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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Sea ice levels in Antarctica are at an all-time low, the National Snow and Ice Data Center reports.</li><li>A researcher from the NSIDC told the BBC these levels are "mind-blowing."</li></ul><p>Sea-ice levels in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biggest-surprises-living-working-antarctica-worlds-most-remote-post-office-2023-5">Antarctica</a> reached a record low in mid-September, satellite imagery from the National Snow and Ice Data Center shows.</p><p>Sea ice, the water that freezes on the surface of the sea in the Arctic and Antarctic hemispheres, has been <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-arctic-sea-ice-summer-minimum">decreasing</a> in both regions. </p><p>In Antarctica, sea ice levels reached record lows at least <a href="https://weather.com/news/climate/video/antarctic-sea-ice-reaches-new-record-low">twice</a> in 2023 after <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/06/1137787">record minimums</a> were detected in 2017 and 2022.</p><p>"It's so far outside anything we've seen, it's almost mind-blowing," Walter Meier, senior research scientist at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, told the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66724246" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BBC</a>.</p><p>An unstable Antarctica could have far-reaching consequences for Earth's climate, forcing <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/americans-new-climate-normal-is-hotter-wetter-and-more-extreme-2021-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">global temperatures to rise</a> with potentially devastating consequences for humanity, scientists warn.</p><div type="image" title="Chart showing the level of sea ice in Antarctica from 1981 to 2023" height="787" width="1050" msid="103732989" hostid="261" sizebytes="33866"></div><p>Understanding the extent of climate crisis in Antarctica has been challenging for scientists. The region is 1.5 times the size of the US, and there's a lack of historical information.</p><p>"When I started studying the Antarctic 30 years ago, we never thought extreme weather events could happen there," Prof Martin Siegert, a glaciologist at the University of Exeter, told the BBC. But scientists seem to be changing their mind.</p><p>Antarctica has been affected by global warming in many ways — it's seen record temperature increases of <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/antarctica-and-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">3.2°C (37.76°F)</a> since the 1950s, over three times more than the global average. Its ocean is also <a href="https://www.asoc.org/learn/climate-crisis-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">heating more rapidly than the rest of the world</a>, and its ice shelves are melting six times faster than in the 1980s, according to the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition.</p><p>The behavior of sea ice in the region has shifted widely since the beginning of the 20th century. After a decline in the early 1900s, it began increasing again, and in recent years, both record highs and record lows have been detected, the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64649596">BBC</a> reported in February. In 2018, for example, a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=10153178100249071">NASA report</a> said some parts of the region were gaining ice.</p><p>But recent record lows are a cause for concern.</p><p>A <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=fbfdddfefa9514d48e21ae35ec00d34542727c088f2af034e3d11febe739423c&amp;postID=6506ba0b74fcf693ad393290&amp;postSlug=sea-ice-levels-in-antarctica-reached-a-new-historic-low-2023-9&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs43247-023-00961-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">report</a> published in Nature links the recent record lows in sea-ice levels to the rise in the ocean's temperature, saying that the ice is essentially melting from below. </p><p>Report co-authors Ed Doddridge and Ariaan Purich told Australia's <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-09-13/climate-scientists-issue-warning-over-antarctic-sea-ice-levels/102849334">ABC</a> News that this year's level in sea ice is about 930,000 square miles less than the maximum coverage usually seen in September and that these changes may be irreversible. </p>

Sea-ice levels in Antarctica at a 'mind-blowing' historic low

Forget dusty dunes and Martian monotony — <keyword id="47638" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="mars" source="Orion">Mars</keyword> just dropped the coolest news ever. New high-tech radar scans have unearthed a colossal stash of buried <keyword id="15300" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="water" source="Orion">water</keyword> <keyword id="51841" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ice" source="Orion">ice</keyword> beneath the Red <keyword id="46100" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="planet" source="Orion">Planet</keyword>'s <keyword id="122252" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="equator" source="Orion">equator</keyword>, enough to whip up a Martian mega-sundae the size of Earth's Red Sea!<br /><br />For years, the towering dust sculptures of the Medusae Fossae Formation on Mars have baffled scientists. Were they just windblown sand or something more? Finally, ESA's Mars Express spacecraft has cracked the code: beneath those dunes lies the biggest water discovery on the Martian equator ever: an ocean of ice, buried over 3 kilometres deep!<br /><br />Unravelling the mystery wasn't easy. Early hints of ice from Mars Express needed confirmation. Dust, volcanic ash, and sediment could all be hiding under the surface. But new, deep-penetrating radar data cleared the fog. The signals bounced back from the MFF matched the telltale signature of layered ice, just like the frozen caps at Mars' poles.<br /><cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Mars' Future Oasis?" comment="subhead" text="Mars' Future Oasis?"><span data-til="noop">Mars' Future Oasis?</span></cmsannotation><br />This buried water is a scientific treasure trove and a potential game-changer for Martian exploration. Future missions will likely land near the equator, far from the icy poles. Finding water here, a crucial resource, could be a lifeline for human explorers.<br /><br />But there's a catch. These icy riches are buried under hundreds of metres of dust, out of reach for now. Still, each piece of the Martian water puzzle adds to our understanding of the planet's past and its potential to harbour <keyword id="6360041" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="life" source="Orion">life</keyword>.<br /><br />And Mars Express isn't alone in this cosmic detective story. ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is sniffing out hydrogen, a telltale sign of water ice, in the Martian soil. Together, these spacecraft are painting a complete picture of water distribution on the Red Planet, one drop at a time.<br />

Massive amounts of frozen water found underneath Mars' equator!

