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<ul><li>Data from Indian Space Research Organisation's (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>) <keyword id="913432" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan 1</keyword> orbiter shows that the Moon may be rusting along the poles. </li><li>The occurrence of rust is a conundrum because even though the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks littered across the surface, it’s not known for the presence of water and oxygen — two elements that need to interact with iron to create rust. </li><li>Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>) believe that this could because Earth’s own atmosphere is lending a helping hand. </li></ul>Another sign that the Moon’s poles are home to water has emerged from the Chandrayaan 1’s data. The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) maiden mission to Earth’s natural satellite has revealed that there may be <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/the-moon-is-rusting-and-researchers-want-to-know-why">rusting on the Moon</a> — something that can only occur if iron interacts with water and oxygen. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="71701221" title="Chandrayaan 1 — India marks the 11th anniversary of its first successful mission to the Moon" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> And, even though the Moon has a lot of iron, it’s not known to be rich in oxygen and water. "The Moon is a terrible environment for hematite to form in," said Shuai Li, the lead author of the paper published in Science Advances. Researchers with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) believe that Earth may have had a role to play. The Earth’s atmosphere could be protecting the Moon as well The Moon is constantly bombarded by solar particles coming off the Sun. Without an atmosphere to protect itself, the hydrogen should make it difficult for rust to form. Hydrogen is a reducer. It adds electrons to the material it touches.For iron to rust, it needs the opposite — an oxidiser which removes electrons instead. Instead, Earth’s atmosphere may have had a helping hand to give. The planet’s magnetotail — the part of its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-confirms-that-the-dent-in-earths-protective-shield-is-splitting-into-two-and-it-is-getting-bigger/articleshow/77611768.cms">magnetic atmosphere</a> that extends away from the Sun — is capable of blocking out 99% of the solar wind aimed at the Moon when it’s in its Full Moon phase. <div type="image" title="magnetotail_edited" msid="77926431" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Earth&amp;#39;s magnetic atmosphere and magnetotail, which extends away from the Sun&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> That part of the lunar cycle gives iron on the Moon occasional windows of opportunity for rust to form. Building the perfect storm for the Moon to rust Earth’s magnetotail does more than just provide the Moon with a shield. During that interaction, some of the oxygen from the planet also gets transferred over. This was <a href="http://www.kaguya.jaxa.jp/en/science/result_of_kaguya_e_2008_1.htm">confirmed</a> by Japan’s Kaguya orbiter in 2007. So, even though the Moon isn’t rich in oxygen, it does have access to oxygen during the same window of opportunity when it’s not being bombarded with hydrogen. <div type="image" title="moon magnetotail_edited" msid="77926473" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;How the Earth&amp;#39;s Magnetotail protects the Moon from solar particles from the Sun&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The last piece of the puzzle is water. Even though the rest of the Moon is bone dry, it’s poles have long been <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-could-find-a-lot-of-water-on-the-moon/articleshow/70356422.cms">suspected</a> of hosting water. Albeit only in shadowed craters located on the far side of the Moon — far from where the rust has been detected. <div type="image" title="moon water_edited" msid="77926507" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Chandrayaan 1 detects water on the Moon&amp;#39;s poles&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Researchers propose that fast-moving dust particles, which regularly pelt the Moon, could release surface-borne water molecules and mix them with iron in the lunar soil. Compounding the interaction, the resulting heat from these impacts could increase the oxidation rate. So if all three ingredients are in place — a Full Moon phase, water molecules and oxygen travelling from Earth — the perfect storm to create rust can in fact occur. Questions still left unanswered While the theory is sound on paper, there is still more information that’s needed to understand exactly how water is interacting with lunar rocks. The insights could also help explain why rusting is occurring on the far side of the moon, where it’s blocked off from Earth’s oxygen. This study was published using Chandrayaan-1's Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument (M3) built by the National Aeronautics Space Administration’s (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It detects how light is reflected off the surface of the Moon. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/pubg-ban-india-makes-chinese-company-tencent-loses-34-billion-in-2-days/articleshow/77924912.cms">Tencent loses nearly $34 billion since the PUBG ban in India — its second-largest valuation dip this year</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/no-other-asteroid-is-going-to-get-closer-to-earth-in-the-next-decade-as-the-one-set-to-fly-by-on-september-1/articleshow/77802359.cms">No other asteroid is going to get closer to Earth in the next decade than the one set to fly by on September 1</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-congratulates-indian-scientists-for-discovering-one-of-the-farthest-galaxies-in-the-universe/articleshow/77883347.cms">NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/musks-spacex-completes-first-polar-orbit-in-off-shore-landing-by-falcon-9-booster/articleshow/77845337.cms">Elon Musk owned SpaceX completes its first polar orbit mission as Falcon 9’s booster nails off-shore landing</a>

ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why

<ul class="summary-list"><li>My mom bought a '76 VW <keyword id="11994905" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="bus" source="Orion">bus</keyword> on eBay for $2,500 a decade ago. Similar cars now sell for 10 times that.</li><li>The van's "cult following" has led some to buy vintage buses for as much as $150,000.</li><li>VW says "<keyword id="11975654" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="van-life" source="Orion">van life</keyword>" and a desire for "gentler times" reinvigorated it as a counterculture symbol.</li></ul>Over a decade ago, my mom bid $2,500 on a beige 1976 <keyword id="12153707" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="volkswagen" source="Orion">Volkswagen</keyword> Transporter bus listed on eBay.It was her first time using the website, and she had no idea what she was doing. But the next day, she received an email saying the van was all hers.Soon, "Jenny the Jam Van" would be shipped from Ohio to our small coastal suburb in Connecticut."I always wanted a VW bus. I don't know why," she told me. "When I drive it, people wave to me and smile. ... One time, even a 4-year-old flashed me a peace sign. How would he know what a VW bus meant?"The seemingly universal love for Volkswagen vans didn't happen right away — the cars were introduced in the 1950s to transport workers and materials.<div type="image" title="1976 VW Transporter" height="3024" width="4032" msid="86755973" hostid="261"></div>It wasn't until years later that it developed into a symbol for Woodstock hippies and California surfers. Now, social-media trends surrounding the hashtag #vanlife have reinvigorated the VW bus and the kind of life it represents. "There's this intense cult following for these cars," Mark Gillies, a Volkswagen spokesperson, told Insider. "It means a lot of different things to different people."For many, the bus reflects "nostalgia for a gentler time," Gillies said, a desire especially prevalent among <keyword id="11974765" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="gen-z" source="Orion">Gen Z</keyword>. Experts say <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gen-z-is-smartphone-generation-2019-7">Gen Z's embrace of the past</a>, from vintage fashion to old sitcoms, may be a form of escapism after a childhood rocked by 9/11, financial recessions, and the COVID-19 pandemic.With millions of views on TikTok, van-life influencers live, work, and travel in decked-out buses and vans, sharing day-in-the-life stories and hiking tips along the way. The lifestyle has become particularly contagious over the past two years, and now reasonably priced buses are almost impossible to find.In a recent trend, van-life nomads have pushed back against expectations of 9-to-5 office jobs, posting travel videos to the lyrics, "Yeah, fuck no, I go where I want to," from BoyWithUke's song "Two Moons." "I'm too old to be talking about this, but there are younger people that just don't want to deal with all the stuff of modern life," Gillies said. "It's kind of redolent of hippie culture in the late '60s."Despite belonging to Gen Z, I was not always a fan of Jenny the Jam Van. My mom would drive down to my soccer games, the engine puttering so loudly that every head on the field would turn to look.While the van's peace-love mystique is great, my mom has spent thousands of dollars over the years to keep it up and running. When we first brought it to the mechanic, they found a metal coffee can connecting two of the engine's parts. <div type="image" title="Interior of 1976 VW Transporter" height="3024" width="4032" msid="86755975" hostid="261"></div>After paying for shipment, a shiny coat of bright-orange paint, rust protectant, insulation, and new parts — including a steering wheel, door handles, and windshield wipers — as well as yearly repairs, the van's price tag went up considerably. But Jenny has proved a successful investment. Similar vans are listed online for about $30,000, quadruple what my mom has paid since 2010. According to Gillies, other classic models with additional windows have sold for as much as $150,000. Every now and then, we'll find sticky notes tucked into the windshield wipers from people offering to buy it. The persistent love for vintage Volkswagens has led the car manufacturer to introduce the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vw-volkswagen-microbus-coming-2022-2017-8">all-electric ID Buzz</a>, set to launch in the US in 2023.The highly anticipated modern take on the VW bus "brings back fond memories of Volkswagen past, while promising a revolution in everyone's future," the company website says."I had so many different people — old geezers, young people, people on skateboards, just all of them thought it was cool," Gillies told Insider about a Buzz photoshoot in Venice Beach. "There's a lot of built-up love for the bus in and of itself."As for Jenny, my mom said she'd never sell. "Well," she added, "never say never."

