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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smilodon_and_Canis_dirus.jpg">Robert Bruce Horsfall/Wikimedia Commons</a>Dire wolves and a sabre-tooth cat fight over a mammoth carcass in this illustration of life at the tar pits.In the late Pleistocene period, approximately 11,500 years ago, the area near what's now downtown Los Angeles was a dangerous place.Dire wolves - not a "Game of Thrones" invention, but now-extinct predators that were like present-day wolves, but bigger - and sabre-tooth cats chased down or ambushed prey animals in the region, killing bison, horses, and even the calves of mammoths and mastodons.We know this because the <a href="https://tarpits.org/la-brea-tar-pits">La Brea tar pits</a> in the area hold a treasure trove of the skeletons of these creatures. A recent analysis of thousands of their bones, published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0131">journal Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>, reveals new details about how those creatures hunted - and about the injuries they suffered while taking down prey.From just one pit, researchers were able to analyze thousands of bones from hundreds of the predators, which were lured to their deaths in the tar as they ventured onto the treacherous ground, trying to reach prey animals that had become trapped.So many have been found that staff and researchers who work with the tar pits realized the bones could help tell the stories of these hunts by demonstrating the ways predators were hurt by the animals they hunted.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annual_report_of_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History_for_the_year_(1913)_(18246516009).jpg">American Museum of Natural History/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain</a>A sabre-tooth and dire wolf with the bones of a giant sloth."It helps us imagine what an ecosystem is like when you have very different types of predators," says Caitlin Brown, a graduate student at UCLA and lead author of the new study. "We see the way predators may have specialized with different tactics to take down prey."Since researchers think dire wolves ran down their meals like modern wolves, Brown says they expected to see significant injuries to the skulls and teeth of the wolves, which would have come from being kicked by their prey.Surprisingly, these fractures were rare, with cranial injuries found in less than 2% of specimens. But they did find a high proportion of neck injuries, meaning it's likely the wolves would latch onto their massive prey to drag it down. We see the same injuries in grey wolves today after they sink their teeth into the hindquarters of bison and moose.The wolves did have leg injuries that match what we'd expect to see in animals that spend their lives on the run. There were signs of ligament and tendon injuries, pulled muscles, and even arthritis. "I'm struck by how relatable a lot of these injuries are," says Brown.<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BC-018T-Sabercat-Tarpit-r2-Lo.jpg">Bone Clones/Wikimedia Commons</a>A sabre-tooth cat with mouth wide open.Sabre-tooth cats (Smilodon fatalis, also known as the sabre-toothed tiger, though it wasn't closely related to modern tigers), on the other hand, were injured more frequently than wolves. The researchers think this was because they were more likely to be solo predators, taking down those same big animals all on their own.Sabre-tooth cats, however, seemed to be experts at avoiding injuries to their heads and to those massive teeth they were famous for, which Brown says were actually "somewhat fragile," since they were long and thin. Instead, the cats had more shoulder and back injuries, which the researchers think came from wrestling their prey to the ground. Once they had their meal pinned down with their forelimbs, they could have used those long teeth to deliver a killing blow to the neck or belly.It's perhaps the most accurate picture of a prehistoric hunt we have so far, and one that helps confirm researchers' suspicions that dire wolves were pursuit predators and the big cats were more likely ambush hunters.The other surprising thing about these findings, according to Brown, is that it was possible to conduct the study in the first place. The UCLA and La Brea researchers looked at more than 35,000 bones, which came from just two species in one single tar pit. A similarly detailed in-depth analysis of existing predators today would be impossible, since you wouldn't be able to get access to the same wealth of data."Predators today are severely endangered," says Brown. "If we wanted to do this today, we'd be faced by [the fact of] not having enough samples of modern animals."<h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-for-you-is-sodium-or-salt-if-you-dont-have-high-blood-pressure-2017-5" rel="nofollow">There's increasing evidence that healthy people don't need to worry about salt intake</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-one-person-tests-positive-for-ebola-virus-in-congo-health-ministry-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A person has died from Ebola in Congo, signaling the start of a new outbreak</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-2018-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A 22-year-old is moving ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the great Pacific garbage patch</a></li></ul> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dog-before-after-100-years-breeding-science-german-shephard-dachsund-bull-terrier-bulldog-shetland-sheepdog-2017-5">Here's what popular dog breeds looked like before and after 100 years of breeding</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills

<ul><li><keyword id="20549513" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Deadpool-Wolverine" source="keywords">Deadpool &amp; Wolverine</keyword> was released on July 26 and took the global box office by storm</li><li>The film raked in $434 million over its first weekend </li><li>The movie is a goldmine of <keyword id="19899873" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Easter-eggs" source="keywords">easter eggs</keyword> for <keyword id="20189664" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="MCU" source="keywords">MCU</keyword> &amp; <keyword id="20137726" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="X-Men" source="keywords">X-Men</keyword> Fans</li></ul>Disclaimer: If you are a superhero fanatic who has been disappointed with the content out there of late, Deadpool &amp; Wolverine is likely to be a breath of fresh air for you. I have skipped major spoilers here, which I believe you should enjoy firsthand in cinemas near you. Since Avengers: Endgame, we have seen a constant decline in quality and fan following for the <keyword id="19985514" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Marvel-Cinematic-Universe" source="keywords">Marvel Cinematic Universe</keyword> movies and shows. The reasons are plenty — a pandemic that crutched the production quality, added focus on TV shows, expansion of the Universe for secondary characters and a lack of clear vision for the future. While all this was at play, Fox was acquired by Disney with the rights to the Marvel characters coming back to the ‘sacred timeline’ or as we call it, MCU. Since then we have seen references to the X-Men in Marvel's latest work — from the X-Men animated theme being played out in Ms. Marvel (2022) to Beast’s cameo in The Marvels (2023). But it wasn’t until Deadpool &amp; Wolverine that we had our first taste of what this connected universe would look like. In fact, Deadpool, being the merc. with the mouth, made for the perfect character for this merger. So unsurprisingly, Deadpool and Wolverine saw a ton of <keyword id="22604958" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="4th-wall-breaks" source="keywords">4th-wall breaks</keyword>, references from past Fox and MCU releases, and enough fodder for me to write this piece. Easter eggs that I spotted in Deadpool &amp; Wolverine <h2>MCU X Deadpool</h2>We get at least six easter eggs in the first scene of the movie. This is where we see Wade meeting with Happy Hogan played by John Favreu. He is applying to become an Avenger, only to get rejected eventually. But in that room, we see the following: -Iron Man Mark II Helmet -Table Clock from Ironman 2 -A replica shield of Captain America -Peter Parker’s Ironman helmet from Ironman 2 -Peter Parker and Tony Stark’s picture from Spiderman Homecoming -Tony Stark’s simulation of time travel algorithm We then move to Deadpool being brought to TVA, the Time Variance Authority. This is where we meet familiar characters from Loki. It shouldn’t bother you if you haven’t seen the series since there are no references made to that. Here we see Deadpool with Thor, a scene which is actively being shunned throughout the movie. I can only assume that we will see it in its entirety in Avengers: Secret Wars. Then we are introduced to another set of easter eggs from the MCU in the second half. This is where we see: - A dead corpse of Giant-Man - Thanos’ ship - Red Skull car from Captain America: The First Avenger - Doctor Strange’s ring <h2>A final goodbye to Fox’s Marvel Universe</h2>In the early 2000s, we saw many 20th Century Fox films around Marvel characters. Yes, just like Spider-Man with Sony, Fox had the rights of the Fantastic Four and X-Men. With that universe being dissolved, Deadpool &amp; Wolverine gave us a final glimpse of the series with many easter eggs. <h3>Fox Easter Eggs from the void</h3>The easter egg hunt isn’t difficult, especially if you are familiar with the Fox universe. But to help you out, here is everything you can spot: <ul><li>Fantastic Car from the Fantastic Four</li><li>20th Century Fox logo</li><li>Logan’s military dog tags</li><li>Katanas used in The Wolverine </li><li>Professor X’s chair</li><li>Magneto’s Helmet being mentioned by Cassandra</li></ul>But no fan service is complete without mentioning the characters that were reintroduced in this movie. I don’t want to get into details and what they did here, but here is a list of characters you might or might not remember. <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 468pt;" class="redcator-table-advance"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Character </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Actor </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Movie </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">X-23 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Dafne Keen </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Logan (2017) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Elektra </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Jennifer Garner </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Daredevil (2003), Elektra (2005) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Gambit </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Channing Tatum </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Unreleased Gambit Movie </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Blade </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Wesley Snipes </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Blade (1998) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Human Torch </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Chris Evans </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Fantastic Four (2004, 2007) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Sabretooth </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Tyler Mane </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">X-Men (2000) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Pyro </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Aaron Stanford </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">X-Men 2 (2003) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Aaron W Reed </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Juggernaut </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">X3 (2005) </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Mike Waters </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Blob </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009) </td></tr></tbody><tbody></tbody></table> There were other notable characters in the movie which were reprised by unknown actors. The list includes: <ul><li>Toad</li><li>Calisto </li><li>Azazel </li><li>Lady Death Strike</li><li>Bullseye</li><li>Psylocke</li></ul>Overall, Deadpool and Wolverine is a film that unabashedly embraces fan service. It’s a love letter to comic book enthusiasts, packed with Easter eggs, cameos, and references that will delight longtime fans. The film revels in its meta-humour, breaking the fourth wall and winking at the audience with every opportunity. While some critics argue that this excessive fan service overshadows the plot, there’s no denying the film's entertainment value for those who appreciate a good dose of nostalgia and comic book absurdity.

Deadpool & Wolverine is the epitome of fan service. Here’re the major easter eggs and surprise clues decoded (No spoilers)

Los Angeles, Jul 15 () The first "X-Men" film has turned 20 and cast members Ian McKellen, Hugh Jackman, Halle Berry and Famke Janssen marked the milestone year of the release of the mutant movie on social media. Based on the characters created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Marvel Comics, "X-Men", directed by Bryan Singer, was released in 2000, and its success led to a series of sequels, prequels, and spin-offs, with the popularity of the series seeing a re-emergence of the superhero genre. McKellen, who played the magnetic Magneto in the films, shared a picture on Twitter where he could be seen making a call from a "working phone booth" with the date of the film's release visible on a large hoarding. "It was twenty years ago today, when there was still a working phone booth on Santa Monica Blvd and La Brea," he captioned the photo. Jackman, who shot to international fame as the adamantium-clawed mutant Wolverine in his first Hollywood film "X-Men", shared an old video from his initial training days fighting a Wolverine figurine. "So here's the thing. When the studio asked if I could be in shape to play #wolverine in 3 weeks ... I might (have) over promised. But wouldn't you have too? Happy Anniversary X-Men universe. #xmen," the actor said. Jackman holds the Guinness World Record for "longest career as a live-action Marvel superhero" for playing Wolverine. He has played the character in eight films in the franchise, while fronting "X-Men Origins: Wolverine", "The Wolverine", and "Logan", his swansong as the mutant in 2017. Berry, who starred as the weather mutant Storm, shared a cartoon of herself with cast members as their characters - Wolverine, Jean Grey, played by Famke Janssen, and Cyclops, essayed by James Marsden. "#XMen20thAnniversary," she captioned the picture on her Instagram Story. Janssen shared the poster of the film on Instagram and wrote "Happy 20th Anniversary to X-Men the Movie". The original film also starred Patrick Stewart as Professor X, the founder of X-Men group, Rebecca Romijn as Mystique, Anna Paquin as Rogue, Ray Park as Toad, Tyler Mane as Sabretooth, among others. The upcoming "The New Mutants" will be the 13th and concluding film in the series, after Disney inherited the film upon acquiring 20th Century Fox. RDS BK BK

