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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Over a decade ago, a Wall Street banker bought a coal mine to sell coal.</li><li>But it was recently discovered that there's more in that coal mine than meets the eye. </li></ul>In 2011, Randall Atkins, a former Wall Street banker, bought a mine outside of Sheridan, Wyoming, sight unseen, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wsj.com/business/energy-oil/the-2-million-coal-mine-that-might-hold-a-37-billion-treasure-181dbdcf?mod=hp_lead_pos7&amp;mod=hp_lead_pos7">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported.Originally, the plan was to sell coal to power plants, the <a target="_blank" href="https://trib.com/news/local/business/questions-remain-for-rare-earths-mining-project-in-northern-wyoming/article_222bb5bc-f727-11ed-835d-afec1272d54e.html">Casper Star-Tribune</a> reported.However, in collaboration with the DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory and geologists at Weir International, Inc., Atkins' company, Ramaco Resources discovered there was more than just coal to be mined from Atkins' land.In May, Ramaco announced that Atkins' Brook Mine contains one of the largest unconventional deposits of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/north-american-rare-earth-minerals-supply-hunt-domestic-clean-energy-2022-4">rare earth elements</a> in the US. Because of that, the mine is worth an estimated $37 billion — significantly more than the roughly $2 million he bought it for, per the WSJ.Unconventional deposits mean the REEs are located in substances other than <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169136820300937">the usual</a> hard igneous rocks that REEs are typically mined from.For example, rare earth deposits can occur in cobalt and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-rocks-humans-earth-minerals-2017-7">other minerals</a>, "and these substances have to be cracked, crushed, and ground before you can ever even begin the processing," Atkins told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thesheridanpress.com/news/local/coal-researchers-share-findings-at-ramaco-research-rodeo/article_6dd17f32-24af-11ee-b39b-3b2e322bcc04.html">The Sheridan Press</a> earlier this year.With unconventional deposits, "a different set of geologic criteria are needed to accumulate rare earths and critical minerals," Kelly Rose, a geo-data scientist with the US Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory, told Business Insider."The US has quite a large amount of these types of sedimentary basins," Rose said, including clay, shale, coal, and sandstones.Ramaco said it could start operations this year, making it one of two REE mines currently operating in the country.<h2>Why rare earth elements are so valuable</h2>Neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium are just a few of the REEs found in Atkins' Brook Mine, according to a company press release."Rare earths are used in a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-earth-minerals-found-in-japan-2018-4">wide array of applications</a>, including specialty glass products, steelmaking, batteries," Patty Webber with the Wyoming State Geological Survey told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/open-spaces/2023-05-26/massive-rare-earth-discoveries-could-mean-a-new-mining-rush-in-the-mountain-west">Wyoming Public Radio</a>. They're also used in lasers and other Defense Department weapons.From 2018 to 2021, about 74% of REEs in the US were imported from China, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chinas-rare-earths-dominance-focus-after-mineral-export-curbs-2023-07-05/">Reuters reported</a>. And those imports aren't cheap.<div type="image" title="Samples of rare earth minerals with four glass tubes holding powders in light yellow, tan, and white, labeled with their element name" height="1500" width="2392" msid="105133934" hostid="261"></div>In 2021, the US imported $160 million worth of rare-earth compounds and metals, per the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="c-link" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-rare-earths.pdf">US Geological Survey</a>.That's why, the US government is pushing to mine for REEs at home instead of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-earth-metals-elements-what-they-are-2019-6">relying on imports</a>. Early this year, the White House announced it plans to invest $32 million in domestic rare earth and other mineral projects.<h2>Discovering the motherload</h2>The National Energy Technology Laboratory wanted to create a model to predict where these unconventional rare and critical minerals are."No one has done this before," Rose said. Wyoming seemed like a good place to train the model because it has a younger and therefore less complicated history. "We wanted to start simpler," Rose said.They started with US Geological Survey samples from the 1980s, but they needed more, Burt Thomas, a hydrologist with NETL said."You're not just looking at the coal itself, you're looking at the clays underneath the coal, and you're looking at the sediments that overly the coal," he said.That's why they wanted to partner with a mine, to get a larger number of samples from deep within the earth.<div type="image" title="A river of water snakes through the brown landscape of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming" height="1282" width="2000" msid="105573527" hostid="261" sizebytes="240934"></div>After looking at some of the Brook Mine samples, Rose and Thomas realized the deposit appeared to have a lot more of the heavier rare elements than the lighter ones. Thomas called it an exciting finding."Separating out those lights is the goal," Thomas said. "If you start with a deposit that has less of those lanthunum and cerium, relative to the others, then your challenge is easier."<h2>What do critics say?</h2>Often, REEs are found mixed with other elements, including some radioactive ones. Separating and purifying them is intensive and creates waste that can be harmful to the environment.The Brook Mine's unconventional deposits are supposed to make extraction less expensive and won't require the use of caustic acids, Atkins said.However, the Powder River Basin Resource Council is concerned. It has been fighting Ramaco for years, back when the company still planned to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/life-working-in-coal-mines-in-america-photos-2019-10">mine coal</a>. Residents worried how its presence might affect air and water quality, according to Wyoming Public Radio.With plans for the mine shifting to REEs, the PRBRC seems to still have concerns, according to The Casper Star-Tribune."This is a company that's been looking for a way to make value out of something they bought many years ago, and they just haven't found the right way to make profit yet," Shannon Anderson, the PRBRC's attorney, told the paper. "And so here we go — here's another attempt."