For most of us, <keyword id="6546574" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="octopus" source="Orion">octopus</keyword> mating is the kind of thing you'd bury deep beneath the incognito tab of your browser history. But for a crack team of researchers studying Antarctic <keyword id="1583699" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ice-melt" source="Orion">ice melt</keyword>, it's a subject they can't get enough of – and not for the reasons you might think!<br /><br />Under the icy grip of <keyword id="19945467" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="antarctica" source="keywords">Antarctica</keyword>, where sunlight struggles to penetrate and temperatures plummet well below zero, thrives a fascinating creature: the <keyword id="19945468" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="turquet" source="Orion">Turquet</keyword>'s octopus. Its DNA, a tangled tale of past dalliances and daring encounters, holds the key to understanding a continent's precarious future.<br /><br />This half-foot wonder lays only a handful of oversized eggs on the seabed, investing heavily in their survival and growth. Coupled with the region's unpredictable currents, this means the species rarely strays far from its familiar haunts, dotting the icy landscape around Antarctica.<br /><br />Scientists, like modern-day octopus whisperers, have cracked the genetic code of these eight-legged time capsules. By studying the DNA of separate populations, they stumbled upon a remarkable truth: around 125,000 years ago, when Earth enjoyed a warmth akin to today, an ice-free corridor snaked across Antarctica. Through this watery highway, Turquet's octopuses embarked on scandalous intermingling with distant cousins they'd barely met before, their genes weaving a tapestry of shared ancestry.<br /><br />But before you start daydreaming about octopus rom-coms, this revelation throws up a chilling concern. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) melted during a period similar to our current climate, it suggests its future stability is worryingly fragile. Studies show that a potential WAIS collapse could unleash a torrent of meltwater, raising sea levels by a staggering 3.3 to 5 metres.<br /><br />The study also uncovers a double whammy – two distinct periods of WAIS collapse, one in the mid-Pliocene and another during the Last Interglacial, a warm spell eerily similar to our own. This chilling coincidence serves as a stark reminder: the ice sheet has buckled before, and it could well do so again.<br /><br />The consequences of a WAIS collapse are nothing short of catastrophic. Coastal cities housing millions worldwide would be submerged, ecosystems shattered, and the map of our planet forever altered. The fate of the WAIS hangs in the balance, and the time to act is now – not just for ourselves, but for the octopuses, the penguins, the seals, and all the creatures who call Antarctica home.<br />

Octopus DNA gives scientists a glimpse into Antarctica's ancient past, and a possible highly unstable future

<ul class="summary-list"><li>CDC officials failed Margaritaville at Sea Paradise on a surprise health inspection.</li><li>The ship scored 83 points, below the 86 needed to pass, with 65 issues noted.</li></ul><p>On May 1, CDC officials boarded <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-i-sailed-margairatvilles-new-cruise-ship-wont-again-2022-5">Margaritaville at Sea</a>, a Jimmy-Buffet-themed ship that welcomes 1,680 passengers, for an unexpected health inspection.</p><p>The Vessel Sanitation Program officials gave the ship a failing grade. During the visit, they noted 65 issues on the ship, which resulted in an 83-point score. A score of 86 is needed to pass.</p><p>In the <a target="_blank" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/InspectionQueryTool/InspectionDetailReport.aspx?ColI=MjEyNjA3MTE%3d-NRhUjy056ts%3d">inspection detail report</a>, officials noted food and drink concerns as well as crowded whirlpools.</p><p>In a statement sent to Business Insider, representatives for Margaritaville at Sea said, "Following internal policies, immediate corrective actions have been taken to address the issues identified in the inspection."</p><p>"Many of these issues have already been resolved and we will be working with USPH for a reinspection as soon as possible. We expect this reinspection will exceed USPH standard," the statement continued.</p><h2 id="674e27d4-9037-4f02-84f2-4d5a0ff46e93">The report noted concerns about food and drink safety</h2><p>Across the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/margaritaville-at-sea-cruise-photos-not-worth-it-review-2023-7">Paradise ship</a>, there are seven dining venues, six bars, and food and drink areas for the ship's workers.</p><p>Within these spaces on Paradise, the officials noted in the inspection report that one worker handled an ice machine with gloves that "were stored with tools," adding that "it was unclear if the crew member washed his hands before putting on gloves."</p><p>The report stated that items like heavy cream were not in cold enough environments to meet CDC standards and that a crew member "could not demonstrate competency in verifying the concentration of the chemical used" while washing lettuce.</p><p>Additionally, numerous fridges, freezers, and deep fryers were out of service across the ship, areas of decks were soiled and in disrepair, and multiple rooms on the ship also didn't reach the required light intensity of 220 lux, the inspection stated.</p><p>Beyond food and drink, the officials noted that whirlpools often had six guests, although they're designed for a maximum of four people.</p><div type="image" title="MSC Meraviglia" height="2000" width="3000" msid="110187361" hostid="261" sizebytes="677806"></div><h2 id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">Margaritaville at Sea Paradise isn't the only ship to fail its inspection</h2><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">In a statement sent to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/business-news/the-most-sanitary-and-unsanitary-cruise-ships-cdc-ranking/456171">Entrepreneur</a>, the Vessel Sanitation Program officials said, "Inspections usually take 6-8 hours, depending on the number of inspectors, ship size, amount of time the ship is in port, and issues identified during the inspection."</p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">Previously, the MSC Seaside failed with a score of 67, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/msc-cruise-ship-health-inspection-fail-lowest-score-in-years-2023-5">Business Insider</a> reported last spring. During that inspection — the lowest score given in six years — officials found a "crew member's hands and refrigerator door handle covered in hamburger blood" and "black filth residue" on four yogurt containers.</p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">Meanwhile, fifteen ships gained <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cruise-ships-best-worst-sanitation-scores-list-cdc-norovirus-2023-7">perfect scores in last summer's report</a>. Those ships included Disney Fantasy, Disney Wonder, Carnival Celebration, Carnival Panorama, Carnival Sunshine, Celebrity Edge, Celebrity Millenium, Celebrity Summit, MSC Seascape, Royal Caribbean's Allure of the Seas, Oceania Riviera, Rotterdam, Silver Moon, Norwegian Joy, and Norwegian Pearl.</p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">Margaritaville at Sea Paradise scored an 87 in the biannual report last year.</p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">In the past two years, multiple Business Insider reporters have boarded the Margaritaville at Sea Paradise ship, and their reviews have been mixed. Reporter Brittany Chang was on the ship's inaugural sailing, where she noticed outdated features and quality issues, deeming a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-i-sailed-margairatvilles-new-cruise-ship-wont-again-2022-5">Paradise cruise "not worth it."</a> </p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">Lauren Mack came to a similar conclusion after <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/margaritaville-at-sea-cruise-photos-not-worth-it-review-2023-7">boarding the ship last summer</a> following the cruise line's <a target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/margaritaville-spent-millions-of-dollars-into-updating-its-cruise-ship-2023-7"><u>multimillion-dollar renovation</u></a>. During her cruise, she moved staterooms twice due to cigarette smoke smells and felt like the ship lacked a cohesive theme.</p><p id="26a295e2-3b10-42d0-b880-618964b2d103">"Margaritaville has all the cruise basics, but I think they're scaled back in quantity and quality," Mack said. "If you temper your expectations and want an extended booze cruise or a beach day on a budget, you may find the cruise worthwhile."</p>

