which will address liability if any, for damages caused by its activities or objects in space. The aim is to keep the rules and regulations at par with i<a href="http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/space_law">nternational standards</a> currently in place. But, it might not be the best news for private players who will now have to seek authorization from the Indian government for a license to operate in space, which will only be issued contingent certain terms and conditions. Controversy over India’s ASAT test The bill is currently under pre-legislative consultations in India but should it become law, it will outline the lability provisions and how to secure the requisite financial compensation should any damages occur. Recently, India <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-asat-mission-shakti-creates-space-debris/articleshow/68594904.cms">tested its anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon</a> resulting in an international outcry about the potential damage that could occur from the resulting debris. While most experts have <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/nasa-comments-on-mission-shakti-impacts-mission-ganganyaan/articleshow/68682092.cms">determined</a> that, since the test was done in low earth orbit, it doesn’t present a real threat — some are still worried about the debris putting the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/nasa-comments-on-mission-shakti-impacts-mission-ganganyaan/articleshow/68682092.cms">International Space Station at risk.</a> International standards Even though one of the ‘five UN treaties on outer space’ is the Liability Convention, it's up to individual countries to implement that rules in their own national legislation. <a href="http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html#a7">Article 7</a> of the Outer Space Treaty specifies that it’s not just about damage in space but also the moon and other celestial bodies that are included in the paradigm on the Liability Convention — including the Earth. So even if something goes wrong during the launch of a space object that damages the surface of the Earth, the country responsible will be held liable. Also, ‘<a href="https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/Conv_International_Liab_Damage.pdf">damage</a>’ includes everything from loss of life to minor injuries as well as the loss of property, natural or man made. India’s move can be construed as a contingency plan on how to secure funds should it be accused on any damage in space. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is getting more ambitious with its upcoming moon mission, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-why-indias-isro-is-going-to-the-moon/articleshow/69893150.cms">Chandrayaan-2</a>, in July, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-pads-up-to-make-indias-manned-mission-into-space-a-reality/articleshow/64887057.cms">human spaceflight</a> planned for 2022 and even <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-space-station-plan-by-isro-plans-k-sivan/articleshow/69775780.cms">its own space station</a> — which also means that its taking on more risk. An exigency like the Space Activities Bill is cushion to help prepare India for any accidents that may occur. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/nasa-comments-on-mission-shakti-impacts-mission-ganganyaan/articleshow/68682092.cms" style="">NASA slams India's anti-satellite test, may pull support from mission Gaganyaan</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms" style="">India's second moon mission Chandrayaan-2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records</a>

India’s new ‘Space Activities Bill’ will fix the liability for damage caused in outer space