Ian McKellen, Hugh Jackman, Halle Berry celebrate 20 years of 'X-Men

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The cast of the original "<keyword id="112243" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="X-Men">X-Men</keyword>" trilogy had their Zoom reunion crashed by Deadpool himself <keyword id="37062" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Ryan-Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</keyword>, along with <keyword id="1559137" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Sophie-Turner">Sophie Turner</keyword> and <keyword id="241486" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="James-McAvoy">James McAvoy</keyword>.</li><li><keyword id="36288" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Hugh-Jackman">Hugh Jackman</keyword>, <keyword id="15578" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Halle-Berry">Halle Berry</keyword>, <keyword id="112241" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Patrick-Stewart">Patrick Stewart</keyword>, and Famke Janssen were reminiscing about the first movie together.</li><li>They were catching up as part of Global Citizen's celebration of everyday superheroes and the heroic acts of healthcare workers.</li><li>"Deadpool" actor Ryan Reynolds, who starred in "X-Men: Origins" with Jackman, then entered the chat, along with Sophie Turner and James McAvoy.</li><li>The cast then left the chat, citing various excuses, leaving Jackman and Reynolds alone.</li></ul>The cast of the original "X-Men" trilogy had their Zoom reunion crashed by Deadpool himself Ryan Reynolds, along with Sophie Turner and James McAvoy.In a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=53&amp;v=TvLnAZXznes&amp;feature=emb_logoemb_logo">sketch for Global Citizen</a>, Wolverine actor Hugh Jackman began by telling Halle Berry (Storm), Patrick Stewart (Professor X), and Famke Janssen (Jean Grey): "It's kind of surreal guys, can you believe it's been 20 years since the first 'X-Men' movie?"Berry, Stewart, Janssen, and Jackman all starred in the first three "X-Men" movies in 2000, 2003, and 2006. They were catching up as part of Global Citizen's Global Goal: Unite for Our Future on June 27, which celebrated everyday superheroes and the heroic acts of health care workers.Reynolds than entered the Zoom chat, and Jackman told him: "The cast and I were just reminiscing about the movie that we were all in together."Reynolds highlighted that he, too, is a former "X-Men" star, having appeared in 2009's "Origins" alongside Jackman. The "Deadpool" actor then introduced Sophie Turner and James McAvoy, who starred as younger incarnations of Jean Grey and Professor X in several of the prequel movies, including last year's "X-Men: Dark Phoenix."Turner, who also played Sansa Stark in HBO's "Game of Thrones," joked: "I actually thought that this was a 'Game of Thrones' reunion."The stars then quickly left the Zoom chat, leaving a disgruntled Jackman and Reynolds by themselves. Reynolds said: "You know what that makes this a reunion for?"Liev Schrieber, who played Sabretooth in "Origins," then joined the chat:"'X-Men: Origins,' reunite! Yeah," Schreiber said.Watch the full video below:Read more:<a href="https://www.insider.com/celebrities-coronavirus-donations-pandemic-relief-efforts-2020-3">Celebrities who have donated money amid the coronavirus pandemic</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/ryan-reynolds-kids-worries-present-parenting-pandemic-video-2020-5">Ryan Reynolds worries that his kids won't think he's a 'present dad' after quarantine ends and he goes back to work</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/jake-gyllenhaal-tom-holland-ryan-reynolds-handstand-challenge-interview-video-2020-4">Jake Gyllenhaal says he didn't want to do Tom Holland's T-shirt handstand challenge but Ryan Reynolds beat him to it</a>

Ryan Reynolds crashed Hugh Jackman's 'X-Men' reunion, and brought James McAvoy and Sophie Turner with him