Margaritaville at Sea failed a surprise health inspection due to too many people in hot tubs and concerns about food safety

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A Stone Age hunting wall was discovered in Europe's Baltic Sea.</li><li>It is made up of several large rocks  linked together by more than 1,500 smaller stones. </li></ul><p>A <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stone-age-ancient-fort-hunter-gatherer-2024-1">Stone Age</a> wall discovered in the Baltic Sea may be the oldest man-made megastructure in Europe.</p><p>The strange, kilometer-long wall is thought to have been built more than 8,500 years ago to channel reindeer into different areas by hunter-gatherers.</p><p>The wall — referred to as the Blinkerwall by researchers — was discovered by chance in September 2021 by students on a training exercise with the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde in Germany.</p><p>It's less than a meter high and consists of several large rocks linked together by more than 1,500 smaller stones. The stones are aligned "so regularly that a natural origin seems unlikely," researchers said.</p><p>The students used a multibeam sonar to map the seafloor off the coast of Germany near to the town of Rerik.</p><p>"Afterwards, in the lab, we realized that there was this structure that looks not natural," geophysicist Jacob Geersen at the Leibniz Institute told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2416773-submerged-wall-could-be-the-largest-stone-age-megastructure-in-europe/">New Scientist.</a></p><p>"It was only when we contacted the archaeologists that we understood it could be something significant."</p><p>The Blinkerwall was discovered 21 meters under the sea, which means it was likely to have been built before the last Ice Age ended around 8,500 years ago as the sea level rose "significantly" during this period, the article said.</p><p>Marlize Lombard, a professor and researcher of Stone Age Archaeology at the University of Johannesburg, told New Scientist that hunting walls were traditionally used to catch herds of animals such as antelope, who are more likely to run parallel to obstacles rather than jump over them.</p><p>Researchers believe this particular hunting wall was used to catch reindeer, which used the region as a habitat 11,000 years ago, according to the article.</p><p>The discovery is important because it could improve our knowledge of early hunter-gatherer communities, and how they survived. It could also allow scientists to find other <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/storegga-tsunami-stone-age-population-decline-2024-1">Stone Age</a> walls submerged by water.</p><p>The findings were published in the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2312008121">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> journal on Monday.</p>

A strange wall submerged in the Baltic Sea may be the oldest man-made megastructure in Europe

