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Growing up with modern science, you begin to look at the world like a magical place. Break a bone in two? <em>Just cover the fracture with metal and feel like Wolverine! </em>Your entire hand got chopped off in a freak accident? <em>Best leave it in ice so the doctors can sew it back later, easy-peasy! </em>Now, imagine my surprise and horror when I discovered that if I end up breaking my adult teeth, there’s still no actual way of getting them back.<br /><br />If a part of your tooth chips off, your <keyword id="23661" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="dentist" source="Orion">dentist</keyword> will attempt to stick the pieces back together with some type of adhesive. If too much of your tooth breaks off, they will grind it down further before putting a metal, resin or ceramic dental cap on it. Either way, you’ll never get to nom on stuff with all of your natural chompers ever again; something that really does not sit right with me, for some reason.<br /><br />Therefore, if you do plan on getting into a bar brawl, you might want to wait for a few more months before potentially getting your teeth knocked out. In an unprecedented medical breakthrough, the world's first human trial of a drug designed to regenerate real teeth is set to commence in just a few months. If successful, the therapy could become commercially available as early as 2030.<br /><br />The <keyword id="20663810" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="clinical-trial" source="keywords">clinical trial</keyword>, led by a team from Kyoto University Hospital, is scheduled to begin this September and will continue through August 2025. It will involve 30 male participants aged 30-64, each of whom is missing at least one molar.<br /><br />Following this initial 11-month trial, the researchers plan to extend the study to younger patients aged 2-7 who suffer from congenital tooth deficiency, a condition affecting about 1% of the population. This phase will focus on children missing at least four teeth, with recruitment already underway. Looking further ahead, the team intends to expand the trial to individuals with partial edentulism, or those missing one to five permanent teeth due to environmental factors.<br /><br />"We want to do something to help those who are suffering from <keyword id="21869043" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tooth-loss" source="keywords">tooth loss</keyword> or absence," explains Katsu <keyword id="21869046" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="takahashi" source="keywords">Takahashi</keyword>. "While there has been no treatment to date providing a permanent cure, we feel that people's expectations for <keyword id="21869045" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tooth-growth" source="keywords">tooth growth</keyword> are high."<br /><cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="How does it work?" comment="subhead" text="How does it work?"><span data-til="noop">How does it work?</span></cmsannotation><br />The innovative drug works by deactivating a protein that normally suppresses tooth growth in our body. This is expected to trigger new bone formation, helping the teeth grow back. In animal models, this approach has not only generated new teeth but also strengthened the existing bone structure.<br /><br />The potential impact of this therapy is immense," Takahashi stated. "If successful, we could offer a permanent solution to tooth loss within the next six years."<br /><br />As the world watches with anticipation, the potential of this groundbreaking treatment brings new hope to millions suffering from tooth loss. Should the trials prove successful, the future of <keyword id="19896674" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="dental-care" source="keywords">dental care</keyword> might soon include the natural regrowth of teeth, transforming the lives of countless individuals around the globe.<br />

Tooth good to be true: Japan to soon human trial a medicine that can naturally regrow any lost teeth!

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>Arany PR et al.</span></p><p class="caption">This image shows the structure of the tooth cells as they begin the regeneration process.</p></div><p></p></div></p>
<p>Using lasers to regenerate and grow body parts sounds like <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> fiction, but researchers have just demonstrated that it might be a tranformative tool in medicine - or at least dentistry - in the future.</p>
<p>A Harvard-led team just successfully used low-powered lasers to activate stem cells and stimulate the growth of teeth in rats and human dental tissue in a lab. The results were <a href="http://stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.3008234" target="_blank">published today</a> in the journal Science Translational Medicine.</p>
<p>Stem cells exist throughout the body, and they fascinate scientists because they have the ability to become different types of cells - which means <a href="http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx" target="_blank">they have the potential to repair or replace</a> damaged or worn out tissue. Figuring out new ways to make them useful has long been a goal of medical researchers.</p>
<p>Using lasers to make stem cells do their work is particularly appealing, since it's a minimally invasive technique, only requiring light once the damaged area is exposed. Scientists have theorized in the past that this was possible, since lasers have been shown to stimulate growth for unknown reasons, but this is the first time that the process has been demonstrated and observed.</p>
<p>The ability to naturally regrow dental tissue could transform dentistry, making it possible to regrow teeth instead of replacing them with a substitute like porcelain. But even more amazingly, once it's better understood, <strong>this same technique could potentially be used to heal wounds and regenerate bone, skin, and muscle.</strong></p>
<p>The research is in its earliest stages and has not yet been tested on humans, so it's far too soon to say whether these futuristic techniques will ever make it to your local hospital. The treatment possibilities raised by these experiments, however, are exciting to contemplate.</p>
<h2>How it worked</h2>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:300px"><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>Arany PR et al.</span></p><p class="caption">This is the exposed rat molar that received the laser treatment, causing it to start to grow back.</p></div><p></p></div></p>
<p>Since the 1960s, doctors have noticed that medical lasers could occasionally stimulate the growth of skin, hair, and other cells. But this is the first time, the researchers write, that the process has been analyzed and understood on a molecular level.</p>
<p>The first step for researchers was to drill holes in two rat molars, exposing the interior of the tooth underneath.</p>
<p>They exposed dentin, which is the harder-than-bone but softer-than-enamel tissue that teeth are mostly made of. Then, they lit up the dentin using a low-powered laser, trying to get the stem cells there to kick into action and start producing more dentin to replace the damaged area.</p>
<p>One molar received the laser treatment, the other did not.</p>
<p>Twelve weeks later, the researchers observed that the dentin in the molar that received treatment was growing again - the tooth was growing back. <span>(The results were the same when they did the experiment again in mice.)</span></p>
<p>The researchers then tested the same technique on various mammal cells under a microscope. Each time, the laser light caused certain oxygen-containing molecules to appear. Those molecules then caused stem cells to begin their conversion into cells producing dentin, tooth tissue. This showed researchers how lasers can cause tissue to regenerate, which they say had never been seen before.</p>
<p>When tested with human dental stem cells, the effects were similar. The lasers activated the stem cells, which can become many different types of cells, and specifically caused them to start forming dentin.</p>
<p>These three experiments were all focused on the same goal, which was to see if laser light would cause the stem cells in tissue (which had been inactive) to begin the process of generating new tissue. The rat molars showed that it was possible in a living example, while the mammal cells showed exactly how the lasers were working. Using human cells was a way of showing that what was done with rats has the potential to work the same way with human teeth, which the researchers say is the next step in their process.</p>
<h2>Why it's not ready for prime time yet</h2>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>James Weaver, Harvard's Wyss Institute</span></p><p class="caption">This model shows how much smaller a rat tooth is than a normal human tooth, though this "rat tooth" is actually a resized image of a human one. </p></div><p></p></div></p>
<p>One particular technical challenge of this experiment, according to researchers, was performing oral surgery on tiny rodent teeth. "This is one of those rare cases where it would be easier to do this work on a human," said David Mooney, a professor of bioengineering at Harvard, <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2014-05/wifb-rul052714.php" target="_blank">in the press release</a>.</p>
<p>New rat teeth didn't develop perfectly. There was some extra and unnecessary buildup of tooth tissue, which frequently <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075986/" target="_blank">occurs naturally but can potentially</a> lead to painful conditions that need medical attention, including a root canal. However, researchers expect that in humans it would be possible to better cover up areas not being treated, since human teeth are larger. They say that they could more accurately activate certain growth areas without causing widespread tissue formation, but the process has not yet been tested.</p>
<p>The researchers say that they are currently developing human trials for this technique. If those are successful, this could lead to testing laser treatments that regenerate bone, muscle, and other cells throughout the body.</p>
<p>"We are also excited about expanding these observations to other regenerative applications with other types of stem cells," said Praveen Arany, the study's lead author and an assistant clinical investigator at the National Institutes of Health, in the <a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/emb_releases/2014-05/wifb-rul052714.php" target="_blank">news release</a>.</p>

