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<keyword id="6355629" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="Google" source="Orion">Google</keyword> has achieved an experimental milestone of scaling a logical qubit, demonstrating for the first time that it's possible to reduce errors by increasing the number of qubits, its CEO <keyword id="164502" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Sundar-Pichai" source="Orion">Sundar Pichai</keyword> has said. In <keyword id="67887" type="General" weightage="90" keywordseo="quantum-computing" source="Orion">quantum computing</keyword>, a qubit is a basic unit of quantum information that can take on richer states that extend beyond just 0 and 1. "Our breakthrough represents a significant shift in how we operate quantum computers. Instead of working on the physical qubits on our quantum processor one by one, we are treating a group of them as one logical qubit," said Pichai. As a result, a logical qubit that Google made from 49 physical qubits was able to outperform one it made from 17 qubits, according to the research published in the journal Nature. Google's quantum computers work by manipulating qubits in an orchestrated fashion that it calls quantum algorithms. The challenge is that qubits are so sensitive that even stray light can cause calculation errors -- and the problem worsens as quantum computers grow. "This has significant consequences, since the best quantum algorithms that we know for running useful applications require the error rates of our qubits to be far lower than we have today. To bridge this gap, we will need <keyword id="16610363" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="quantum-error-correction" source="Orion">quantum error correction</keyword>," Pichai explained. <keyword id="15046152" type="General" weightage="90" keywordseo="quantum-error" source="Orion">Quantum error</keyword> correction protects information by encoding it across multiple physical qubits to form a "logical qubit," and is believed to be the only way to produce a large-scale quantum computer with error rates low enough for useful calculations. "Instead of computing on the individual qubits themselves, we will then compute on logical qubits. By encoding larger numbers of physical qubits on our quantum processor into one logical qubit, we hope to reduce the error rates to enable useful quantum algorithms," said Pichai. Three years ago, Google quantum computers were the first to demonstrate a computational task in which they outperformed the fastest supercomputers. Someday, said Pichai, quantum computers will be used to identify molecules for new medicines, create fertilisers using less energy, design more efficient sustainable technologies from batteries to nuclear fusion reactors, and produce physics research that will lead to advances we can't yet imagine. "That's why we're working on eventually making quantum hardware, tools and applications available to customers and partners, including through <keyword id="691847" type="General" weightage="90" keywordseo="google-cloud" source="Orion">Google Cloud</keyword>, so that they can harness the power of quantum in new and exciting ways," Pichai noted. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/rupee-falls-19-paise-to-82-94-against-us-dollar/articleshow/98265913.cms">Rupee falls 19 paise to 82.94 against US dollar</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/ways-to-stay-relevant-in-a-competitive-job-market-upskilling-and-awareness-are-key-claim-experts/articleshow/98265572.cms">This layoff season, upskill to stay afloat say experts</a>