A mine in Wyoming could contain $37 billion worth of rare earth minerals necessary for wind turbines, electrical vehicles, and other tech

New Delhi, Mar 2 () The government has pushed back the last date of bidding for the 11 oil and gas blocks offered in the 5th bid round by a month to April 16, the DGH said on Monday.The 5th bid round under Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) opened in January and was to close on March 18."Bid closing date for the India OALP Bid Round - V is now 16 April 2020," the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) said in a tweet.It did not give reasons for the postponement.So far, the government has awarded 94 blocks in the last two and a half years. These 94 blocks cover an exploratory area of about 1,36,800 square kilometers over 16 Indian Sedimentary Basins.In the latest bid round, about 19,800 sq km of area is on offer for bidding, according to the DGH.The last bid round saw just eight bids coming in for seven blocks on offer. State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) walked away with all the seven oil and gas blocks on offer.OALP-IV was the first round on revamped terms approved in February 2019. Unlike previous rounds where blocks were awarded to companies offering a maximum share of oil and gas to the government, blocks in little or unexplored Category-II and III basins are now awarded to companies, offering to do maximum exploration programme.The 11 blocks under OALP Round-V are spread across 8 Sedimentary Basins and include eight on land blocks (six in Category-I Basin and one each in Category II and III Basins), two Shallow Water blocks (one each in Category-I and II Basins) and one Ultra Deep Water block (Category I Basin).At the time of the launch of OALP-V, the DGH had stated that the round is expected to "generate immediate exploration work commitment of around USD 400-450 million"."An area of 1,36,800 sq km has already been awarded under OALP Bid Round I, II, III and IV. These OALP Bid Round-V Blocks would add further 19,800 sq km. Overall Exploration Acreage of India would then increase to 2,36,600 sq km," it had said at that time.Under OALP, companies are allowed to carve out areas they want to explore oil and gas in. Companies can put in an expression of interest for any area throughout the year but such interests are accumulated thrice in a year. The areas sought are then put on auction.The fifth cycle of submitting EoIs closed on November 30, 2019, and was followed by the sixth cycle that began on December 1, 2019, and will last till March 31, 2020. It would be followed by the 7th cycle from April 1, 2020, till July 31, 2020.Of the 94 blocks awarded in the first four rounds of OALP, Vedanta has won the maximum at 51. Oil India Ltd has got 21 blocks and ONGC another 17.All 11 blocks in OALP-V are based on Expressions of Interest received during EoI Window-V from May 16, 2019, to November 30, 2019, according to the DGH. ANZ BALBAL

Last date for bidding for oil, gas blocks pushed back a month to April 16

New Delhi, Mar 31 () The government has extended the last date of bidding for the 11 oil and gas blocks on offer in the fifth bid round, and decided to merge the next two rounds into one in view of the COVID-19 lockdown in the country. The fifth bid round under Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) opened in January and was to initially close on March 18. However, the bid date was earlier this month extended to April 16. Now it has been further extended. "In view of the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the OALP bid Round-V last date for bid submission will be extended. The revised date shall be notified soon," the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) said in a tweet. So far, the government has awarded 94 blocks in four rounds in the last two-and-a-half years. These 94 blocks cover an exploratory area of about 1,36,800 square kilometers over 16 Indian sedimentary basins. In the latest bid round, about 19,800 sq km of area is on offer for bidding, according to the DGH. Under OALP, companies are allowed to carve out areas they want to explore oil and gas in. Companies can put in an expression of interest (EoI) for any area throughout the year but such interests are accumulated thrice in a year. The areas sought are then put on auction. The fifth cycle of submitting EoIs closed on November 30, 2019, and was followed by the sixth cycle that began on December 1, 2019 and was to last till March 31, 2020. It was to be followed by the seventh cycle from April 1, 2020 until July 31, 2020. "In view of the lockdown due to Covid-19, the EOI cycle for Round VI (ending March 31, 2020) and Round VII (ending July 31, 2020) shall stand merged," DGH said, adding the EoIs received between December 1 and July 31 will be clubbed and put on offer as a combined bid round. "Bidding round would be launched based on EOIs received till July 31, 2020," it said. The last bid round, OALP-IV, saw just eight bids coming in for seven blocks on offer. State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) walked away with all the seven oil and gas blocks on offer. OALP-IV was the first round on revamped terms approved in February 2019. Unlike previous rounds where blocks were awarded to companies offering a maximum share of oil and gas to the government, blocks in little or unexplored Category-II and III basins are now awarded to companies offering to do maximum exploration programme. The 11 blocks under OALP Round-V are spread across 8 sedimentary basins and include eight on land blocks (six in Category-I Basin and one each in Category II and III Basins), two shallow water blocks (one each in Category-I and II Basins) and one ultra deep water block (Category I Basin). At the time of the launch of OALP-V, the DGH had stated that the round is expected to "generate immediate exploration work commitment of around USD 400-450 million". "An area of 1,36,800 sq km has already been awarded under OALP Bid Round I, II, III and IV. These OALP Bid Round-V Blocks would add further 19,800 sq km. Overall Exploration Acreage of India would then increase to 2,36,600 sq km," it had said at that time. Of the 94 blocks awarded in the first four rounds of OALP, Vedanta has won the maximum at 51. Oil India Ltd has got 21 blocks and ONGC another 17. All 11 blocks in OALP-V are based on EoIs received during EoI Window-V from May 16, 2019 to November 30, 2019, according to the DGH. ANZ RVK

