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New Delhi: India's fossil fuel emissions are projected to rise by 4.6 per cent in 2024, while China could see a marginal rise of 0.2 per cent, according to new research by a group of international scientists. As the UN climate conference in Baku, Azerbaijan, discussed raising trillions of dollars to tackle <keyword id="19907392" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Climate-change" source="keywords">climate change</keyword>, the group of scientists known as the "Global Carbon Project" warned that emissions from fossil fuels -- the main driver of warming -- could hit a record 37.4 billion tonnes in 2024, up 0.8 percent from 2023 levels. This comes despite rapid growth in renewable energy and a landmark agreement at COP28 in Dubai last year to move away from fossil fuels. The "<keyword id="23948569" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Global-carbon-budget-2024" source="keywords">Global Carbon Budget 2024</keyword>" report said total global CO2 emissions are set to go up from 40.6 billion tons in 2023 to 41.6 billion metric tons in 2024, which is on course to become the warmest year on record. "The impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly dramatic, yet we still see no sign that burning of fossil fuels has peaked," Professor Pierre Friedlingstein of Exeter's Global Systems Institute, who led the study, said. The 'Global Carbon Project' team said India, the world's most populous country and fastest-growing major economy, may see its fossil fuel emissions rise by 4.6 percent. According to a UN report released last month, India's greenhouse gas emissions surged by 6.1 per cent in 2023, contributing to 8 per cent of the global total. However, the country's historical contribution to global CO2 emissions stands at only 3 per cent. India's per capita emissions remain low at 2.9 tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), far below the global average of 6.6 tCO2e. India, the world's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter, has pledged to reach net zero emissions (balancing emissions with removals) by 2070 and aims to achieve 500 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. China's emissions, which make up 32 per cent of the global total, are likely to increase slightly by 0.2 per cent, though there is a chance they could decline, according to the data released on Wednesday. Emissions from the United States and the European Union, which contribute 13 per cent and 7 per cent of the global total, are both set to decline, with drops of 0.6 per cent for the US and 3.8 per cent for the EU. Emissions from the rest of the world, which together account for 38 per cent of global emissions, could see a rise of 1.1 per cent. The researchers said that in 2024, coal emissions will likely increase by 0.2 per cent, oil by 0.9 per cent, and gas by 2.4 per cent, globally. Coal, oil, and gas contribute 41 per cent, 32 per cent, and 21 per cent of global fossil CO2 emissions, respectively. However, given the uncertainty in projections, it remains possible that coal emissions could decline in 2024, they said. The report also pointed out that emissions from international aviation and shipping, which account for 3 per cent of global emissions and are tracked separately from national or regional totals, are expected to rise by 7.8 per cent in 2024. However, these emissions will still be 3.5 per cent below the 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Globally, emissions from land-use changes, like deforestation, have dropped by 20 per cent over the past decade but are expected to rise in 2024. Permanent CO2 removal through reforestation and new forest planting now offsets about half of the emissions from permanent deforestation, they added. Technology-based CO2 removal accounts for only a tiny fraction -- around one-millionth -- of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. The report said that emissions from fires in 2024 have been above the average since the beginning of the satellite record in 2003, particularly due to the extreme 2023 wildfire season in Canada (which continued into 2024) and severe drought in Brazil. Land and ocean carbon sinks continued to absorb around half of the total carbon emissions, despite being negatively affected by climate change.

Global fossil emissions to reach record high in 2024; India's share to rise by 4.6 pc: Report

Christopher <keyword id="20808534" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="columbus" source="keywords">Columbus</keyword>'s arrival in the <keyword id="20049715" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="americas" source="keywords">Americas</keyword> in 1492 is often viewed as a significant moment in history, signalling the start of a new era of exploration and colonisation. However, the impact went beyond human history, affecting the Earth's climate. Columbus' <keyword id="92608" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="expedition" source="Orion">expedition</keyword> to the Americas brought not only conquest and exploitation but also diseases like smallpox and influenza, devastating <keyword id="6506269" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indigenous-population" source="Orion">indigenous population</keyword>s who lacked immunity. It's estimated that 80% to 95% of the indigenous population perished within 150 years of European contact, from millions to less than 500. This population decline had a profound effect on global atmospheric compositions, as revealed by ice cores. These cores, extracted from glaciers, preserve air bubbles that reflect the atmosphere's composition over time. Antarctic ice bubbles from the 16th and 17th centuries showed a notable drop in <keyword id="48468" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carbon-dioxide" source="Orion">carbon dioxide</keyword> levels, which the study's authors attributed to the decline of indigenous populations and subsequent reforestation absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. The research also addressed a debate about ice cores' data reliability, comparing <keyword id="20944231" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="law-dome" source="keywords">Law Dome</keyword> and West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) cores. The analysis of a newly drilled Skytrain Ice Rise core confirmed the forest regrowth's gradual carbon dioxide absorption, supporting the idea of significant land use changes in the Americas after Columbus' arrival. This study highlights the link between historical human actions and climate change, demonstrating a rare phenomenon of human-induced cooling. It underscores humanity's significant impact on Earth's climate balance. The findings of this research has been published in Nature Communications.