Google achieves quantum error correction milestone says Sundar Pichai

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Neilson Barnard/GettyIBM CEO Ginni Rometty</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>IBM unveiled the IBM Q System One on Tuesday, billed as the world's first quantum computer that businesses will actually be able to buy and use.</li><li>Previously, quantum computers have only been confined to research labs - Microsoft, Google, IBM, and lots of others have been racing to bring a viable quantum computer to market. </li><li>Now IBM will partner with commercial clients to give them access to this technology, which can allow businesses to model complicated data such as investments and risk.</li><li>Quantum computers have the potential to perform seemingly-impossible computing tasks, but they're still in their very early stages.</li><li>The computer itself is in a nine-by-nine glass cube that maintains it at the exactly correct temperature and other conditions it needs to do its work - a kind of fragility that means that you can't just order one and have it sent; customers will access it via the IBM Cloud. </li></ul>For many years, quantum computers have only been within the confines of the research lab. On Tuesday, though, IBM unveiled the IBM Q System One, billed as the first-ever quantum computer designed for businesses to put to their own use - though the company is clear that this is only the first step towards a broader revolution. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-quantum-computing-2013-7">Quantum computing </a>is considered one of the most promising early-stage technologies out there today. That's because quantum computers can process exponentially more data and have the potential to completely transform entire industries. For example, they could potentially streamline aerospace and military systems, calculate risk factors to make better investments, or, perhaps, find a cure for cancer and other diseases. "Data will be the world's most valuable natural resource," IBM CEO Ginni Rometty said on stage at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, where the IBM Q System One was unveiled. Don't expect to install one in your office any time soon, though. While the computer is open to paying customers, developers will access its power from the comfort of their own homes or offices via the IBM Cloud.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">IBMIBM Q System One</div></div></div>Computers today store data in binary, as either zeroes or ones - strings of ones and zeroes represent numbers or letters. However, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/googles-quantum-computing-milestone-2015-3">quantum computers</a> are <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-be-excited-about-quantum-computers-2015-4">much more powerful</a>. That's because they store data using qubits, which have a special property that allows zeroes and ones to exist simultaneously. This seemingly-small thing gives quantum computers the ability to do exponentially more calculations at once, making them powerful enough for incredibly complicated tasks like drug discovery, intensive data analysis, and even creating unbreakable codes. Enclosed in a nine-foot-tall, nine-foot-wide glass case that forms an air-tight environment, this sleek computer is IBM's first effort to bring <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-hybrid-quantum-computer-2015-10">quantum computing</a> to businesses. The casing is important: Qubits lose their quantum computing properties outside of very specific conditions. A quantum computer has to be kept well below freezing, in a mostly vibration- and electromagnetic radiation-free environment. IBM's new system aims to address this challenge with an integrated quantum computer that solves all of that on behalf of customers - hence the casing, which keeps everything in ship-shape. However, this relative fragility is why you won't be installing an IBM Q System One in your own office - while it's definitely a major step forward, it's a far ways away from being something you can order and have delivered."The IBM Q System One is a major step forward in the commercialization of quantum computing," Arvind Krishna, senior vice president of Hybrid Cloud and director of IBM Research said in a statement. "This new system is critical in expanding quantum computing beyond the walls of the research lab as we work to develop practical quantum applications for business and science."Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-be-excited-about-quantum-computers-2015-4">Here's why we should be really excited about quantum computers</a>Later this year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-red-hat-open-source-upset-2018-10">IBM</a> will also open its first IBM Q Quantum Computation Center for commercial customers in Poughkeepsie, New York. At this lab, clients can use IBM's cloud-based quantum computing systems, as well as other high performance computing systems. IBM isn't the only company that's been working on quantum computing, as the technology is still far from ready for mass deployment.Google is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/googles-quantum-computing-milestone-2015-3">researching</a> how to make quantum computers more stable and better able to find and fix errors, and it has also created and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-quantum-computing-chip-ibm-2017-6">tested qubit processors as it pursues the technology.</a> Microsoft is working on creating <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-hybrid-quantum-computer-2015-10">hybrid quantum computers, which combine the new technology with more conventional processors. </a>Intel, too has been working on making big bets on quantum computing chips. Get the latest IBM stock price<a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/ibm-Quote"> here.</a> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/marie-kondo-on-organizing-your-home-2016-1">Japanese lifestyle guru Marie Kondo explains how to organize your home once and never again</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

IBM unveils the world's first quantum computer that businesses can actually use to solve previously impossible problems

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Scientists have just figured out a solution to one of the biggest problems standing in the way of the development of quantum computers.The latest advancement, from researchers at Google and the University of California, Santa Barbara, is a way to make quantum computers more stable and better able to find and fix errors. The new research was published on March 4 in the <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14270.epdf?referrer_access_token=7QAbaZ6UnCDsdiyNvW-i7dRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Nl3_SWJL2Yj5LBgXNo8IyXld_hUdCO7LMnjkzAUvEu1ETPBAMDGRQAzb51sv1KX3628izQUsDesAmmBuYpNfD3zJeEJgdakb-4n-9r6NfFMDcXMb7brdrg8GdxwCaK0AOtkOpERCNsLwWYs-_5SqvkD9LCpvhDijqiyzBWHOBtp8J2Cz-FV4iQukLknCeMESIKgBD3x1Njx9MYiOV46ur8&amp;tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com" target="_parent">journal Nature</a>.Some calculations take years for present-day computers to complete. A quantum computer could do that same calculation in a few seconds, and this breakthrough has some scientists saying that we're now half way to making quantum computers a reality.<h3>What's different about a quantum computer</h3>The key to quantum computers lies in qubits. The normal computers that we use every day use "bits" that store information as a 1 or a 0. A qubit, on the other hand, takes advantage of a really weird phenomenon in physics where tiny particles can exist in multiple places at once. That means qubits technically exist as both a 1 and a 0, so they can store exponentially more information than regular bits.For example, a computer with two bits can encode information in only one of four possible combinations: 00, 01, 10, or 11. A qubit can hold all four of those combinations at once.<h3>A quantum milestone</h3>The trouble is that qubits are incredibly unstable and make a lot of errors. The information they hold only exists for a fraction of a second before their fragile state collapses. Even to exist for that fraction of a second, qubits require temperatures near absolute zero and an environment with no disturbances or noises.And for quantum computers to ever work, scientists have to link many qubits together into arrays where the qubits are physically separate from each other, but all connected. So anything you do to one qubit instantly affects the others. That way the qubits can communicate with each other and quickly fix errors.So the goal has become figuring out a way to stabilize qubits and to program them to find and fix any errors.In a breakthrough, researchers from UCSB and Google have figured out how to stabilize an array of nine qubits.While the array couldn't stop errors from happening in the first place, it could prevent the errors from messing up later calculations.MIT physicist Scott Aaronsen pointed out in <a href="http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=2155">his blog</a> that this experiment can be considered as completing 3.5 of the 7 steps needed to build a working quantum computer. In other words, we're half way there.The experiment comes with an important caveat though: the errors that the nine-qubit array can protect against are only the kind of errors that show up in regular computers. Protecting against the errors that show up in quantum computers will require more complicated programming.The researchers are optimistic though. Daniel Gottesman, a scientist who works with quantum error correction at the <a href="http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/personal/dgottesman/index.html" target="_blank">Perimeter Institute</a> in Canada, told <a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/news/535621/google-researchers-make-quantum-computing-components-more-reliable/" target="_parent">MIT Technology Review</a> that he expects to see a demonstration of an array of qubits that can completely protect against quantum errors within the next few years.Another important insight that this experiment revealed is that a group of qubits becomes more stable the more qubits you connect. That means that huge arrays made of thousands or even tens of thousands of qubits might actually yield a successful quantum computer some day.John Martinis from UCSB, a key researcher in this experiment, has teamed up with Google to create the <a href="http://www.nas.nasa.gov/projects/quantum.html" target="_parent">Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a> and they will continue experimenting. IBM has teamed up with Yale scientists and is also working on its own quantum computer. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-holographic-computer-action-windows-2015-1">Watch Microsoft's Insane Holographic Computer In Action</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="c1bWJ3cjpLBQm9lGnxAV9j0_ofuJYnQ5" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