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Professor Timiebi Aganaba believes <keyword id="11894607" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="africa" source="Orion">Africa</keyword> has an important role to play in a new <keyword id="12128597" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="space-age" source="Orion">space age</keyword>. </li><li>Governance is a particular area of interest for countries across the continent, she told Insider.</li><li>But there are obstacles these countries must navigate to become competitive hubs for exploration.</li></ul>There are many unanswered questions about the realities of the new <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-tourists-fly-at-their-own-risk-nobody-regulates-safety-2021-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">space age. </a>These include whether civilian spaceflights by SpaceX's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-launches-first-all-civilian-crew-towards-orbit-2021-9?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">Inspiration4</a> team or <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-launches-to-space-blue-origin-first-human-spaceflight-2021-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">Blue Origin</a> are occasional success stories or a blueprint for humanity's future relationship with <keyword id="11895441" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="space" source="Orion">space</keyword>.But two questions that have been asked less are: how will regions outside of North America, China, and Russia continue to contribute? And how can we ensure great inclusion across the space industry?<a href="https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/3344008">Timiebi Aganaba</a>, a professor in space law and ethics at Arizona State University, has answers. She spoke to Insider about key factors that make the developing countries, specifically those across Africa, which have been mentioned far less frequently in mainstream discussions about space."Africa is in a unique opportunity to have a greater choice with respect to what actors to collaborate within its space development objective," she said. The continent's space industry has already seen substantial growth, according to Aganaba."Eleven countries have launched satellites and 19 African countries established or began the process of creating a space programme, to take advantage of space applications," she said, citing data from the <a href="http://www.satellitemarkets.com/market-trends/annual-2020-african-space-industry-report-released">African Space Industry annual report</a> published by Space in Africa, an analytics and consulting company. A significant amount of these satellites were launched within the last four years, indicating a surge in interest in space on the continent, she added. <div type="image" title="timiebi aganaba" height="222" width="297" msid="86343815" hostid="261"></div>By 2024, <a href="http://www.satellitemarkets.com/market-trends/annual-2020-african-space-industry-report-released">Space in Africa,</a> said that an estimated 20 countries are expected to launch 110 satellites, including Ivory Coast, Mauritius, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. But priority areas for collaboration with the US include proposals to build assembly integration and testing labs in Africa to fabricate new components and sub-systems, and partner with local universities and NGOs to develop startups. Rwanda and Nigeria are open to providing land, among other incentives to develop space research institutes in collaboration with US entities, according to the annual report. <a href="http://www.satellitemarkets.com/market-trends/annual-2020-african-space-industry-report-released"></a>Aganaba sees Africa as a very significant potential player when it comes to contributing to solving space governance challenges.Since countries across the continent already have extensive governance experience gained from dealing with the impact of earth mining, environmental degradation, and the history of colonialism, "everyone would be very interested to hear an African perspective as to how we should be organizing ourselves," she said.There are obstacles that the continent must overcome to realise its ambitions, however. "Lack of political support, awareness and talent, as well as dependency on external support, insufficient coordination and regulatory restrictions have been identified as <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.alc.narss.sci.eg_webroot_attachments_alc2015_Day-25201_Session-25201_IAM-2DPPT-2DPolicy-2DStrategy-2DALC.pdf&amp;d=DwMGaQ&amp;c=gOrgfQB8xVH7F0lP7MQhi8CyVXMBvYqNyP3LuSSb8Lw&amp;r=phA1kd6JhTiF2nW-hrd5QHxyu8gyL6q49AH31a2FvgY&amp;m=DhdBxQXtq-eGj4T6cgurygihZQUUOB3DlBRJv3sKclA&amp;s=VHt_956l20q0ZL_5MiGpDcvbwirGs1ME53BUZTAWh-A&amp;e=rGs1ME53BUZTAWh-A&amp;e=" target="_blank" rel="noopener">challenges with an African space agency,"</a> said Aganaba. More than 90 institutions, including universities and colleges, in 28 countries engaged in satellite applications lack advanced computers, software, and financial resources for overseas training. They also suffer from obsolete curricula and facilities, she said.These obstacles have been discussed extensively by scholar Stefano Ferretti, who <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Space_Capacity_Building_in_the_XXI_Centu.html?id=v23gxAEACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=ysc=y">analyzes</a> how the <keyword id="6356001" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="international" source="Orion">international</keyword> community can access the economic and societal benefits that space assets can offer. Aganaba added that to tackle such issues, processes like technology development and transfer, entrepreneurship, and international cooperation are key to equip the continent with tools to build space capacity.

Africa is poised to be a significant player in the new space age - especially when it comes to governance. Here's why.

<a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=astronaut">Astronaut</a> <keyword id="1664594" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Scott-Kelly">Scott Kelly</keyword> became the first American to spend more than 300 days in <keyword id="41531" type="COMPANY" weightage="80" keywordseo="space">space</keyword>. He’s undoubtedly extremely important for scientists as he’s the key in helping them understand how to send humans to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Mars">Mars</a>. 
 The fact that he has a twin brother is an added bonus as it’ll help scientists study how space affects the human body during long-term <keyword id="435085" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="space-travel">space travel</keyword> and pinpoint differences between his brother who has been residing in Earth and Kelly who’s been living on the International Space Station(ISS) since March last year. He has spent more than 300 days in space and his body has gone through several changes to adapt to life in zero gravity. 
 Thus, he decided to hold a <keyword id="1795717" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Reddit-AMA">Reddit AMA</keyword> (Ask Me Anything) from space and let us weaker mortals, who can only dream about space and its mysterious offerings a quick-peak into some really cool secrets about how it’s like living in space. 
 And, in the process became the first person to gold a <keyword id="334157" type="COMPANY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Reddit">Reddit</keyword> AMA from space. 
 
