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<ul><li>Scientists successfully performed the world’s smallest <keyword id="50675" type="TECHNOLOGY" weightage="20" keywordseo="MRI">MRI</keyword> on iron and titanium atoms. </li><li><keyword id="31803" type="TECHNOLOGY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Magnetic-resonance-imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</keyword> (MRIs) is usually done on human structures to detect tumors and structure of joints. </li><li>The technique thus developed is expected to help scientists to introduce new drugs in the biological structures and medicine.</li></ul>Scientists have performed the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/science/microscope-atom-magnetic-mri.html">world’s smallest MRI</a> on single atoms using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) — the very same used to detect joint structures and tumours at hospitals. This time around, MRI technology was used to measure magnetic fields and spins of a single atom — the smallest existing chemical element, according to the Journal <keyword id="1615872" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nature-Physics">Nature Physics</keyword>. In this case, the scientists from IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose and the Institute for Basic Sciences in Seoul, used <a href="https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2019/07/01/Scientists-perform-worlds-smallest-MRI-on-single-atoms/5911562010117/">iron and titanium</a> atoms for the experiment. The researchers came up with an MRI machine that can measure millions of spins of not just organs and body structures, but the tiniest particles as well, improving the quality of quantum research. What happens in an MRI? The machine uses strong magnets to create a <a href="https://www.sciencealert.com/a-teeny-tiny-mri-machine-has-imaged-the-magnetic-fields-of-single-atoms">magnetic field around the human structure,</a> which in turn changes the spin of protons in the nucleus of the body. This aligns to the spin in the motion of magnetic fields. The energy then released by protons are detected by sensors and translated into an image. However, in the case of atoms, the scientists used <keyword id="942788" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="scanning-tunneling-microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</keyword> as the tiny MRI machine to produce an image of individual atoms. A bunch of magnetised iron atoms was fastened on the tip. Using radio frequency pulse, the energy produced by the electrons was pictured. The technique is expected to help scientists to introduce new drugs in the biological structures and medicine. “We can now see something that we couldn’t see before. So our imagination can go to a whole bunch of new ideas that we can test out with this technology, ” The New York Times<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/01/science/microscope-atom-magnetic-mri.html"> reported </a>citing researcher Christopher Lutz, from IBM. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/you-no-longer-need-to-know-chinese-languages-if-you-want-to-study-medicine-in-china/articleshow/69249827.cms">You no longer need to know Chinese languages if you want to study medicine in China</a>

World’s smallest MRI scanned — and it did not capture the human body this time

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Remains of Europe's largest-ever land-based dinosaur were discovered in <keyword id="11903129" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="england" source="Orion">England</keyword>, scientists say.</li><li>The prehistoric bones belonged to a two-legged, crocodile-faced dinosaur.</li></ul>Dinosaur remains found off the south coast of England could be the largest land predator that ever roamed Europe, scientists say.Paleontologists from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2022/06/dino-bones.page">University of Southampton</a> identified the prehistoric bones as belonging to a type of two-legged, crocodile-faced predatory dinosaur known as spinosaurids.The carnivore would have measured more than 32 feet long and lived around 125 million years ago. PhD student Chris Barker, who led the study, said it was a "huge animal" that probably weighed several tonnes."Judging from some of the dimensions, it appears to represent one of the largest predatory dinosaurs ever found in Europe – maybe even the biggest yet known," Barker said."It's a shame it's only known from a small amount of material, but these are enough to show it was an immense creature."The bones, which were discovered on the <keyword id="14173429" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="isle-of-wight" source="Orion">Isle of Wight</keyword>, include huge pelvic and tail vertebrae.This Isle of Wight has been dubbed<a href="https://www.chalebayfarm.co.uk/dinosaur-island/">"dinosaur island"</a> due to its being a rich repository of dinosaur remains. No fewer than 29 species have been recorded in its soft clays and sandstones that erode quickly, revealing the secrets of life on planet earth more than 100 million years ago.The latest discovery has been nicknamed the "white rock spinosaurid" after the geological layer in which it was found. Researchers said that it hasn't yet been given a formal scientific name.The dinosaur would have lived at the beginning of a period of rising sea levels and would have stalked lagoonal waters and sandflats in search of food, scientists said.Researchers previously <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/life-sciences/news/2021/09/new-spinosaurid-dinosaurs.page">said</a> that spinosaurids' unusual, crocodile-like skulls allowed them to hunt prey on both land and in water.The team now hopes to strip thin sections of the material to scan the microscopic internal properties of the bones to shed light on the animal's growth rate and possible age."Most of these amazing fossils were found by Nick Chase, one of Britain's most skilled dinosaur hunters, who sadly died just before the COVID epidemic," said co-author Jeremy Lockwood, a PhD student at the University of Portsmouth and Natural History Museum."I was searching for remains of this dinosaur with Nick and found a lump of the pelvis with tunnels bored into it, each about the size of my index finger. We think they were caused by bone-eating larvae of a type of scavenging beetle.The discovery of the white rock spinosaurid follows earlier work on spinosaurids done by the same team, who last year published a <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/life-sciences/news/2021/09/new-spinosaurid-dinosaurs.page">study</a> on the discovery of two new species."This new animal bolsters our previous argument - published last year - that spinosaurid dinosaurs originated and diversified in western Europe before becoming more widespread," co-author Darren Naish said.