Columbus' voyages sparked epidemics that killed so many people, it may have crashed carbon dioxide levels worldwide

<ul class="summary-list"><li>At COP28, nearly 200 governments pledged to triple global renewable-energy capacity by 2030. </li><li>For a green transition to happen, companies need to address their supply chains.</li><li>A coordinated, multilayered international effort is also essential to curb the climate crisis. </li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cop28-dubai-uae-climate-summit-attendee-hopeful-fossil-fuels-2023-12">COP28 in Dubai</a> just concluded and attendees were asked tough questions such as: How closely are countries holding to the promises made in Paris at COP21 in 2015?With 2023 shaking out to be the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/last-three-months-on-earth-were-the-hottest-on-record-2023-9">hottest year on record</a>, there's more urgency than ever around this goal. Can we deliver?As <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ford-global-director-of-sustainability-electric-vehicles-power-grid-2023-7">Ford Motor Company's</a> global director of sustainability, homologation, and compliance, I watched the summit carefully. Despite the challenges ahead, I firmly believe that plans announced at COP28 suggest we can still limit the rise in global temperature to below 2 degrees Celsius and, if possible, to 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.Here are my main takeaways from this year's UN climate meeting and the steps I believe companies must take to reach these sustainability goals. <h2>Corporations must clean up their facilities and supply chains to advance the green transition</h2>We're facing a hard truth: The world's current climate trajectory — which is trending toward a warming of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/climate-track-warm-by-nearly-3c-without-greater-ambition-un-report-2023-11-20/">2.5 degrees Celsius to 2.9 degrees Celsius</a> this century — does not align with the long-term objectives of the Paris Agreement. Turning this trend around requires innovation, hard work, investment, and global cooperation at a pace and scale never seen before. One of the bright spots that came out of COP28 was a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-strike-historic-climate-dealfossil-fuels-dubai-2023-12">commitment by nearly 200 governments</a> to triple global renewable-energy capacity by 2030 and slash methane emissions. This is an ambitious goal and one that Ford is committed to in our operations — we plan to use 100% carbon-free electricity in all of our manufacturing plants by 2035.But companies also need to look beyond their facilities and address the impact of their supply chains. The <a target="_blank" href="https://initiatives.weforum.org/first-movers-coalition/home">First Movers Coalition</a> is a good example of the kind of collaboration that's needed. This global initiative, which Ford is a part of, harnesses the purchasing power and supply chains of large companies in heavy-emitting industries to create early markets for innovative clean-energy technologies like low-carbon steel and aluminum. More initiatives of this kind could go a long way to funding green innovation. <h2>Governments, companies, and communities must work together</h2>In the wake of the summit's discussions, several things are clear: We need to build a resilient grid, grow the EV-charging infrastructure, and break the cost and convenience barriers to adopting zero-emissions vehicles. Policies and incentives must be enacted to promote advanced renewable energy — such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal — and improve energy efficiency in buildings and industrial processes. <div type="image" title="Cynthia Williams" height="3012" width="4016" msid="106190700" hostid="261" sizebytes="260848"></div>We also need to continue to explore carbon-removal technologies, such as direct air capture, consider the potential of natural solutions like afforestation and reforestation (i.e. creating new forests and reforesting existing ones), and implement policies to reduce waste.Finally, we need to encourage product design that minimizes waste and supports a circular economy, provides subsidies and incentives for green technologies, and fosters a just transition that ensures inclusion and equity for all. The bottom line is that we're all in this together. A coordinated, multilayered international effort is essential. The clock is ticking and the days of vague aspirations are over. Leaders around the world need to be held accountable for the commitments they are making, both in the short and long term. In my view, this is not a burden but an opportunity. We're not only helping to create a sustainable future but also harnessing the clean-energy transition to sharpen our competitiveness, advance innovation, and build a better world — today and for generations to come. Cynthia Williams is a member of the One Planet advisory council. Learn more about her work <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/meet-one-planet-advisory-council-supporting-climate-coverage">here</a>.

I'm Ford's head of sustainability, and COP28 showed me 2 ways companies can advance the green transition