Oil, gas bid deadline extended; bid rounds merged

New Delhi, Jan 15 () India on Wednesday announced the opening of the fifth oil and gas block bid round, offering 11 areas for bidding on revamped fiscal terms.
So far, the government has awarded 94 blocks under the Hydrocarbon Exploration &amp; Licensing Policy (HELP) regime in a short time span of two and a half years. 
 These 94 blocks cover an exploratory area of about 1,36,800 square kilometers over 16 Indian Sedimentary Basins, the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) said in a statement.
 "In continuation of its aggressive acceleration of exploration and production activities and adhering to the prescribed timelines, the Government has now launched the Bid Round-V for International Competitive Bidding," it said. "In this bid round 11 blocks, with an area of approximately 19,800 sq km are on offer for bidding to the investor community."
The last bid round saw just eight bids coming in for seven blocks on offer. According to the DGH, seven onland blocks were offered in the fourth round of Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) under HELP regime, with an area of about 18,510 sq km. State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) walked away with all the seven oil and gas blocks on offer.
 OALP-IV was the first round on revamped terms approved in February 2019. Unlike previous rounds where blocks were awarded to companies offering a maximum share of oil and gas to the government, blocks in little or unexplored category-II and III basins are now awarded to companies offering to do maximum exploration programme.
 Bidding for OALP-V will close on March 18, the DGH said.
 The 11 blocks under OALP Round-V are spread across 8 Sedimentary Basins and include eight on land blocks (six in Category-I Basin and one each in Category II and III Basins), two Shallow Water blocks (one each in Category-I and II Basins) and one Ultra Deep Water block (Category I Basin).
 "It is expected that OALP Round V would generate immediate exploration work commitment of around USD 400-450 million," the DGH statement said. "An area of 1,36,800 sq km has already been awarded under OALP Bid Round I, II, III and IV. These OALP Bid Round-V Blocks would add further 19,800 sq km. Overall Exploration Acreage of India would then increase to 236,600 sq km."
 The DGH said HELP, which adopts the revenue sharing contract model, is a giant step towards improving the 'Ease of Doing Business' in the Indian Exploration and Production (E&amp;P) sector. 
 "It comes with attractive and liberal terms like reduced royalty rates, no oil cess, marketing, and pricing freedom, round the year bidding, freedom to investors for carving out blocks of their interest, a single licence to cover both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon resources, exploration permission during the entire contract period, and an easy, transparent and swift bidding and awarding process."
 Under OALP, companies are allowed to carve out areas they want to explore oil and gas in. Companies can put in an expression of interest for any area throughout the year but such interests are accumulated thrice in a year. The areas sought are then put on auction.
The fifth cycle of submitting EoIs closed on November 30, 2019, and was followed by the sixth cycle that began on December 1, 2019, and will last till March 31, 2020. It would be followed by the 7th cycle from April 1, 2020, till July 31, 2020.
 Of the 94 blocks awarded in the first four rounds of OALP, Vedanta has won the maximum at 51. Oil India Ltd has got 21 blocks and ONGC another 17. 
 "All 11 blocks in OALP-V are based on Expressions of Interest received during EoI Window-V from 16th May 2019 to 30th November 2019," the DGH said. ANZ ANZ ANU
ANU

India offers 11 oil and gas blocks in 5th bid round

New Delhi, Jan 2 () State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) on Thursday walked away with all the seven oil and gas blocks on offer in the latest bid round that saw just eight bids coming in.
 ONGC signed contracts for the seven blocks at an event where Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan and other ministry officials were also present.
 "These 7 blocks are adding exploration acreage of 18,510 square kilometres spread over three sedimentary basins of India and have a resource potential of approximately 33 billion barrels of oil and oil equivalent gas," he said.
 The latest licensing round for allowing companies to explore for oil and natural gas was held on revamped terms but saw only ONGC and Oil India Ltd participating in it. ONGC put in bids for all the seven blocks on offer, while OIL put in an offer for one block at the close of bidding on October 31, 2019.
 ONGC was the sole bidder in five blocks in Madhya Pradesh and one in West Bengal and it was locked in competition with OIL in one block in Rajasthan. ONGC walked away with all the seven blocks on superior bids.
 According to the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), seven onland blocks were on offer in the fourth round of Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP) with an area of about 18,510 sq km.
 "With the culmination of Bid Round-IV today (Thursday), we have awarded 94 blocks under the exploration policy in a very short time span of two and a half years. These 94 blocks cover an exploratory area of approximately 1,36,800 sq km over 16 Indian sedimentary basins," Pradhan said. "Investors of the 94 blocks have committed 29,270 line kilometers of 2D seismic survey and 43,272 sq km of 3D seismic survey, 369 numbers of exploratory wells, 290 core analysis to establish shale resources. This will generate investment to the tune of USD 2.35 billion (about Rs 16,450 crore) over the next 3/4 years in the exploratory activities alone."
 In the first three rounds of OALP, about 1,18,000 sq km area was awarded, he said adding that the area awarded for exploration compares with about 90,000 sq km of area under exploration prior to OALP.
 The fourth round of bidding under OALP had the lowest number of blocks. While the first round got 110 bids for 55 blocks, the second round attracted 33 bids for 14 blocks. The third round saw 42 bids for 23 blocks. In the previous three rounds together, 87 blocks have been awarded covering an area of 1.18 lakh sq km.
 OALP-IV was the first round on revamped terms approved in February 2019.
 Unlike previous rounds where blocks were awarded to companies offering a maximum share of oil and gas to the government, blocks in little or unexplored category-II and III basins are now awarded to companies offering to do maximum exploration programme.
 While blocks in Madhya Pradesh fall in the Vindhyan basin which is a category-II basin, the Bengal Purnea basin is category-III area where no exploration has happened so far.
 Pradhan said the OALP-IV will open two new basins for exploration in the country.
 Under OALP, companies are allowed to carve out areas they want to explore oil and gas in. Companies can put in an expression of interest for any area throughout the year but such interests are accumulated thrice in a year. The areas sought are then put on auction.
 The fifth cycle of submitting EoIs closed on November 30, 2019, and was followed by the sixth cycle that began on December 1, 2019, and will last till March 31, 2020.
 As much as 20,000 sq km of the area has been sought in the fifth cycle which will be put for bidding before March, Pradhan said. ANZ HRS