How Scientists Used Lasers To Regrow Damaged Teeth

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Demi Moore stars as an aging Hollywood star named Elisabeth Sparkle in "The Substance."</li><li>Ousted from her fitness show, she takes a serum to create a younger, "better" version of herself.</li></ul><p><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/demi-moore-rumer-willis-sisters-group-chat-lineage-of-females-2024-5">Demi Moore</a> gives the wildest performance of her career in French filmmaker Coralie Fargeat's provocative new movie "The Substance."</p><p>The film has sustained buzz since its world premiere at Cannes Film Festival in May, where it competed for the Palme d'Or (the festival's biggest prize) and Fargeat won the best screenplay award.</p><p>Now that the film is in theaters, the buzz has reached a fever pitch. Moviegoers have taken to social media to share their reactions to seeing Moore and Qualley hash it out in this sharp, satirical fable about <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/celebrities-embracing-aging-quotes">aging in Hollywood</a> and women's internalized self-hatred — and the film's shocking ending is getting a lot of hype.</p><p>Here's what to know about the movie's plot, and that wild (and bloody) third act.</p><p><strong><em>Warning: Major spoilers ahead for "The Substance," including the ending.</em></strong></p><div type="image" title="Demi Moore in The Substance" height="1716" width="2288" msid="113644340" hostid="261" sizebytes="46244"></div><h2 id="4248b89d-ce21-4603-a1bb-466a6f6ac897"><strong>What is "The Substance" about?</strong></h2><p>"The Substance" centers on Elisabeth Sparkle (Moore), a former A-lister whose career is on the decline. Elisabeth won an Oscar early in her career and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, but for the last several decades of her career she's mostly become known for hosting a fitness TV show. It's clear that she loves her job and derives much of her self-worth from it.</p><p>Unfortunately, that all gets shot to hell when she's abruptly laid off on her 50th birthday because her show's misogynist producer, Harvey (Dennis Quaid, who's remarkably hideous in this role) thinks she's too old. He wants to find the next fresh young starlet to host the show.</p><p>Soon after, a distracted and distraught Elisabeth gets into a car accident when she sees her billboard being taken down. She sustains only minor injuries, but when she's in the hospital, a handsome young male nurse pokes at her back and mysteriously mentions she's a "good candidate." (For what, he doesn't say.)</p><p>The nurse slips Elisabeth a USB stick labeled "The Substance" with a note that says it changed his life.</p><p>Elisabeth plugs in the USB stick at home, and on it is a video that reveals The Substance is a mysterious "biological process" through which you can spawn — from your own body — a better, more perfect (i.e., younger) version of yourself. The details or possible drawbacks of this apparent metamorphosis aren't made clear, and Elisabeth initially writes the procedure off. But her depression over her declining career eventually leads her to order The Substance, which is delivered to Elisabeth (dubbed customer number 503) via a random drop-off location.</p><p>Elisabeth reads through the instructions for using The Substance, which is a vial of neon yellow-green liquid meant to be injected. (This "activator" is also prominently labeled single-use only, which will be important later.) According to the rules, once you inject The Substance and transform, you need to switch back to your original self every seven days. (Or else what? Unclear.)</p><p>Throwing caution to the wind, Elisabeth injects the serum into herself and convulses as her body creates, and then expels out of her split-open back, her younger, more perfect self, played by <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kinds-of-summer-everything-to-know-emma-stone-lanthimos-2024-3">Margaret Qualley</a>. This hideous pseudo-birth leaves Elisabeth's original self (Moore) catatonic on the floor, where Qualley's character needs to hook her up to an IV with nutrients to keep her alive. However, there are only seven days' worth of nutrients available.</p><p>The younger double's first order of business is to head over to the auditions for Elisabeth's replacement. Calling herself "Sue," she impresses Harvey, who has no idea Elisabeth and Sue are really the same person. She lands the gig, becoming the new host of the fitness show — even with the stipulation that she can only work every other week (which she says is because she has to care for her ailing mother).</p><div type="image" title="Margaret Qualley looking at a poster of herself as Sue in &quot;The Substance&quot;" height="3974" width="5299" msid="113644335" hostid="261" sizebytes="646848"></div><p>Sue gets the hang of the daily process to maintain herself, which requires her to "stabilize" once a day. Stabilizing means collecting fluid via a syringe from Elisabeth's spine and injecting it into herself. If Sue doesn't stabilize strictly once a day, she starts getting side effects like nose bleeds and headaches.</p><p>Very quickly, Elisabeth and Sue begin to despise one another. Elisabeth, depressed while she's in control and Sue is catatonic, sits around overeating and drinking alcohol while watching TV, haunted by the specter of her younger self (in the form of giant portraits hanging all over her apartment) and resenting Sue's skyrocketing fame. Sue, meanwhile, feels that only seven days isn't enough for her, and resents Elisabeth for wasting her own awake time. She even creates a secret room inside her bathroom to hide away Elisabeth's catatonic body (and all of Elisabeth's things) while she's in control — out of sight, out of mind.</p><p>Things start to go south (and get gross) when, in a bid to extend her time in control to have sex with a guy she brought home, Sue extracts an extra day of fluid from Elisabeth. When they switch back the next morning, a horrified Elisabeth finds that one of her fingers has become old and decrepit. This, it turns out, is the side effect of Sue taking more fluid from Elisabeth beyond the seven-day limit, before the fluid had a chance to properly regenerate.</p><p>Elisabeth is upset but not willing to end the experience, even when the mysterious voice on the other line of The Substance's customer service center offers her the chance (with the stipulation that the damage to her finger is irreversible).</p><p>When it's Sue's turn, she keeps pushing the limit, causing Elisabeth to age slightly more and become more depressed and withdrawn. Eventually, when Harvey tells Sue that she's landed a job as the host of the network's <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/paid-spend-new-years-eve-applebees-2024-1">New Year's Eve</a> live televised event, which will require rigorous rehearsing, Sue decides to stay active for three straight months.</p><div type="image" title="Margaret Qualley standing over Demi Moore in The Substance" height="2063" width="2751" msid="113644341" hostid="261" sizebytes="178746"></div><p>Sue's good time, complete with a boyfriend, comes to an end when she goes to extract more stabilizer fluid and realizes Elisabeth isn't producing any more. In a panic, she calls the customer service number, who offers her no other option but to switch back — the only way to regenerate the fluid needed for Sue to stabilize.</p><p>She does, and Elisabeth awakens to find that the effects of Sue draining her lifeforce have resulted in her becoming utterly monstrous — she's a hunchback, with wispy thin strands of hair, and completely unrecognizable.</p><h2 id="eb92eeed-4b2f-40b9-ba01-cdeb263714bb">"The Substance" ending, explained</h2><p>Finally pushed to the brink, Elisabeth calls the company who sent her The Substance and says she wants to end the experience, even though she's aware there's no reversing the process of what's happened to her to restore her looks. </p><p>The company sends her a termination liquid to kill her double while Sue is catatonic, but Elisabeth changes her mind right after injecting it and resuscitates Sue by injecting her own blood into Sue's heart.</p><p>Sue wakes up, the connection severed, and the two come face to face for the first time. When Sue almost immediately realizes Elisabeth tried to kill her, she flies into a rage and brutally beats Elisabeth, essentially curb-stomping her to death in the apartment.</p><div type="image" title="Margaret Qualley in &quot;The Substance&quot;" height="2063" width="2751" msid="113644342" hostid="261" sizebytes="200892"></div><p>The only problem is, as The Substance's instructional video made very clear, the two are one. They can't survive separately because with Elisabeth dead, there's no more stabilizer fluid, and without stabilizer fluid, Sue can't continue to exist. So Sue's body (while she's en route to the big New Year's Eve performance) starts deteriorating: her teeth begin coming out, and a nail pops off.</p><p>As she's scrambling to stay in one piece, and without any help offered by The Substance supplier, a desperate Sue goes home and injects the leftover Substance liquid from months ago into herself. The goal is to spawn a new, better version of herself that can take over in time for the New Year's Eve show.</p><p>Unfortunately, they weren't kidding when they said single-use only. The resulting monstrosity that emerges from Sue's back is a deformed genetic mutation, combining parts of Sue and Elisabeth (dubbed "Monstro Elisasue"). The <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-horror-movies-of-all-time-psychological-thrillers-slashers">monster</a> can't speak intelligibly but has Elisabeth's original face on its back, fixed in a silent scream, amid a bunch of flesh and body parts.</p><p>The monster rips down a photo of Elisabeth's younger face and tapes it on, then dolls itself up with carefully placed earrings and some makeup. Once "ready," it goes to the studio and tries to perform the New Year's Eve show in front of a live audience and amid a crowd of topless female dancers.</p><p>The picture slides off and onlookers are horrified when they see Elisasue — especially when the monster, who's trying to express that she's still the same Elisabeth, regurgitates a single disembodied breast on stage.</p><p>The crowd is aghast and terrified and attacks the monster. It's decapitated, but its head regenerates and the creature starts spraying blood, soaking the audience and the stage.</p><p>Eventually, the monster escapes the studio and makes its way outside, where it collapses into a heap of body parts. Elisabeth's original face on a heap of flesh is all that remains. The face squirms away and comes to a satisfied rest on her own walk of fame star before disintegrating, where the resultant goo is unceremoniously washed away by a street cleaner the next morning.</p><p><em>"The Substance" is in theaters now.</em></p>

Demi Moore's grotesque new movie 'The Substance' has a shocking, bloody, and unhinged ending — and Oscar buzz

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The 355th Wing at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base has started retiring its A-10s.</li><li>The base was the first to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft nearly 50 years ago.</li></ul><p>The first US Air Force wing to receive operational A-10 attack aircraft nearly 50 years ago has officially begun retiring its fleet and sending them to the Boneyard.</p><p>The pilots and maintainers at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona, which the Air Force <a target="_blank" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104490/a-10c-thunderbolt-ii/">says</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.dm.af.mil/About-DM/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/666235/davis-monthan-355th-wing-fact-sheet/">got</a> the first production A-10As in the mid-1970s, will now transition from the decades-old ground-attack aircraft to fifth-generation F-35s.</p><p>Last week, Air Force officials <a target="_blank" href="https://www.dm.af.mil/Media/Article-View/Article/3671173/davis-monthan-retires-a-10-aircraft/">announced</a> that the 355th Wing had begun divesting of its fleet of A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft, planes built around a powerful cannon for close-air support and ground-attack missions.</p><p>A-10C number 82-648 with the 354th Fighter Squadron was officially retired and sent to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group, which oversees the Davis-Monthan Boneyard, the largest aircraft boneyard in the world.</p><div type="image" title="Birds fly past Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft stored in the boneyard at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group on Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona on May 13, 2015." height="684" width="1024" msid="107701108" hostid="261" sizebytes="49990"></div><p>"The A-10 has been the symbol of Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for many years, and it will continue to be a symbol for the Airmen of DM, a symbol of their commitment, excellence and service," said Air Force Col. Scott Mills, 355th Wing commander and A-10 pilot.</p><p>"For now, we're divesting a single squadron during the summer-fall timeframe of 2024," he added.</p><p>The entire fleet of A-10s will be retired in the next three to five years, the base said. Then, personnel will transition to the F-35.</p><p>"Perhaps the biggest draw of future maintainers will be in the F-35 community," said U.S. Air Force Col. Clarence McRae, 355th Maintenance Group commander. "Airplanes are still going to break, and we are still going to fix them."</p><div type="image" title="A U.S. Air Force A-10C Thunderbolt II from the 25th Fighter Squadron receives a hot-pit refuel at Osan Air Base, South Korea, Feb. 9, 2023." height="2801" width="4205" msid="107701109" hostid="261" sizebytes="301470"></div><p>The first production A-10 arrived at Davis-Monthan on March 2, 1976. When the A-10, commonly called the Warthog, entered service, it was designed for tank-busting and close-air support missions.</p><p>The aircraft is probably best known for its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-its-like-to-fire-the-a-10-warthog-cannon-2021-8">GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm cannon</a>, which protrudes from the nose and can fire around 3,900 rounds a minute. The loud, startling BRRRRRRRT<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/a-10-warthog-gun-firing-video-2018-2">noise of its gunfire</a> — as well as the painted <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-some-a-10s-have-fearsome-shark-teeth-war-paint-2021-7">shark teeth war paint</a> that some Warthogs have — is defining for the plane.</p><p>The A-10 Thunderbolt II is rather "unique in its diverse ability to support our ground team not only with precision munitions from a distance, like we're doing as we speak in the Middle East, but also with scalpel-like accuracy using the GAU-8 gun under the most difficult environments imaginable," US Air Force Col. Razvan Radoescu, the 355th Operations Group commander, said in a statement.</p><p>"The plane, coupled with our high-level training standards, are the reasons so many of our joint and coalition forces returned home to fight another day — because they had A-10s overhead covering their six, or employing weapons to save their lives when nobody else could," he added.</p><p>The Air Force has been moving toward <a target="_blank" href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/02/23/air-force-wants-retire-aging-aircraft-it-will-have-get-past-congress-first.html">retiring the plane</a> since 2015 to free up funds for other projects, preferably platforms that, in the words of Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/abandon-a-10-warthog-doesnt-scare-china-air-force-secretary-2023-4">scare China</a>."</p><p>The aircraft is decades old and probably <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/a-10s-slow-vulnerable-to-russian-defenses-ukraine-adviser-says-2022-7">too slow for higher-end threat environments</a>, but it can still pack a punch. A <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/air-force-tests-a-10-cannon-against-modern-tank-armor-2022-5">February 2022 exercise</a> at the Nevada Test and Training Range showed that A-10Cs still had formidable firing power. They were able to knock out even modern tanks equipped with Explosive Reactive Armor.</p><p>And even though they're on their way out, the Air Force is still putting them to use. During a training exercise in December, the Air Force practiced strafing runs with A-10s, resulting in the aircraft executing impressive flight maneuvers and gun runs. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/military-photos-show-a-10-aircraft-strafing-runs-and-aftermath-2023-12">Photos showed the action</a>, including a bullet-riddled cargo container target.</p><div type="image" title="U.S. Air Force Capt. Coleen Berryhill, 74th Fighter Squadron A-10C Thunderbolt II pilot, flies near a formation of B1-B Lancer and A-10 Thunderbolt II above the Philippine Sea, Nov. 9, 2022." height="1080" width="1920" msid="107701110" hostid="261" sizebytes="156382"></div><p>Despite last week's announcement on retiring the A-10, Air Force officials made clear that A-10s were still considered a valuable asset, especially thanks to its well trained and prepared pilots.</p><p>"While the aircraft's maneuverability and munitions, including the mighty GAU-8, make it overwhelmingly effective on the battlefield, it's the pilot that makes it special," Mills said. "The pilot has been trained to care about and understand the young Army infantryman on the ground; they are the mission."</p><p>Though <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pogo.org/analysis/f-35-and-a-10-close-air-support-flyoff-report">questions remain</a> about just how well the new fighter aircraft can do this, the Air Force's F-35As are expected to pick up the A-10's close-air support mission capability.</p>