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Japanese companies are subsidizing 'tropical escape' programs for employees with severe hay fever.</li><li>The Washington Post reported on an employee who got $1,300 to work from a tropical island.</li></ul>Some employers in Japan are offering "tropical escape" programs, where workers with bad seasonal allergies get <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/list-countries-with-most-paid-time-off-summer-vacation-2023-4">subsidized trips</a> to regions with lower pollen counts, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/04/japan-hayfever-season/?utm_source=feedly&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=wp_homepage">according to The Washington Post.</a>One example cited by the Post came from the IT company Aisaac, which provides around $1,300 to employees to temporarily relocate to areas of Japan where <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/hay-fever">hay fever symptoms</a> are less severe.Such programs are seen as a way to enhance worker productivity in Japan, where hay fever is much more prevalent than in the US.Naoki Shigihara, a 20-year-old engineer who struggles to focus on work because of his hay fever, told the Post that Aisaac funded his <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/remote-work">remote-work trip</a> to Okinawa, the tropical region in southern Japan."When I talk to people from other companies, they're all in agreement that it's a great idea, and many are jealous," he told the newspaper.According to the Post, Aisaac allows employers to go anywhere with low pollen levels from mid-February to mid-April, Japan's peak hay fever season.Okinawa is popular, but some go further afield to places like Hawaii and Guam, the newspaper said.An Aisaac spokesperson told the Post that more than a third of its 185 employees used the program last year. It started in 2022 because its CEO has bad hay fever.Aisaac did not immediately respond to a request for comment from Business Insider.Similar initiatives are taking place at other companies. According to a government survey reviewed by <a target="_blank" href="https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/politics-government/20240220-169866/">The Japan News,</a> around 20% of Japanese companies now allow employees to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/remote-work-from-home-worth-pay-cut-less-time-off-2024-3">do remote work </a>during hay fever season.Some, like Aisaac, are also footing the bill, the Post said.In Japan, hay fever is not only a public health concern but also a challenge to the economy.According to a report by the country's <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126130717/https://www.env.go.jp/chemi/anzen/kafun/2022_full.pdf">Ministry of Environment, </a>citing data from 2019, 42.5% of Japanese people suffer from hay fever.This is significantly higher than the US, which has a rate of about 25%, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/20220126.htm#:~:text=About%20one%20quarter%20(25.7%25),%2DHispanic%20(17.0%25)%20adults.">according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.It's particularly bad in Japan because of the presence of high-pollen cedar and cypress trees around Tokyo, planted as part of post-World War II reforestation policies, per <a target="_blank" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/02/04/japan/science-health/otake-national-pollen-allergy-qa/">The Japan Times.</a>In February, Japan's Prime Minister Fumio Kishida <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/kishida230/status/1760308047849967998?s=46&amp;t=tHxCHggmgvDCHc0IPyopLw">described hay fever as a "national disease"</a> that negatively impacts productivity.Mitsuhiro Okano, a professor of otorhinolaryngology at Chiba Prefecture's International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, told the Post that serious hay fever symptoms can reduce work efficiency by more than 30%."The decline in labor productivity has the biggest impact on the economy," Okano said in an interview with the newspaper.<a target="_blank" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Japan-shifts-battle-against-hay-fever-into-high-gear">According to Nikkei Asia,</a> national efforts to mitigate the problem of hay fever include the felling of Japanese cedars, with the government aiming to halve pollen emissions within 30 years.The government also plans to use AI to predict the spread of pollen from forests and it aims to increase the production of anti-allergy drugs, the financial publication said.

Companies in Japan are offering workers with bad allergies subsidized trips to low-pollen destinations

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Yishan Wong, the former CEO of Reddit, has advice for tech workers: Get into AI now. </li><li>"You don't need an enormous amount of technical skill," Wong told Fortune.</li></ul>Yishan Wong, the former CEO of Reddit, has advice for tech employees who are nervous about keeping their jobs amid rampant layoffs.Speaking to <a href="https://fortune.com/2023/04/25/reddits-former-ceo-on-surviving-silicon-valleys-dotcom-crash-and-his-advice-to-those-facing-tech-layoffs-today/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fortune</a> in an article published on Tuesday, Wong — who started his tech career during the mass layoffs of the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/dot-com-bubble-burst-20th-anniversary-experts-coronavirus-tech-crash-2020-3">Silicon Valley dot-com crash in 2000</a> — told tech workers to start working on AI quickly. "It feels like a hype train, but actually there's an enormous amount of value overhang," Wong told Fortune. "You don't need an enormous amount of technical skill," Wong added. "Nontechnical people can build pretty valuable and novel applications on AI. There's this enormous amount of leverage that an individual can have."Wong — who worked at Paypal and Facebook <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS232083643320120309">before getting the top job at Reddit in 2012</a> — also offered some advice to tech workers looking to get their big break. He said he "randomly moved around" from tech job to tech job, and just worked "really hard" wherever he ended up."If you're really good at whatever you're doing right now it creates a foundation and gives you a lot of option power for whatever comes next," Wong said."Make sure you're really good at the time, wherever you are," he added. "It doesn't matter if you don't know what the music is going to be. If you're a good dancer, you can adapt."Wong quit Reddit in 2014, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/13/reddit-ceo-yishan-wong-resign-office-space">after two and a half years at the company</a>. He's now the CEO of <a href="https://www.terraformation.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Terraformation,</a> a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/terraformation-ex-reddit-ceo-raises-30-million-tree-planting-startup-2021-6">company that's trying to reforest Earth</a>.Wong's advice comes amid fears across industries that AI may soon replace many aspects of skilled, white-collar work. Silicon Valley is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-could-replace-jobs-as-advances-coincide-with-tech-layoffs-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">culling its workforce amid breakthrough advances in AI,</a> now that models like <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gpt-4-openai-model-api-details-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GPT-4</a> know how to write, make art, and code. In March, Goldman Sachs <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tech-holds-the-power-as-goldman-predicts-ai-job-wipeout-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">estimated that generative AI models like GPT-4 could impact 300 million jobs.</a>However, the AI industry itself does have promising inroads for tech workers. Companies are <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-get-job-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatgpt-bing-google-2023-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recruiting in the field,</a> and market leaders from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mark-zuckerberg-obsessed-with-ai-meta-facebook-change-name-metai-2023-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mark Zuckerberg</a> to <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/14/elon-musk-is-reportedly-planning-an-ai-startup-to-compete-with-openai.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Elon Musk</a> are exploring and investing in the technology.Wong did not immediately respond to Insider's request for comment sent outside regular business hours.