Google just hit a milestone in the development of quantum computers

<keyword id="6354287" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="bharti-airtel" source="Orion">Bharti Airtel</keyword> on Monday said that it has crossed 10 million unique <keyword id="6359672" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="customers" source="Orion">customers</keyword> on its <keyword id="764355" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="5g" source="Orion">5G</keyword> <keyword id="6359918" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="network" source="Orion">network</keyword>. By the end of March 2024, the company plans to offer its <keyword id="15491" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="airtel" source="Orion">Airtel</keyword> 5G services in every town and key rural areas. "Airtel will continue to stay true to its commitment to build a more connected, equitable and sustainable network," Randeep Sekhon, Chief Technology Officer, Bharti Airtel, said in a statement. "With cutting-edge 5G infrastructure, a fantastic partner ecosystem and a dedicated workforce that is customer-obsessed, we believe we are on the right path to win and deliver a world-class 5G Plus experience to customers across the length and breadth of the country," Sekhon added. Airtel 5G Plus uses a technology "that has the widest acceptance in the world with the most developed ecosystem," the company said. This makes sure that all 5G smartphones in the country seamlessly work on the Airtel network. The company also guarantees to deliver the best experience by providing customers "between 20 to 30 times higher speeds than today coupled with brilliant voice experience and superfast call connect". "In November 2022, Airtel became the first and only operator to have one million unique customers on its network within 30 days of its commercial launch," it added. Last week, the company also created 5G experience zones across all its retail stores in the country where customers can experience Airtel 5G Plus. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/google-achieves-quantum-error-correction-milestone-says-sundar-pichai/articleshow/98266893.cms">Google achieves quantum error correction milestone says Sundar Pichai</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/telecom/news/its-fair-for-telcos-to-demand-usage-charges-from-otts-says-industry-body-coai/articleshow/98267647.cms">It's fair for telcos to demand usage charges from OTTs says industry body COAI</a>