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Sea levels are rising steadily each year as the planet warms.</li><li>Melting ice could collapse suddenly, raising sea levels abruptly.</li></ul><p>The Earth's ice is, rightly, often in the news. As the planet and its oceans warm, our so-called cryosphere is quickly melting away.</p><p>There are <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/#:~:text=Sea%20level%20rise%20is%20caused,1993%2C%20as%20observed%20by%20satellites.">two factors</a> that lead to sea level rise: the water expanding as it gets warmer and added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers.</p><h4><br />Melting ice that could tip sea level rise into catastrophic levels</h4><span class="image-source-caption undefined" style="margin-top: -25px">                        <span class="image-source headline-regular">                                                Source: NASA Ice Viewer<br />Chart: Annie Fu/Insider                                                </span>                            </span><p>While it's easier to plan for a steady sea level rise, scientists are very concerned about what would happen if huge chunks of ice collapse and abruptly change sea levels. </p><p>Here are the sites around the world scientists are keeping a close eye on, and why they are important, according to Alex Brisbourne, a Glaciologist at the British Antarctic Survey, and Theodore Scambos, an Antarctic researcher at the University of Colorado.</p><h2><strong style="color: #000000;">Glaciers</strong></h2><p>Glaciers will be the first to go.</p><p>Though they will contribute comparatively little to sea level rise — adding about a foot to global mean sea levels if they melt completely — glaciers outside of Greenland and Antarctica have been the main contributors to higher seas over the past century, according to the UN's <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities/">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</a></p><h4> </h4><h4><strong>Catastrophic collapse — Columbia Glacier in Alaska</strong></h4><p>Glaciers took centuries to freeze over, but they can disappear in a few years. When they start breaking apart, that triggers a negative feedback loop: the meltwater warms the glacier, which creates more meltwater.</p><div type="image" title="Columbia Glacier Alaska" height="2592" width="3456" msid="96665027" hostid="261"></div><p>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/columbia-glacier-28-years-of-global-warming-2014-11">Columbia Glacier</a> in Alaska is one of the most recognizable examples of rapid glacier collapse. This glacier has almost completely disappeared today. </p><p>"It's an example of how this will play out for many coastal glaciers," Scambos told Insider in an email.</p><h4> </h4><h4><strong>Albedo — Presena Glacier in the Alps, Europe</strong></h4><p>Glaciers are not only important because they store water away from the oceans. Because they are light-colored, they bounce back a lot of light back into space. This effect, called the albedo of the ice, is crucial because it keeps sunlight from warming the earth. </p><div type="image" title="alps pink snow glacier" height="1532" width="2043" msid="96665029" hostid="261"></div><p>Scientists studying the albedo of the glaciers have discovered a peculiar effect of the melt. Colorful <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/colorful-algae-blooms-may-be-speeding-up-glacier-melt-worldwide-2022-12">glacial and snow algae</a> have been growing in the glacier meltwater, creating <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greeland-ice-sheet-turned-black-melts-faster-because-of-algae-2021-3">pink and purple</a> spectacles on the ice, like at the Presena Glacier in the Alps. The problem is that reduces the albedo of the glacier, which again encourages warming and melting.</p><h4> </h4><h4><strong>Freshwater — Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers, Central Asia</strong></h4><p>Glaciers are also a vital source of freshwater. Over a billion people living in central Asian countries rely on the Hindu-Kush Himalayan glaciers for drinking water, and scientists discovered recently that these glaciers are rapidly declining, causing <a href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/himalayas-glaciers-climate-change">concern</a>.</p><div type="image" title="A general view of the Chiatibo glacier in the Hindu Kush mountain range on October 16, 2019 in the Chitral District of Khyber-Pakhunkwa Province, Pakistan." height="1333" width="1777" msid="96665032" hostid="261"></div><p>"It's gonna peak in around 2050. Beyond that point, you start to get less melt," AB said.</p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-and-pakistan-potential-river-water-war-conflict-2019-2#fp-climate-change-threatens-tibetan-plateau-water-resources-in-a-couple-of-waysmore-rainfall-in-the-medium-term-but-also-quicker-glacial-melts-and-less-water-flow-in-the-future-how-much-could-climate-change-aggravate-the-already-tense-cross-border-water-situation-7">Geopolitical experts</a> are concerned this dwindling resource could cause tensions in neighboring countries.</p><h2><strong style="color: #000000;">Greenland and Antarctica</strong></h2><p>The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are essentially humongous glaciers that cover the poles. They contain most of the freshwater on the Earth's surface. </p><p>The Antarctic ice sheet is much bigger than the ice sheet on Greenland. If they were to melt totally, the Greenland ice sheet would contribute about 23 feet to the sea levels, while the Antarctic ice sheet holds enough ice to raise sea levels by 190 feet. Of course, this <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/interactives/global-ice-viewer/#/2/about/1316">isn't predicted</a> to happen for centuries.</p><p>The other big difference is that the Greenland ice sheet rests on solid land above sea level, whereas much of the Antarctic ice sheet is below sea level, which makes it more vulnerable to warming ocean temperatures.</p><h4> </h4><h4><strong style="color: #000000;">Greenland </strong></h4><p>Greenland is currently melting about twice as quickly as the Antarctic ice sheet, per <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-4-sea-level-rise-and-implications-for-low-lying-islands-coasts-and-communities/">the IPCC.</a></p><p>As the atmosphere around the North Pole warms, any ice below about 2,000 meters altitude (about 6,500 feet) is at greater risk of melting, said Brisbourne. </p><p>"The problem here is that as you melt, you're thinning the ice and that brings more ice below 2,000 meters," he said.</p><p>This is happening over the entirety of the Greenland ice sheet, as can be seen in this <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/terrifying-nasa-video-shows-greenland-changing-in-the-future-2019-8">NASA animation</a>.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greenland-fast-melting-glacier-thickening-again-2019-3">Ilulissat</a> glacier, also known as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jakobshavn-glacier-loses-huge-chunk-of-ice-2015-8">Jakobshavn</a> or its Innuit name Sermeq Kujalleq, is a glacier that scientists are following closely on the west coast of Greenland, where the ice sheet is melting more quickly.</p><h4><br />Ilulissat Glacier, also known as Jakobshavn</h4><p>Ice flows through ice sheets like very slow rivers. Carried by its weight, the ice falls from the top of the glacier to the lowest point. In a perfect equilibrium, there's enough snow fall to replenish the ice sheet, but that balance comes out of whack when the ice is melting away too quickly, snowfall is not sufficient, or <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greenland-summit-gets-rain-not-snow-first-time-on-record-2021-8">rain is falling</a> instead of snow. </p><p>When this happened, the ice sheet beings to thin and the glaciers at the edge of the sheet retreat, as can be seen below.</p><h4> </h4><h4><strong style="color: #000000;">Antarctica</strong></h4><p>The Antarctic ice sheet, found at the South Pole, is about eight times bigger than the Greenland sheet. </p><p>Because so much of this ice sheet is below sea level, it is much more affected by the temperature of the ocean, which has been warming. </p><p>Scientists break down this ice sheet into three parts: the peninsula, west Antarctica, and east Antarctica. </p><h4> </h4><h4>Antarctic Peninsula — Larsen-A and -B</h4><p>The peninsula is much more affected by the temperature of the atmosphere than other areas of the Antarctic, Brisbourne said.