First US Air Force wing to get operational A-10 attack aircraft nearly 50 years ago starts sending its Warthogs to the boneyard

<ul class="summary-list"><li>As Ukraine's counteroffensive ends, it's now bracing for a hard winter and renewed Russian advances.</li><li>It's unclear what 2024 holds, but Ukraine could be relying on irregular, guerrilla warfare.</li></ul><p>The Ukrainians are now on the defensive, scrambling to find men to fight, and desperate for ammunition to make sure the Russians pay in blood for every step forward. This past year was a difficult fight, and 2024 may be even tougher.</p><p>Nearly two years after Russia's full-scale invasion, the war in Ukraine appears to be at a stalemate, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/without-us-western-aid-ukraine-loses-to-russia-expert-2023-12">albeit an unstable one</a>. Both sides have suffered heavy losses and burned through ammunition fighting a war of attrition that could come down to who ultimately has more troops and bullets to expend in battle. Some towns and territories have changed hands, but the front lines are now largely static.</p><p>The fighting goes on though.<strong> </strong>Russia has launched renewed offensives in recent months, and Ukraine has indicated it will continue to bolster defenses while launching counterattacks. Earlier this month, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy <a target="_blank" href="https://apnews.com/article/zelenskyy-ukraine-russia-war-interview-winter-75f1f785b17452fc23819d459e6ab64b">said</a> that this war is entering "a new phase" as the winter months begin.</p><p>The future of Ukraine's war effort, though, is now perhaps more uncertain than it has been at any time since the early days of Russia's failed assault on Kyiv. After its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-ukrainian-counteroffensive-ran-into-trouble-2023-11">lackluster counteroffensive</a> and amid <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-changes-tone-ukraine-support-as-long-as-we-can-2023-12">debates about military aid in the West</a>, Ukraine's next steps are precarious, and operations in 2024 could look smaller and more irregular than this year.</p><p>"It's going to be extremely challenging for Ukraine to conduct a large-scale counteroffensive in 2024 because of resource limitations," Franz-Stefan Gady, an adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, told Business Insider in an interview last month, but<strong> </strong>"there's still possibility for smaller-scale offensive actions."</p><p>If that turns out to be the case, those sporadic, smaller-scale strikes could be counterattacks or possibly something<strong> </strong>similar to some of Ukraine's successful hits in occupied Crimea and behind enemy lines this year, which painted it as a scrappy and innovative underdog holding on even as its counteroffensive struggled.</p><p>These kinds of attacks definitely send a message, but they may not be the hard-hitting punches that Ukraine needs to knock Russia out.</p><h2>The aftermath of Ukraine's 2023 counteroffensive</h2><div type="image" title="Ukrainian servicemen drive a T-72 tank on the frontline in eastern Ukraine on July 13, 2022, amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine." height="2542" width="3813" msid="106214498" hostid="261"></div><p>Ukraine's summer counteroffensive hit a number of snags. It started late, partially due to delayed delivery<strong> </strong>of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/international-pressure-biden-send-f-16-fighter-jets-ukraine-working-2023-5">Western weapons</a> and critical training. Behind the scenes, tensions flared between Ukraine and its NATO allies about how and where Ukraine should focus its fight. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mistakes-cost-ukraine-round-one-of-the-counteroffensive-war-experts-2023-7">Incorrect assumptions</a> may have even doomed the counteroffensive before it actually began, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-fight-bakhmut-russia-wagner-forces-costly-clearly-paid-off-2023-11">early mistakes</a> hurt the offensive from the get-go.</p><p>But perhaps the biggest setbacks came when Ukrainian troops, even those armed with Western weapons and ready for battle, ran into Russian defenses that were far more fortified than anticipated, filled with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russias-irregular-attempt-to-make-deeper-minefields-created-headaches-report-2023-9">countless landmines</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-captures-anti-tank-ditch-swallowing-vehicle-showing-battlefield-risks-2023-7">anti-tank ditches</a>, miles of trenches, dragon's teeth anti-vehicle barriers, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-built-fake-explosive-trench-traps-to-lure-ukrainian-troops-2023-7">booby traps.</a></p><p>Minefields were made even more hazardous by punishing artillery fire, the constant presence of drones, and threats of enemy aircraft, such as Ka-52 attack helicopters armed with anti-tank missiles.</p><p>Changing tactics away from a mechanized assaults led by the newly received Western armor, such as German-made Leopard and UK-provided Challenger tanks, the Ukrainians began moving forward on-foot and painstakingly removing obstacles along the way. Little ground was gained with Ukraine only gaining some couple hundred square miles<strong> </strong>of land over the course of the counteroffensive.</p><p>Ukrainian forces did manage to breach the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-front-line-forces-fighting-through-russia-surovikin-line-2023-9">formidable Surovikin Line</a>, a complicated network of fortifications, in Zaporizhzhia earlier this fall. They also recently <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-fighting-hard-across-a-key-river-to-reignite-counteroffensive-2023-11">established a shaky foothold</a> on the eastern bank of the Dnipro River near Kherson, but experts have limited expectations for what can be accomplished there.</p><p>But far away from the front lines, as the offensive faced challenges, Ukraine also began relying on smaller, more random attacks in order to both shock Russia and impress the West.</p><p>There was, for instance, a spike in unmanned surface vehicle (USV) <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russias-weak-defenses-letting-ukrainian-drone-boats-blow-holes-warships-2023-8">drone boat attacks</a> in the Black Sea, with Ukraine employing its exploding vessels to terrorize Russia's Black Sea Fleet (BSF) and warships like the Project 775 Ropucha-class landing ship <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-warship-exploding-drone-boat-incident-hints-at-bigger-problems-2023-8">Olenegorsky Gornyak</a> back in August, as well as important logistical and meaningful sites, like the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/12-mile-bridge-crimea-lifeline-russia-constant-attacks-headache-2023-7">Kerch Bridge</a> connecting the occupied Crimean peninsula and mainland Russia.</p> <p>And from the sky, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) struck critical Russian bases and assets like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-bomber-blown-apart-inside-country-is-latest-protection-failure-2023-8">strategic bombers</a> repeatedly, demonstrating Ukraine's skill and reach and Russia's failure to adequately protect its forces.</p><p>Ukraine didn't stop there though. Ukrainian forces also launched special operations raids onto and around Crimea and used modified anti-ship missiles to hunt down <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-hunting-russian-air-defenses-with-anti-ship-missile-2023-9">Russian S-400 surface-to-air missile systems</a>.</p><p>It also executed multiple attacks on Russian positions in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/huge-crimea-attack-ukraine-pry-black-sea-base-russia-navy-2023-9">Sevastopol</a>, a major port city in Crimea<strong> </strong>home to important Black Sea Fleet maintenance and repair facilities. The strikes, made possible by Western-provided Storm Shadow/SCALP missiles, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russias-black-sea-fleet-headquarters-hit-another-blow-forces-crimea-2023-9">damaged the BSF headquarters</a> and<strong> </strong>wrecked parts of a shipyard and multiple vessels, including a Russian submarine.</p><p>The apparent aim of these attacks, as experts previously told Business Insider, was to make Crimea "untenable" for the Russians, who were forced to question where Ukraine would strike next as its reach extended.</p><p>There are limitations to this approach, but the result was that Ukraine, potentially checked on the battlefield as the counteroffensive stalled, could still inflict pain on the Russians and secure wins against their larger foe with less conventional warfare.</p><h2>Those irregular tactics are likely to continue in 2024</h2><div type="image" title="Explosion causes fire at the Kerch bridge in the Kerch Strait, Crimea on October 08, 2022. A fire broke out early Saturday morning on the Kerch Bridge -- preceded by an explosion -- causing suspension of traffic and bringing bus and train services to a halt." height="683" width="1024" msid="106214501" hostid="261"></div><p>One of the next major challenges for Ukraine heading into next year, Gady said, will be figuring out how to "reconstitute its forces and regenerate combat power" while "exerting pressure on the Russians."</p><p>One way to keep up the heat while reducing other offensive operations is conducting precision strike campaigns — in other words, using long-range cruise missiles, drones, sabotage, USVs, and other methods, like Ukraine has already been doing.</p><p>That will be important as Russia pursues offensive efforts. Its renewed offensive began a few months ago around <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-bloody-fight-in-avdiivka-has-slaughtered-its-forces-milbloggers-2023-10">Avdiivka</a> near occupied Donetsk, where Russia has conducted <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-bloody-human-wave-tactics-ukraine-white-house-says-2023-10">"human wave" assaults</a> that sacrifice troops and thrown significant numbers of tanks and vehicles at Ukrainian defenses at great cost for limited gain.</p><p>But Russia is clearly pushing and testing Ukraine's defenses to exploit weaknesses, Seth Jones, director of the International Security Program and Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), told Business Insider, adding that there will probably be more cases of this across the front going into the new year as the Russians try to advance.</p><p>That pressure is likely going to force Ukraine to prioritize its defenses for the time being, using weaponry like its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-got-top-western-tanks-but-theyre-not-changing-game-2023-11">newly received US Abrams tanks</a> to stall out Russian operations. While it may want to save those for a potential offensive next year, experts told Business Insider an operation on the scale of this year's counteroffensive is unlikely given depleted resources, manpower, and opportunity.</p><div type="image" title="This photograph taken on June 23, 2023, shows a Russian serviceman wearing Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) equipment demining a field at the Novoazovsk district in the Donetsk region." height="4000" width="6000" msid="106214503" hostid="261"></div><p>Jones said it's probably<strong> </strong>going to be very tough for Ukraine to fight major offensive operations, although it's possible they could take advantage of a failed Russian offensive and counterattack based on that.</p><p>That's going to prompt Ukraine to pursue other options, "which would be more like guerrilla, unconventional, and irregular operations in Russian controlled territory in Ukraine," he said.</p><p>"That's pretty standard when an opposing state will use ambushes, raids, sabotage, operations, subversion, and assassinations rather than try to fight pitched battles," he added.</p><p>The goals<strong> </strong>for these operations can be multi-faceted, but across the board, they would presumably<strong> </strong>aim to heighten anxiety about Ukraine's ability to strike the Russians anywhere at any time, hinder command and control processes, and inconvenience Russian military operations, among other things.</p><p>Such options are also likely to be cheaper for Ukraine than burning through ammo and missiles. Drones, which Zelenskyy <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/olliecarroll/status/1737167615108264274?s=20">promised</a> Ukraine would produce one million of next year, are inexpensive and expendable, sometimes just a hobby UAV with an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/drones-in-ukraine-fight-each-other-run-ammo-and-supplies-2023-12">explosive payload attached</a>.</p><p>But they're quite effective. "This is all part of keeping up continuous pressure on Russian forces, not just on the front," Gady said, but far beyond that.</p><h2>An unclear future</h2><div type="image" title="Ukainian President Volodymyr Zelensky (C) speaks to the press in the town of Bucha, northwest of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, on April 4, 2022." height="3972" width="6340" msid="106214506" hostid="261"></div><p>As Ukraine fights an existential battle, its reliance on the Western industrial base for weapons, ammunition, and aid have been both a boon and a headache. They've certainly empowered Ukraine and upgraded much of its Soviet-era stockpile.</p><p>But it has also left it dependent on fickle partners.<strong> </strong>Without the West, there's little chance for Ukraine to hold out. Battles in Congress, even amid Zelenskyy's pleas, have shown that a few key politicians hold much of Ukraine's fate in their hands.</p><p>Over the past month, Republicans have blocked a new $111 billion aid package for Ukraine and Israel, hoping to strike a deal for stricter immigration and border control. While President Joe Biden has <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-changes-tone-ukraine-support-as-long-as-we-can-2023-12">signaled</a> he is willing to accept a compromise, there's little time before the end of the year to get the package approved.</p><p>Without that aid, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/europe-struggle-to-support-ukraines-war-if-us-aid-stops-2023-12">West's support more largely</a>, the resounding verdict from experts is that Ukraine will lose this war. And a win in Ukraine for Russian President Vladimir Putin likely doesn't mean he will stop there; in fact, it could mean quite the opposite.</p><p>As Zelenskyy <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/zelenskyy-russian-threat-will-only-get-worse-if-ukraine-falls-2023-12">warned</a> just last week in a discussion with<strong> </strong>US Senators, the Russian threat will only grow greater.</p>