A new dinosaur discovered was a 'huge' 32-foot-long predator with a crocodile face, say scientists

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Shelly Carpenter/University of WashingtonScientist Zachary Cooper climbs down a ladder into a tunnel leading to a cryopeg, a pocket of super-cool water suspended in the Alaskan permafrost, May 2018. Researchers are harnessed to a rope for safety.</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>In pockets of briny water 20 feet under the Arctic tundra, scientists have found <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tiny-animal-bodies-found-under-3500-feet-of-antarctic-ice-2019-1">thriving microbial communities</a>.</li><li>Some of these liquid pockets, called cryopegs, have <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-scientists-drilled-hole-to-lost-lake-below-antarctica-2019-1">remained untouched</a> for 50,000 years.</li><li>By studying the microbes that survive in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-british-team-drills-record-hole-2-kilometers-deep-2019-1">these extreme environments</a>, researchers can glean insight into what types of life to look for on planets like Mars or on Saturn's moon <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-dragonfly-space-drone-titan-saturn-moon-mission-2019-6">Titan</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>Almost one-quarter of the Earth's northern hemisphere remains frozen year-round. This permanently chilled ground, aptly named permafrost, consists of soil, rocks and sand held together by ice. Sometimes, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/effects-of-melting-permafrost-ancient-viruses-carbon-2017-7">permafrost traps pockets of bacteria and viruses</a> hundreds of thousands of years old.These unchanging conditions and sub-zero temperatures make patches of permafrost suitable analogs for the icy conditions on other planets and their moons. So scientists are studying the microbes that survive and thrive there to glean insight into the kind of extraterrestrial life we might discover elsewhere in the solar system. Recently, researchers from the University of Washington took a new approach to this effort, probing subsurface pockets where sediment mixes with salty water. These pockets under the Arctic tundra are called cryopegs, and some have remained untouched for 50,000 years.As it turns out, some are also home to thriving groups of microscopic bacteria."We study really old seawater trapped inside of permafrost for up to 50,000 years, to see how those bacterial communities have evolved over time," Zachary Cooper, an oceanographer who recently presented some of this research, <a href="http://www.washington.edu/news/2019/07/11/super-salty-subzero-arctic-water-provides-peek-at-possible-life-on-other-planets/">said in a press release</a>.The team's hope is that the tiny lifeforms they found could offer clues about what types of creatures we should hunt for on Mars or other planets.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost#/media/File:Permafrost_pattern.jpg">Brocken Inaglory/Wikimedia Commons</a>A view of Siberian permafrost from the air.</div></div></div>Read More: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tiny-animal-bodies-found-under-3500-feet-of-antarctic-ice-2019-1">In a lost lake 3,500 feet under the Antarctic ice, scientists just found the carcasses of tiny creatures</a><h2>Isolated for 50,000 years</h2>In cryopegs, the water is so salty that the liquid remains unfrozen even at below-freezing temperatures.To reach one of these underground pockets, Cooper and his colleagues drilled more than 20 feet into the permafrost near Utqiaġvik, Alaska.They <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/abscicon19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/480591">presented a DNA analysis</a> of the bacteria that they discovered there at an <a href="https://connect.agu.org/abscicon/home" target="_blank" rel="noopener">astrobiology conference</a> last month. To the researchers' surprise, their analysis revealed that the isolated bacteria are thriving.That shouldn't be the case."The extreme conditions here are not just the below-zero temperatures, but also the very high salt concentrations," Jody Deming, another study author, said in the press release. "140 parts per thousand - 14% - is a lot of salt. In canned goods, that would stop microbes from doing anything."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Zac Cooper/University of WashingtonA University of Washington research site sits a mile outside of Utqiagvik, Alaska.</div></div></div>The primary microbe they found in the salty water was marinobacter, a common type of marine bacteria. "Even though it has been in the dark, buried in frozen permafrost for a very long time, it originally came from the marine environment," Deming said.This shows that marinobacter are able to survive even when transplanted into a hyper-salty sediment pocket below the icy tundra."We were quite startled at how dense the bacterial communities are," Cooper said. "We're just discovering that there's a very robust microbial community, co-evolving with viruses, in these ancient buried brines."<h2>Drilling into a subterranean tunnel</h2>Researchers aren't sure how cryopegs form under layers of ice. They could be former coastal lagoons that got trapped during the last ice age as the ocean receded.To access this particular cryopeg, located about 20 to 25 feet below the surface, the researchers had to climb down a 12-foot ladder into the icy tundra, then crawl through a tunnel bored within the permafrost. The tunnel was only wide enough for a single person and not high enough to stand in.Researchers then drilled into the tunnel floor to reach the cryopeg's saline liquid.Once they were finally able to analyze the samples they removed, the water turned out to be replete with tiny lifeforms. <h2>Studying extreme environments could help scientists better understand Mars and Titan</h2>These pockets of ancient saltwater could be very similar to the environments under the oceans and ice of other planets, the researchers wrote.Mars may have once harbored a liquid ocean, and other moons in our solar system also have liquid water. Other ocean worlds include Saturn's icy moons Titan and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-outer-space-mission-saturn-moon-enceladus-science-2016-8">Enceladus</a>, and Jupiter's moons <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-water-ice-volume-versus-planets-moons-2016-11">Europa</a> and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/water-on-ganymede-2015-3">Ganymede</a>.Studying how Earthly bacteria thrives in semi-frozen liquid environments could inform future space-exploration missions about what kind of life to look for and how to detect it. The researchers behind the recent work think that the types of adaptations that allowed marinobacter to survive in hyper-salty, sub-zero water could also arise in bacteria on other planets. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/16106/specular-spectacular/">NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. Arizona/Univ. Idaho</a>This near-infrared color mosaic from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows the sun glinting off of Titan's north polar seas.</div></div></div>Titan, specifically, is a prime candidate in the ongoing search for signs of extraterrestrial life. It's Saturn's largest moon and the second-largest moon in the solar system. Scientists refer to Titan as a "proto-Earth" because of its size, composition, and the bodies of liquid water on its surface. A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-water-ice-volume-versus-planets-moons-2016-11">colossal ocean of liquid water</a> also likely exists below Titan's roughly 60-mile-thick crust of ice.Recently, NASA announced that its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-new-frontiers-mission-selection-2017-12">next $1 billion mission</a> to space will send <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nuclear-powered-spacecraft-nasa-history-2017-3">a nuclear-powered helicopter</a> to explore Titan. The drone-like rotorcraft, nicknamed <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-dragonfly-space-drone-titan-saturn-moon-mission-2019-6">"Dragonfly,"</a> is set to launch in 2026. Once it arrives at the distant moon, it will scan Titan's surface seeking signs of past - or present - microbial alien life. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-this-giant-glacier-2016-5">Alaska is home to a cave inside of a giant glacier</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