</p><p>In 2002, scientists watched helplessly as an ice shelf called Larsen-B collapsed into the ocean in a matter of weeks.</p><p>Between January 31 and April 13, 2002, about 500 billion tonnes of pack ice and snow disintegrated into the ocean. </p><p>This was less than a decade after another ice shelf in the area, Larsen-A, also disintegrated. </p><p>Ice shelves don't contribute to sea level rise when they melt. Because they float, they occupy the same volume in the sea, whether they are frozen or melted, just like an ice cube doesn't raise the water level in a glass when it melts. </p><p>However, ice shelves stabilize the glaciers and ice sheets that are behind them. Without their ice shelves, the glaciers that fed Larsen-A and -B glaciers started flowing much more quickly, releasing three times more ice into the ocean than they did before.</p><p>Larsen-B's collapse was likely caused by <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/melting-antarctica-images-from-space-2014-8">melt ponds</a>, Brisbourne said.</p><p>Meltponds appear when the warming atmosphere causes meltwater to accumulate at the surface of the ice. As they grow, their weight cracks the ice and can lead to the collapse of the ice shelf, a process called hydrofracturing. </p><div type="image" title="melt ponds Antarctica" height="1000" width="1333" msid="96665035" hostid="261"></div><p>Because there wasn't much ice in the Antarctic peninsula to start, losing these ice shelves did not change global sea levels much. </p><p>But these losses are seen as "the canary in the coal mine" for Antarctica, said Brisbourne. </p><h4> </h4><h4>West Antarctica — The Doomsday (Thwaites) glacier and Pine Island</h4><p>Scientists are much more concerned about west Antarctica. The ice sheet in West Antarctica rests on bedrock under sea level, meaning it is much more vulnerable to the warming of the ocean. </p><p>West Antarctic ice flows into several ice shelves, including the Pine Island, Dotson, and Thwaites. These act as buffers between the ice sheet and the warming oceans.</p><p>Scientists are really concerned that Thwaites is holding on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/thwaites-doomsday-glacier-could-melt-faster-than-expected-study-2022-9">"by its fingernails."</a> This gives it its nickname — the "doomsday glacier." The ice shelf in front of Thwaites<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-ice-shelf-will-shatter-scientists-say-2021-12"> is crackling</a> and it is thought the shelf could collapse within the decade.</p><p>"We think that potentially if we lose Thwaites area, this whole west Antarctica ice sheet part of Antarctica could follow," said Brisbourne. </p><p>That could add <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-sea-level-rise-could-be-higher-than-thought-study-2021-5">up to 10 feet</a> to global sea levels. </p><p>But there's still hope. </p><p>Pine Island was collapsing more quickly than Thwaites, but it slowed down, Brisbourne said. What scientists hadn't expected is that the ice sheet would catch on a small island off the coast of Antarctica, which has slowed the speed of its collapse.  </p><h4> </h4><h4>East Antarctica — Conger Ice Shelf</h4><p>The east side of Antarctica is thought to be fairly stable.</p><p>"East Antarctica is a bit more like Greenland in that it sits above sea level. So it's not been influenced much by the warming ocean and the atmosphere hasn't warmed as much," said Brisbourne. </p><p>East Antarctica has enough ice to raise sea levels by about 52 meters altogether, so if it were to collapse, it'd be fairly catastrophic. But Brisbourne says scientists don't expect that to happen for a very very long time. </p><p>Still, scientists were stunned to see an ice shelf called Conger <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/Antarctica-ice-shelf-previously-thought-stable-collapses-2022-3">collapse</a> on the east side of Antarctica earlier this year. Conger was not under surveillance by most scientists. Indeed, Brisbourne said most of his colleagues had never heard of it. </p><p>"It's a very small ice shelf and it is fed by a glacier that drains a very small area. So in terms of the contribution sea level rise, it's actually gonna be very small," he said. </p><p>"But again, it's one of these warning signs that in this area we're starting to see processes that we know have affected other parts of the continent and led to a fairly dramatic loss of ice," said Brisbourne. </p><h2><strong style="color: #000000;">Other effects of ice melt</strong></h2><p>There are more indirect effects of the melting ice on sea level rise. </p><h4> </h4><h4>Arctic sea ice</h4><p>Every winter, water in the Arctic ocean freezes over, capping our planet in white over the winter and receding over the summer. </p><p>But the expanse of that white cap in the winter has been <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-reveal-extent-of-arctic-ice-loss-2020-9">getting smaller</a> every year. </p><div type="image" title="Animation shows Arctic sea ice getting smaller year on year, from 1979 to 2022" height="358" width="716" msid="96665038" hostid="261"></div><p>Because this ice is already in the sea, it won't raise the sea level if it melts. But, like the glaciers, its declining reflective albedo contributes to more warming within the atmosphere and the ocean.</p><h4> </h4><h4>Permafrost — Russian Tundra</h4><p>Permafrost, ground that is meant to stay frozen throughout the year, doesn't directly contribute to sea level rise when it thaws. But as the ground gets warmer, pools of water called thermokarsts start forming.</p><p>These are full of methane, a potent <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/satellites-locate-source-of-methane-leaks-to-fight-climate-crisis-2022-7">climate-worsening gas</a>. It's not clear how much these pools could contribute to climate change. </p><h4> </h4><h4>Local sea level variation </h4><p>Global mean sea level rise is only a snapshot of the whole picture.</p><p>Because sea levels are influenced by the local environment, the sea level rise can be much higher locally than it is on a global scale.</p><p>The east coast of the US, for instance, is due to have <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/day-after-tomorrow-was-right-and-wrong-about-climate-shifts-2019-3">higher sea levels</a> than the west coast, in part because of the slowing gulf stream.  </p><h4> </h4><h4>Local gravity variation — Antarctica's gravity pull</h4><p>Gravity is another important consideration when it comes to sea level rise.</p><p>Ice sheets are so big that they can <a href="https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/question/antarctic-ice-sheet-gravitational-effect-sea-level/">pull water</a> towards them, raising sea levels locally, Brisbourne said. </p><p>If Greenland melts, "sea-level rise will be greatest in the southern hemisphere, and if Antarctica melts then sea-level rise will be greatest in the northern hemisphere," wrote Pippa Whitehouse, a glaciologist from Durham University, <a href="https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/question/antarctic-ice-sheet-gravitational-effect-sea-level/">in a blog post. </a></p><p>The glaciers are also weighing down the planet, squishing the Earth's crust at the poles.</p><p>That pressure will disappear when the ice sheets melt, which will influence the rotation, shape, and gravity of the Earth. This effect, called <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/glacial-rebound-the-not-so-solid-earth">post-glacial rebound</a>, has already started to appear. A study published in 2021 found that melting glaciers had already led to a small wobble of the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-axis-shifted-melting-ice-climate-change-2021-4">Earth's axis.</a></p><p><strong><em>Correction: January 12, 2023</em></strong><em> — An earlier version of the story misstated the amount of sea level rise were ice on Antarctica to melt away completely. This is 58 meters (190 feet), not 58 feet. The earlier version also misspelled the name of an ice shelf, which is Dotson, not Dodson. Glaciers, ice shelves, and ice sheets were not always given the right designation. These have been corrected throughout.</em></p>