Airtel crosses 10 million unique customers on 5G network

After the Internet and Mobile Association of India (<keyword id="149966" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="iamai" source="Orion">IAMAI</keyword>) slammed it for raising the 'revenue sharing' demand for telecom service providers (TSPs), the Cellular Operators Association of India (<keyword id="6373028" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="coai" source="Orion">COAI</keyword>) on Monday said the telcos' demand for reasonable 'usage charge' from OTT providers is fair and rational. The COAI reiterated its position that the demand of telecom operators for a reasonable 'usage fee' from OTT communication service providers for leveraging their networks to provide profitable services would aid in developing the country's digital infrastructure while contributing to the economy. "Certain entities with vested interests are misdirecting the issue of the need for a regulatory framework for the communication OTTs and the need of usage charge to be paid by OTTs to the TSPs, by bringing in the aspect of net neutrality in a misleading manner, to make it a populist issue," said <keyword id="164571" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="lt-gen" source="Orion">Lt Gen</keyword> Dr <keyword id="3200319" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="sp-kochhar" source="Orion">SP Kochhar</keyword>, Director General, COAI, without naming the IAMAI. The COAI said that there seems to be a lack of appreciation of the fact that net neutrality pertains to the non-discriminatory treatment of content which has no nexus to the usage fee issue. "Telecom service providers are committed to following the net neutrality principles, as per their license conditions, as also all other regulatory and security compliances which the TSPs undertake to safeguard consumer interest and security -- which OTTs presently do not," it argued. The COAI has been advocating for a model where the sending party network pays (SPNP) model would allow telecom service providers to exploit internet businesses by formalising rent-seeking. "The SPNP model would be a death knell for the digital economy and the creative ecosystem which it sustains," IAMAI had said last week. Calls for an SPNP mechanism have re-emerged even though the demand for telecom services is entirely dependent on the ability of OTT services to attract users. The COAI said that OTT platforms take a free ride on TSP-funded networks "without contributing to the setting up, operating and maintenance costs either directly or indirectly or for the expansion of networks". In fact, many OTT communication players are contemplating/already charging subscribers a significant fee for verified accounts, adding further leads to their revenues. "It is ironic that representatives of entities profiting themselves by levying charges on subscribers while riding free on the telcos' network are stating that paying for usage would effectively raise costs for users," commented Kochhar. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/rupee-falls-19-paise-to-82-94-against-us-dollar/articleshow/98265913.cms">Rupee falls 19 paise to 82.94 against US dollar</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/google-achieves-quantum-error-correction-milestone-says-sundar-pichai/articleshow/98266893.cms">Google achieves quantum error correction milestone says Sundar Pichai</a>