 
Here are seven things about space he told us: 
 
1. Your arms don’t hang by your side in space like they do in Earth because of zero gravity. Kelly finds his arms floating in front of him very awkward so he always folds his hands. 
 
2. The calluses on your feet in space will eventually fall off. So, the bottom of your feet becomes very soft like newborn baby feet. 
 
 
3. Surviving in zero gravity feels like there is no pressure at all on your body. Sometimes it feels like you are just hanging but you are not hanging by anything, just hanging there. “If I close my eyes, I can give myself the sensation that I am falling. Which I am, I am falling around the Earth.,” Kelly added. 
 
4. The internet connectivity on space is ‘pretty good.’ It’s like dial-up, but sometimes it works better than other times. 
 5. According to Kelly, how the <keyword id="6382020" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="International-Space-Station">International Space Station</keyword> (ISS) smells vary depending on what segment you are in. Sometimes it has an antiseptic smell. Sometimes it has an odor that smells like garbage. But the smell of space when you open the hatch smells like burning metal to him. 
 
6. Sleeping is harder in <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=space">space</a> than on a bed because the sleep position there is the same position throughout the day. You don't ever get that sense of gratifying relaxation in space that you do on Earth after a long day at work 
 
 
 
7. Kelly’s favorite spot on Earth to see from space is the Bahamas. The brilliant and varied colors of the blue water and contrast looks spectacular from space. 
 
Image credit: Instagram @stationcdrkelly

Seven things you didn't know about space
from the astronaut who is in space right now!

New Delhi, Elon Musk-run aerospace <keyword id="20050425" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="company-spaceX" source="Orion">company SpaceX</keyword> has launched the first batch satellites to connect mobile phone users anywhere on the planet. Six of the 21 new Starlink satellites just launched support the company's new 'Direct to Cell' service announced in 2022. "The six Starlink satellites on this mission with 'Direct to Cell' capability will further global connectivity and help to eliminate dead zones," the company posted on X. They'll enable <keyword id="6360701" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="spaceX" source="Orion">SpaceX</keyword> to test it with ordinary 4G LTE-compatible phones on T-Mobile in the US, before the text messaging service goes live in multiple countries this year. SpaceX will then add voice and data (and IoT devices) later in 2025 as more D2C satellites come online. "This will allow for mobile phone connectivity anywhere on Earth," posted Musk. "Note, this only supports 7 MM per beam and the beams are very big, so while this is a great solution for locations with no cellular connectivity, it is not meaningfully competitive with existing terrestrial cellular networks," the tech billionaire explained. Starlink satellites with Direct to Cell capabilities enable ubiquitous access to texting, calling, and browsing wherever you may be on land, lakes, or coastal waters. Direct to Cell will also connect IoT devices with common LTE standards, according to the company.

SpaceX launches 1st batch of satellites for mobile phone connectivity anywhere on Earth