ONGC walks away with all 7 oil, gas blocks on offer in latest bid round

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-self-autonomous-drive-mars-autonav-system-2021-7">NASA's Perseverance rover</a> tried to collect its first <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-ingenuity-helicopter-10th-flight-2021-7">Mars</a> rock sample on Friday but came up empty.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-panorama-video-nasa-perseverance-rover-2021-6">Perseverance</a> drilled a hole in the rock, withdrew, and then found that the rock core had vanished.</li><li>Mission controllers think that the rock reacted unexpectedly, not that the rover made an error.</li></ul><keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> has spent nine years and about $2 billion in its quest to drill and store samples of Martian rocks. The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-best-photos-100-days-on-mars-2021-6">Perseverance rover</a> was poised Friday to finally make that happen.The rover picked a rock in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-rover-landing-jezero-crater-search-for-alien-life-2021-2">an ancient Mars lake bed</a> that could have once held alien life, and attempted to drill. But then something strange happened: The sample seems to have vanished.There's a finger-size hole in the rock where the sample should have come out, but the rover's sample-collection tube is empty. And the rock core isn't lying near the hole. It's just not there."While this is not the 'hole-in-one' we hoped for, there is always risk with breaking new ground," the NASA associate administrator Thomas Zurbuchen said in a <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9007/nasas-perseverance-team-assessing-first-mars-sampling-attempt/">press release</a>. "I'm confident we have the right team working this, and we will persevere toward a solution to ensure future success."<div type="image" title="empty hole in rock black and white photo" height="1199" width="1599" msid="85198103" hostid="261"></div>To figure out what happened, NASA is instructing Perseverance to take close-up pictures of the borehole. Mission controllers will then try to plan another sampling attempt."The initial thinking is that the empty tube is more likely a result of the rock target not reacting the way we expected during coring, and less likely a hardware issue with the Sampling and Caching System," Jennifer Trosper, the project manager for Perseverance, said in a statement. "Over the next few days, the team will be spending more time analyzing the data we have, and also acquiring some additional diagnostic data to support understanding the root cause for the empty tube."Perseverance's main goal on <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword> is to explore a region called Jezero Crater and gather rock samples; the tube that came up empty is one of 43 the rover is carrying for this purpose. NASA plans to send another mission to Mars in about a decade to retrieve the samples and bring them back to Earth. Then scientists can investigate whether microbial life may have lived in the lake that once filled the basin.In other words, a significant amount of planning and money is riding on Perseverance's ability to drill successfully.<h2>Mars is keeping NASA on its toes</h2><div type="image" title="perseverance rover shadow looking down on hole in martian rock" height="972" width="1296" msid="85198105" hostid="261"></div>To take its first sample, Perseverance first used an abrasion tool to clear away dust and surface coatings. Then the rover extended its 7-foot-long arm, which has a sample-collection tool on the end. This tool uses a percussive drill to push a hollow coring bit into the rock.The process is autonomous; mission controllers simply send a "go" command.The data the rover has beamed back to Earth from its attempt so far indicates it carried out the necessary steps as planned. Still, the tube is empty.<div type="image" title="view looking straight down a gold tube" height="960" width="1280" msid="85198107" hostid="261"></div>The rock Perseverance was trying to sample is typical of the region. Jezero Crater's floor is covered in what NASA is calling "paver stones." These porous rocks could be sedimentary (meaning made by river and lake activity) or volcanic. Taking a sample would help scientists determine which type of rocks line the crater floor, thereby enhancing their understanding of the area's history.Other Mars missions have encountered unexpected difficulty from rock and soil, too. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-caused-nasa-mars-mole-failure-soil-dusty-solar-panels-2021-1">NASA recently had to abandon its InSight lander's "mole,"</a> a probing tool that was supposed to burrow into the Martian crust and measure its temperature. The mole found itself bouncing in place on a foundation of firm soil called duracrust."I have been on every Mars rover mission since the beginning, and this planet is always teaching us what we don't know about it," Trosper said. "One thing I've found is, it's not unusual to have complications during complex, first-time activities."

NASA can't find the Mars rock sample that the Perseverance rover drilled - it mysteriously disappeared