The former CEO of Reddit says laid-off tech workers should get in on AI because 'you don't need an enormous amount of technical skill' to make an AI app

<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-planet"></a><div type="image" title="The toucan's namesake company is developing a blockchain-based registry for carbon credits." height="1113" width="2226" msid="99694989" hostid="261" sizebytes="118576"></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Startups including Toucan and Topl are building blockchain tools for issuing carbon credits.</li><li>Blockchains, they have said, make the climate data behind the credits more transparent.</li><li>After initial resistance, climate organizations such as Gold Standard are exploring the technology.</li></ul>Carbon credits are supposed to be a straightforward way for companies to help bankroll projects that help preserve the environment in exchange for their own not-so-climate-friendly activity. In practice, though, carbon markets are far from transparent, and it's an open question whether the credits are effective at all.Several companies, including Toucan, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/web3-crypto-climate-startup-return-pitch-deck-kieran-white-tesla-2022-11">Return</a>, Topl, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-forest-protocol-startup-pitch-deck-climate-tech-crypto-blockchain-2023-1">Open Forest Protocol</a>, are now aiming to improve the transparency and reliability of carbon credits by coupling climate initiatives with blockchain technology. Lately, even some big, established names in the industry are beginning to explore the idea.<div type="image" title="Left: Erin Murphy, the chief growth officer of Topl, previously worked in development aid and fair-trade fashion." height="700" width="1400" msid="99694991" hostid="261" sizebytes="51168"></div><h2>The need for greater transparency in carbon markets</h2>Companies buy carbon credits to offset the amount of greenhouse-gas emissions their business activity generates. Those funds go toward environmental initiatives, including reforestation projects. As companies produce emissions, those projects, in theory, are supposed to reduce their impact.But it's not clear if those projects do, in fact, meaningfully reduce carbon emissions. In January, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/18/revealed-forest-carbon-offsets-biggest-provider-worthless-verra-aoe" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Guardian published an investigation</a> that found 90% of the rainforest-carbon credits that Verra, one of the largest nonprofits in the industry, issued were worthless because the projects they were tied to did not meaningfully reduce carbon emissions. Verra has contested The Guardian's report, but Verra has also announced that it will introduce a new methodology for its carbon-credit standard.Even before the results of that investigation, scientists and technologists in the climate industry had long bemoaned the challenges of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fund-carbon-removal-corporates-avoid-bad-credits-2023-2">bringing quality climate initiatives to voluntary-carbon markets</a>. Some have cited the prohibitive costs for smaller, locally based initiatives to gain verification with an organization such as Verra or Gold Standard. Others have pointed to the need to establish more rigorous vetting standards, which they believe collaboration among various groups — including companies, nonprofits, and local residents — could best help accomplish."It's a fundamental issue in the space," Erin Murphy, the chief growth officer of Topl, which has developed a blockchain specifically designed for climate-related applications, said. "We want to see more competition, more scientific rigor in this space."Before joining Topl, Murphy worked in development aid and fair-trade fashion, where she gained an interest in using technology to trace the provenance of materials and verify their green bona fides.<div type="image" title="Salmeron Barnes, a cofounder of Aureus Earth." height="382" width="765" msid="99694992" hostid="261" sizebytes="14992"></div><h2>The potential benefits of credits on the blockchain</h2>That's where blockchain technology comes in, Murphy and other proponents said. Crypto, of course, has faced an onslaught of criticism following the failure of companies including <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/ftx-timeline-sam-bankman-fried-bankruptcy-trial-alameda-sec-doj-2023-1">FTX</a>, BlockFi, and Celsius. But some in the climate industry believe blockchain technology itself — outside of speculation on particular currencies — can provide greater transparency to the carbon-credit markets by bringing together various groups to evaluate a project's merits, incentivizing their participation, and clearly laying out the criteria used to generate a particular credit.The blockchain-based system, they said, can also guard against the same credit being issued to more than one company — an issue known as double-counting. And as several blockchains — <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/ethereum-merge-explained-blockchain-update-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-crypto-eth-vitalik-2022-9">most notably ethereum</a> — have sought to reduce their energy consumption, the technology has become more palatable to those conscious of their carbon footprints.Aureus Earth, which is developing financial tools to encourage reduced carbon emissions in the construction and real-estate industries, turned to blockchain technology to boost its data-collection process' rigor, Salmeron Barnes, the company's cofounder and managing director, told Insider."The decentralized verification capability, and the promise of new low-emissions blockchain offerings, are what attracted AE to create a blockchain-based registry," he wrote in an email.<div type="image" title="John Hoopes, a cofounder of Toucan." height="750" width="1500" msid="99694993" hostid="261" sizebytes="46382"></div><h2>After initial resistance, the climate industry is opening up to blockchain</h2>To be sure, early attempts to move carbon credits onto the blockchain have faced some speed bumps.When Toucan, in late 2021 and early 2022, first began moving existing carbon credits from Verra onto the blockchain, the process resulted in a <a href="https://time.com/6181907/crypto-carbon-credits/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">flood of older — often low-quality — credits on its registry</a>. In response, Verra banned such credit conversions last May. John Hoopes, a cofounder of Toucan, told Insider the company intended its initial conversions of credits onto the blockchain to be a small pilot, but received much more interest than anticipated.Despite the flaws of that initial attempt, it showed ample market demand for blockchain-based carbon credits, Hoopes said.Other established organizations are beginning to take notice of the technology's different use cases. In September, <a href="https://digitalx.undp.org/topl_1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the United Nations Development Programme placed Topl in its Digital X catalog</a> of digital tools to address issues including the climate crisis, gender inequity, and global-health disparities.And after early resistance, even large, standard-setting organizations such as Verra and Gold Standard have shown willingness to explore the technology. Verra completed a consultation on blockchain technology in January and plans to finalize its approach "in the near future," a spokesperson told Insider.Meanwhile, Gold Standard is working with several startups to develop a potential set of standards for blockchain-enabled credits. A spokesperson said that the company hasn't made a final decision on whether to enable the use of blockchain but is "looking carefully at how uses of the technology can be enabled to realize the benefits it can offer."Hoopes, whose startup is among those invited to work with Gold Standard on its blockchain pilot, is optimistic."Getting that first authorized credit tokenized is going to be a real milestone," he said. "Once we have a framework established, then we're going to be able to go nuts on building out all these use cases and proving that blockchain-based carbon registries are better than the alternative."In case you missed it, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/xlSZrPlRGbA?feature=share" target="_blank" rel="noopener">watch a replay</a> of Insider's One Planet virtual event with activist and artist Elijah McKenzie-Jackson.