It's fair for telcos to demand usage charges from OTTs says industry body COAI

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<a href="http://newsletter.cas.cn/wap/Archive/NL123/201612/t20161229_4524380.html">China Academy of Sciences</a>A ground transmitter beams entangled photons toward China's Micius satellite in space.<ul><li>A new Chinese experiment shows quantum teleportation works between the ground and space.</li><li>The experiment was performed using a quantum research satellite, called Micius, which China launched in 2016.</li><li>At 870 miles (1,400 kilometers), it's many times farther than the previous teleportation record.</li><li>A quantum physicist says the experiment is "profound" in that it could help lead to super-secure, super-fast quantum internet.</li></ul>In early July, scientists in China revealed they'd used a "spooky" property of the universe to pull off teleportation between the ground and space <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/teleportation-china-earth-orbit-quantum-internet-2017-7">for the first time</a>.No people or things were teleported, only properties of photons - or particles of light - using a physics theory called quantum mechanics. The experiment was a proof-of-concept.But that should not undercut the feat's importance: This quantum teleportation experiment worked at distances of up to 870 miles (1,400 kilometers), which is about eight times farther than ever before. What's more, according to at least one researcher, the ability to teleport to satellites represents a huge leap toward developing technologies that could <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-computers-will-change-the-world-2015-4">reshape the modern world</a>.<a href="http://davisgroup.lassp.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">J.C. Séamus Davis</a>, a physicist at Cornell University who studies quantum mechanics, said the latest study is "profound" because it demonstrates the basis of a fully "quantum internet" - a technology that's likely to make our current world wide web obsolete."Such an internet would be both vastly more powerful, in terms of speed, and vastly more secure, in terms of inability to access private information," Davis told Business Insider. "There's no way for eavesdropping to occur without knowing that it's happened."Thirty-two researchers from academic institutions around China posted a draft of the latest study <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00934">to arXiv</a> on July 4, a pre-print server for science papers. While scientists haven't yet peer-reviewed the new study, it follows <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/06/china-s-quantum-satellite-achieves-spooky-action-record-distance">a related study</a>, published June 15 in the journal Science, that used the same quantum teleportation satellite, called Micius. Davis couldn't say when a quantum internet would go online and what its exact consequences might be. But he believes the impact will be huge, though its development may resemble the inception of our current internet in the 1980s.That moment was initially marked by curiosity and, in some cases, ambivalence. However, the birth of the web led to a decades-long period of extreme disruption, innovation, and reshaping of the modern world. A public and fully quantum internet could trigger something similar."Quantum physicists can see it coming: the quantum internet, quantum information technology, quantum computing, quantum cryptography," said Davis, who wasn't involved in the study. "These are just now coming over the horizon, and in 30 to 50 years from now, they're going to dominate the way the world works. That's why I find this paper so striking."<h2>Harnessing the spookiness of quantum teleportation</h2>Researchers proved teleportation works <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">in 1992</a>, at least mathematically, then demonstrated it in the lab for the first time in 1998 using photons. Scientists around the world have replicated and built upon that work ever since.Quantum teleportation isn't like the"Star Trek" version of teleportation, where a person is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQHBAdShgYI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">scanned and reassembled</a> somewhere else in the universe. Instead, quantum teleportation involves "<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxQK1WDYI_k">entangling</a>" two tiny particles, separating them, and keeping them stable enough to remain linked together.Entangling binds certain states of particles, like spin or polarization, but traps knowledge of those states in a murky and bizarre situation called "superposition." When entangled, a particle's state is considered to be, for example, up, down, or both."It's a weird situation, as weird as if you could have an alive cat and a dead cat at the same time," Davis said.<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/29233640@N07/8132455446/in/photolist-doCXF5">Robert Couse-Baker/Flickr Creative Commons</a>Yet when one of the particles is directly measured (or jostled a bit too hard), its state becomes known, and the other particle instantly shows the opposite state. It's as if the two particles are the same particle, in the same spot and at the same time, no matter how far they're separated - or that they somehow "teleport" their hidden states faster than the speed of light.Albert Einstein called the effect "spooky action at a distance," mainly to suggest that he thought the idea absurd."Einstein couldn't accept this," Davis said. "He essentially went to his grave not accepting this as fact, but it's now been shown millions of times to work."How and why photons, atoms, and other particles can be entangled and quantum-teleport their states to one another makes no sense in the context of our everyday lives. At tiny scales, the universe appears to play by different rules, many of which are paradoxical and defy reason. In some quantum-mechanical scenarios, for instance, an effect doesn't always follow a cause; the effect can, in fact, happen before its cause occurs. ("I didn't make this up," Davis said.)Davis added that no one can be blamed for being confused by quantum mechanics, since "we didn't evolve to understand" the theory and its counterintuitive ramifications. "But the math, the predictions starting in the 1920s, have all turned out to be correct," he said. "It's the most successful scientific theory in the human race."In all of those decades of math and experiments, however, no one has ever achieved teleportation from the ground into orbit. Until now, anyway - and Davis suspects it's a game-changer.