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Aarhus UniversityThe indri of Madagascar - the largest living lemur - is critically endangered and highly evolutionarily distinct. If the indri goes extinct, we will lose 19 million years of unique evolutionary history.</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>The Earth is undergoing a mass extinction, which is caused by human activity that destroys habitats and kills off species.</li><li>In a new study, Danish researchers concluded that so many mammal species will go extinct in the next 50 years that the planet's evolutionary diversity won't recover for at least 3 million years. </li><li>The scientists said their findings could be used to help determine which endangered species are the biggest priorities for conservation efforts.</li></ul>Humans will cause so many mammal species to go extinct in the next 50 years that the planet's evolutionary diversity won't recover for 3 to 5 million years, a team of researchers has found.The Earth may be entering its sixth mass extinction: an era in which the planet's environments change so much that most animal and plant species die out. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577618/">predicts</a> that 99.9% of critically endangered species and 67% of endangered species will be lost within the next 100 years.The five other times a mass extinction has occurred over the past 450 million years, natural disasters were to blame. But now, human activity is killing mammal species.In a <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804906115">study published Monday in the journal PNAS</a>, scientists from Aarhus University in Denmark calculated how fast extinctions are happening, and how long it would take for evolution to bring Earth back to the level of biodiversity it currently has.The scientists concluded that in a best-case scenario, nature will need 3-5 million years to get back to the level of biodiversity we have on Earth today. Returning to the state Earth's animal kingdom was in before modern humans evolved would take 5-7 million years.<h2>Evolution can't keep up</h2>Evolution is the planet's defense mechanism against the loss of biodiversity. As habitats and climates change, species that can't survive die, and new species slowly emerge. But it takes a long time for new species to fill the gaps - and that process is far slower than the rate at which humans are causing mammals to go extinct.For their calculations, the Aarhus University researchers used a database containing existing mammal species and mammals that already went extinct as humans spread across the planet. They combined that data with information about extinctions expected to come in the next 50 years, and used advanced simulations of evolution to predict how long recovery would take.Their estimates are based on an optimistic assumption that people will eventually stop ruining habitats and causing species to die out, and the extinction rate will go back down. But even in that best-case scenario, the timeline depends on how quickly mammals start recovering. If the extinction rate doesn't start falling for another 20-100 years, more species will likely disappear, causing greater diversity loss, the study said.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Robert Bruce Horsfall via Wikimedia CommonsLitopterns, like this one discovered by Charles Darwin, were a strange-looking group of prehistoric South American mammals that were not closely related to any species alive today. When they went extinct at the end of the Ice Age, the mammal Tree of Life lost one of its deepest branches.</div></div></div>The researchers noted that in their model, certain species were given more importance than others. Matt Davis, a paleontologist at Aarhus University who led the study, cited the shrew as an example. There are hundreds of species of shrew, so if one or two go extinct, that would not kill off all shrews on Earth.But there were only four species of sabre-toothed tigers on the planet. So when they all went extinct, many years of evolutionary history disappeared with them. "Large mammals, or megafauna, such as giant sloths and sabre-toothed tigers, which became extinct about 10,000 years ago, were highly evolutionarily distinct," Davis said in a press release. "Since they had few close relatives, their extinctions meant that entire branches of Earth's evolutionary tree were chopped off."<h2>The research could help conservationists </h2>Today, other large animals like the black rhino are facing extinction. Asian elephants' chance of making it to the 22nd century is less than 33%, the study found. These elephants are one of only two remaining species from a group of mammals that once included mastodons and mammoths."We now live in a world that is becoming increasingly impoverished of large wild mammalian species," Jens-Christian Svenning, an Aarhus University professor who researches megafauna, said in the press release. "The few remaining giants, such as rhinos and elephants, are in danger of being wiped out very rapidly."He noted that the planet no longer boasts giant beavers, giant deer, or giant armadillos.Though the researchers' findings are dire, the scientists said their work could be used to figure out which endangered species are evolutionarily unique, which might help conservationists decide where to focus their efforts to prevent the most devastating extinctions. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stem-cell-tech-save-white-rhinos-animals-extinction-endangered-2016-5">Researchers want to try a cutting-edge technique to save rhinos from extinction</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

So many animals will go extinct in the next 50 years that it will take Earth at least 3 million years to recover, a study has found

Dragan Radovanovic/Business InsiderNope.With months of good weather ahead, it's an excellent time to set out on an adventure. But if you run into trouble, you'll want to make sure you know what to do.There's something about the idea of being able to survive in the wilderness that's thrilling. We glorify it with TV shows like "Survivor" and "Man vs. Wild." But survival in the harsh conditions of nature is no simple affair, and most lessons can't be learned from television. In fact, some of the "survival advice" that we've picked up over the years is totally wrong, often dangerously so.Here are some myths you don't want to rely on if a short jaunt outdoors turns disastrous.<h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-does-alcohol-change-personality-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Most people don't actually have separate "drunk" personalities</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-for-you-is-sodium-or-salt-if-you-dont-have-high-blood-pressure-2017-5" rel="nofollow">There's increasing evidence that healthy people don't need to worry about salt intake</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-one-person-tests-positive-for-ebola-virus-in-congo-health-ministry-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A person has died from Ebola in Congo, signaling the start of a new outbreak</a></li></ul>

10 survival myths that might get you killed

<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28634332@N05/4994478045/">Flickr/NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center</a>Extreme weather can be deadly.Traditionally, the UN's World Meteorological Organization (WMO) keeps track of extreme temperature and weather records. But on May 18, the WMO for the first time announced world records for the highest reported historical death tolls from tropical cyclones, tornadoes, lightning and hailstorms."Extreme weather causes serious destruction and major loss of life," <a href="https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-determines-highest-death-tolls-from-tropical-cyclones-tornadoes-lightning">WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said</a> in a press release. "The human aspect inherent in extreme events should never be lost."The WMO is trying to strengthen early warning systems for extreme weather, especially as a growing world population and climate change threaten to make extreme weather events even more deadly, <a href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WCAS-D-16-0120.1">according to a report</a> announcing these findings."These events highlight the deadly tragedies associated with different types of weather. Detailed knowledge of these historical extremes confirms our continuing responsibilities to not only forecast and monitor weather and climate but to utilize that information to save lives around the world so disasters of these types are lessened or even eliminated in the future," said Randall Cerveny, WMO Rapporteur on Climate and Weather Extremes.These estimates could change if new information comes to light, but here are the events the report found to be the deadliest of various types of weather. <h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bite-strength-analysis-tyrannosaurus-rex-dinosaur-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Scientists just figured out how much crushing force a T. rex could deliver with a bite</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/common-survival-myths-and-facts-2017-5" rel="nofollow">10 survival myths that might get you killed</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-does-alcohol-change-personality-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Most people don't actually have separate 'drunk' personalities</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li></ul>