Startups want to use blockchain technology to improve the carbon-credit markets. Here's why big names in the climate industry are warming up to the idea.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Thousands of companies with climate goals use confusing jargon like "carbon neutral" and "net zero."</li><li>Corporate climate advisors told Insider what makes a pledge credible or misleading. </li></ul>The amount of jargon thrown around in climate circles can feel dizzying.Corporate climate pledges are rife with terms like "carbon neutral," "net zero," and "carbon negative," leading to confusion among consumers and investors, among others, about what it all means.It's little surprise so many of us are perplexed. There's no standard definition of these claims, nor are there many institutions policing whether a company is using them to mislead the public about its climate record.UN Secretary General António Guterres <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMACBZzdcTQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">put it this way in November</a> during the annual climate conference: "The problem is that the criteria and benchmarks for net-zero commitments have varying levels of rigor and loopholes wide enough to drive a diesel truck through."That said, there are global efforts underway to rid the market of greenwashing and help companies trying to slash their greenhouse-gas emissions do it with integrity and transparency. Regulators are also ramping up scrutiny of the sustainable-finance markets.Insider spoke to several experts about how they assess whether a company's climate claims are legit. Here's their advice:<h2>Unpacking 'net zero'</h2>If a company sets a net-zero goal, that generally implies it plans to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions across its entire value chain as much as possible by 2050, said Simon Fischweicher, the head of corporations and supply chains for CDP North America, a nonprofit that runs the world's largest environmental-disclosure program. The goal should cover emissions from a company's own operations, such as office buildings, manufacturing plants, and energy consumption, as well as from its suppliers and customers. These are known as Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. A credible net-zero goal also includes near-term targets, because absent short-term goals it appears as though corporate leadership isn't serious, said Mike Wallace, the chief decarbonization officer at Persefoni, a software company that helps companies disclose their climate footprint."When a CEO signs off on these targets now, but they are far enough away that the CEO will most likely be dead, are they really committed?" Wallace said.A good indication that a company's net-zero pledge is solid is sign-off by the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/companies-taking-action" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science Based Targets initiative</a>, which has a partnership with CDP, the UN Global Compact, World Resources Institute, and World Wildlife Fund.The initiative has strict criteria for net-zero goals, including requiring that companies reduce emissions as much as possible before purchasing carbon offsets to meet the goal. SBTi also ensures that a company's climate strategy is aligned with limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. This is a threshold scientists say could avert the most catastrophic impacts of the climate crisis, such as massive drought, habitat loss, and famine in some parts of the world. Holding warming to 1.5 degrees is the overarching goal of the Paris Climate agreement.<h2>When 'net zero' may be greenwashing </h2>The UN in November <a href="https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/high-level_expert_group_n7b.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">identified when a net-zero claim might be greenwashing,</a> such as with banks and oil companies that continue to invest in and build fossil-fuel infrastructure.Some companies, including ExxonMobil, also have net-zero goals that only cover direct operations."That means there aren't goals to reduce emissions associated with the use of oil and gas, which is the largest source when looking at the fossil-fuel sector," Fischweicher said, pointing to all the fuel used to power cars, trucks, and buildings.The UN also said companies might use their lobbying power to undermine government climate policies or have a weak governance structure that doesn't tie executive compensation to reaching environmental and social goals. "It's really good if the board is involved somehow," Wallace said. Another red flag: companies that buy "cheap" carbon credits that lack integrity instead of immediately cutting their own emissions, according to the UN. <h2>Why 'carbon neutral' can be misleading</h2>The UN's concerns about carbon offsets are why claims of an organization or product being "carbon neutral" can also be worrisome. This assertion typically indicates that the company is buying offsets to compensate for emissions it hasn't reduced on its own. A carbon offset represents one ton of carbon that was prevented or removed from the atmosphere because of a project elsewhere in the world, such as protecting forests or building renewable-energy plants.But climate experts don't want companies to solely rely on offsets instead of slashing their own carbon footprint, in part because there are concerns about the quality of some offsets and whether they are truly reducing emissions. "I think there is rightfully some skepticism around climate neutral," Fischweicher said.<h2>'Carbon negative'</h2>There's fewer definitions of what it means to be "carbon negative," Fischweicher said. But in general, it indicates that a company is going to achieve zero emissions and then go even further by removing its historical contributions to the climate crisis.Microsoft <a href="https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/01/16/microsoft-will-be-carbon-negative-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">made a splash in 2020 when it announced</a> that it aimed to be carbon negative by 2030. Achieving that goal requires the development of carbon-removal technologies, which remain nascent and expensive. Reforestation is, for now, Microsoft's main method of zapping carbon from the atmosphere. "Some companies are starting to think about targets that go beyond neutralizing their own impact and taking back carbon from the atmosphere," Fischweicher said.