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/perseverance-rover-successfully-collects-first-sample-of-mars-rock-2021-9">NASA's Perseverance rover</a> has collected its first sample of <keyword id="12055530" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="mars" source="Orion">Mars</keyword> rock in its search for ancient <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-rover-landing-jezero-crater-search-for-alien-life-2021-2">alien microbes</a>.</li><li><keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword> plans to bring <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-best-photos-100-days-on-mars-2021-6">Perseverance's</a> samples to Earth via a "mind-bendingly complicated" mission.</li><li>But NASA still needs about a decade, $4 billion, and new technology to bring the Mars rocks to Earth.</li></ul>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/perseverance-rover-successfully-collects-first-sample-of-mars-rock-2021-9">finger-width chunk of rock</a> NASA's Perseverance rover drilled last week is the fruit of a <a href="https://www.planetary.org/articles/cost-of-perseverance-in-context">$2.4 billion labor</a>.The rock is a sample core from a boulder on Mars - the first of many that NASA hopes Perseverance will gather and store in pursuit of a fundamental question: Did Mars ever host microbial life?The rover's current location, a 28-mile-wide basin called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-rover-landing-jezero-crater-search-for-alien-life-2021-2">Jezero Crater, is the ideal place to hunt for an answer</a>. More than 3.5 billion years ago, a river spilled over the edge of the crater and filled it with water. That river very likely carried clay and minerals into the lake, which then fell to the bottom - possibly trapping microbes and enshrining them as fossils in sedimentary stone.The engineers and scientists who designed and built Perseverance waited nearly 10 years for the rover to reach Jezero Crater and collect its first sample. But they'll have to wait at least another decade to get their hands on that rock.<div type="image" title="perseverance rover on mars takes selfie with ingenuity helicopter" height="1939" width="2585" msid="86051445" hostid="261"></div>That's because NASA has to send a follow-up mission to Mars to retrieve Perseverance's samples and bring them to Earth. The agency hasn't yet secured the budget for that project, which could cost $4 billion, nor has it developed the necessary technology."Collecting those samples is a first step of one of the most difficult missions ever undertaken," Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator, said in a February briefing, before Perseverance landed on Mars.Although this "<keyword id="12012816" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="mars-sample-return" source="Orion">Mars Sample Return</keyword>" mission is still in the proposal phase, NASA estimates it could launch as early as 2026. On that timeline, Perseverance's samples would land on Earth in 2031.In the meantime, the agency's most advanced rover yet will keep roaming Jezero Crater, collecting samples that don't yet have a way off the red planet.<h2>NASA's plan is 'mind-bendingly complicated'</h2><div type="image" title="illustration of mini rocket launching from mars lander" height="1644" width="2193" msid="86051446" hostid="261"></div>To get Perseverance's samples to Earth, NASA must launch two rockets carrying two different spacecraft: a lander and an orbiter.The lander would be the largest ever sent to Mars, and it would have to touch down in Jezero Crater within 100 yards of the spot where Perseverance stashes its samples. The lander would then roll out a ramp to deploy a "fetch rover" that would gather the tubes and load them into a container aboard a small rocket attached to the lander.Then NASA would attempt a major first: The rocket must launch the sample container into Mars's orbit. Nobody has ever launched anything from the surface of Mars.Once in orbit, the rocket would release the sample container, putting it on a path that would line up with the orbiter (which would be be the largest spacecraft NASA has ever sent to Mars). Then the orbiter must grab the sample container.<div type="image" title="illustration of mars sample return mission shows mini rocket releasing small container into mars orbit" height="1080" width="1440" msid="86051447" hostid="261"></div>With the samples in tow, the orbiter would then journey back to Earth and ultimately drop a small vessel containing the samples. That vessel has to protect the Mars rocks as they plummet through the atmosphere, then deploy parachutes to land them safely on the ground.The mission will be a collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA), which is responsible for developing the orbiter and fetch rover."It's really the most extraordinary, mind-bendingly complicated, and will-be-history-making exploration campaign," David Parker, director of human and robotic exploration at the ESA, said in the February briefing.<div type="image" title="illustration mars orbiting spacecraft capturing small sample container" height="2500" width="2261" msid="86051448" hostid="261"></div>Last year, though, an independent review board determined that NASA's timeline and budget for the Mars sample return are too optimistic, <a href="https://spacenews.com/the-multi-decade-challenge-of-mars-sample-return/">SpaceNews reported</a>. The board proposed that NASA allot an extra two years - a 2028 launch and 2033 arrival on Earth - and bump the budget up about $1 billion. NASA had estimated a cost of $2.9 to $3.3 billion, according to SpaceNews, but the review board thought $3.8 to $4.4 billion would be more realistic.None of those funds have been approved yet, since the mission is still in its proposal phase, and since Congress must approve a new budget for NASA each year.<h2>NASA has already invested heavily in the sample-return project</h2><div type="image" title="Perseverance Rover" height="1650" width="2200" msid="86051449" hostid="261"></div>It took a lot of time, labor, and money to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-landing-nasa-perseverance-rover-touches-down-in-jezero-crater-2021-2">get Perseverance to Jezero Crater</a>.After NASA built and launched the rover, it spent seven months traveling to Mars. Then the robot spent another six months getting set up and watching <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/map-chart-nasa-mars-ingenuity-helicopter-flight-path-distance-record-2021-7">its helicopter sibling</a> fly.When it was finally ready to start collecting samples last month, Perseverance tried to drill a rock core, but it crumbled to dust. So it drove to another location over a few weeks, waited for scientists to choose a rock, then drilled a new sample. It sealed the tube containing that core on Monday.<div type="image" title="perseverance rover robotic arm holds up golden tube for coring samples against mars plains background" height="1199" width="1599" msid="86051450" hostid="261"></div>Perseverance is carrying 42 more tubes. NASA expects to fill many of them over the next year and a half as the rover explores the crater's ancient river delta. Then, if the robot is still in working order, it might venture up the crater rim and beyond, filling more tubes along the way.Once Perseverance is spent, it will cache a container full of sample tubes in one of several safe landing spots NASA has identified.Then those samples will lie in wait until NASA is ready to retrieve them.

NASA has collected its first Mars sample. But it needs $4 billion, 10 years, and new technology to bring the rock to Earth.