The 5 deadliest weather events of all time

UniversalThe strongest bite force on Earth today belongs to the biggest reptile on the planet. The massive saltwater crocodile - which grows to 17 feet and can weigh more than ton - that lives on the coasts of southeast Asia and northern Australia chomps down with <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781">a bite measured at around 3,700 pounds of force</a>.Those crocs are remarkably similar to their prehistoric ancestors, which lived more than 85 million years ago. But if we go back into prehistory to the end of the Cretaceous period, we find a predator that could bite down with more than double that amount of crushing force: Tyrannosaurus rex.In a study newly published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02161-w">journal Scientific Reports</a>, researchers report that T. rex was capable of biting down with almost 8,000 pounds of force, with parts of certain teeth delivering a shocking 431,000 pounds per square inch of pressure. That bite force gave T. rex its ability to practice what the researchers describe as "extreme osteophagy," or extreme bone eating.The well-known dinosaurs "stand out for habitually biting deeply into bones, pulverizing and digesting them," the authors write in the study. The ability to eat bones allowed them to get the most nutrition possible out of bones, but it's a feat that's surprising to find in animals with a reptilian sort of mouth. Normally only mammals like grey wolves and hyenas can pulverize bone in that way, though they rely on elements of tooth structure instead of pure force.<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-02161-w">Scientific Reports, 2017</a>Jaw adductor muscle model for Tyrannosaurus rex"Having high bite force doesn't necessarily mean an animal can puncture hide or pulverize bone - tooth pressure is the biomechanically more relevant parameter," paleobiologist Gregory Erickson says in a press release emailed to Business Insider. "It is like assuming a 600 horsepower engine guarantees speed. In a Ferrari, sure, but not for a dump truck."In the case of the T. rex, Erickson and lead study author Paul Gignac found that with the powerful bite force, tooth pressure, and repetitive bites to the same area (documented in fossil records), the dinosaurs could crush and shatter bones like mammals do now.To figure that out, the researchers generated a model of the T. rex bite relying on the fossil records and their data from analyzing crocodilian bites and using elements of crocodilian and bird (modern dinosaur) physiology.In a way, the results were a surprise, with the overall force estimates being lower than other researchers previously predicted, according to the study. Still, their model explained the dinosaurs' prodigious bone-eating capacity - there was enough force to get the job done. The dinosaurs also had a stomach pH of less than 1.5, allowing them to digest bones."It was this bone-crunching acumen that helped T. rex to more fully exploit the carcasses of large horned-dinosaurs and duck-billed hadrosaurids whose bones, rich in mineral salts and marrow, were unavailable to smaller, less equipped carnivorous dinosaurs," Gignac said in the emailed press release.<h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bite-strength-analysis-tyrannosaurus-rex-dinosaur-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Scientists just figured out how much crushing force a T. rex could deliver with a bite</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/common-survival-myths-and-facts-2017-5" rel="nofollow">10 survival myths that might get you killed</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-does-alcohol-change-personality-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Most people don't actually have separate 'drunk' personalities</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li></ul> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/what-existed-before-big-bang-sean-carroll-2017-5">The Big Bang is not the beginning of our universe - it's actually the end of something else entirely</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

Scientists just figured out how much crushing force a T. rex could deliver with a bite

Tuesday has been a huge day for Marvel fans. 
We've learned that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/new-spider-man-movies-2015-2">Spider-Man is going back to Marvel</a> for a brand new Spider-Man incarnation, which opens up the flood gates for Spidey to appear in other Marvel movies.
This news shows how important studio rights are in the world of comic book characters. But it can certainly be confusing.
<a href="http://www.thegeektwins.com/2014/02/visual-guide-to-marvel-character-movie.html#.VNo8W1PF-IK">The Geek Twins</a> have solved all our heroic problems with this awesome infographic that shows who owns the rights to every Marvel character. Take a look.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>
Here's a more detailed breakdown of some of the specific characters, not all, owned by each studio via <a href="http://www.thegeektwins.com/2014/02/visual-guide-to-marvel-character-movie.html#.VNotobDF-7H">The Geek Twins</a>:
20th Century Fox
Doctor Doom Human Torch (Johnny Storm) Invisible Woman Mr. Fantastic The Thing Alicia Masters Willie Lumpkin Puppet Master Silver Surver Nova (Frankie Raye) Galactus Cable Scarlet Witch Quicksilver Deadpool Agent Zero Angel Angel Salvadore Arclight Azazel Banshee Beast Bishop Callisto Colossus Cyclops Darwin Deadpool Deathstrike Emma Frost Erik Lehnsherr Gambit Harada Havok Iceman Jason Stryker Jean Grey John Wraith Jubilee Juggernaut Katherine Pryde Kenuichio Harada Kid Omega Lady Deathstrike Landry Jones Cassidy Leech Lord Shingen Lucas Bishop Magneto Mariko Yashida Moira MacTaggert Multiple Man Mystique Nightcrawler Norubo Mori Phoenix Professor X Psylocke Pyro Quill Riptide Rogue Sabretooth Sebastian Shaw Shingen Yashida Silverfox Storm The Blob Toad Viper Wolverine Yashida Yukio Man-Thing
These are some of the Marvel characters Sony Pictures will now share with Marvel Studios:
Spider-Man Doctor Octopus Green Goblin Harry Osborn The Lizard Sandman Venom Betty Brant Dennis Carradine (Buglar) J. Jonah Jameson Ben Parker May Parker John Jameson Joseph "Robbie" Robertson Mary Jane Watson Gwen Stacy Mendel Stromm Flash Thompson Black Cat Rhino Elektro