A guide to climate buzzwords and what they say about corporate promises

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The more searches people make, the more trees <keyword id="4465925" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="ecosia">Ecosia</keyword> plants.</li><li>The German <keyword id="99706" type="TECHNOLOGY" weightage="60" keywordseo="search-engine">search engine</keyword> finances its eco-regeneration activities through pay-per-click ads.</li><li>The company's chief tree planting officer told Insider how it chooses which projects to fund.</li></ul><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-rival-ecosia-blasts-profit-sapping-android-choice-screen-2020-12">Ecosia</a> is a search engine with a difference.For roughly every 45 searches made, the Berlin-based company plants a tree.And Ecosia measures its success not based on how much money it makes, but on how many trees it has planted - and it's planted almost 126 million so far, at a current rate of one tree per second.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/treecard-eco-fintech-launches-with-1m-seed-funding-from-ecosia-2020-10">Here's an exclusive look at the pitch deck a 23-year-old Y Combinator alum used to raise $1 million for ethical bank cards</a>"Trees are really our currency," Pieter Van Midwoud, the company's chief tree planting officer, told Insider, calling it the company's KPI.When CEO Christian Kroll set up the company in December 2009, "he wanted to plant trees," Midwoud said.<div type="image" title="Ecosia CEO Christian Kroll" height="3575" width="4767" msid="82878401" hostid="261"></div>"He didn't necessarily want to set up a search engine. His idea was: 'where is there a lot of money to plant trees with?'""So the search engine was built to serve the purpose of planting the trees," he said.Midwoud has worked at Ecosia since 2016, and has overseen the company's reforestation projects across the world. This involves choosing sites, ensuring the correct trees are planted in each region, working with local communities, and using satellite tech to monitor the trees.<div type="image" title="Pieter Van Midwoud" height="2782" width="3709" msid="82878403" hostid="261"></div>Ecosia focuses largely on biodiversity hotspots with biologically isolated ecosystems, such as East African mountains, Madagascar, and the Brazilian coast.Midwoud said Ecosia only plants native trees, and not exotic or invasive species. It's planted more than 750 species so far and is working to create a diverse portfolio.There are two main criteria that Ecosia considers when choosing which projects to support: they need to have an impact on both people and nature, supporting the local community, as well as restoring nature in the area.<div type="image" title="Ecosia trees in Senegal" height="2010" width="4020" msid="82878405" hostid="261"></div>For projects to be successful, Midwoud said Ecosia has to understand the "socio-economic reality" of the communities it's working with, and what drives them to take ownership of the projects.<h2>Ecosia finances its tree planting through ads</h2>Midwoud said there had been a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-rainforest-fires-boosted-ecosia-search-engine-installs-500-percent-2019-8">big jump in users over recent years</a>, especially among young people, as awareness of the climate crisis grows. He said it had the youngest audience of all search engines.Ecosia describes its business model as "a hybrid between a non-profit and full-profit business." Rather than using its profits to pay dividends to shareholders, it uses them to fund reforestation projects.<a href="https://blog.ecosia.org/trees-not-profits/">In 2018</a>, Ecosia became a "steward-owned" company, which means its shares can't be sold at a profit or owned by people outside of the company, and that profits can't be taken out of Ecosia.Ecosia earns money from pay-per-click ads that appear alongside search results. The ads are delivered by Ecosia's partner Bing, who pays Ecosia a share of the revenue generated via these ads.Ecosia said the amount of the money it earns per click depends on the competition of the keyword and the value of what is being advertised.<div type="image" title="Ecosia search engine homepage" height="470" width="738" msid="82878406" hostid="261"></div>"A click on one of the more lucrative keyword ads may finance multiple trees at a time, others may finance a fraction," the company says in its <a href="https://ecosia.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/categories/200735011-About-Ecosia">FAQs</a>, noting that search terms like "bank account" are likely to be of higher value than "chocolate." It said that it earns an average of 0.005 euros per search.Because of this, the company said that its income varies between months. It gets less income during the European summer months because people would rather be outside, but revenue peaks during the winter, especially around the holidays.The company focuses on transparency and publishes monthly financial reports that show how much money it made from searches, what percentage of its revenue went towards trees, and how many trees it planted.<div type="image" title="Ghana cashew trees Ecosia" height="2010" width="4020" msid="82878408" hostid="261"></div><a href="https://blog.ecosia.org/ecosia-financial-reports-tree-planting-receipts/">In April</a>, Ecosia made 2.25 million euros. Just under half of this revenue - or 80% of its profits - went towards planting almost 7 million trees. The rest of the income was largely spent on direct and indirect costs such as taxes, salaries, and advertising. The remaining 20% of its profits went towards "green investments."As for Midwoud, his favorite species is the baobab, a tree with a nutritious fruit found mainly in Africa. The trees survive by storing a lot of water in their bark, and can grow up to more than 200 feet tall, making them often the only tree you can see.

