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Scientists from <keyword id="6355311" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="japan" source="Orion">Japan</keyword> have brought us one step closer to human-like robots by crafting living human skin on robots which gave their fingers skin-like texture, as well as water-repellent and self-healing functions. While current silicone skin made for robots can mimic human appearance, it falls short when it comes to delicate textures like wrinkles and lacks skin-specific functions. "The (new) finger looks slightly 'sweaty' straight out of the culture medium," said first author <keyword id="14161096" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="shoji-takeuchi" source="Orion">Shoji Takeuchi</keyword>, Professor at the <keyword id="211741" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="university-of-tokyo" source="Orion">University of Tokyo</keyword>, Japan. "Since the finger is driven by an electric motor, it is also interesting to hear the clicking sounds of the motor in harmony with a finger that looks just like a real one," he added. In the paper, presented in the journal Matter, <keyword id="333559" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="takeuchi" source="Orion">Takeuchi</keyword> noted that to efficiently cover surfaces with skin cells, they established a tissue moulding method to directly mould skin tissue around the robot, which resulted in a seamless skin coverage on a robotic finger. To craft the skin, the team first submerged the robotic finger in a cylinder filled with a solution of collagen and human dermal fibroblasts, the two main components that make up the skin's connective tissues. Takeuchi said the study's success lies within the natural shrinking tendency of this collagen and fibroblast mixture, which shrank and tightly conformed to the finger. Like paint primers, this layer provided a uniform foundation for the next coat of cells -- human epidermal keratinocytes -- to stick to. These cells make up 90 per cent of the outermost layer of skin, giving the robot a skin-like texture and moisture-retaining barrier properties. The crafted skin had enough strength and elasticity to bear the dynamic movements as the robotic finger curled and stretched. When wounded, the crafted skin could even self-heal like humans' with the help of a collagen bandage, which gradually morphed into the skin and withstood repeated joint movements. "We are surprised by how well the skin tissue conforms to the robot's surface," said Takeuchi. "But this work is just the first step toward creating robots covered with living skin." However, the developed skin is much weaker than natural skin and can't survive long without constant nutrient supply and waste removal. Next, Takeuchi and his team plan to address those issues and incorporate more sophisticated functional structures within the skin, such as sensory neurons, hair follicles, nails, and sweat glands. "I think living skin is the ultimate solution to give robots the look and touch of living creatures since it is exactly the same material that covers animal bodies," said Takeuchi. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/banks/news/hdfc-raises-home-loan-interest-rate-by-50-basis-points/articleshow/92121243.cms">HDFC raises home loan interest rate by 50 basis points</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="http://www.businessinsider.in/cryptocurrency/news/cryptocurrencies-akin-to-a-world-of-caribbean-pirates-in-absence-of-regulation-says-cea/articleshow/92121911.cms">Cryptocurrencies akin to 'a world of Caribbean pirates' in absence of regulation, says CEA</a>