Next year could be even tougher than this last for Ukraine, forcing it to fight irregularly to hold on

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A metallic taste in your mouth can develop if you take multivitamins like iron, calcium, and more.</li><li>It may also be a symptom of infections in your sinuses and gums.</li></ul><p>If your mouth tastes like metal or old pennies, it may be a sign that you have a medical problem.</p><p>There are many different reasons why you might have a metallic taste in your mouth — it may be something harmless like the iron in your new multivitamin, but it can also be a sign of a sinus infection or allergic reaction.</p><p>Here are nine reasons why you might have a metallic taste in your mouth, and how to treat each one.</p><h2><strong>1. Gum infections</strong></h2><p>If you don't brush and floss your teeth regularly, bacteria can build up in your mouth and cause gum diseases like<a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/dental/gums-bleed-when-flossing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> gingivitis</a> or <a href="https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease" target="_blank" rel="noopener">periodontitis</a>.</p><p>These diseases inflame your gums which can leave a metallic taste in your mouth, says <a href="https://www.onemedical.com/providers/natasha-bhuyan/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. Natasha Bhuyan</a>, the National Medical Director at One Medical.</p><p>Some other <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gingivitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354459" target="_blank" rel="noopener">common signs of gum disease</a> are:</p><ul><li>Red, swollen gums</li><li>Bleeding when you brush or floss</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/dental/bad-breath" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bad breath</a></li><li>Gum tenderness</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it:</strong> You can usually treat gum disease with a professional teeth cleaning from your dentist, though you'll need to keep up <a href="https://www.insider.com/4-signs-youre-not-brushing-your-teeth-correctly-2021-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">regular brushing</a> and <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/dental/how-to-floss" target="_blank" rel="noopener">flossing</a> at home.</p><p>If your symptoms continue, see your dentist to make sure you don't need a more extensive procedure like a root canal.</p><h2><strong>2. Certain medications</strong></h2><p>"A metallic taste in the mouth may oftentimes be drug-induced," says Dr. <a href="https://drnesochi.com/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nesochi Okeke-Igbokwe, MD</a>, an internal medicine physician in private practice.</p><p>When your body absorbs certain medications, it may excrete some of the leftover chemicals through your saliva. Some of these chemicals may taste sightly metallic. </p><p>Some of the most common <a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/common-causes-for-metallic-taste-in-your-mouth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">medications that can trigger a metal taste</a> include:</p><ul><li>Captopril, a <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/treatments/hypertension" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blood pressure</a> medication</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/treatments/how-long-does-it-take-for-antibiotics-to-work" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Antibiotics</a> including tetracycline, clarithromycin, and metronidazole</li><li>Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza), which treats <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/what-is-diabetes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">diabetes</a></li><li>Lithium, a medication for <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/mental-health/bipolar-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bipolar</a> and other mood disorders</li><li>Methazolamide (Neptazane), a glaucoma medication</li><li>Allopurinol (Aloprim, Zyloprim), which treats <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/what-is-gout" target="_blank" rel="noopener">gout</a></li><li>Paxlovid, the new medication for Covid</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>If you develop a metallic taste around the same time as starting one of these medications, talk to your doctor to determine if this is the cause.</p><p>If your medication is causing the issue, you can talk to your doctor about alternative medications.</p><p>If you cannot stop the medication you can <a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/common-causes-for-metallic-taste-in-your-mouth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">try tricks to cover the taste of metal</a>  like:</p><ul><li>Sucking on strong-tasting mints or lozenges</li><li>Sucking on ice</li><li>Eating foods like citrus fruits, maple syrup, or pickles</li></ul><h2><strong>3. Some multivitamins</strong></h2><p>"One of the most common causes of metallic taste in the mouth is ingestion of supplements," says <a href="https://www.lisalewismd.com/about-dr-lewis/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. Lisa Lewis</a>, a pediatrician in private practice.</p><p>Just like prescription medications, your body can excrete some of the unabsorbed minerals into your saliva, causing a chemical taste.</p><p>According to Lewis, some of the most common <a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/common-causes-for-metallic-taste-in-your-mouth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">culprits in multivitamins</a> include:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/iron-deficiency" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Iron</a></li><li>Chromium</li><li>Copper</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/foods-high-in-calcium" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Calcium</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/zinc-benefits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zinc</a></li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>If you're bothered by the metallic taste, you can talk with your doctor to see if there are alternative vitamins you can take that might have lower levels of these minerals.</p><p>If not, see the list above for tips on how to cover the taste. </p><h2><strong>4. Sinus infections</strong></h2><p>"A sinus or upper respiratory infection can lead to nasal congestion, which in turn can cause a metallic taste," Bhuyan says.</p><p>This happens for two main reasons:</p><p><strong>1.</strong> Heavy congestion can interfere with your sense of smell and perception of taste, Bhuyan says.</p><p><strong>2.</strong> Mucus from your nose may drain down the back of your throat, causing a metallic taste, Lewis says.</p><p>"Once the mucus resolves, the problem with altered taste will likely resolve," Lewis says.</p><p>Some of the other <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/sinus-infection.html#anchor_1566476062251" target="_blank" rel="noopener">common symptoms of respiratory infections</a> include:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/how-to-stop-a-runny-nose" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Runny or stuffy nose</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/types-of-headaches" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Headache</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/treatments/sore-throat-remedies" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sore throat</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/how-to-stop-coughing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cough</a></li><li>Facial pressure</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>Sinus and other respiratory infections often go away on their own without any treatment. But if your symptoms <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/sinus-infection.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">last longer than 10 days</a> or become severe, it's best to see your doctor, who can determine if you need treatment like antibiotics.</p><h2><strong>5. Cancer treatment</strong></h2><p>Some cancer treatments, like <a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/common-causes-for-metallic-taste-in-your-mouth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chemotherapy and radiation</a>, may also cause a metallic taste in your mouth. This is especially common if you're being treated for cancers of the head and neck.</p><p>"While the intention of the therapy is to target cancer cells, they can sometimes damage healthy oral cells and lead to a metallic taste," Bhuyan says.</p><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>During your cancer treatment, you can use strategies like sucking on mints to cover up the metallic taste.</p><p>"The good news is that our cells can regenerate and restore following these cancer treatments," Bhuyan says, so the metallic taste should go away once your treatment is over.</p><h2><strong>6. Pregnancy</strong></h2><p>You may develop a metallic taste when you're pregnant due to changes in your hormones, especially the increase in estrogen, Bhuyan says.</p><p>An increase in estrogen is responsible for dysguegia, which is an altered sense of taste or smell. This can impact the cells in your taste buds, triggering a metallic taste, Okeke-Igbokwe says.</p><p>Fun fact: This dysgeusia is the reason why pregnant people often report craving foods that they did not like before or being repulsed by their favorite dishes. </p><p>Some other <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/reproductive-health/pregnancy-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">common signs of early pregnancy</a> are:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/reproductive-health/why-is-my-period-late" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A late or missed period</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/home-remedies-for-nausea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nausea</a></li><li>Swollen, tender breasts </li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/why-am-i-peeing-so-much" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Urinating more often</a></li><li>Fatigue</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong> The metallic taste usually happens only during the first trimester of pregnancy. "Luckily, this often goes away by the second trimester," Bhuyan says.</p><h2><strong>7. </strong><strong style="color: #000000;">Dementia</strong></h2><p>Dementia is a condition caused by "degeneration of the brain, which alters the nerves of the brain," Lewis says.</p><p>This nerve damage may alter your sense of taste and trigger a metallic taste in your mouth, Lewis says.</p><p>Some other <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/aging/dementia/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">common signs of dementia</a> include:</p><ul><li>Memory problems</li><li>Difficulty communicating</li><li>Difficulty focusing</li><li>Problems with reasoning and judgment</li><li>Forgetting the name of a friend or family member</li><li>Getting lost in a familiar place</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>Dementia is treated differently based on the underlying cause of the condition. The most common reason for dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which has no cure, but can be slowed with medication.</p><h2><strong>8. Allergies</strong></h2><p>"Not all food allergies cause a metallic taste, but some food allergies, such as shellfish or tree nuts, can cause a metallic taste," Bhuyan says.</p><p>Often, a metallic taste is linked to a more severe food allergy, which can turn into a serious reaction called anaphylaxis, Bhuyan says.</p><p>Some <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anaphylaxis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351468" target="_blank" rel="noopener">other signs of anaphylaxis</a> include:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/hives-vs-rash" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hives and itchy skin</a></li><li>Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea</li><li>Feeling dizzy or fainting</li><li>Swollen tongue</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/labored-breathing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Difficulty breathing</a></li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>If you have serious food allergies, it's good to always have an epinephrine pen with you, which can help treat an anaphylactic reaction, Bhuyan says.</p><p>If your symptoms continue after using an epinephrine pen, or if you're unable to breathe, get medical help immediately, as these symptoms can be life threatening.</p><h2><strong>9. Kidney disease</strong></h2><p>People who have chronic kidney disease (CKD) may also<a href="https://health.clevelandclinic.org/common-causes-for-metallic-taste-in-your-mouth/"> develop a metallic taste</a> in their mouths, Okeke-Igbokwe says.</p><p>This is because as your kidney function worsens, you may have a buildup of urea in your blood — urea is a naturally occurring chemical usually found in your urine.</p><p>This urea buildup "may contribute to the metallic taste in the mouth that those with CKD experience," Okeke-Igbokwe says.</p><p>Some <a href="https://www.insider.com/signs-of-kidney-problem-2019-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">other signs of kidney disease</a> include:</p><ul><li>Urinating more or less often than usual</li><li>Fatigue</li><li>Dizziness</li><li>Memory problems</li><li>Blood in urine</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/lower-back-pain-causes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lower back pain</a></li><li>Swelling in eyes, hands, or feet</li></ul><p><strong>How to treat it: </strong>Your doctor can help determine the best treatment for kidney disease, depending on what's causing the problem.</p><p>For example, you may need treatment for conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure, which can trigger kidney disease.</p><p>Very severe kidney disease may require treatments like dialysis or even a kidney transplant.</p><h2><strong>Insider's takeaway</strong></h2><p>There are many reasons why you might experience a metallic taste in your mouth.</p><p>"Some reasons may be benign in nature, while other causes may be due to a serious health condition," Okeke-Igbokwe says.</p><p>"If you have a metallic taste in your mouth, it's important to not ignore it," Bhuyan says. Contact your doctor to determine if you have an underlying condition that needs treatment.</p>