Search engine Ecosia plants trees in exchange for searches. It uses pay-per-click ads to fund projects that positively impact both people and nature.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>One of Antarctica's largest glaciers is in danger as the ice shelf holding it in place is melting.</li><li>A time-lapse of Pine Island Glacier taken from 2015 to 2020 shows its ice shelf breaking into chunks.</li><li>Scientists worry that the ice shelf may collapse more rapidly than previously projected. </li></ul>The ice shelf holding together one of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/thwaites-glacier-melting-doomsday-sea-level-rise-2020-9">Antarctica's largest glaciers</a> is breaking apart rapidly as scientists worry it could shorten the timeline for its eventual collapse into the sea.<a href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/06/11/edge-of-pine-island-glaciers-ice-shelf-is-ripping-apart-causing-key-antarctic-glacier-to-gain-speed/">Satellite images</a> of Pine Island Glacier taken between 2015 and 2020 show the rapid break up of the ice shelf's edge. A <a href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/06/11/edge-of-pine-island-glaciers-ice-shelf-is-ripping-apart-causing-key-antarctic-glacier-to-gain-speed/">study</a> by Washington University reveals the ice shelf lost about one-fifth of its area from 2017 to 2020, mostly in three dramatic breaks.You can watch the full time-lapse <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/57453069">here</a>.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/terraformation-ex-reddit-ceo-raises-30-million-tree-planting-startup-2021-6">We got an exclusive look at the pitch deck this ex-Reddit CEO used to raise $30 million to reforest the planet</a>The Pine Island Glacier covers 68,000 square miles in the West Antarctic and contains 180 trillion tons of ice, <a href="https://www.livescience.com/satellite-images-pine-island-glacier-acceleration.html">according to LiveScience.</a>If the glacier falls into the ocean, the average global sea level could rise by a total of 50 cm (around 20 inches).Scientists worry that once the ice shelf gives way, the glacier will quickly follow."We may not have the luxury of waiting for slow changes on Pine Island; things could actually go much quicker than expected," said Ian Joughin, a glaciologist at the UW Applied Physics Laboratory, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/57453069">according to the BBC.</a>"The processes we'd been studying in this region were leading to an irreversible collapse, but at a fairly measured pace. Things could be much more abrupt if we lose the rest of that ice shelf," Joughin added.Joughin predicts the whole shelf could give way "within the next few years." The Pine Island Glacier, which is roughly five times the size of Wales, is one of two glaciers in western Antarctica that scientists are concerned about.The other is the Thwaites Glacier, sometimes referred to as "Doomsday Glacier", which is also melting faster than previously thought, <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/worlds-largest-iceberg-breaks-off-of-antarctica/">according to an April report cited in Scientific American.</a>The ice is melting due to the climate crisis which is warming Earth's atmosphere and its oceans.

Time-lapse video shows the ice shelf of one of Antarctica's largest glaciers breaking into large chunks

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The innovative design process for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ford-new-bronco-revealed-photos-features-specs-2020-7">Ford's new Bronco SUV</a> led the Detroit carmaker to establish a partnership with <keyword id="1614893" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Filson">Filson</keyword>, a famous Seattle outfitter.</li><li>The result is the <keyword id="268056" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Bronco">Bronco</keyword> + Filson Wildland Fire Rig, a concept vehicle that wears US Forest Service green livery and is packed with firefighting gear, and that has numerous Filson-sourced details.</li><li><keyword id="6355174" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ford">Ford</keyword> and Filson plan to sell Bronco-branded Filson gear to raise funds for reforestation efforts after devastating wildfires in the US.</li><li>The concept SUV will also serve as a model for actual firefighting vehicles.</li></ul>Last month, Ford and Seattle-based outdoor clothing retailer Filson unveiled a special concept vehicle based on the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ford-new-bronco-revealed-photos-features-specs-2020-7">wildly popular new Bronco SUV</a>. Called the Bronco + Filson Wildland Fire Rig, the vehicle pays tribute to the US Forest Service's wildland firefighters, who in 2020 have seen their ranks called up to battle over seven million acres of blazes.The Bronco nameplate was dramatically revived this year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ford-bronco-launching-as-a-dedicated-off-roading-brand-2020-7">as a separate off-roading brand of three vehicles</a>. According to Ford, nearly 200,000 pre-orders have come in for the SUV, available as a two-door, four-door, and in a less rugged Sport trim.The advertising tagline for Bronco is "Built Wild," and Filson, the American outfitter, figured in the development of both that attitude and the vehicle itself.Bronco was developed using storyboards rather than design sketches, with the objective of gathering ideas about how potential customers would use the SUV.<h2>A brand started in 1903 meets one founded in 1897</h2><div type="image" title="Ford Bronco Wildland Fire Rig concept." height="1667" width="2500" msid="79153948" hostid="261"></div>Dave Rivers, Bronco's <keyword id="6354839" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="marketing">marketing</keyword> manager, told Business Insider that this process led to C.C. Filson of Seattle, WA, founded in 1897 and famous for its tough canvas-and-leather duffels and robust wool and waxed-cotton coats. The brand has become more prominent in the fashion world since the mid-2000s, when it was acquired by a private-equity firm. It was sold in 2012 to Bedrock Manufacturing, which also owns Shinola, the Detroit-based watch company."The designers asked, 'If we were an outdoor gear brand with the trust and respect of Bronco, what would we be?'" Rivers said. "They always came back to Filson."That piqued the interest of Ford's marketing department."We began to study Filson," Rivers said. "And we found more similarities. So we reached out, struck up a conversation, and asked them, 'What do you guys think?'"Meanwhile, Filson was engaged in its own exploration of its brand's DNA. "If Filson were a whiskey, what would it be?" Doug Thielen, Filson's marketing chief, said, characterizing a typical bull session at the company. "If Filson were a vehicle, what would it be?"The answer was a vehicle that could access the wild."It was kind of a no-brainer," Thielen said of the Bronco project that resulted from the Ford team's outreach.<h2>Going beyond the usual concept car</h2><div type="image" title="Ford Bronco Wildland Fire Rig concept." height="1667" width="2500" msid="79153953" hostid="261"></div>Concept vehicles are often destined for the auto show circuit, where they provide some visual thrills amid cars and trucks that consumers might actually be able to buy. But the Bronco + Filson has a different mission: The companies will work together to raise money to support National Forest Foundation's reforestation programs, and to promote fire prevention awareness.The vehicle also looks nothing like a futuristic dream car for a reason: its extreme functionality as a back-country four-door should make it a model for vehicles that firefighters will actually use.The Forest Service has a history with Broncos, so the concept wears a shade of green that has appeared on many vehicles for the agency. The Filson touches include canvas door bolsters and armrests, with seats upholstered in black quilted fabric of the sort that the outfitter uses for its jackets. There's also a top that can be rolled open and held in place by straps made from Filson leather.The concept's roof rack is loaded with authentic firefighting gear: shovels, axes, fire hoses, and chainsaws.Bronco has been a home run for Ford in 2020, capturing more attention than even an all-new F-150 pickup truck. And for Rivers, the Filson collaboration just adds to the buzz."As a brand, we're built to take you anywhere you want to go and never let you down," he said. "And this partnership just feels so right."