<h2>Why and how to teleport into space</h2><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/multicolor-fiber-optics-348640364">Shutterstock</a>The reason anyone would want to teleport into space is because the usual way of separating entangled photons, using fiber-optic cables (which the current internet partly relies on) is problematic.Laying fiber-optic cables is expensive and takes a long time. The longer a cable is, the lossier it gets, and the more likely it is for entanglement to be destroyed. Even beaming entangled photons through the air by laser doesn't work after a certain distance; atmospheric disturbances jostle and ruin entanglement.<a href="http://newsletter.cas.cn/wap/Archive/NL123/201612/t20161229_4524380.html">China Academy of Sciences</a>The Micius quantum teleportation satellite launches toward orbit on August 16, 2016."A promising solution to this problem is exploiting [a] satellite platform and space-based link," since space is mostly empty and less likely to mess with entanglement, the authors wrote. "This work establishes the first ground-to-satellite up-link for faithful and ultra-long-distance quantum teleportation, an essential step toward global-scale quantum internet."To pull it off, the researchers used a special transmitter called Ngari, which sits on a Tibetan mountain range. The high altitude put as little air as possible between the transmitter and Micius, which was launched in 2016 and is equipped with a very sensitive photon detector. This vastly improved the chances entangled photons would make it to space intact.To entangle photons, researchers beamed an ultraviolet laser through a special crystal. The crystal created pairs of photons with opposite - yet unknown - states of polarization. (Polarization is the same property of light that polarized sunglasses can filter out to improve contrast.) In doing so, they created objects called qubits, or quantum-entangled bits.Mirrors then split up the laser beam and its pairs of quantum-entangled photons. The experiment kept one photon on the ground and sent the other to Micius at a rate of about 4,080 entangled photons per second. To ensure the satellite was detecting entangled photons at the right times, and to keep the transmitter's signal strong, engineers took all sorts of precautions.Micius, for example, carefully blocked light from the moon, used star-tracking to figure out its precise position in orbit, operated at a very cold temperature (since warm objects emit infrared light), and passed overhead at the exact same time every night. Precise timers also helped sync up the devices, so they could predict when each photon that left the transmitter would reach the satellite.The satellite was in view of the transmitter from as far as 870 miles (1,400 kilometers) away, when it was on the horizon, and as close as 310 miles (500 kilometers), when it flew directly overhead.<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.00934">Ji-Gang Ren et al./arXiv</a>A diagram of the quantum teleportation setup used by researchers in China in 2017.Over the course of 32 evenings, 911 photon pairs showed teleportation when the scientists measured their states. That may not sound like a lot, especially out of millions and millions of pairs, but it's a breakthrough."[I]t is straightforward to check that one would have to wait for 380 billion years (20 times the Universe's lifetime) to witness one event" with a similar setup through a fiber-optic cable, the authors wrote.<h2>The work that remains</h2>What is not straightforward is getting a public quantum internet up and running.Although a few small-scale quantum internets <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/514581/government-lab-reveals-quantum-internet-operated-continuously-for-over-two-years/">have been built</a>, they use fiber-optic cables (not satellites), are small-scale, and generally make compromises for speed and security to interface with traditional computers.To make a global quantum internet work, China - or some other entity - has to figure out how to improve the fidelity of its quantum internet signals. Likewise, we'll need affordable, reliable, and ultimately useful commercial quantum computers and quantum routers to take full advantage of a quantum internet's speed and security.<a href="http://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~martinisgroup/">Erik Lucero/UCSB</a>A superconducting qubit used in a quantum computer.On the security side, someone needs to show that strings of many qubits can be reliably sent to and from space to form "quantum keys." Doing so would blow away all other forms of encryption, since they'd be randomly generated by nature itself - and thus unbreakable. (Any attempt to listen in on quantum-encrypted data would collapse an entangled pair's state and produce revealing errors.)Davis thinks this moment where all of these technologies gel is still many years away from happening. But if and when it does, he said we could all reap an unknowable number of new benefits - aside from improving those of our current global, public internet."Take what we do now, and say we're just going to do it better. Your laptop works faster. Your Netflix season downloads in 10 seconds instead of 10 hours. Your medical records are complete and present and secure in any medical system in the world," he said. And - of critical importance - "airlines could sell the correct number of seats every flight." <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/gamers-beat-computers-quantum-physics-science-atoms-study-2016-4">Physicists came up with a simple way you can outperform supercomputers at quantum physics</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