The mysterious metallic taste in your mouth could be caused by one of these 9 things

<h2></h2><ul class="summary-list"><li>The benefits of hyaluronic acid include its ability to heal wounds, relieve joint pain, and support bone <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health">health</keyword>. </li><li>Applying topical hyaluronic acid keeps your skin hydrated, resulting in plumper skin with fewer visible wrinkles. </li><li>Hyaluronic acid injections can also keep joints well-lubricated and is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis.</li></ul><p>Hyaluronic acid, or hyaluronan, is a natural substance that helps to hold water in the body and keeps our skin, eyes, and joints hydrated. You can also use it as topical, oral, or injectable treatment for wounds, chronic pain, or aging skin. </p><p>Here's everything you need to know about hyaluronic acid and how it can benefit your health. </p><h2>What is hyaluronic acid?</h2><p>"Hyaluronic acid is a very common material in the human body. It's made up of something called ground substance," says <a href="https://www.linplasticsurgery.com/about/dr-samuel-lin/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Samuel Lin, MD, </a>a board-certified plastic surgeon and associate professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School. </p><p><a href="https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/vethisto/chapter/3-ground-substance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ground substance</a> is a gel-like material that fills the space between fibers and cells in our tissues and cartilage. It's crucial for the proper development of connective tissues and cartilage. It also provides support and promotes the proper binding of cells and fibers in our tissues. </p><p>Ground substances like hyaluronic acid have the ability to retain a lot of moisture. Research shows that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970829/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one gram of hyaluronic acid can hold up to six liters of water.</a> About 50% of the hyaluronic acid in our bodies can be found in the skin, where it promotes moisture retention. It can also be found in the joints and eyes where it helps to keep them well lubricated.</p><p>As we age, the hyaluronic acid our body naturally produces starts to deplete. You can boost its production by using a synthetic form of hyaluronic acid, which is <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijcc/2013/624967/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">manufactured</a> from animal tissue or through bacterial fermentation. </p><p>Hyaluronic acid comes in many different forms — including serums, supplements, eye drops, facial products, and injectables — and using it may offer the following health benefits: </p><h2>Hyaluronic acid helps heal wounds</h2><p>When you are injured, your body ramps up the production of hyaluronic acid. This is because it's essential for the regulation of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583886/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">several aspects of the wound healing process</a>. It has been proven to regulate inflammation and cellular migration, and boost the development of new blood vessels, which are the main phases of wound healing. </p><p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17173469/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In a small 2006 study</a>, participants with trauma wounds, <a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-treat-burns-at-home" target="_blank" rel="noopener">burns</a>, and dermabrasions were administered hyaluronic acid as either a cream or dressing to their wounds. By the sixth application, researchers noticed a 70% reduction in the surface area of the participants' wounds, and 56% of the participants' wounds were also completely healed.</p><p>In a<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2012.00777.x" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 2012 review</a> on the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in healing burns, surgical wounds, and ulcers, researchers also found that the use of hyaluronic acid promoted faster healing of wounds. </p><h2>Hyaluronic acid has anti-aging properties</h2> <p>Hyaluronic acid is a great addition to many skin care products because of its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583886/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anti-aging properties</a>. It helps to prevent the skin from aging by keeping it well hydrated. This results in plumper looking skin with fewer wrinkles. You can either use pure topical hyaluronic acid serums or <keyword id="110679" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="skincare">skincare</keyword> products that include it as one of its top ingredients.</p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3970829/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In a small 2014 study,</a> researchers monitored the effect of topical hyaluronic acid in treating wrinkles and improving skin hydration and elasticity. Researchers observed a significant improvement in the appearance and elasticity of the participants' skins after eight weeks of treatment.</p><p>Injectable hyaluronic acid can also be used as facial fillers to improve the appearance of the skin on your face. "It replaces the soft-tissue volume loss that occurs with aging, especially in the face," says Lin. "Over time the tissues in the face atrophy and thin. Hyaluronic acid can be used as fillers to help with facial rejuvenation. The longevity of these fillers varies from person to person. It lasts three to six months, on average, but it can be a little shorter or a little longer."</p><h2>Hyaluronic acid may relieve joint pain</h2><p>Oral hyaluronic acid is believed to help relieve joint pain by providing <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729158/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">adequate lubrication</a> for the joints when injected. </p><p>For our joints to remain in working condition, they need to stay well lubricated. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788189/#:~:text=Normally%2C%20synovial%20fluid%20contains%20high,preserving%20the%20normal%20cartilaginous%20matrix.&amp;text=HA%20is%20a%20polysaccharide%20produced%20by%20the%20chondrocytes%20and%20synoviocytes.tes." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Synovial fluid</a>, a thick liquid found between your joints, keeps them lubricated. Hyaluronic acid is a major component of synovial fluid.</p><p>In fact, a<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjmf.2013.0174" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> small 2015 study</a> found that participants with chronic joint pain experienced a reduction in pain scores within two weeks of taking oral hyaluronic acid daily. </p><p>Research also shows that hyaluronic acid is a great treatment for osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of arthritis. Hyaluronic acid injections have been <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28627937/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA</a>) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.</p><p>"It's relatively safe for people to inject ground substances like hyaluronic acid into the joints for pain relief," says Lin. "No one has a very strong working knowledge of how exactly hyaluronic acid does this. It does help to replace the soft tissue in the joints, thereby providing better cushioning and reducing friction."</p><h2>Hyaluronic acid supports bone health</h2><p>Hyaluronic acid has shown promising benefits for improving bone health in humans. It plays a vital role in the formation of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24394983/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hyaline cartilage</a>, which provides support and flexibility to the bones in your nose, ribs, and ears. It also covers the ends of long bones, cushioning the bones from degradation and fiction.</p><p>In recent years, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813019366255" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research has found</a> that hyaluronic acid may also help in bone regeneration. It does this by triggering the regulation of cell behavior, leading to faster bone formation.<a href="https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bor/v32/1807-3107-bor-32-e084.pdf"> </a></p><p><a href="https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bor/v32/1807-3107-bor-32-e084.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A small 2018 study</a> observed the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid on bone repair in human dental sockets. In the study, two molar teeth were extracted from each participant, leaving open sockets. One was filled with a 1% hyaluronic acid gel, while the other was allowed to clot naturally. After 30 days, the bone socket treated with hyaluronic gel showed a higher percentage of bone formation compared to the one which was allowed to heal naturally. </p><h2>How to use hyaluronic acid</h2><p>If you want to use hyaluronic acid for skin health benefits, then topical creams or gels are your best bet. Oral hyaluronic acid supplements are better for relieving joint pain and improving bone health. And if you have chronic joint pain that is not responding to painkillers, then <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/hyaluronic-acid-injection-route/description/drg-20074557" target="_blank" rel="noopener">injections</a> may work for you.</p><p>In some cases, people might experience an allergic reaction to hyaluronic acid. If you are using it topically, it's important to try a patch test first. If you are using supplements, injections, or any other forms and notice any itching, swelling, or pain then you should discontinue use right away and speak to a doctor. </p><h2>Insider's takeaway</h2><p>Hyaluronic acid is beneficial in many ways. It can be used to relieve joint pain, help heal wounds, and aid bone health. It is also popular for its anti-aging properties, and is a great addition to many skincare products. However, some people might experience allergies or intolerances while using hyaluronic acid, so make sure to check with your doctor before trying it out. </p><h2 id="related-articles-from-health-reference:">Related articles from <a href="https://www.insider.com/health-reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Reference</a>:</h2><ul><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/what-causes-dry-skin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The causes of dry skin, from hot showers to winter weather</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-get-rid-of-eczema" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3 ways to get rid of eczema and prevent flare-ups</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/what-is-sun-poisoning" target="_blank" rel="noopener">What is sun poisoning and what makes it different from sunburn</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/what-causes-freckles" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ever wonder what causes freckles? Here's how they form</a></strong></li><li><strong><a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-get-rid-of-sunburn-blisters" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to get rid of sunburn blisters with aloe, a cool compress, and more</a></strong></li></ul>