Map shows the ice sheets and glaciers melting that scientists most fear will be the source of catastrophic rising sea levels

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctic-flowering-plant-growth-signals-climate-crisis-impact-study-2022-2">Antarctica</a> and the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ancient-arctic-sea-sponges-survive-by-eating-worm-fossils-2022-2">Arctic</a> suffered <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/4-ways-extreme-heat-negatively-impacts-economy-2021-8">heat waves</a> in the past week, reaching 70 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit above normal.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-ice-shelf-will-shatter-scientists-say-2021-12">poles</a> are in opposite seasons, but atmospheric rivers carried moisture and warm air to them.</li></ul><p>Heat waves blanketed the planet's poles in unseasonably warm temperatures over the past week.</p><p>In parts of the <keyword id="11905238" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="arctic" source="Orion">Arctic</keyword>, temperatures soared to about 50 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius) above average on Friday, according to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/climate-science-colorado-arctic-antarctica-eda9ea8704108bdab2480fa2cd4b6e34?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&amp;utm_campaign=9faf4287e9-briefing-dy-20220321&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-9faf4287e9-45928806">The Associated Press</a>. The same day, on the other end of the planet, <keyword id="12266096" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="antarctica" source="Orion">Antarctica</keyword>'s Dome C research station registered a record <keyword id="11930978" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="temperature" source="Orion">temperature</keyword> of 13.8 degrees, about 70 degrees above average. Vostok station, sitting 2 miles high on the Antarctic plateau, registered a similarly extreme temperature of 0.1 degrees.</p><p>As of Tuesday, the Antarctic <keyword id="11947988" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="heat-wave" source="Orion">heat wave</keyword> was subsiding, but temperatures remained about 50 degrees above normal, according to Robert Rodhe, lead scientist at the environmental data nonprofit Berkeley Earth.</p><p>"This event is rewriting record books and our expectations about what is possible in Antarctica," Rodhe <a href="https://twitter.com/RARohde/status/1505867257104187403">said</a> on Twitter. "Is this simply a freakishly improbable event, or is it a sign of more to come? Right now, no one knows."</p><div type="image" title="two penguins stand on melting iceberg on rocky shelf" height="1648" width="2199" msid="90404839" hostid="261"></div><p>The poles are in opposite seasons — it's fall in Antarctica, just starting to chill, while the Arctic is emerging from the dark depths of winter. But the mechanisms driving their respective heat records are the same. Atmospheric rivers — long, flowing columns of water vapor, like rivers in the sky — carried large amounts of moisture and warm air to both poles, causing the double-whammy polar heat wave.  </p><p>In Antarctica, a high-pressure system called a "heat dome" also moved in and sat over the eastern side of the continent, trapping heat and moisture there, according to <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2022/03/18/antarctica-heat-wave-climate-change/?utm_campaign=Daily%20Briefing&amp;utm_content=20220321&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=Revue%20newsletter">The Washington Post</a>.</p><p>"Are these two heat waves linked? We don't know yet, and it's most likely a coincidence," Antarctica researchers Dana Bergstrom, Sharon Robinson, and Simon Alexander <a href="https://theconversation.com/record-smashing-heatwaves-are-hitting-antarctica-and-the-arctic-simultaneously-heres-whats-driving-them-and-how-theyll-impact-wildlife-179659">wrote</a> in The Conversation on Tuesday.</p><p>Still, they added: "Modeling suggests large-scale climate patterns are [becoming] more variable. This means this seemingly one-off heat wave may be a harbinger for the future under <keyword id="11896311" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change" source="Orion">climate change</keyword>."</p><h2>The poles are warming faster than the rest of the planet</h2><div type="image" title="penguin stands on iceberg in ocean" height="1666" width="2222" msid="90404841" hostid="261"></div><p>While scientists can't directly attribute these warming events to climate change, it's possible that later studies will allow them to do so. Just a week after a record heat wave killed hundreds of people across the Pacific Northwest last June, World Weather Attribution published a <a href="https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/NW-US-extreme-heat-2021-scientific-report-WWA.pdf">study</a> that concluded the event would have been "virtually impossible" without human-caused climate change.</p><p>Global temperatures are rising as humans add more heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the poles are warming faster than the rest of the planet.</p><p>Periods of warmth during the winter are a natural part of the Arctic climate, but <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2605/arctic-winter-warming-events-becoming-more-frequent-longer-lasting/">research</a> shows they're happening more frequently and lasting longer as the planet warms. In Antarctica, a lack of historical records makes it difficult to contextualize this weather.</p><div type="image" title="water drips from iceberg" height="1651" width="2201" msid="90404843" hostid="261"></div><p>"The first of the precise temperature records start in the late 1950s, so it's really hard to work out what's remarkable and what's not," Matt King, director of the Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">Science</keyword>, told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/21/extremes-of-40c-above-normal-whats-causing-extraordinary-heating-in-polar-regions">The Guardian</a>. "Sometime down the track, depending on what we do with our carbon emissions, we might see these types of temperatures much more regularly."</p><p>Alongside the heat wave, and possibly because of it, Arctic <keyword id="13451070" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="sea-ice" source="Orion">sea ice</keyword> coverage dropped suddenly this month, according to data from the <a href="https://cryo.met.no/en/sea-ice-index-sval">Norwegian Meteorological Institute</a>.</p><p>At the other pole, even before the heat wave, Antarctica was at its lowest sea ice coverage since records began, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/23/antarctic-sea-ice-falls-to-lowest-level-since-measurements-began-in-1979">The Guardian</a> reported in February.</p>