Scientists craft sweaty, self-healing living human skin for robots

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Researchers unveiled a smiling humanoid robot with lab-grown, self-healing skin.</li><li>The team from the University of Tokyo used collagen gel to bond living skin tissue to 3D models.</li></ul>It's not just nuts and bolts keeping robots together — now they can be made with living skin. Skin that can be made to smile.Researchers at the University of Tokyo <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/fulltext/S2666-3864(24)00335-7?_returnURL=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666386424003357?showall%3Dtrue#%20">revealed</a> on Tuesday a rather unsettling humanoid robot covered with lab-grown skin. The team said it was able to mimic human skin ligaments by bonding skin tissue to perforated 3D facial molds and 2D robots.A press release said the team hoped the advancement would be "useful in the cosmetics industry and to help train plastic surgeons."While the development could prove helpful, some people online reacted to the robot's fleshy skin and facial movements with jokes or said they found it disturbing. One person on X <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/jared_vastine/status/1805653691673780627">wrote</a>, "You will live to see man-made made horrors beyond your comprehension." Another <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/deanashtonsfoot/status/1805654726773559392">said</a>: "We don't want this. Nobody wants this. Stop it."The researchers said that, unlike other materials, biological skin granted these robots self-healing capabilities without requiring triggers such as heat or pressure."Biological skin repairs minor lacerations as ours does, and nerves and other skin organs can be added for use in sensing and so on," said Shoji Takeuchi, a professor at the University of Tokyo who led the research.<div type="image" title="Scientists reveal 2D facial robot covered with lab-grown living skin" height="300" width="450" msid="111294791" hostid="261"></div>The researchers said other techniques for attaching skin to surfaces, such as using mini anchors or hooks, limited the surfaces they could use and could cause damage.But they said that by using a "special collagen gel for adhesion," they could apply the skin to any surface, even a curving or moving one — like a smiling robot."The natural flexibility of the skin and the strong method of adhesion mean the skin can move with the mechanical components of the robot without tearing or peeling away," Takeuchi said.He said the team hoped to create a thicker and more realistic skin by "incorporating sweat glands, sebaceous glands, pores, blood vessels, fat and nerves." He added that by using devices called actuators to imitate muscle movement, the researchers could create humanlike expressions.This is just the latest development in humanoid robotics, which aims to mimic humans' appearance and functions — sometimes falling into the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wired.com/story/uncanny-valley-robot-voices/">uncanny valley</a>.Tesla is developing its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-tesla-humanoid-robot-optimus-becoming-mans-best-friend-2024-6">Optimus robot</a>, which CEO Elon Musk hopes people will regard "as sort of a friend." Other bots operate on all fours, like Boston Dynamics' <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/boston-dynamics-robot-police-dog-takes-bullet-first-time-2024-3">robotic police dog</a>.While you probably don't have to worry about seeing living skin on a production robot anytime soon, the University of Tokyo researchers have at least demonstrated it's possible — even if that means a bit of nightmare fuel for the rest of us along the way.

Robots keep getting creepier

ChatGPT recently passed the Turing test, a remarkable experiment devised to test whether humans can tell a computer apart from a human being through conversation alone. And with the rate technology is progressing, it won’t be too long before you won’t be able to tell a real person apart from an android soon, either — although progress is still in the “creepy” stage at the moment. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Putting skin in the game" comment="subhead" text="Putting skin in the game">Putting skin in the game</cmsannotation> <keyword id="22204691" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="artificial-skin" source="keywords">Artificial skin</keyword> has been the holy grail for robotics, considering that scientists and sci-fi artists have a weird urge to make robots appear more human-like. However, the challenge has always been ensuring this skin stays put. Previous attempts such as the usage of "anchors" resulted in unsightly lumps under the skin, compromising the robot's appearance. However, we might have a new game-changer now. Japanese researchers have pioneered a method where the robot's skeleton is peppered with tiny holes. Into these holes, the artificially grown skin extends V-shaped hooks, keeping it snugly in place while maintaining a smooth and flexible surface. This ingenious solution prevents the skin from sagging and retains its lifelike appearance. <div type="Youtube" id="Arh-fkTMkn0" title="Smiling robot face is made from living human skin cells" thumbUrl="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Arh-fkTMkn0/mqdefault.jpg"><url><![CDATA[https://youtu.be/Arh-fkTMkn0?si=LawuhRCI_ox8zdpi]]></url></div> Further, the robot’s skeleton is treated with water-vapour plasma to make it hydrophilic, attracting the skin's gel deeper into the holes for a firmer attachment. And yes, this means a robot probably has a better moisturising routine than you. This way of attaching the skin to the robot not only makes the skin more lifelike but also self-repairing — just like our skin! When the skin sustains a cut or scrape, the cultured skin cells can regenerate, mending the damage without external intervention. As a result, minor tears are autonomously repaired, maintaining the robot's smooth and lifelike appearance, and significantly reducing the need for manual maintenance. While the speed of this self-healing process is yet to be quantified, the potential benefits are enormous. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="A spooky demo" comment="subhead" text="A spooky demo">A spooky demo</cmsannotation> In a fascinating yet eerie demonstration, researchers recreated the subtle changes in human skin when smiling. By connecting the artificial skin to a robotic face with a silicone layer beneath, they achieved “inflating cheeks,” mimicking the natural movement of human muscles. The skin seamlessly fitted the 3D mould of a face, with no protruding bolts or hooks. However, more challenges exist. "Firstly, we need to enhance the durability and longevity of the cultured skin when applied to robots, particularly by addressing issues related to nutrient and moisture supply," explained study researcher Shoji Takeuchi. "This could involve developing integrated blood vessels or other perfusion systems within the skin." Improving the mechanical strength of the skin to match natural human skin is also critical. This requires optimising the collagen structure within the cultured skin. Additionally, future artificial skin will need to convey sensory information such as temperature and touch and resist biological contamination. The implications of this research extend beyond creating <keyword id="22204698" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lifelike-robots" source="keywords">lifelike robots</keyword>. Understanding how facial muscles convey emotion could drive breakthroughs in treating facial paralysis and expand capabilities in cosmetic and orthopaedic surgery. The future of robotics looks more human than ever, and it’s a future that’s closer than we think. The findings of this research have been published in Cell Reports Physical Science and can be accessed <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-physical-science/fulltext/S2666-3864(24)00335-7?utm_campaign=Press%20Package&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8dGvAdSt0-OYX3KAk9bxxoOAsD9WdZTQmtsNR76Hj4j0I8dNvnePecPlvdpBB_5kqAdbM7ttDxYiNv3j7dgbU65vgtT0QiiqQeQtgBXmpNCbjzk8g&amp;_hsmi=312632330&amp;utm_content=312632330&amp;utm_source=hs_email">here</a>.