How hyaluronic acid may help fight signs of aging, heal wounds, and benefit your bone and joint health

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Stephen McCarthy/Sportsfile via Getty Images</span></p><p class="caption">Apple's Screet Time feature and similar efforts don't address the underlying problem   of attention manipulation, said Tristan Harris, one of the tech industry's leading critics.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/tristan-harris">Tristan Harris</a> is happy that companies like Apple and Google are starting to focus on their customers' well-being.</li><li>But efforts such as Apple's Screen Time are a bit misguided, because they don't address the underlying problem of attention manipulation, said Harris, the cofounder of the Center for Humane Technology.</li><li>Instead of giving consumers tools to monitor how much they use their devices and apps, tech companies ought to be encouraging users to do other things that are more fulfilling, he said.</li><li>Business Insider named Harris to its list of the 100 people transforming business. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-100-people-transforming-the-world-of-business-2019-4"> See the full list here</a>.</li></ul><p>Tristan Harris is encouraged by the big tech companies' recent focus on the well-being of their customers.</p><p>Encouraged, but truth be told, not all that impressed.</p><p>The problem with efforts such as the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-screen-time-showed-me-i-use-my-iphone-way-too-much-2018-6">Screen Time feature</a> Apple added to the iPhone and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/smartphone-addiction-google-android-p-app-time-limits-2018-5">similar ones that Google added to Android</a> is that the companies don't seem to understand and aren't really addressing the underlying problem, said Harris, a cofounder of the Center for Humane Technology and one of the tech industry's leading critics.</p><p>"I want to applaud the direction, but I think we have to get the diagnosis right," he told Business Insider in a recent interview.</p><p>Harris has repeatedly called out tech companies for exploiting what he calls the attention economy. For years, those companies have designed their products to take advantage of their customers' innate human mental proclivities and shortcomings to manipulate them into spending increasing amounts of time with those apps and services, he said. As Harris <a href="http://minimizedistraction.com/">has detailed</a>, design features such a "refresh to reload" systems and so-called infinite scroll pages play on users' basic instincts, getting them to devote more of their time and attention to particular products and services.</p><p><em><strong>Read this</strong>: </em><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tristan-harris-says-tech-has-taken-only-baby-steps-toward-reform-2019-4"><em>AN UNLIKELY REVOLUTIONARY: How Tristan Harris went from working at Apple and Google to consulting with heads of state about how to reform Silicon Valley</em></a></p><h2>Giving customers usage data won't "magically" solve the problem</h2><p>The companies now seem to think they can empower users to counter that manipulation in part by giving them more information on the time they're spending on their devices and apps, Harris said. But that's an "under-informed" approach, he said.</p><p>The thinking seems to be that if users just saw the data, "they would magically start to operate differently," Harris said. "And this is clearly not true, unfortunately."</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>BI</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Similarly misguided are the features that allow users to set limits on the time they spend on their devices or apps, he said. Such features don't address the underlying need or basic desire that users seem to have to interact with such products, he said.</p><p>"If the person is feeling the kind of anxiety and novelty-seeking craving in their lower nervous system that causes them to reach for their phone the second time this last 60 seconds ... it's not because they just need a seat belt or ... [need] a limit that says, 'don't do that,'" Harris said.</p><p>So what might actually counter the attention manipulation schemes?</p><h2>Designers should encourage users to do things that are fulfilling</h2><p>In general, designers should focus on having their products encourage people to make time in their lives for the activities that they find "regenerative" and that help them connect with the people around them, Harris said. That's going to take something other than asking them to set simple time limits, he said. The most effective counter to addiction is connection, not sobriety, he said, paraphrasing author Johann Hari.</p><p>When you focus on the things that are fulfilling to you, that connect and regenerate you, "you come back from that experience not feeling as twitchy for that next dopamine fix" from our phone or app, Harris said.</p><p>Harris also offered a practical design suggestion that companies and developers could incorporate into their products to help counter the attention manipulation. They could introduce into infinite scroll systems, like Facebook's News Feed, a randomized delay. As users scrolled through such systems, the feeds or pages would, at an unpredictable point, just start getting slower to scroll through.</p><p>You would "start to feel frustrated with how long it's taking, and you just start to give up," he said. "That would work. It wouldn't stop the whole problem, but it would work better than a reminder that says, 'Hey, it's been exactly ... an hour and 23 minutes.'"</p><p>But that's just one idea. Harris is confident companies and designers can and will come up with plenty more to address the problems of the attention economy.</p><p>"This is the opening inning of, hopefully, a whole reformation of the way we design these products to be sensitive to human nature," he said. </p><p><em><strong>Got a tip about the tech industry or a tech company?</strong> Contact this reporter via email at twolverton@businessinsider.com, message him on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/troywolv/">@troywolv</a>, or send him a secure message through Signal at 415.515.5594. You can also <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-tip-business-insider-securely-guide-signal-securedrop-2017-6"> contact Business Insider securely via SecureDrop</a>.</em></p><ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more about the tech industry's darker side and the backlash against it:</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-is-blocking-ads-for-womens-health-products-2019-3" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">Facebook reportedly blocks ads for vaginal dryness treatments while allowing those for erectile dysfunction medications</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elizabeth-warren-call-to-break-up-amazon-google-is-a-real-threat-2019-3" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">Elizabeth Warren pulled a ninja move to turn tech angst into a crackdown with real teeth, and tech is going to suffer even if she's not president</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-apple-tim-cook-china-privacy-human-rights-2019-3" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">Mark Zuckerberg paints a biting contrast between Facebook and Apple on privacy, saying his company has sacrificed business to protect users</a></li><li> </li></ul><p class="tagline">Get the latest Google stock price<a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/GOOG-Quote"> here.</a></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-boring-company-tunnel-projects-biggest-challenge-2019-4">Elon Musk's biggest challenge won't be Tesla or SpaceX - here's why</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

One of the tech industry's leading critics says Apple and Google's new 'screen time' features will never work because they ignore the underlying problem