Bizarre heat waves strike Arctic and Antarctic poles, raising them 50 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit above normal

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-rare-total-solar-eclipse-over-antarctica-2021-12">Antarctica</a>'s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/thwaites-glacier-melting-doomsday-sea-level-rise-2020-9#this-rapid-melting-is-happening-in-part-because-natural-buffers-holding-the-thwaites-and-pine-glaciers-in-place-are-breaking-apart-according-to-new-research-3">Thwaites Glacier</a> is melting quickly, fueling 4% of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-sea-level-rise-could-be-higher-than-thought-study-2021-5">sea-level rise</a> each year.</li><li>The eastern region of Thwaites is shielded from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/atlantic-ocean-water-circulation-weakening-climate-shift-2021-8">warming</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-coral-spawning-in-great-barrier-reef-2021-11">ocean waters</a> by a dam-like <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-of-antarcticas-largest-glaciers-danger-as-ice-shelf-collapses-2021-6">ice shelf</a>.</li></ul><p>A crucial <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-of-antarcticas-largest-glaciers-danger-as-ice-shelf-collapses-2021-6">ice shelf</a> on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antartica-working-sometimes-means-using-pee-bottles-amundsen-scott-aro-2021-6">Antarctica</a>'s <keyword id="12737244" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="thwaites-glacier" source="Orion">Thwaites Glacier</keyword> is on track to collapse within five years, accelerating the melting of the notorious "doomsday glacier."</p><p>Thwaites, which is the size of Florida, is already melting quickly, losing about 50 billion tons of ice per year. The glacier earned its grim nickname because its total collapse would raise global sea levels by about two feet and expose other Antarctic <keyword id="12737246" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="glaciers" source="Orion">glaciers</keyword> to the same melt process.</p><p>While scientists don't expect that catastrophe for at least 200 years, <keyword id="12737245" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ice-melt" source="Orion">ice melt</keyword> from Thwaites currently fuels about 4% of annual sea-level rise. <a href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level">Rising ocean levels</a> can cause flooding in coastal areas that are home to millions of people and many of the world's largest cities, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-landmarks-flooding-sea-level-rise-2021-10">damaging</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/homeowners-lift-home-sea-wall-house-lifting-hurricane-flooding-insurance-2021-9">property</a> and infrastructure, and leading to more <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/working-through-hurricane-ida-covid-as-a-louisiana-nurse-2021-9">catastrophic storms</a>.</p><p>For now, Thwaites's eastern region is somewhat stable, melting more slowly than the rest of the glacier. That's because an ice shelf — a floating extension of the glacier propped up on an underwater mountain — shields it from warm ocean waters and holds the glacier in place.</p><p>"As it's structured right now, this ice shelf acts like a dam. But it's not going to for very long," Erin Pettit, a glaciologist at Oregon State University, said in a press briefing at the meeting of the American Geophysical Union on Monday.</p><p>Cracks are spiderwebbing across the protective eastern ice shelf, which is likely to disintegrate into hundreds of icebergs within the next five years, "like the shattering of your car's window," Pettit said.</p><p>Once that happens, a wider stretch of ice from the landlocked Thwaites Glacier will be flowing into the ocean — melting into water, calving away from cliffs, or breaking off as icebergs.</p><h2>Thwaites is changing rapidly — and getting more dangerous</h2><div type="image" title="water heaters tents in antarctica snow ice" height="675" width="1200" msid="88283663" hostid="261"></div><p>It's unsettling to see new satellite images of the eastern ice shelf each week, Pettit said, adding, "Each new satellite image we get, we see deeper and longer fractures."</p><p>Pettit and her team are monitoring the ice shelf as part of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaboration (ITGC), a team of nearly 100 scientists. The US National <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">Science</keyword> Foundation and UK Natural Environmental Research Council have deemed Thwaites so important to immediate sea-level rise that they gave the collaboration $25 million to study the glacier over five years.</p><p>As they near the midpoint of their five-year project, the ITGC scientists' data reveal a glacier growing increasingly volatile.</p><p>"There's going to be a dramatic change in the front of the glacier, probably within less than a decade," Ted Scambos, a senior research scientist leading Pettit's team, who called in from <keyword id="12266096" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="antarctica" source="Orion">Antarctica</keyword>'s McMurdo Station, said during the briefing.</p><p>"It may still take a few decades before some of the other processes that accelerate the ice flow and the retreat take hold. It will, though, accelerate the pace and effectively widen the dangerous part of the glacier."</p><h2>If the ice shelf doesn't shatter, it will come unmoored</h2><div type="image" title="penguin stands on iceberg in ocean" height="1667" width="2500" msid="88283664" hostid="261"></div><p>As the critical eastern ice shelf fractures, warming ocean waters are melting it from below. The diminishing ice is slowly pulling away from the underwater mountain that props it up against the Thwaites glacier.</p><p>Within a decade, Pettit said, the ice will completely lose its grip on the undersea mountain. Her team thinks the fracturing will completely shatter the ice shelf before that, but it's hard to be sure.</p><p>Either way, once the ice shelf collapses, the new exposure to warm ocean waters could triple the speed of ice loss in the eastern third of Thwaites. That will send new volumes of water and ice pouring into the ocean each year, growing Antarctica's contribution to rising seas.</p><p>The researchers are not sure how quickly that acceleration will happen. It could take decades, or it could take centuries, Pettit said.</p><p>"It's daunting. It's a bit unsettling, especially standing on the ice and looking onto the ice sheet, and seeing that this huge area from one side of the horizon to the other is moving at you at about a mile every year," Scambos said. "All by itself, this one glacier is big enough to impact sea level significantly."</p>