Scientists have created robo-skin out of living human cells that can make expressions — and the results are creepy

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Scientists have developed <keyword id="11899253" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="skin" source="Orion">skin</keyword> tissue for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/robot-orders-up-40-percent-employers-seek-relief-labor-shortage-2022-5">robots</a>, according to a new study.</li><li>The crafted "skin" is .06 inches in thickness and made of the top two layers of skin.</li></ul>Technologies are blurring the line between <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/deep-blue-ibm-human-machine-collaboration-2017-5">human and machine.</a> Now, scientists are taking the next step: developing human-like skin <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/artificial-skin-could-let-robots-feel-2015-10">for robots.</a>Though it sounds like the stuff of <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">science</keyword> fiction, in a study published Thursday in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/fulltext/S2590-2385(22)00239-9">journal Matter</a>, researchers described how they developed skin tissue for <keyword id="11907543" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="robots" source="Orion">robots</keyword> that looks and moves just like ours. "We have shown that living skin tissue can be used as a coating material for robots," Shoji Takeuchi, an engineer at the University of Tokyo and lead author of the study, told Insider. "This result has the potential to make robots look more human-like." To craft the skin, the team first submerged a robotic finger in a cylinder filled with a solution of collagen and fibroblasts — two main components that make up skin, the human body's <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/8912.htm#:~:text=The%20skin%20is%20the%20largest,bacteria%2C%20chemicals%2C%20and%20temperature.">largest organ</a>. Using living cells also endows robots with the biological functions of skin, such as its ability to self-repair and repel water.The research team sees a variety of potential uses for this <keyword id="11893017" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="technology" source="Orion">technology</keyword>, like helping engineers create more nimble and human-like prosthetics and aiding in the development of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for skin. According to Takeuchi, the "skin" is 1.5 mm in thickness (or 0.06 inches) and made only of epidermis and dermis — the top two layers of skin in the human body. "It does not look perfectly like skin," Takeuchi said, adding that it lacks some advanced skin features like sensory neurons, hair follicles, nails, and sweat glands. "However, as the robot moves, the skin stretches and contracts, revealing wrinkles; my personal impression is that it is much more realistic than silicone," Takeuchi said. According to him, silicone is currently the preferred material used to craft <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/agility-robotics-humanoid-robot-digit-can-walk-and-carry-2020-6">artificial robotic skin.</a><div type="image" title="A robotic finger covered with human living skin self heals after researchers covered its wound with a collagen sheet" height="1136" width="1515" msid="92112023" hostid="261"></div>Robotic experts have been trying to create more human-like robots for years, but they haven't been able to achieve real skin that can conform to uneven surfaces like the body of robots. "You have to have the hands of an artisan who can cut and tailor with skill" in order to mold flat skin sheets to the contours of a three dimensional machine, Takeuchi told Insider. "We established a tissue molding method to directly mold skin tissue surrounding the robot, which resulted in seamless skin coverage on a robotic finger with an uneven surface."Still, Takeuchi said the developed skin is weaker than natural skin and, because it is living tissue, needs a constant supply of nutrients and waste removal. To that end, Takeuchi and his team plan for their follow up studies to explore how the tissue can survive for longer, as well as include more sophisticated skin structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. Correction: June 9, 2022 — An earlier version of this story stated that the crafted "skin" was just over half an inch in thickness. The story has been updated to reflect the correct thickness of the skin tissue, which is 0.06 inches.