<p><strong>Welcome to Finance Insider, Business Insider's summary of the top stories of the past 24 hours. Sign up here to <a href="http://e.businessinsider.com/join/ci/finance-insider-social-first&amp;hash=36afac95fa844948a9f363295d512fca">get the best of Business Insider delivered direct to your inbox</a></strong></p><p><strong>One dirty word keeps popping up as Wall Street weighs the next market crash </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/next-market-crash-one-word-keeps-popping-up-that-should-scare-investors-2018-8">What use is a killer trade idea if actually executing it is like pulling teeth?</a></p><p>This is a question investors will likely have to start asking themselves, if they haven't already.</p><p>At the root of the issue is a dirty word that's been showing up in<span> </span><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/wall-street" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wall Street<span> </span></a>commentary with frighteningly increased regularity:<span> </span><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/liquidity" target="_blank" rel="noopener">liquidity</a></p><p><span>For context, when these experts discuss the subject, they're referring to the </span><em>lack<span> </span></em><span>of liquidity - and the myriad problems created when investors are unable to trade without distorting markets. When liquidity is constrained, volatility increases. And when price swings get crazier, that's when huge losses happen.</span></p><p><span>And no matter where you look in the market, liquidity is evaporating. This is especially true in the US, where <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/federal-reserve" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Federal Reserve</a> tightening measures are quite literally siphoning off the supply of fresh capital. As other global central banks look to end accommodation, the situation will compound.</span></p><p><strong>Inside the struggle at the top of Citigroup's equities unit</strong></p><p>Armando Diaz didn't see it coming.</p><p>One Friday in March this year, Diaz, who'd joined Citigroup two years earlier as its global head of cash trading and helped the bank claw back equities market share from competitors, was suddenly summoned to his boss's office hours before US stock markets would open.</p><p>In an office looking out on the third-level trading floor, where baseball bats stand in a corner and a bottle of whiskey sits on a shelf, Citi's global equities co-head Dan Keegan delivered the news: Diaz was<span> </span><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/citigroup-is-losing-armando-diaz-head-of-global-cash-equity-trading-2018-3">out of a job.</a></p><p>For months, Diaz and Keegan had gone back and forth over Citigroup's central risk book (CRB), a desk where technology aggregates risk across dozens of traders so it can be actively managed. The CRB was led by an executive called Peter Lambrakis, but the profit and losses of the book had been Diaz's responsibility, a tension-inducing mismatch. And Diaz and Keegan couldn't agree on how the CRB should be positioned.</p><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/citigroup-management-battle-shows-central-risk-book-rise-2018-7">More here.</a></p><p><strong>Samumed, a $12 billion startup, just raised even more funding as it plots an IPO</strong></p><p>Samumed, a private biotech that's racked up the heady valuation of $12 billion, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/samumed-raises-438-million-at-12-billion-valuation-2018-8">just raised an additional $438 million.</a></p><p>The company is developing a pipeline of what could be revolutionary treatments to regenerate hair, skin, bones, and joints. The funding will be used to move those treatments further along in development and potentially to approval.</p><p>"We are now in a fortunate position to both move our later stage programs to commercialization, as well as expand on our earlier stage science and clinical portfolio," Samumed CEO Osman Kibar <a href="https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/08/06/1547385/0/en/Samumed-Closes-on-438-Million-in-Equity-Financing.html#.W2hAgBcRwt0.twitter">said in a statement on Monday<span> </span></a>.</p><p>The company had previously raised funding from backers including <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/samumed-ceo-on-valuation-2016-5">high-net worth individuals<span> </span></a>and sovereign funds rather than venture capital. Samumed's chief business officer Erich Horsley<span> </span><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/samumeds-plans-to-go-public-2018-5">said in May </a>that the company could go public in the next three to four years.</p><p><strong>Goldman Sachs is set to promote a top exec to co-head the securities division</strong></p><p>It pays to be close to the man ascending the throne.</p><p>Goldman Sachs is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-names-esposito-co-head-of-securities-division-2018-8">expected to name Jim Esposito to help run the securities division, </a>elevating an executive considered to be within incoming CEO David Solomon's inner circle, according to a person with knowledge of the appointment. Esposito will join Ashok Varadhan as co-head of the department that helps clients trade stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities.<span> </span><br /><br />Esposito's announcement will likely come soon and may be made public as early as Monday morning.<span> </span></p><p><strong>PepsiCo's first female CEO is stepping down after 12 years</strong></p><p><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/pep-stock">PepsiCo<span> </span></a>CEO Indra Nooyi is stepping down after 12 years, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pepsi-ceo-indra-nooyi-stepping-down-2018-8">company announced on Monday.</a></p><p>She will be replaced by the company's president, Ramon Laguarta, according to a<span> </span><a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ramon-laguarta-elected-chief-executive-officer-of-pepsico-300692255.html">statement<span> </span></a>. He will be the beverage maker's sixth CEO.</p><p>Nooyi was the first female CEO in the company's history. Her run will end October 3 after 24 years with Pepsi, and she'll remain chair of the board through early 2019, the company said.</p><p><strong>In markets news</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sebastien-page-t-rowe-price-asset-allocation-on-huge-threat-investors-are-ignoring-2018-8">A $300 billion asset manager says investors are overlooking a huge threat that's building right in front of their eyes</a></p></li></ul>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chase-cards-ceo-on-sapphire-reserve-card-and-business-outlook-2018-7">Why the Chase Cards CEO is not worried about the hundreds of millions lost last quarter due to credit card rewards</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

What you need to know on Wall Street today

<br />
The very word “stem cell” connotes an elixir cure. It has been part of science fiction tales, but today it is a reality.<br />
<br /> As per a report by Forbes, surprisingly, India is considered to be in the forefront in <keyword id="6529759" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Stem-cell">stem cell</keyword> research and its use. Considerable work has been done not only by private organisations, but also by the Government of India. The government has, through the Department of Biotechnology, granted over Rs 300 crore over the previous five years to be used in basic and applied research in stem cell technology.<br />
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In comparison to other countries, including the United States, where even today no Federal funding is available for new cell lines, India has more liberal rules and regulations governing stem cell research.<br />
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Why all the hype on stem cell research? Stem cells are immature cells that can be induced to transform into tissue- or organ-specific cells. Scientists have been researching on both animal and human stem cells.<br />
<br /> Stem cells are classified as per their source. They are <keyword id="401293" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Embryonic-stem-cells">Embryonic Stem Cells</keyword> (ES) from early human embryos, for example, fetal stem cells from aborted foetus; adult stem cells from tissues, skin and bone marrow; cord blood cells from umbilical cord and even adipose (fatty) tissue.<br />
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The idea behind stem cell application is to grow new skin, tissue and organs. Of particular interest is the potential in treatment of irreversible and degenerative diseases such as heart problems, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson.<br />
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Research on applications is on regeneration of damaged muscles due to heart attack, stroke or cornea damage. In India, where the incidence of blindness is high (over 12 million people), stem cell applications for regeneration of corneas is particularly important. Dental stem cell research hopes to be able to regenerate teeth and dentin.<br />
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However, the brouhaha is on the research using human embryo stem cells. Social, ethical and cultural values and issues at times work against stem cell research. Fears of cloning and misuse had led to governments in almost all countries including India (in 2004) banning reproductive cloning, but permitting therapeutic cloning.<br />
<br /> The Indian Council for Medical Research (<keyword id="6364396" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="ICMR">ICMR</keyword>) and Department of Biotechnology have laid down the new ICMR-DBT draft guidelines on stem cell research, updating the 2007 guidelines. They have also sought to regulate the compensation towards injury due to participation in clinical research through the CDSCO draft. It also emphasises on the production of stem cells as per the current GMP (good manufacturing practice) conditions.<br />
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The Health Ministry, after the first 2007 guidelines on stem cell research, set up two regulatory bodies, NAC-SCRT (National Apex Committee for Stem Cell Research) and IC-SCRT (Institutional Committee for Stem Cell Research).<br />
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Under the new guidelines, all research and clinical trials have to be registered with and obtain prior permission and approval of the NAC-SCRT. The new guidelines also specify that only stem cell research, basic and translational, is permitted but not therapy. It permits therapy usage in patients only through approved and fully-monitored clinical trials. Stem cells cannot be used as therapy.<br />
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Under ICMR and DBT, the government has set up several stem cell research institutions all over the country and they have been doing valuable research.<br />
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The National Centre for Cell Research, Pune, has worked on stem cell transdifferentiation into pancreatic islets. Research at AIIMS, PGI Chandigarh, is on retinal degeneration and stroke, CLRI, Chennai, on tissue engineering and nano technologies.<br />
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NIIH has been able to differentiate umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes or cardiac muscles.<br />
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The National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) in Bangalore, part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, also works closely with the government.<br />
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The Government of India also set up CSCR in 2008 in collaboration with Christian Medical College, Vellore, with the intention of using stem cell science for understanding human diseases and development of stem cell-based therapies. Interestingly, it also runs a training programme for scientists and students of stem cell research.<br />
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CSCR will also carry out clinical trials with stem cells produced under current good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions.<br />
<br />
The private sector consisting of hospitals and private research foundations have not lagged behind. The pioneering work by Reliance Life Sciences in the development of hES cell lines has made it a major player. It has been given permission to use on a large scale stem cells sourced from the patient’s body for therapy. The LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, has developed corneal limbal stem cells. Sankara Nethralaya Stem Cell Research Center, Chennai, is working on retinal and corneal stem cell application and immunoregulatory properties of stem cells.<br />
<br />
Hospitals such as Dr KM Cherian’s research facility in Medville have used stem cells from bone marrow to help regenerate the heart.<br />
Rules permit the usage of one’s own banked stem cells and several storage facilities such as Life Cell, Reliance Life Sciences, Cryobanks International and Stemade for dental stem cell storage have come up.<br />