Which movie studios own which Marvel characters all in one infographic

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Last year, the bones of a gigantic mammoth were dug up from a farmer's field in Michigan. Many mammoth remains have been unearthed&#xa0;over the decades, but this one was particularly exciting for paleontologists&#xa0;because it could help reveal when humans first stepped foot in the Americas.&#xa0;On October 1, 2015, <a href="http://ns.umich.edu/new/9-releases/multimedia/videos/24322-stay-tuned-new-u-m-bristle-mammoth-exhibit-highlights-the-unfolding-process-of-discovery" target="_blank">scientists from the University of Michigan Museum</a> excavated the find.&#xa0;They named it the Bristle mammoth after the farmer who owned the land.Paleontologist and renowned mammoth expert Professor Daniel Fisher, who led the dig, found new evidence about the hunters who took down&#xa0;the beast.&#xa0;"What's so interesting about the Bristle site is that there's a mammoth with evidence of human association at a very early date - well before Clovis times," <a href="http://ns.umich.edu/new/9-releases/multimedia/videos/24322-stay-tuned-new-u-m-bristle-mammoth-exhibit-highlights-the-unfolding-process-of-discovery" target="_blank">Fisher said in a University of Michigan press release</a>. "That makes it all the more important to do a complete documentation of this site, and that's why we intend to return to the Bristle farm and open a second excavation adjacent to where we dug before."The Clovis Culture was a&#xa0;prehistoric Native American culture, named after Clovis in New Mexico. The first evidence for its existence was a spear point found there in 1932, which indicated people living&#xa0;in the area around 13,500 years ago. The Bristle mammoth could be as much as 15,000 years old, meaning it was roaming around long before.Other research has shown that&#xa0;humans&#xa0;foraged near the bottom of South America between <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/people-roamed-tip-of-south-america-18500-years-ago-2015-11" target="_blank">at least 18,500 and 14,500 years ago</a>, so finding evidence of them on the mammoth bones adds another piece to the puzzle.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Fisher said that there were several different pieces of evidence that humans were involved when the mammoth died. Among the 60 bones found, many of the skull bones showed "intentional breakage, targeted toward removal of nutritious tissues that humans might wish to harvest."He also said that&#xa0;wooden, stone or bone tools were probably used to break bones around the base of both of the mammoth's tusks, the base of the trunk, and along the back of the skull.There were also three football-sized boulders at the scene. There was no evidence that they could have gotten there from a river current, but there may have been a pond there.&#xa0;Fisher has seen similar finds before at other mammoth kill sites before, and apparently, these stones acted as&#xa0;a sort of meat-storage device.&#xa0;The people would have butchered the mammoth carcass&#xa0;and then placed selected portions at the bottom of the pond, using the boulders&#xa0;like anchors.Early humans definitely did hunt mammoths, but there has been quite a bit of debate between scientists about whether we were to blame for their extinction. After a long time of blaming the Ice Age for killing them off, <a href="http://www.history.com/news/were-humans-responsible-for-killing-off-the-wooly-mammoth" target="_blank">a paper last year suggested</a> we might have played a bigger role than previously thought in the disappearance of woolly mammoths and sabretooth tigers.&#xa0;However, research from this year suggests that the <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/why-last-woolly-mammoths-went-extinct-2016-8" target="_blank">mammoths were responsible for their own extinction</a>,&#xa0;because they worsened the situation by destroying foliage around lake shores&#xa0;when water was running out&#xa0;after a series of environmental changes.Either way, there has been some talk about <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/woolly-mammoth-autopsy-and-cloning-2014-11" target="_blank">bringing back the massive elephant-like beasts when cloning</a> technology is perfected, so maybe we can make amends.This video shows more about the muddy excavation:&#xa0;<div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/iter-international-thermonuclear-experimental-reactor-fusion-reactor-revolutionize-energy-2016-11">Countries around the world are pouring billions of dollars into France's revolutionary nuclear fusion reactor</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="UzdXJtNjE68LzAO5pBreaw6EILRulu0S" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

Newly-unearthed Mammoth remains could help reveal when humans first arrived in the Americas

It's a huge weekend for Marvel as 'The Avengers: Age of Ultron" <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/avengers-age-of-ultron-box-office-prediction-2015-4">hits the big screen</a> on Friday, May 1.With so many superheroes all on the screen together at once, it's a great time to take a step back and look at what movie studios own the rights to what characters. Information like this can have major movie ramifications. For example, we recently learned that Sony and Marvel are <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/new-spider-man-movies-2015-2">teaming up for a brand new incarnation of Spider-Man</a>, and that opens up the flood gates for Spidey to appear in other Marvel movies.This news shows how important studio rights are in the world of comic book characters. But it can certainly be confusing.<a href="http://www.thegeektwins.com/2014/02/visual-guide-to-marvel-character-movie.html#.VNo8W1PF-IK">The Geek Twins</a> have solved all our heroic problems with this awesome infographic that shows who owns the rights to every Marvel character. Take a look.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="The Geek Twins" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/54da4013ecad044b6c1f0fc4-960/marvel-rights-13334x10667 (1)-1.png"></a>The Geek Twins</div></div></div>Here's a more detailed breakdown of some of the specific characters, not all, owned by each studio via <a href="http://www.thegeektwins.com/2014/02/visual-guide-to-marvel-character-movie.html#.VNotobDF-7H">The Geek Twins</a>:20th Century FoxDoctor Doom Human Torch (Johnny Storm) Invisible Woman Mr. Fantastic The Thing Alicia Masters Willie Lumpkin Puppet Master Silver Surver Nova (Frankie Raye) Galactus Cable Scarlet Witch Quicksilver Deadpool Agent Zero Angel Angel Salvadore Arclight Azazel Banshee Beast Bishop Callisto Colossus Cyclops Darwin Deadpool Deathstrike Emma Frost Erik Lehnsherr Gambit Harada Havok Iceman Jason Stryker Jean Grey John Wraith Jubilee Juggernaut Katherine Pryde Kenuichio Harada Kid Omega Lady Deathstrike Landry Jones Cassidy Leech Lord Shingen Lucas Bishop Magneto Mariko Yashida Moira MacTaggert Multiple Man Mystique Nightcrawler Norubo Mori Phoenix Professor X Psylocke Pyro Quill Riptide Rogue Sabretooth Sebastian Shaw Shingen Yashida Silverfox Storm The Blob Toad Viper Wolverine Yashida Yukio Man-ThingThese are some of the Marvel characters Sony Pictures will now share with Marvel Studios:Spider-Man Doctor Octopus Green Goblin Harry Osborn The Lizard Sandman Venom Betty Brant Dennis Carradine (Buglar) J. Jonah Jameson Ben Parker May Parker John Jameson Joseph "Robbie" Robertson Mary Jane Watson Gwen Stacy Mendel Stromm Flash Thompson Black Cat Rhino Elektro <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/avengers-age-of-ultron-trailer-2-2015-1">Marvel Just Released A New 'Avengers: Age Of Ultron' Trailer And It's Incredible</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="p2ZnVxcjqFrsBEXNL38C1vmcr_msKvd6" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