<ul><li>India will conduct its first ever simulated space war exercise this week.</li><li>‘IndSpaceEx’ will last two days with the aim of discovering which ‘imminent threats’ face India in outer space.</li><li>India’s apprehension is preceded by China developing space weapons and the US announcing its own Space Force.</li></ul>The Indian Defence ministry is conducting its first ever simulated space war exercise this week called ‘<a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-china-india-set-to-kickstart-1st-space-war-drill/articleshow/70354760.cms?utm_source=Native_Share_Tray&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=TOIMobile">IndSpaceEx</a>’ that will last for two days. It’s not alone in worrying about a conflict. Space is getting increasingly congested and competitive — especially with China <a href="https://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/China_Military_Power_FINAL_5MB_20190103.pdf">developing weapons</a> that it can deploy in Earth’s orbit. The US President, Donald Trump, has already announced plans for the country to set up its own <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/Trump-wants-to-create-the-first-US-military-branch-to-fight-in-space-heres-what-the-Space-Force-could-look-like/articleshow/63307230.cms">Space Force</a>. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (<a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_167181.htm">NATO</a>), which includes the US and most European nations, has outlined its own strategy for operations in Earth’s orbit. Looking for ‘imminent threats’ IndSpaceEx will be conducted by tri-service integrated defence staff (IDS) on Thursday and Friday to determine ‘imminent threats’ that it could face in outer space in the background of China expanding its capabilities. The space defence exercise is only one part of the puzzle. India reportedly has plans to launch a new agency — the Defense Space Research Agency — to develop new weapons systems for outer space combat, according to <a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/modi-govt-approves-new-agency-to-develop-space-warfare-weapon-systems-119061100627_1.html">ANI.</a> Other nations have similar reasons to have a contingency in place in case outerspace does ever end up becoming a battlefield. The impetus for US’ Space Force is that space is a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/were-getting-the-first-details-of-trumps-proposed-space-force-which-would-be-the-first-new-military-branch-in-over-half-a-century/articleshow/65345522.cms">war fighting domain</a>" and that other global powers like Russia and China are already treating it as such, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/trumps-space-force-is-about-beating-china-as-beijings-talking-like-it-already-owns-space/articleshow/65356674.cms">according to</a> US Vice President Mike Pence. NATO, on the other hand, is not looking to start an arms race in outer space. “From the ability to navigate and track forces, to satellite communications, and detecting missile launches, our new policy will guide our approach to space, the opportunities and the challenges. This is not about militarizing space,” stated <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_167245.htm">NATO Secretary General</a> Jens Stoltenberg. Nonetheless, anti-satellite weapons tests and surveillance satellites are toeing the line of what could be considered an act of aggression. According to the<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613749/satellite-space-wars/"> MIT Tech Review,</a> it’s not uncommon to find examples of US satellites spying on other countries or China engaging in what looks like preparations for anti-satellite strikes. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/how-chinas-scavenger-satellites-are-being-used-to-develop-ai-weapons-drones-and-robots/articleshow/69003064.cms">How China's scavenger satellites are being used to develop AI weapons, drones and robots</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/trump-wants-to-send-the-military-into-space-heres-how-a-fight-in-space-would-go-down/articleshow/64702424.cms">Trump wants to send the military into space - here's how a fight in space would go down</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-asat-mission-shakti-creates-space-debris/articleshow/68594904.cms">India's test of its anti-satellite weapon may have weakened its fight against dangerous space debris</a>

India next in line after NATO and the US to strategize for war in space

<ul><li>Twitter now lets any host record Spaces on Android or iOS.</li><li>You can share your Spaces recording for others to listen to it anytime.</li><li>There’s also an option to download a copy of the recording.</li></ul>Twitter has been improving its Clubhouse-like audio rooms ‘Spaces’ with the feature now available to all users. There’s also a dedicated space on the Twitter app for Spaces and anyone can host from the smartphone app. Twitter also made it possible for any host to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/twitter-spaces-can-now-be-recorded-by-all-users-on-android-and-ios/articleshow/88890553.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">record Spaces </a>on Android and iOS last week. This feature was first rolled out in October last year but only for select hosts on iOS. But now all hosts can record their Spaces conversations from the Android or iOS Twitter app. This also makes it easy for listeners to play the recording if they’ve missed a session. If you’re interested in hosting <keyword id="10464450" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="twitter-spaces" source="Orion">Twitter Spaces</keyword> or are a regular, here’s how you can record your live audio sessions. When you create a Twitter Space, turn on ‘Record Space’. A logo will appear on top to indicate the Space is being recorded. The recording will include only those with speaker privileges. Once the recording ends, you will get a link that you can share via a tweet. You can also edit the start time of the recording before sharing it with your followers. Then anyone can click on the 'Play Recording’ button to listen to the Space. You also have the option to download the Space recording in the ‘data’ folder of your data download. Twitter also gives you the option to delete your Space recording anytime. Twitter Spaces also come under the platform’s rules so the company keeps audio copies of all recorded Spaces for 30 to 120 days. This is to review the recordings for any violations of the Twitter rules. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/samsung-unpacked-february-event-galaxy-s22-series-end-of-the-note-line-and-everything-else-we-know-so-far/articleshow/89033010.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Samsung Unpacked February event: Galaxy S22 series, end of the Note line and everything else we know so far</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/netflix-added-8-3-million-paid-subscribers-in-last-quarter-its-slowest-growth-since-2015/articleshow/89033252.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Netflix added 8.3 million paid subscribers in last quarter, its slowest growth since 2015</a>

You Searched For "space" and got 13 results

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