Key ice shelf on Antarctica's doomsday glacier will probably shatter like a car windshield within 5 years, scientists say

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The highest point of <keyword id="11905240" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="greenland" source="Orion">Greenland</keyword> saw rain instead of snow for the first time on record.</li><li>A climate scientist told Insider rain at the summit could amplify Greenland's contribution to rising sea levels.</li><li>One study found rising sea levels threaten hundreds of millions of people on coastlines worldwide.</li></ul><p>It rained, rather than snowed, at the summit of Greenland on Saturday for the first time on record, according to the <a href="https://nsidc.org/greenland-today/2021/08/rain-at-the-summit-of-greenland/">National Snow &amp; Ice Data Center</a> at the University of Colorado at Boulder.</p><p>The summit, which is about two miles above sea level, marks the highest point on Greenland's ice sheet. NSIDC said rain was observed at the summit for several hours on August 14, and that above-freezing temperatures were also recorded, lasting for about nine hours.</p><p>It was the third time in less than a decade that above-freezing temperatures and wet snow were recorded there. In total, about 7 billion tons of rainfall dropped onto Greenland's ice sheet, according to the NSIDC.</p><p><em><strong>Read more: </strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/media-frames-climate-change-hopeless-hiding-the-solutions-2021-8">Feel like the climate crisis is hopeless? That's because the powerful are trying to bury the solutions.</a></em></p><p>Laurence C. Smith, a climate scientist and professor at Brown University, called the rainfall at the summit "stunning" in an email to Insider. He said "it portends a future of greater meltwater runoff" that will "amplify Greenland's melting and contribution to global <keyword id="11905239" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="sea-level-rise" source="Orion">sea level rise</keyword>."</p><p>Greenland, which contains the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere, lost more than 530 billion tons of ice in 2019. Over a two-day period last month, enough ice melted in Greenland alone to <a href="https://www.insider.com/greenland-ice-melt-day-cover-florida-2-inches-of-water-2021-7">cover the entire surface area of Florida</a> in 4 inches of water. </p><p>The National <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">Science</keyword> Foundation's Summit Station on Greenland was established in 1989 and is staffed year-round to observe conditions in the <keyword id="11905238" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="arctic" source="Orion">Arctic</keyword>, including variables related to <keyword id="11896311" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change" source="Orion">climate change</keyword>.</p><div type="image" title="A building on stilts in the snow is surrounded by white snowy conditions on Greenland's summit." height="3240" width="4320" msid="85482714" hostid="261"></div><p>Julienne Stroeve, a research scientist at the NSIDC, told Insider that rain at the summit station could be an indication of what's to come in other places, noting that the Arctic is melting three times faster than the rest of the planet.</p><p>Stroeve said recent models published in a long-awaited <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-impacts-to-last-millennia-ipcc-report-2021-8">climate report from the United Nations</a> indicated greenhouse gas emissions will not only increase the amount of precipitation in the Arctic, but that more of it will fall as rain.</p><p>"The transition from a snow- to rain-dominated Arctic [is] predicted to happen a couple decades earlier than previous forecasts," she said.</p><p>Increased precipitation and meltwater, flowing from ice and glaciers that melt as the climate warms, contribute to rising sea levels.</p><p>One 2019 study estimated that hundreds of millions of people on coastlines around the world were <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sea-levl-rise-flooding-risk-higher-estimates-2019-10">threatened by rising sea levels</a>. According to some estimates, a number of US cities, including New Orleans and Miami, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/american-cities-disappear-sea-level-rise-2100-2019-3#in-miami-florida-sea-levels-arerising-fasterthan-those-in-other-areas-of-the-world-2">could be underwater by 2100</a>.</p><p>On top of rising sea levels, incidences where rainfall replaces snow as precipitation can also pose a problem for wildlife, according to Stroeve. She said animals like caribou and muskoxen are unable to break through the layers of ice that form as a result, making it more difficult for them to forage for food.</p><p><em>Have a news tip? Contact this reporter at </em><a href="mailto:kvlamis@insider.com?inline-read-more"><em>kvlamis@insider.com</em></a><em>.</em></p>

You Searched For "sea ice" and got 9 results

Sea-ice levels in Antarctica at a 'mind-blowing' historic low

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Massive amounts of frozen water found underneath Mars' equator!

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Octopus DNA gives scientists a glimpse into Antarctica's ancient past, and a possible highly unstable future

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Map shows the ice sheets and glaciers melting that scientists most fear will be the source of catastrophic rising sea levels

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Bizarre heat waves strike Arctic and Antarctic poles, raising them 50 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit above normal

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

Key ice shelf on Antarctica's doomsday glacier will probably shatter like a car windshield within 5 years, scientists say

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The summit of Greenland got rain, rather than snow, for the first time on record

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