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>'s Curiosity rover used its robotic arm to snap a selfie on Mars last week.</li><li>A few days later, the agency's <keyword id="2459491" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="ingenuity">Ingenuity</keyword> <keyword id="46492" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="helicopter">helicopter</keyword> finally stretched out all four legs.</li><li>Photos of both events showcase NASA's growing presence on the red planet.</li></ul>There's a flurry of activity on Mars.Last week, NASA's Curiosity rover used its robotic arm to snap an impressive selfie in front of Mont Mercou, a 20-foot-tall rock formation. The photo, <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-takes-selfie-with-mont-mercou">released Tuesday</a>, offers a glimpse of the vast Martian landscape. About 2,300 miles away on the same planet, NASA's Ingenuity helicopter finally stretched out all four of its landing legs - and cameras captured that scene, too.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-helicopter-ingenuity-revealed-weeks-from-first-flight-2021-3">Ingenuity's mission</a> is to attempt the first controlled aircraft flight on another planet. The helicopter traveled to Mars in the belly of the Perseverance rover, which touched down in February. The rotocraft is now in position to land on the Martian surface, NASA <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAJPL/status/1377098742684246021">revealed</a> Tuesday - a feat scientists have awaited for months.<div type="image" title="Ingenuity four legs" height="899" width="1199" msid="81802017" hostid="261"></div>Ingenuity will likely fly within weeks, and could be deployed as early as April 8. But its flight - which is meant as a technology demonstration that could pioneer a new method of planetary exploration - will be perilous. The helicopter must lift off in Mars' thin atmosphere and survive frigid night temperatures for 30 Martian days (roughly one Earth month)."As with everything with the helicopter, this type of deployment has never been done before," Farah Alibay, a systems engineer at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-prepares-for-first-flight">said in a statement</a>. "Once we start the deployment, there is no turning back."<h2>Ingenuity is hovering 5 inches above the Martian surface</h2>Earlier this month, Perseverance dropped the guitar-shaped shield that protected Ingenuity, exposing the helicopter to Martian air for the first time. From there, it had to be rotated out of its horizontal position beneath the rover using an electric motor. Ingenuity's legs also had to be unfolded two at a time.NASA has <a href="https://twitter.com/NASAPersevere/status/1373708912281542665">called the process</a> "reverse origami."Now, Ingenuity is almost ready to drop the 5 inches to the ground and make its first contact with the Martian surface.<div type="image" title="ingenuity mars " height="1080" width="1920" msid="81802021" hostid="261"></div>That final drop requires the cord between the helicopter and Perseverance to be severed; right now, they're connected by a single bolt and a couple dozen tiny electrical connectors."The most stressful day, at least for me, is going to be that last day, when we finally separate the helicopter and drop Ingenuity on the ground," Alibay said at a recent press briefing. Once Ingenuity falls, Perseverance must drive away quickly to expose the helicopter's solar panels so the drone can begin charging. After its first charging session, Ingenuity will spend about a week testing its sensors and motors before it's ready to fly.The helicopter will attempt up to five flights in total.Its first flight will test whether Ingenuity can successfully get a few feet off the ground, hover for about 30 seconds, then touch back down. Each subsequent test will get more difficult than the last, culminating in a final flight that could carry the helicopter over 980 feet (300 meters) of Martian terrain.<h2>Curiosity is snapping photos while climbing a 3-mile mountain</h2>Unlike Perseverance, NASA's Curiosity rover isn't a newcomer to the Martian landscape. The car-sized rover landed on the red planet in 2012.Since 2014, Curiosity has been climbing the 3-mile-high Mount Sharp, which is located in a large impact basin known as Gale Crater. Along the way, the rover has spotted strange rock formations and evidence of ancient, long-lived lakes.In early March, Curiosity began approaching Mont Mercou, a rock outcrop named after a mountain in France.The rover's camera <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/curiositys-3d-view-of-mont-mercou">snapped two panoramas</a> on March 4 while stationed about 130 feet from the cliff face. The photos offer a three-dimensional view of the outcrop's sedimentary layers. The colors in the images represent how the rocks would appear during daytime on Earth.<div type="image" title="curiosity gif " height="400" width="1207" msid="81802024" hostid="261"></div>On March 16, a camera on the rover's mast captured 11 more images of Mont Mercou. These were stitched together with another 60 images taken by Curiosity's robotic arm on Friday.The resulting "selfie" shows the rover's full body next to the rock formation.It also shows Curiosity departing a clay-rich region on Mount Sharp for a sulfate-rich region higher up the mountain. Scientists believe this change in landscape could help explain how Mars became a desert planet. The presence of clay signals a watery environment, whereas sulfates usually form as water evaporates.To the left of the rover, you can spot a fresh drill hole where Curiosity collected its 30th rock sample from Mars.By now, Curiosity has been scouring the red planet for signs of microbial life for more than 3,000 Martian days - nearly nine years on Earth. Once the Ingenuity helicopter finishes its flights, however, Curiosity will no longer be alone in its mission. Perseverance is also designed to hunt for microbes - this time in ancient lake bed called Jezero Crater.Morgan McFall-Johnsen contributed reporting.

New photos from Mars: NASA's Ingenuity helicopter stretches its legs, while the Curiosity rover stars in a selfie

New Delhi, Mar 3 () Bhuwan Chandra Tripathi, former chairman and managing director of state-owned GAIL India Ltd, has joined Ruia-family owned Essar as a non-executive chairman of the Group's Mauritius-based oil and gas firm. "Essar Capital Ltd (ECL), the investment manager of Essar Global Fund Ltd (EGFL), has appointed Tripathi as the non-executive chairman of Essar Exploration and Production Ltd Mauritius (EEPLM) and board member of Essar Oil UK Ltd (EOUKL)," it said in a statement. EEPLM and EOUKL hold key energy assets in ECL's investment portfolio. EOUKL's main asset is the Stanlow oil refinery in the UK. "Tripathi's induction signals EGFL's renewed interest in the energy sector. He will drive the investment strategy and play a key role in providing strategic direction to EGFL," the statement said. reported the move on January 14. Tripathi "is one of the foremost energy strategists in the country. He is credited with transforming GAIL into a multi-asset multinational portfolio company," the statement said. "A person of Tripathi's caliber is an invaluable addition to our leadership team. His exemplary track record in India's energy sector will help EGFL grow and add significant value to our energy investments globally," said Prashant Ruia, Director-Essar Capital. EGFL has invested significantly in conventional and non-conventional oil and gas fields across the world through EEPLM, which manages these investments as an early-stage developer. It has participating interests in conventional oil and gas acreages in India, Vietnam and Nigeria, with an overall resource base of 3.4 barrels of oil equivalent. EEPLM, through its subsidiary Essar Oil &amp; Gas Exploration &amp; Production Ltd (EOGEPL), is India's largest operator of unconventional hydrocarbon acreages located across key sedimentary basins in the country. These acreages have a resource base of 15 trillion cubic feet and include both coal bed methane (CBM) and shale reserves. "EGFL is among the only Indian funds whose investments straddle the entire hydrocarbon value chain, comprising upstream exploration and production, midstream refining and downstream retail globally. I look forward to contributing to the future direction of India's oil and gas economy, in which Essar continues to be a key player," Tripathi on his appointment. The government had in July last year denied Tripathi an extension of service as Chairman and Managing Director of GAIL India Ltd till he reached his superannuation age six months later. Tripathi, 59, who was the youngest person to become a chairman of an oil and gas PSU in August 2009, completed his second five-year term on July 31 and was eligible for an extension till his date of superannuation in January 2020. But, the government declined an extension. As per the government rules, any functional director of a PSU denied an extension of service for reasons other than vigilance is not governed by a mandatory one-year cooling-off period. "No functional director of the company including the chief executive who has retired/resigned from the service of the company, after such retirement/ resignation, shall accept any appointment or post, whether advisory or administrative, in any firm or company, whether Indian or foreign, with which the company has or had business relations, within one year from the date of retirement without prior approval of the government," the rule states. This, however, does not apply to those who are denied an extension for reasons other than proven misconduct. "The term retirement includes resignation; but not in cases where the term of appointment was not extended by the government for reasons other than proven misconduct," the DPE's latest circular issued in April 2018 states. Tripathi was appointed Chairman and Managing Director of GAIL by the Congress-led UPA government in 2009, for an initial five-year term. His extension was due to be reviewed in 2014, but the UPA government in October 2013 approved another five-year term till July 31, 2019. Prior to taking over as CMD, Tripathi had served as Director of Marketing at GAIL from July 2007 to July 31, 2009. NTPC chairman Arup Roy Choudhury was denied an extension in August 2015 during the first term of the Narendra Modi government even though he had two years to go before retirement. In the oil sector, ONGC chairman Subir Raha, GAIL chairman Proshanto Benerjee, Bharat Petroleum chief Ashok Sinha and Indian Oil Corp (IOC) chairman Sarthak Behuria were all denied extensions. ANZ ANSANS