How Ford and outdoor retailer Filson teamed up to design a firefighting version of the ultra-popular Bronco

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>A lineup of more than 600 influencers joined with nonprofit Arbor Day Foundation to start a reforestation movement sparked by a Reddit meme. </li><li>YouTuber Jimmy Donaldson, or MrBeast, first started #TeamTrees when a fan challenged him to plant 20 million trees to celebrate reaching the 20 million subscriber milestone. </li><li>In less than a week, the campaign has raised over $8 million, mostly thanks to small, individual donations from fans as well as a few bigger contributions like $1 million from Elon Musk.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>What started as a meme is now an international movement toward reforestation. When YouTube star Jimmy Donaldson ⁠- also known as MrBeast ⁠- hit 20 million subscribers on YouTube this May, a fan suggested there was something he could do to commemorate the milestone and "single handedly save earth" at the same time."Petition for MrBeast to plant 20 million trees for 20 million subscribers special," read <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TeamTrees/comments/dp47bi/the_post_which_started_it_all/">the Lisa Simpson's presentation meme</a> posted to Reddit. Donaldson <a href="https://twitter.com/mrbeastyt/status/1131632811008548865?lang=en">took notice</a>, then connected with fellow YouTuber and former NASA engineer Mark Rober to come up with a plan to complete the challenge, said Reed Duchscher, Donaldson's manager and president of the talent management firm Night Media. "They wouldn't let it go," Donaldson said in a statement. "All my video comments were about trees!"<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div>Rober thought to enlist the help of nonprofit conservation organization Arbor Day Foundation, and five months later, the partnership known as <a href="https://teamtrees.org/">#TeamTrees</a> has grown to include "basically every digital creator you can think of," according to Duchscher.Each dollar donated - over $8 million since its official launch on Friday, including a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-makes-massive-donation-to-tree-planting-cause-tweet-2019-10">$1 million contribution from Elon Musk</a> - funds the planting of one tree around the world, a process facilitated by the Arbor Day Foundation as part of its <a href="https://www.arborday.org/programs/replanting/?Trackingid=663">reforestation program</a>."It's right up our alley," Arbor Day Foundation VP Woody Nelson told Business Insider. "We work with partners around the globe and try to align those funds with projects that really need help."Local partner organizations, as well as those from as far as South America, Europe, and Australia submit proposals to the foundation outlining their plans for planting. The foundation selects the ones with the greatest need to receive donations, Nelson said.Fundraising will continue through December, then the first of the trees will be planted in January starting in warmer climates like Florida and Texas, Nelson said, and eventually reach every continent except Antarctica. Not all the trees will survive, but the Arbor Day Foundation predicts only a 3% mortality rate.The foundation usually racks up big donations from other large organizations, but Nelson said working with the YouTube community means #TeamTrees is generating small contributions from a massive audience. "This is by far the fastest climb to $8 million in individual, single donations that the Arbor Day Foundation has ever seen," Nelson said. "Just to have it be so viral and to get so many small donations from individuals … it's just making so many people feel really good."Nelson credited the success of the campaign to YouTubers starting with Donaldson, who personally messaged content creators he knew - many from his <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV7rU6lnAKQ">YouTuber Battle Royale</a>, Duchscher said - to explain the initiative and get them on board.Influencers like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAW-NpUFkMyCNrvRSSGIvDQ">Ninja</a>,​ ​​<a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEdvpU2pFRCVqU6yIPyTpMQ">Marshmello</a>​, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkvK_5omS-42Ovgah8KRKtg">Jeffree Star</a>​, ​<a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGCPAOQDZa_TTTXDr5byjww">Joey Graceffa</a>​, ​and more have already announced their involvement with the project, and Duchscher said hundreds more will soon follow in order to keep the conversation going."This is like the Avengers of YouTube, if the Avengers planted trees," Rober said in a statement. While the movement started out as a "completely random" Reddit post, Duchscher said, #TeamTrees hopes it will continue to spark larger conversations about global issues like climate change."We know that planting two million trees isn't going to save the environment, but it's a step in the right direction," Duchscher said.

Inside the #TeamTrees movement started by YouTuber MrBeast, which has raised over $8 million in less than a week to plant trees -&#160;including $1 million from Elon Musk

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