Stem Cell
Research In India Surges Ahead

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sleeping_people_in_art#/media/File:Max_Todt_Nach_der_Jagd.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></p><p class="caption">Don't wake up on the wrong side of the bed.</p></div><p></p></div></div>Sleep is kind of a big deal.</p><p>The more quality shut eye you get, the more refreshed you'll be in the morning. In turn, that'll set you up to effectively tackle the challenges of your day.</p><p>On the opposite end, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-answers-all-your-questions-about-sleep-2016-4/">as Arianna Huffington told Business Insider</a>, there's a direct correlation between sleep deprivation and an increase in stress and negative health effects.</p><p>That's why it's important to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bedtime-rituals-will-pay-off-forever-2016-8">adopt some positive bedtime rituals</a> to ensure you're making the most of your sleep.</p><p>People who've gotten mired in unhealthy sleep habits are basically sabotaging their future.</p><p>Here are some disastrous sleep-related habits that you should avoid:</p><h2>1. Forgetting to plan out the next day</h2><p>By creating a game plan for the next day, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/what-successful-people-do-before-breakfast-2016-8">you're ensuring that you'll have a smoother morning</a>. Unsuccessful people waste the night away without thinking of tomorrow at all. This disorganization will likely carry into the next day.</p><p>Heck, it's fine to plan things out on the fly every once in a while. However, if you really want to make the most of your time, sticking to a routine is a good idea.</p><h2>2. Not reflecting before going to bed</h2><p>Unsuccessful people may not see the need to reflect, or they might simply feel that their lives are too hectic to squeeze a few minutes of silence in.</p><p>Of course, you probably don't have a ton of time during the day to sit down and contemplate you're life. That's why establishing a time for reflection right before bed is a great idea. This practice will help you become a more mindful, grateful person.</p><h2>3. Bringing technology into the bedroom</h2><p>Unsuccessful people wreak havoc on their own sleep cycles by refusing to put away their phones before bed.</p><p>The Huffington Post cofounder <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-how-to-sleep-well">advises everyone to turn off their screens before bed</a>. The bright blue lights mess with your head and make it harder to fall asleep, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/can-iphone-night-shift-help-you-sleep-2016-3">according to Erin Brodwin writing for Business Insider</a>. This also means switching over to paper books for any late-night reading.</p><p>Checking Twitter one last time isn't worth wrecking your Circadian rhythm.</p><h2>4. Dwelling on the past</h2><p>It's easy to fall into the trap of replaying negative situations from the day that you wish you had handled differently. Unsuccessful people dwell on the negativity, thus creating more stress and unhappiness.</p><h2>5. Worrying about tomorrow</h2><p>Unsuccessful people don't just dwell on the past - they agonize over the future. It's totally fine to get worried about a major upcoming event every once in a while. However, if you're spending every night laying in bed dreading the future, that's a bad sign. Your negativity is most likely hurting your overall mindset, not to mention your ability to get any shut eye.</p><h2>6. Neglecting hygiene</h2><p>This one should go without saying, but get into a good hygiene routine before bed. Brush (<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/effective-tooth-flossing-recommendation-study-debate-health-benefits-help-2016-8">and floss - we don't care what the government says</a>) your teeth. Shower regularly. Don't neglect yourself.</p><p>Unsuccessful people struggle to maintain any consistent nighttime rituals, even basic ones like brushing their teeth regularly. You're definitely not setting yourself up for success if you're not taking care of yourself.</p><p>"When stress rises and becomes cumulative during the day, it's much harder to fall asleep at night because it's harder to slow down and quiet our brains. So, the key here is to recognize that and to create a ritual for going to sleep," <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-answers-all-your-questions-about-sleep-2016-4/#-4">Huffington told Business Insider</a>. Following a bedtime rituals signals that it's time for rest.</p><p>Huffington said she likes to have a hot bath every night as a "kind of washing away the day."</p><h2>7. Drinking caffeine after 2 p.m.</h2><p>"It's kind of obvious, but it bears repeating: caffeine just before bed is never a good idea," <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">Huffington told Business Insider</a>.</p><p>When researching her book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sleep-Revolution-Transforming-Your-Night/dp/1101904003?&amp;tag=bisafetynet-20">The Sleep Revolution</a>," she consulted numerous doctors, who recommended not consuming caffeine after 2 p.m. "You know, I love my coffee, but now I have it in the morning," she said.</p><h2>8. Having a nightcap</h2><p>When researching her sleep manifesto, Huffington also consulted a number of sleep specialists for tips. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">She said</a> one of her favorites is avoiding alcohol right before bedtime.</p><p>"We think having a nightcap, having a drink, is going to relax us and be like a sedative. And it does act like a sedative at the beginning - but then shortly after we fall asleep, it changes allegiances," <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">she said</a>.</p><p><a href="http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm#dreaming">The National Institute of Health would agree</a>: it finds that alcohol robs you of <em>quality</em> sleep by keeping you in the lighter stages of sleep from which you can be awakened easily, and by preventing you from falling into deeper, more restorative stages of sleep.</p><h2>9. Eating a late-night snack</h2><p>Snacking within three hours of bedtime will also ruin your shut eye and make you fatter, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-late-can-you-eat-dinner-2016-7">according to Tech Insider</a>.</p><p>"If we have a big meal and then go straight to bed, our sleep is not going to be as restorative because our digestive system is occupied digesting, instead of being able to slow down and recharge for the next day," <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">Huffington said</a>.</p><p>She points to sugar as one of the worst late-night snacks and suggests, instead, something soothing like herbal tea.</p><h2>10. Letting in the light</h2><p>Huffington said another "absolute no-no" is letting any kind of light in the room.</p><p>Whether it's the light streaming through your blinds from the streetlamp next to your window, or the blinking lights from the TV, phone, or even the smoke detector, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">Huffington said</a> all of these lights are preventing you from getting much deeper, restorative sleep.</p><p>She said that she always covers these lights, even when traveling, either with black-out curtains, black tape, or a towel.</p><p>"I promise you, your sleep is going to be so much deeper, and so much more restorative, that it's totally worth it," <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/arianna-huffington-sleep-revolution-caffeine-alcohol-food-sugar-2016-4">she said</a>.</p><h2>11. Not keeping regular sleep hours</h2><p>Unsuccessful people are all over the place when it comes to sleep. Having a wildly varying sleep schedule throws off your whole Circadian rhythm and can really take a toll on your professional and personal life - you really don't want to be that employee that's always running late and sleeping in.</p><h2>12. Not getting enough sleep</h2><p>Unsuccessful people might reason that they don't have enough time to get enough shut eye. They've got their priorities completely wrong.</p><p>Getting enough sleep is <em>imperative</em> to your health. Numerous studies have linked poor sleeping habits with all sorts of health problems. For example, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-more-evidence-poor-sleep-habits-may-raise-diabetes-risk-2016-7">Reuters previously reported</a> that men who don't get enough sleep are more at risk for diabetes.</p><h2>13. Cranking up the heat</h2><p>If you want to be as snug as a bug in a rug, you might be inclined to crank up the heat in your bedroom as much as possible. However, even if you're chilled easily, this is actually a bad move.</p><p><a href="http://time.com/3602415/sleep-problems-room-temperature/">As Markham Heid reported for Time</a>, "... a drop in your core temperature triggers your body's 'let's hit the sack' systems, shows research from the Center for Chronobiology in Switzerland (and a lot of other places.) Some new research from the National Institutes of Health also suggests that sleeping in a cool room could have some calorie-burning health benefits."</p><p>So if you're looking to fall asleep and keep off the pounds, don't crank up the thermostat.</p><h2>14. Pulling all-nighters and sleeping over the weekends</h2><p>This one's pretty straight forward - staying up all night is usually a bad idea (looking at you, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqAvFx3NxUM">Lionel Richie</a>).</p><p>However, sometimes life gets crazy. You might be tempted to stay up late during the week and "make up" sleep over the weekend. <a href="https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/225741">However, as Jane Porter reported in Entrepreneur</a>, this could really backfire, according to University of North Texas psychology professor Daniel Taylor: "When you go to bed and wake up at drastically different hours, you disturb your circadian rhythm - the 24-hour cycle linked to brain activity, hormone production and cell regeneration."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/snooze-alarm-clock-button-sleep-expert-2016-11">Why you shouldn't hit the snooze button in the morning - according to a sleep expert</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="01djNoMjE6aw77Hl7JtwWfuCqzPdR_CZ" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

14 bedtime habits of unsuccessful people

<p><em><strong>Warning: Graphic images below. </strong></em></p>
<p>When Dallas Wiens was in his early twenties, he was painting the outside of a church when his head hit a high-voltage wire. Most of his face was burned off on contact; what was left was mostly destroyed through multiple surgeries to save his life.</p>
<p>"He was left without lips, eyes, ears, and a nose," <a href="http://www.adweek.com/news/press/tabloid-harassment-130875" target="_blank">writes Janon Fisher in Adweek</a>.</p>
<p>For two years, he lived without a face, with just a small opening where his mouth had once been. Then he qualified for a full facial transplant at Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital - the first such surgery in the country. Now, after his 15-hour transplant, follow-up surgeries, and years of rehabilitation, Wiens has a full, rich life again.</p>
<p>"There is life after tragedy," he <a href="http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/full-face-transplant-patient-u-s-thrives-years-article-1.1537620" target="_blank">said recently</a>. "My entire life is a miracle."</p>
<p>Here's Wiens before the surgery:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>LM Otero / AP</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>Here he is two years after the successful transplantation:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Paul Beaty / AP</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>
<h2>A controversial surgery</h2>
<p>Severe electrical burns like Wiens suffered, can lead to a loss of facial function and even facial features. Chemical burns, animal attacks, cancer, dog bites, and other terrifying accidents can leave people similarly disfigured. Until recently, there was little recourse beyond a series of partial reconstructions that would leave severe scars and deformities. Yet facial transplantation remains rare, in part because it is still very controversial.</p>
<p>"Unlike solid organ transplantation, which is potentially life-saving, facial transplantation is life-changing," write the authors of a new review in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361362632X" target="_blank">The Lancet</a>. People in need of a face transplant may suffer greatly, but most wouldn't die without the surgery.</p>
<p>Because it subjects otherwise-healthy people to a risky procedure and a lifetime of immunosuppressive drugs, facial transplants have generated "ethical concerns." Despite the procedure's successes, there have been serious complications. There have also been three deaths, though just one - in a patient who had simultaneously had a transplant of both hands - was directly tied to post-surgery complications.</p>
<p>Facial transplantation is so complex, costly (about <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361362632X" target="_blank">$300,000</a>), and risky, that since 2005, when the first one was performed, there have only been a total of 28 - just 11 of them full facial transplants.</p>
<p>Here's how Dr. Lawrence K. Altman describes the unbelievably complicated process in <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/29/health/an-about-face-on-a-risky-transplant.html" target="_blank">The New York Times</a>:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">One team removes the face and underlying tissues from a donor, while a second team removes the damaged portions of the recipient's face. Bone, if needed, is attached first. Then four major arteries and veins, two on each side of the upper neck, are attached as quickly as possible. Once blood flows to nourish the new face, surgeons can take more time to stitch nerves, muscles, other soft tissues and finally the skin. As the graft heals and nerves regenerate, rehabilitation to relearn speaking and other tasks begins; monitoring for rejection lasts a lifetime.</p>
<p>The image below shows a computer model generated to help the surgeons with planning the before (A) and after (B). The bottom panel shows the actual patient, before and after surgery. As can be seen in the photo below, this transplant involved the whole middle of the face - including teeth, tongue, and jaw:</p>
<h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361362632X">The Lancet</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>A whole new face</h2>
<p>Early critics of the procedure worried that the new face would look just like the deceased donor's, but those fears turned out to be mostly unfounded.</p>
<p>The post-operation face of the recipient "is a pretty unique blend of the recipient and the donor," NYU Langone's Dr. Eduardo D. Rodriguez, senior author of the review, told <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/29/health/an-about-face-on-a-risky-transplant.html" target="_blank">The Times</a>. "It is not as if you would recognize the donor walking down the street."</p>
<p>Most importantly, the transplants have been transformative - and not just physically. "Conventional reconstructive techniques can fall short of restoring form and function to patients with complex facial deformity," Rodriguez and his co-authors write in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361362632X" target="_blank">The Lancet</a>.</p>
<p>Facial transplant recipients, meanwhile, "have regained their ability to eat, drink, speak more intelligibly, smell, smile and blink," <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/29/health/an-about-face-on-a-risky-transplant.html" target="_blank">writes Altman</a>. "Many have emerged from ostracism and depression."</p>
<p>In cases where people are physically disfigured beyond recognition and functionally unable to do some of the most basic human things, a facial transplant offers not just a new face, but a new shot at life.</p>
<p><strong><em>Warning: Graphic images below.</em></strong></p>
<p>Here are some stunning before-and-after transformations:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361362632X">The Lancet</a></span></p><p class="caption">Before surgery (left) and after surgery (right.) (A) and (B) are 18 months after surgery; (C) is 9 months after surgery.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p>

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