B C Tripathi joins Essar Exploration & Production Mauritius as non-executive chairman

Union Minister <keyword id="197418" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Dharmendra-Pradhan">Dharmendra Pradhan</keyword> has promised a "transparent regulatory regime" for greater ease in doing business with India. He said so while attending a road show in Houston, Texas to promote the auction of 46 discovered oil and gas fields. 
 These fields, which were discovered by <keyword id="769942" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Oil-And-Natural-Gas-Corporation-Ltd">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd</keyword> (<keyword id="6354737" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="ONGC">ONGC</keyword>) and <keyword id="111992" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Oil-India-Ltd">Oil India LTD</keyword> (OIL), are predicted to be put on production through speedy efforts. 
 The road show was attended by several global oil-related companies, including Magna Energy, BP, IHS Energy, Texas Oil &amp; Gas Technology, Nabors, McDermott, Reliance Exploration and Production DMCC, <keyword id="50041" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="KPMG">KPMG</keyword>, Halliburton, Joshi Technologies International, Vega Energy, and Schlumberger. For all details of these oil and gas fields to be made available to the interested parties, the road show had extensive and detailed presentations and one-on-one meetings with the companies. 
 Some companies, like BG, <keyword id="128650" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Cairn-Energy">Cairn Energy</keyword>, ONGC, and RIL also shared their happy experiences when they worked in the Indian exploration and production (E&amp;P) sector. 
 
The minister, in this moment of glory, promised a "transparent regulatory regime" and greater ease of doing business, adding that "We recognise that the need of the hour is to increase the domestic energy production by unlocking India's hydrocarbon potential." 
 
The current round of bidding round is also being held under a revised set of guidelines which are industry friendly; the Discovered Small Fields Policy is also acting as the regulatory framework. 
 
The round is seeing potential investors being offered 67 fields in 46 contract areas, across 9 sedimentary basins, through International Competitive Bidding in the oil and gas producing basins. 
 
36 of these fields are located in offshore areas, while the rest 31 are in on land basins. These fields, together, have an estimated 625 Million barrels of Oil and Oil Equivalent Gas in-place volumes, while being spread over 1500 square kilometers. 
 The show turned out to be a hit, with the hall full of attendees, including heads of major energy companies, think tanks, analysts, Indian Americans with interest, oil lobbyist, diplomats and various technologists. Pradhan took this opportunity to assure all possible support from his Ministry and the <keyword id="6377129" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Government-Of-India">Government of India</keyword> so that investors’ endeavours can reach good results. 
 
"The bid timelines are stringent and my team is geared to ensure a smooth process. I look forward to an encouraging participation in the bidding from you all. We have also setup a facilitation cell for assisting you throughout the bid process," he said amidst a thunderous applause. 
 
<a href="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/3372202/images/o-DHARMENDRA-PRADHAN-facebook.jpg">Image source</a>

Doing business with India to be made easier, promises Dharmendra Pradhan

<keyword id="1386652" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Fracking">Fracking</keyword> – the word sounds like some kind of slang. And guess what, it really IS! The term is relatively new and it is liberally used all over the world to describe some serious interventions we have with Mother Earth. Sounds judgmental? Nope, it’s not. 
 
Fracking means ‘hydraulic fracturing’ or piercing into the layers of shale rocks lying deep inside the earth to tap natural fuels such as gas and oil. But these reserves have been unavailable so far for a simple reason. Although scientists were aware of their existence, they could not remove them without disturbing the bed of shale rocks. 
 The method involves <keyword id="1569615" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="3D-imaging">3D imaging</keyword> of the site where shale rocks with high untapped reserves exist. Once the presence of gas is confirmed, fracking is carried out – sometimes well over a mile into the depth of the earth – with horizontal drilling mechanisms, allowing highly pressurised fracking fluids into the shale area. The ‘vent’ that is created, yields high amount of gas (and oil as well, depending on the location), compared to the conventional methods. Once the reserves are extracted, the smallest vent created through fracking fluids is cemented to keep the ground water levels intact. 
 
Conventional technology had to give way to the new-found method of tapping these reserves. And that was when hydraulic fracturing or fracking, as it is called, came into existence. This technology has been hugely popular in several countries such as the US, Canada, Russia and China, which have moderate-to-rich reserves of oil and gas. 
 
The reserves, according to energy companies, are so abundant that they have raised the estimates of the US gas reserves from 30 years to nearly a century. The country hadn’t thought shale gas was worth extracting for the high cost involved vis-à-vis the amount of extracted gas, till Houston billionaire George P Mitchell came out with fracking techniques. 
 