Deep below Alaskan ice, tiny life forms went untouched for 50,000 years. Scientists are probing them to improve the hunt for aliens.

<keyword id="10875" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="IBM">IBM</keyword> research just released an adorable stop-motion movie, "A Boy And His Atom," by moving individual atoms around and imaging them.
The movie is the "World's Smallest Stop-Motion Film" by the Guinness World Record.
The 5,000 molecules of carbon monoxide — a carbon and an oxygen bonded together — used during filming are moved using tiny magnets made of 12 atoms to drag the carbon monoxide.
The image created is magnified by the scanning tunneling microscope about 100 million times.
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;v=oSCX78-8-q0#!">See the video</a>:

These techniques are used in IBM's atomic data storage research. Currently it takes 1 million atoms to store a bit of data, but these 12-atom magnets can store the same amount of information in a much smaller space.
This breakthrough "has the potential to make our computers and devices smaller and more powerful, but also holds enormous implications for the way entire industries operate," <a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/madewithatoms.shtml">according to IBM's website.</a>
And now <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA4QWwaweWA&amp;feature=youtu.be">see how it was made</a>:

You Searched For "scanning tunneling microscope" and got 4 results

World’s smallest MRI scanned — and it did not capture the human body this time

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A new dinosaur discovered was a 'huge' 32-foot-long predator with a crocodile face, say scientists

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Deep below Alaskan ice, tiny life forms went untouched for 50,000 years. Scientists are probing them to improve the hunt for aliens.

Aylin Woodward

IBM Has Made The First Movie Using Single Atoms

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