China has pulled off a 'profound' feat of teleportation that may help it 'dominate the way the world works'

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">AP</div></div></div>One of Albert Einstein's most famous quotes is, "God does not play dice with the universe."But there are two huge errors in the way many people have interpreted this quote over the years. People have wrongly assumed Einstein was religious, believed in destiny, or that he completely rejected a core theory in physics.First, Einstein wasn't referring to a personal god in the quote. He was using "God" as a metaphor."Einstein of course believed in mathematical laws of nature, so his idea of a God was at best someone who formulated the laws and then left the universe alone to evolve according to these laws," physicist Vasant Natarajan wrote in an <a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.1656.pdf">essay</a>.Einstein himself even cleared up the matter in a <a href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/quotes_einstein.html">letter he wrote in 1954</a>:The second half of the quote - "does not play dice" - is often misunderstood, too. It's not an affirmation of destiny.The phrase refers to one of the most important theories in modern physics: quantum mechanics. It describes the weird behavior of tiny subatomic particles. It's also the <a href="http://www.stmarys.ac.uk/news/news/ug-applied-physics/2014/09/physics-beyond-god-play-dice-einstein-mean/">guiding theory that led to critical technologies</a> like nuclear power, MRI machines, and transistors in computer and phones.It's true that Einstein never accepted quantum mechanics, but the reason was much more nuanced than a flat-out rejection of the theory. After all, Einstein won a <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/">Nobel Prize in 1921</a> for describing the photoelectric effect - a phenomenon that led to the development of quantum mechanics.The reason for the quote is to express how bizarre quantum mechanics is as a theory. While most of the universe is deterministic and measurable, quantum mechanics says there's a world of tiny particles behind everything that's governed by total randomness.For example, a major part of quantum theory, called the Heisenberg Uncertainly Principle, says it's impossible to know both the speed and position of a single particle at the same time. So in quantum mechanics <a href="http://www.stmarys.ac.uk/news/news/ug-applied-physics/2014/09/physics-beyond-god-play-dice-einstein-mean/">nothing can be certain</a>, and we can only describe things in terms of probabilities.Einstein didn't like this one bit. He believed there must be some underlying laws of nature that could define particles and make it possible to calculate both their speed and position.There's no evidence of the law Einstein hoped for, and all experimental evidence suggests that <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/quantum-entanglement-experiment-2015-10">quantum mechanics is real</a>. So Einstein was probably wrong to <a href="http://www.techinsider.io/physics-einstein-got-wrong-2015-11">reject the idea</a>.However, when you try to join quantum mechanics to any other major theory in physics, like Einstein's general theory of relativity, it doesn't work. Quantum mechanics may be correct, but it's a total mystery as to how it fits in with the rest of physics. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/animated-timeline-earth-history-2015-11">This 3-minute animation will change your perception of time</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="xrY3l3eDplY8eJOQK4NibII2lNSWACxD" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