Getty Images/PoolDo not take fitness advice from this man.The current president of the United States has some false beliefs about physical fitness.Most recently, there was this nugget of information from a New Yorker magazine story about the president. Trump "considers exercise misguided, arguing that a person, like a battery, is born with a finite amount of energy," <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/05/08/how-trump-could-get-fired">writes Evan Osnos</a>.This belief is also described in the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1501156527?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=thewaspos09-20&amp;camp=1789&amp;linkCode=xm2&amp;creativeASIN=1501156527">Washington Post's biography of the 45th president</a>, which explains that he gave up sports after college because of this same mysterious "battery" belief, that working out would deplete his energy.None of this is new for Trump, who <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/donald-trumps-weight-problem-he-cant-stop-talking-about-fat-people/2016/09/28/891ddd3a-858d-11e6-a3ef-f35afb41797f_story.html?utm_term=.34c021a23ade">said back in 1997</a> that he worked out "on occasion ... as little as possible."But people are not batteries and this is not how human biology works.Most researchers agree that exercise is essentially the closest thing we have to a miracle cure for a variety of health conditions. As <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/12/exercise_to_prevent_cure_or_treat_disease_cancer_heart_disease_inflammation.html">Dr. Jordan D. Metzl, sports medicine physician at </a><a href="http://www.hss.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hospital for Special Surgery</a><a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2013/12/exercise_to_prevent_cure_or_treat_disease_cancer_heart_disease_inflammation.html"> in New York City, wrote in Slate</a> in 2013: "Exercise has benefits for every body system; it is effective both as a treatment and for prevention of disease. It can improve memory and concentration, lessen sleep disorders, aid heart disease by lowering cholesterol and reducing blood pressure, help sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction, and raise low libido. Exercise does it all. Even with cancer, particularly colon and recurrent breast cancer, the data show clearly that exercise is a deterrent. Newer studies on a glycoprotein called Interleukin 6 suggests that general body inflammation, a factor in almost every chronic disease, is reduced by regular exercise."Exercise is "the real polypill," a single intervention free of side effects that has a host of positive effects, researchers <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23997192">wrote in the journal Physiology</a> that same year. "I believe that if physical activity was a drug it would be classed as a wonder drug," wrote Professor Dame Sue Bailey, chair of the UK Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, in the introduction to a <a href="http://www.activematters.org/uploads/mc_report_web%20final%20(2)Exercise.pdf">2015 report</a> on the importance of exercise.When it comes specifically to "energy" - "low energy" being a favorite insult of Trump's - exercise is the thing that gives people more energy."Exercise delivers oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and helps your cardiovascular system work more efficiently," boosting energy, <a href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise/art-20048389">according to the Mayo Clinic</a>.You work out and you do get tired, but your body adapts to the stress that you put it under. As you recover, you become stronger, better able to deal with any sort of physical (and it turns out, mental) stress."If we can create a battery that, every time it's used, actually becomes more powerful and efficient, then sure, our body is like that battery," Michael Jonesco, a sports medicine specialist at Ohio State University, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-thinks-that-exercising-too-much-uses-up-the-bodys-finite-energy/2017/05/12/bb0b9bda-365d-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-more-top-stories_exercisetrump-1015am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&amp;utm_term=.a0174bd3f3eb">tells The Washington Post</a>.Exercise helps you live longer, improves your mood, and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-exercise-affects-your-brain-2017-4">improves brain function</a>. Some people who <a href="http://www.mensfitness.com/training/pro-tips/12-signs-youre-overtraining">overtrain</a> can end up feeling fatigued, though that's generally in the context of preparing for a marathon, ultramarathon, or similarly intense activity. But that's not most people.We need at least <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/exercise-non-responders-myth-how-to-get-in-shape-2017-2">150 minutes of moderate activity</a> each week to be healthy, though some people need more or less than that. But to claim that exercise is bad for you is potentially harmful to anyone who follows that advice. Previous presidents relied on exercise to manage the stress of the office. George W. Bush was - <a href="https://www.si.com/edge/2016/07/08/weekender-george-w-bush-70th-birthday-mountain-biking">and still is</a> - an avid mountain biker. Barack Obama worked out daily, mixing it up between aerobic activity and weights - and was reportedly quite the competitive <a href="http://www.gq.com/story/obama-basketball-oral-history">pick-up basketball player</a>. Those two presidents show that it's possible to work long hours and still get a sufficient workout. But don't take our current president for a model of physical fitness, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/stat-interview-harold-bornstein-donald-trump-doctor-2016-12">even if his personal physician declared</a> he'd be the "healthiest man ever elected president." <h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-for-you-is-sodium-or-salt-if-you-dont-have-high-blood-pressure-2017-5" rel="nofollow">There's increasing evidence that healthy people don't need to worry about salt intake</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-one-person-tests-positive-for-ebola-virus-in-congo-health-ministry-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A person has died from Ebola in Congo, signaling the start of a new outbreak</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-2018-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A 22-year-old is moving ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the great Pacific garbage patch</a></li></ul> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/science-male-attractiveness-sex-2017-4">Women are more attracted to men with these physical traits</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise

Getty ImagesSome of the most amusing and awful behaviors that people exhibit after downing a few cocktails are often explained the same way - as a result of alcohol.It's enough to make people think that some sort of other self lurks inside of them, a comedian or demon, waiting to be set free with a few nips of booze.But how accurate is that explanation?It seems the answer may be: not very. More and more research indicates that for many of us, alcohol doesn't transform personality overall, though it does tend to make people more extroverted. It may cause us to exaggerate certain personality traits, but our basic selves remain unchanged, for better or worse (though there some exceptions and true "Mr. Hydes" out there).For the <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702616689780">most recent investigation</a> into whether or not alcohol transforms personality, researchers at the University of Missouri recruited 156 volunteers to see how much their personalities changed after a few drinks. They had people assess their own personality before and after drinking using <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/best-online-personality-test-scientifically-accurate-2016-12">measures of the Five Factor or "Big Five" model</a>, which measures extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience and is one of the most common ways psychologists measure personality. They also had groups of expert observers assess the personality changes they saw in study participants after drinking.Most people thought their personalities changed a fair amount, but the expert observers for the most part didn't agree."We were surprised to find such a discrepancy between drinkers' perceptions of their own alcohol-induced personalities and how observers perceived them," says psychological scientist Rachel Winograd of the University of Missouri, St. Louis, <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170515091131.htm">in a press release</a>. "Participants reported experiencing differences in all factors of the Five Factor Model of personality, but extraversion was the only factor robustly perceived to be different across participants in alcohol and sober conditions."In that study, researchers had previously given the volunteers a survey asking them to assess their own personalities when drunk and sober. Then they had those volunteers solve puzzles and do activities with small groups with friends in the lab, after they were given either sprite or enough of a vodka-sprite cocktail to raise their blood alcohol content to slightly above the legal driving limit. After drinking, people generally reported lower levels of conscientiousness, openness to experience, and agreeableness, and they reported higher levels of extraversion and emotional stability (the opposite of neuroticism). But trained observers watching them generally only saw significant differences in levels of extraversion.This is just one study that took place in a lab, not a real-world setting, so it's not a final picture of how alcohol affects personality. But these researchers have been at it for a while.A <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/16066359.2015.1029920">prior study</a> by three of the same researchers took a different tack towards analyzing the drunk psyche. In that case, the researchers analyzed the personalities of 187 pairs of undergrad drinking partners. In each case, a participant would assess their own personality using the Five Factor Model - and their drinking buddies gave their own assessments.Getty ImagesThe researchers analyzed this data and found that people generally fell into one of four fantastically named categories: the Hemingway, the Nutty Professor, Mary Poppins, and Mr. Hyde.Hemingways, the biggest proportion of people at about 40%, report not changing much after drinking - especially showing less of a decrease in intellect and conscientiousness when intoxicated than might be expected. The Mary Poppins cluster of people, about 14% of the sample, started with exceptionally high levels of agreeableness and kept those above-average levels when drunk (they also didn't change much in terms of conscientiousness or intellect).About 20% of people fell into the"Nutty Professor"category, a group that became much more extroverted after drinking (they didn't start that way). And finally about 22% of people fell into the Mr. Hyde category, their transformation being marked by large decreases in conscientiousness, intellect, and agreeableness.None of these studies are perfect. They rely in large part on self reports and there's a heavy focus on undergraduates, who represent a limited slice of the US population. The level of alcohol consumed in the most recent study was enough to be too drunk to drive but probably doesn't capture the full extent of a personality changes after a night of heavy drinking.Still, all in all we do see that at least in these cases, most people change less than they think they do.Winograd offers an explanation for how both the external observers and the participants in the most recent study could both be right, even if they came to different conclusions about how much personality changed."We believe both the participants and raters were both accurate and inaccurate - the raters reliably reported what was visible to them and the participants experienced internal changes that were real to them but imperceptible to observers," she explains.That may explain some of the differences. Alcohol causes changes, but we're more aware of ourselves than others are, meaning that those changes may not be immediately apparent to observers. <h3>More from Kevin Loria:</h3><ul><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/president-trump-thinks-exercise-depletes-energy-2017-5" rel="nofollow">Trump believes some amazingly false things about exercise</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dire-wolf-and-sabre-tooth-cat-bones-show-what-prehistoric-hunts-were-like-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A treasure trove of sabre-tooth tiger and dire wolf bones show how prehistoric predators made their kills</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-bad-for-you-is-sodium-or-salt-if-you-dont-have-high-blood-pressure-2017-5" rel="nofollow">There's increasing evidence that healthy people don't need to worry about salt intake</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-one-person-tests-positive-for-ebola-virus-in-congo-health-ministry-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A person has died from Ebola in Congo, signaling the start of a new outbreak</a></li><li><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/boyan-slat-ocean-cleanup-launch-2018-2017-5" rel="nofollow">A 22-year-old is moving ahead with a controversial plan to trap plastic floating in the great Pacific garbage patch</a></li></ul> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-giant-crack-growing-fast-larsen-c-2017-5">Scientists figured out why a giant crack in Antarctica is growing so fast, and it points to an even bigger problem</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

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