Scientists have crafted living skin for robots, further blurring the line between human and machine

<ul><li>By using 3D-printed skeleton scientists have made fingers. </li><li>The skeleton is controlled with electrodes which simulate the tissue attached. </li><li>Scientists have also developed a new way to attach living tissue to bionic devices.</li></ul>The past few decades have seen tremendous growth and advancements in science and robotics, diminishing the line between humans and machines. We have come a long way from remote-controlled primitive machines. And Artificial Intelligence (AI) is leading the way. And in the latest in the new list of discoveries, researchers from the <keyword id="211741" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="University-of-Tokyo">University of Tokyo</keyword> Institute of Industrial Science published their <a href="http://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/3/18/eaat4440/tab-figures-data">study</a> in the Science Robotics on Wednesday, claiming to have created a <keyword id="6582011" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="bio-hybrid-robot">bio-hybrid robot</keyword>. A Biohybrid <keyword id="20756" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="20" keywordseo="Robot">robot</keyword> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic">cybernetic</a> organism, basically a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot">robot</a> controlled by a computer consisting of both electronic and biological elements. The device, that remained functional for a week was an amalgamation of living tissue and synthetic robotics. 
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 For the fabrication of the device scientists first printed the skeleton of the robot out of 3D resins. Living muscle tissues were then incorporated into the device using anchors to hold it in place. Next, the researchers used perforated hydrogel sheets incorporated with myoblast — a type of stem cell — to construct the living muscle. The sheets were then attached to the skeleton with the use of anchors. Some extra structures were also introduced to promote tissue growth. The stem cells which were used eventually matured into muscle cells. The device then used electrode simulations to control tissues for the movements of the device. “Once we had built the muscles, we successfully used them as antagonistic pairs in the robot, with one contracting and the other expanding, just like in the body,” the author of the study Shoji Takeuchi said <a href="https://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/news/2916/">in a news release</a>. “The fact that they were exerting opposing forces on each other stopped them shrinking and deteriorating, like in previous studies,” he added. While robotics in general has advanced in leaps and bounds, the bio-hybrid humanoid is the next step into the future. These bio-hybrid robots can be also be used as cybernetic implants that would serve as prosthetic limbs or other parts of the human body. Such technology could be used for drug tests just like the organ on a chip technology, which is currently under development. 
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 Who knows what the future holds for this technology, but it seems that “the future of medicine lies in the hands of biohybrid robotics”. Image Source: <a href="http://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/3/18/eaat4440/tab-figures-data">ScienceRobotics</a>

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