As the fracking frenzy grows worldwide, India perhaps has the biggest role to play, apart from its own lands, which are identified as suitable locations for fracking. 
 
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and some regions in the mountainous north-east are estimated to hold high reserves of natural gas, which can help solve some of the fuel challenges that the country is facing. Natural gas and crude oil mark some of the biggest imports India makes from the neighbouring countries while trying to maintain the fluctuating fuel prices in the domestic market. 
 
Last year, the Indian government declared it was exploring opportunities to tap the shale gas reserves and had already undertaken mapping of locations with sedimentary rocks and rich gas reserves. Reliance Industries, one of the biggest energy bidders, has also shown immense interest to invest in this exercise. In fact, the company has already made a billion-dollar investment in the Marcellus shale reserves across the East Coast in America. 
 
About six sites will undergo mapping under the new Prime Minister’s regime in India. Cambay, Assam-Arakan basin, Gondwana, KG onshore, Indo-Gangetic basin and the Cauvery basin are going to be explored for the gas reserves. 
 
Apart from tapping its own river basins and mountainous ranges, here’s where India’s windfall lies. The dry lands of India grow the most necessary ingredient for the aquifer or the chemical cocktail that goes into the process of fracking. The country produces 80% of the world’s guar gum, produced from the guar bean or Indian cluster bean. 
 
Known as guar bean, these cluster beans look like the less-fleshier form of French beans that grow on a semi-creeper in various parts of India. Known as the ‘poor man’s curry bean,’ the otherwise inconsequential vegetable/crop didn’t even merit any space in the kitchen of the moderately well-off, let alone gracing the dining table. But the lean bean has suddenly hit a jackpot with its unique ability to gel up the fracking water stream that will enter the rocks. 
 
Fracking is sure to catch up soon in India and may turn out to be a boon or a bane for the nation. And just like random mining created billionaires overnight, it may witness the same outcome, if it really becomes an ‘emerging’ trend across the globe. 
 
If it does answer India’s demand for natural gas, it can strengthen the economy from within, making it a self-regulatory and self-sufficient nation that can meet its domestic requirements. Even while supplying the guar gum while the world looks for alternatives such as Xanthan gum, among others, India still holds the key to fracking. 
 
Last time it happened was when the IT boom started and India was at the forefront. Does this mean good days are here for Indian farmers this time around?

Fracking Could Trigger Windfall For India, But What’s The Trade-off?

<div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div><a href="http://www.apimages.com/OneUp.aspx?st=k&amp;kw=Obama&amp;showact=results&amp;sort=relevance&amp;intv=30d&amp;sh=10&amp;kwstyle=and&amp;adte=1332439319&amp;pagez=60&amp;cfasstyle=AND&amp;rids=679d75cfa035404da909a699c71f5ae4&amp;dbm=PThirtyDay&amp;page=1&amp;xslt=1&amp;mediatype=Photo">AP Images</a></div>Note: We originally reported the State department was making its final recommendation to the President. The documents published were instead a draft Environmental Impact Statement. 
Thee department <a href="http://keystonepipeline-xl.state.gov/documents/organization/205719.pdf">says</a> the Keystone Pipeline would not have much impact on Canadian <keyword id="6359072" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="oil">oil</keyword> sands development and poses little threat to local environment concerns.
"It is unlikely that the proposed Project construction would have a substantial impact on the rate of WCSB [Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin] oil sands development," <a href="http://keystonepipeline-xl.state.gov/documents/organization/205618.pdf">the report says.</a>
It says not building it would curb carbon emissions by "0.07m to 0.83m" tons per year.
That's <a href="http://www.aashe.org/blog/what-does-one-ton-co2-really-mean">less</a> than the amount a single coal factory pumps into the air each year.
The document goes into granular detail about localized environmental impact, but finds the likelihood of damage from something going wrong as low.
"Since the majority of oil spills are small in volume...smaller spills, if reaching larger lakes, would result in minimal effects on overall water quality, assuming the lake volume is substantially larger than the volume of spilled oil."
The report says the pipeline will impact "relatively low numbers of wetland acres." 
Construction on the American section of the pipeline is already completed or underway. The structure will transport 700,000 of crude daily from Alberta to the Gulf of Mexico.
This week, the New York Times' Steven Greenhouse <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/business/energy-environment/afl-cio-backs-keystone-oil-pipeline-if-indirectly.html">reported</a> that AFL-CIO actually came out in favor of the project, if indirectly:
Pipelines, the labor leaders said, “are a low carbon emissions method of transporting oil and gas” and “lower the cost of fuel they carry compared with other forms of transportation.”
<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/keystone-pipeline-decision-2013-3">Click here for updates &gt;</a>

You Searched For "sedimentary basins" and got 12 results

A mine in Wyoming could contain $37 billion worth of rare earth minerals necessary for wind turbines, electrical vehicles, and other tech

Jenny McGrath

Last date for bidding for oil, gas blocks pushed back a month to April 16

PTI

Oil, gas bid deadline extended; bid rounds merged

PTI

India offers 11 oil and gas blocks in 5th bid round

PTI

ONGC walks away with all 7 oil, gas blocks on offer in latest bid round

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NASA can't find the Mars rock sample that the Perseverance rover drilled - it mysteriously disappeared

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

NASA has collected its first Mars sample. But it needs $4 billion, 10 years, and new technology to bring the rock to Earth.

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

New photos from Mars: NASA's Ingenuity helicopter stretches its legs, while the Curiosity rover stars in a selfie

Aria Bendix

B C Tripathi joins Essar Exploration & Production Mauritius as non-executive chairman

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Doing business with India to be made easier, promises Dharmendra Pradhan

BI India Bureau

Fracking Could Trigger Windfall For India, But What’s The Trade-off?

Preetam Kaushik

State Department Says Keystone Would Have Minimal Impact On Oil Sands Production

Rob Wile

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