One of Einstein's most famous quotes is often completely misinterpreted

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Eric Risberg/Associated PressSergei Brin</div></div></div><ul><li>Google cofounder Sergei Brin wrote Alphabet's 2017 annual Founders Letter.</li><li>Brin said artificial intelligence advances represent the most significant computing development in his lifetime.</li><li>But he warned that tech companies have a responsbility to consider the impact of their advances on society, a chage in tone. </li></ul> Sergei Brin, the cof0under of <a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/googl-stock">Google</a>, stressed the need for caution, accountability and humility within the tech industry as its innovations become "deeply and irrevocably" ingrained in society, a striking shift in tone among a leader of the Silicon Valley business cohort famous for its certitude of its own righteousness.In the<a href="https://abc.xyz/investor/founders-letters/2017/index.html"> annual founders letter</a> released by Google-parent company Alphabet, Brin touted the far-reaching innovations in artificial intelligence, computing power and speech recognition in recent years. "Every month, there are stunning new applications and transformative new techniques. In this sense, we are truly in a technology renaissance, " Brin wrote in the letter published on Alphabet's investor relations site on Friday. Advances in artificial intelligence, he said, represent the "most significant development in computing in my lifetime."But Brin said the tech industry could no longer maintain its "wide-eyed and idealistic" attitude about the impact of its creations. "There are very legitimate and pertinent issues being raised, across the globe, about the implications and impacts of these advances," Brin said. Among these issues: "How will they affect employment across different sectors? How can we understand what they are doing under the hood? What about measures of fairness? How might they manipulate people? Are they safe?"<h2>Brin has seemed dismissive of "hypothetical situations" in the past</h2>The comments come as the tech industry, which represent the most valuable companies in the American economy, has come under fire for a variety of issues, including the collection and misuse of people's personal information (as highlighted by <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-87-million-cambridge-analytica-data-2018-4">Facebook's Cambridge Analytica scandal</a>), the spread of<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-suggested-conspiracy-videos-to-children-using-its-kids-app-2018-3"> misinformation, propaganda and hate speech on services like YouTube</a>, Google and Facebook, and a <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/your-brain-on-apps">growing anxiety about our dependence on smartphones.</a>Brin has been an important figure in the development of technologies once considered the stuff of <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> fiction, helping to shape the Google X labs where products like self-driving cars, face-worn computers and airborne delivery drones were born. The 44-year old Russian-born executive has at times shown himself to be dismissive of the public's concerns regarding potential impacts of technological advances, labeling some as "hypothetical situations.""We can debate as philosophers, but the fact is that we can make cars that are far safer than human drivers," <a href="https://www.recode.net/2014/6/11/11627898/self-driving-into-the-future-full-code-conference-video-of-googles">Brin said at a tech conference in 2014,</a> when asked about the ethics involved in creating self-driving cars that must choose between hitting a pedestrian or a truck. In March, the first self-driving car fatality oc cured in Arizona <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-first-footage-fatal-self-driving-car-crash-2018-3">when an Atmos Uber vehicle struck a pedestrian </a>at night (human-driven cars are involved in more than 35,000 traffic fatalities per year in the US). "There is serious thought and research going into all of these issues," Brin wrote in the founder's letter on Friday. "Most notably, safety spans a wide range of concerns from the fears of sci-fi style sentience to the more near-term questions such as validating the performance of self-driving cars."<h3>Here's Sergei Brin's full 2017 letter: </h3>It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair ..."So begins Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities," and what a great articulation it is of the transformative time we live in. We're in an era of great inspiration and possibility, but with this opportunity comes the need for tremendous thoughtfulness and responsibility as technology is deeply and irrevocably interwoven into our societies.<h3>Computation Explosion</h3>The power and potential of computation to tackle important problems has never been greater. In the last few years, the cost of computation has continued to plummet. The Pentium IIs we used in the first year of Google performed about 100 million floating point operations per second. The GPUs we use today perform about 20 trillion such operations - a factor of about 200,000 difference - and our very own TPUs are now capable of 180 trillion (180,000,000,000,000) floating point operations per second.Even these startling gains may look small if the promise of quantum computing comes to fruition. For a specialized class of problems, quantum computers can solve them exponentially faster. For instance, if we are successful with our 72 qubit prototype, it would take millions of conventional computers to be able to emulate it. A 333 qubit error-corrected quantum computer would live up to our name, offering a 10,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000x speedup.There are several factors at play in this boom of computing. First, of course, is the steady hum of Moore's Law, although some of the traditional measures such as transistor counts, density, and clock frequencies have slowed. The second factor is greater demand, stemming from advanced graphics in gaming and, surprisingly, from the GPU-friendly proof-of-work algorithms found in some of today's leading cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum. However, the third and most important factor is the profound revolution in machine learning that has been building over the past decade. It is both made possible by these increasingly powerful processors and is also the major impetus for developing them further.<h3>The Spring of Hope</h3>The new spring in artificial intelligence is the most significant development in computing in my lifetime. When we started the company, neural networks were a forgotten footnote in computer science; a remnant of the AI winter of the 1980's. Yet today, this broad brush of technology has found an astounding number of applications. We now use it to:<ul><li>understand images in Google Photos;</li><li>enable Waymo cars to recognize and distinguish objects safely;</li><li>significantly improve sound and camera quality in our hardware;</li><li>understand and produce speech for Google Home;</li><li>translate over 100 languages in Google Translate;</li><li>caption over a billion videos in 10 languages on YouTube;</li><li>improve the efficiency of our data centers;</li><li>suggest short replies to emails;</li><li>help doctors diagnose diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy;</li><li>discover new planetary systems;</li><li>create better neural networks (AutoML); ... and much more.</li></ul>Every month, there are stunning new applications and transformative new techniques. In this sense, we are truly in a technology renaissance, an exciting time where we can see applications across nearly every segment of modern society.However, such powerful tools also bring with them new questions and responsibilities. How will they affect employment across different sectors? How can we understand what they are doing under the hood? What about measures of fairness? How might they manipulate people? Are they safe?There is serious thought and research going into all of these issues. Most notably, safety spans a wide range of concerns from the fears of sci-fi style sentience to the more near-term questions such as validating the performance of self-driving cars. A few of our noteworthy initiatives on AI safety are as follows:<ul><li><a href="https://research.googleblog.com/2016/06/bringing-precision-to-ai-safety.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bringing Precision to the AI Safety Discussion</a></li><li><a href="https://deepmind.com/applied/deepmind-ethics-society/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DeepMind Ethics &amp; Society</a></li><li><a href="https://ai.google/pair" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PAIR: People+AI Research Initiative</a></li><li><a href="https://www.partnershiponai.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Partnership on AI</a></li></ul>I expect machine learning technology to continue to evolve rapidly and for Alphabet to continue to be a leader - in both the technological and ethical evolution of the field.<h3>G is for Google</h3>Roughly three years ago, we restructured the company as Alphabet, with Google as a subsidiary (albeit far larger than the rest). As I write this, Google is in its 20th year of existence and continues to serve ever more people with information and technology products and services. Over one billion people now use Search, YouTube, Maps, Play, Gmail, Android, and Chrome every month.This widespread adoption of technology creates new opportunities, but also new responsibilities as the social fabric of the world is increasingly intertwined.Expectations about technology can differ significantly based on nationality, cultural background, and political affiliation. Therefore, Google must evolve its products with ever more care and thoughtfulness.The purpose of Alphabet has been to allow new applications of technology to thrive with greater independence. While it is too early to declare the strategy a success, I am cautiously optimistic. Just a few months ago, the Onduo joint venture between Verily and Sanofi launched their first offering to help people with diabetes manage the disease. Waymo has begun operating fully self-driving cars on public roads and has crossed 5 million miles of testing. Sidewalk Labs has begun a large development project in Toronto. And Project Wing has performed some of the earliest drone deliveries in Australia.There remains a high level of collaboration. Most notably, our two machine learning centers of excellence - Google Brain (an X graduate) and DeepMind - continue to bring their expertise to projects throughout Alphabet and the world. And the Nest subsidiary has now officially rejoined Google to form a more robust hardware group.<h3>The Epoch of Belief and the Epoch of Incredulity</h3>Technology companies have historically been wide- eyed and idealistic about the opportunities that their innovations create. And for the overwhelming part, the arc of history shows that these advances, including the Internet and mobile devices, have created opportunities and dramatically improved the quality of life for billions of people. However, there are very legitimate and pertinent issues being raised, across the globe, about the implications and impacts of these advances. This is an important discussion to have. While I am optimistic about the potential to bring technology to bear on the greatest problems in the world, we are on a path that we must tread with deep responsibility, care, and humility. That is Alphabet's goal.<a href="http://read.bi/ai-101-free"></a> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-not-paying-taxes-trump-bezos-2018-4">How Amazon gets away with not paying taxes</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

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