My mom bought a 1976 Volkswagen bus for $2,500 on eBay over a decade ago. Here's how it's skyrocketed in value thanks to a cult following.

<keyword id="3239668" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gut-microbes">Gut microbes</keyword> have immense benefit and now, new research reports that promoting a healthy gut microbiome could protect travelers from the rigours of long <keyword id="435085" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-travel">space travel</keyword>. If humans are to ever walk on Mars, they will need to endure a long space flight, but space travel can have negative impacts on health, potentially limiting how far we can go. The microgravity environment can result in muscle breakdown and reduced bone mass. It can cause nausea, meaning that sometimes space travelers struggle to eat enough (space food isn't all that nice either). The change in diet aboard a spaceship can disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to further health issues. "Changes in the microbiome are likely to lead to the breakdown of the balanced and complex relationship between microbes and their human host, with potentially severe repercussions on the functionality of body systems," said Professor Silvia Turroni from <keyword id="9900828" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-university-of-bologna">the University of Bologna</keyword>. The review, published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Physiology, discussed a variety of studies suggesting that disruptions in the gut microbiome occur during space travel. For instance, one study found that the microbiomes of space travelers on the same mission became more similar to each other during the journey. There was also an increase in bacteria associated with intestinal inflammation and a decrease in those with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the research review revealed that manipulating the gut microbiome may be a powerful way to maintain health on board a spacecraft. "The literature suggests that nutritional countermeasures based on prebiotics and probiotics hold great promise to protect space travelers," said Turroni. What would these microbial treatments involve? They may be as simple as nutritionally balanced meals, with lots of fiber to kickstart microbial metabolism in the gut. Other options could be more targeted, including microbial supplements, such as bacteria that secrete immune-boosting substances, or those that synthesize vitamins required for bone growth. "The well-being of the gut microbiome of space travelers should be among the primary goals of long-duration exploratory missions," said Professor Martina Heer of the University of Bonn. "To ensure the success of the mission, we must not overlook the myriad of microorganisms that reside in our gastrointestinal tract and make sure they are in balance." While future missions to Mars will undoubtedly look for evidence of microbial life on the red planet, this review suggests that it may be our homegrown microbes that get us there, the authors wrote. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/chandrayaan-3-will-be-mission-repeat-of-chandrayaan-2-may-launch-early-2021-after-delay-due-to-covid-19-lockdown/articleshow/77971870.cms">'Chandrayaan-3 will be mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2' — may launch early 2021 after delay due to COVID-19 lockdown</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-chandrayaan-1-and-nasa-spot-rust-on-moon-earth-atmosphere-could-be-the-reason-why/articleshow/77926459.cms">ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-congratulates-indian-scientists-for-discovering-one-of-the-farthest-galaxies-in-the-universe/articleshow/77883347.cms">NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe</a>

A healthy tummy is key for travelling through space finds new study

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</div></div>When Bungie released the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/destiny-beta-preview-2014-7">beta version of its next-generation sci-fi adventure "Destiny"</a> in July, players only got to explore a few limited areas of the Earth and the moon.
But in the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkv74QxryUI">latest trailer</a> to debut, Bungie shows off what "Destiny" missions will look like on Mars in all its rust-colored glory.
Here's what the description for the trailer says:
What little we know of Mars may as well be a myth. We built a massive metropolis in the red dust. No one knows what remains of our lost age, now buried beneath the dunes.
Though Mars is the only planet revealed in this trailer, Bungie says all planets and moons featured in "Destiny" can be found in our own solar system. Gamers will be able to visit them all starting September 9.
Check out the full trailer below.
<div><div>
 
</div></div>
"Destiny" will release on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, and Xbox 360 on September 9.

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ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why

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A healthy tummy is key for travelling through space finds new study

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