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IN PICS: Mitra and other humanoid robots help COVID-19 patients stuck in quarantine across hospitals in India

<br /><ul><li><keyword id="414120" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan 2</keyword>'s lander, Vikram, will attempt to soft land on the Moon at 1:30am.</li><li>During the descent, the orbiter and the lander will click a picture of each other. </li><li>These are all the pictures that Chandrayaan 2 has clicked in space so far.</li></ul>Chandrayaan 2 is going to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/where-and-how-to-watch-chandrayaan-2s-moon-landing-live-tonight/articleshow/71005746.cms">attempt a soft landing</a> on the near the Moon's South pole making this the southernmost landing ever on the lunar surface.<br /><br />As the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword>'s (ISRO) lander, Vikram, descends onto the flat plains between the Manzimus C and Simplelius N craters, the lander and orbiter will take pictures of each other.<br /><br /><strong>The first images that Chandrayaan 2's camera captured of Earth<br /></strong><br />The LI4 camera on Vikram, the lander, sent this picture back to ISRO on 3 August 2019 after launching from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota.<br /><br />The images show Central America, the top edge of South America, Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico and southern United States.<br /><em><br /></em>
	
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon1_edited" msid="71015108" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;An image of Central America, the Gulf of Mexico, and much of the United States with Florida in the bottom right corner.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>








<br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon2_edited" msid="71015136" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of Mexico, Central America and western United States.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon 3_edited" msid="71015161" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;As Chandrayaan 2 gets further away, the camera&amp;#8217;s focus shifts to the Pacific Ocean.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon4_edited" msid="71015186" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of the Pacific Ocean.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon5_edited" msid="71015213" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of the Pacific Ocean near the equator.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br /><strong>The first images that Chandrayaan 2's camera captured of the Moon<br /></strong><br />The first image that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-is-not-just-looking-for-water-on-the-moon/articleshow/70974829.cms">Chandrayaan 2</a> sent back on 21 August 2019 shows the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-is-not-just-looking-for-water-on-the-moon/articleshow/70974829.cms">Mare Orientale basin and the Apollo crater</a> on the Moon. They're considered to be important landmarks on the lunar surface.<br /><br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon6_edited" msid="71015245" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;First image that Vikram, Chandrayaan 2&amp;#39;s lander, clicked of the Moon.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />The second image shows the Moon's North Pole taken from 4,275 kilometers up in space. This is the first picture shared by ISRO taken using the Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2). In comparison to the lunar south pole, the north pole has a lot less craters.<br /><br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon7_edited" msid="71015268" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of the Moon&amp;#39;s North Pole.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />TMC-2 also send back pictures of Sommerfeld and Kirkwood craters near the lunar north pole. Sommerfeld is around 169 kilometers in diameter and Kirkwood measures 68 kilometers.<br /><br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon8_edited" msid="71015285" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Sommerfled and Kirkwood craters on the far side of the Moon.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />On 23 August 2019, TMC-2 captured a picture of the Jackson, Mach, Mitra and Korolev craters. It also attached a close up of the Jackson crater.<br /><br />Korolev is a massive crater that around 437 kilometers wide and contains several different craters within its perimeter.<br /><br />The Mitra crater, around 92 kilometers in diameter, is named after an Indian physicist and Padma Bushan recipient — Sisir Kumar Mitra. He's known as a pioneer in the field of ionosphere and radio physics in India.<br /><br />
  
  
  <div type="image" title="moon9_edited" msid="71015313" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of the Mitra crater named after an Indian scientist and a close of the Jackson crater&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>







<br />The first images were taken using the Nadir sensor but the last one was captured using the AFT sensor.<br /><br /><strong>See also:<br /></strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/why-chandrayaan-2-will-take-7-weeks-to-reach-moon/articleshow/70346159.cms">Here's why it's going to take 7 weeks for Chandrayaan 2 to reach the Moon</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-could-find-a-lot-of-water-on-the-moon/articleshow/70356422.cms">Chandrayaan 2 is on its way to find water on the Moon — and looks like there could be lots of it</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-why-indias-isro-is-going-to-the-moon/articleshow/69893150.cms">Chandrayaan 2 will give India bragging rights even if it doesn't find water</a><br />

IN PICS: All pictures clicked by Chandrayaan 2's lander — Vikram

New Delhi, Dec 18 () Most of the states opposed change in slabs or hike in GST during the crucial GST Council meeting on Wednesday arguing an increase in the levies would have adverse implication for the economy facing slowdown, said sources.
<p> The GST Council, comprising state finance ministers and headed by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, is the highest decision-making body on the indirect tax rates.
</p><p> As consensus eluded, the Council for the first time exercised the option of voting to decide on the GST rate on lottery as the economy is in downturn.
</p><p> State finance ministers also expressed concern over a decline in revenue collection and delay in payment of GST compensation.
</p><p> Sources said state ministers pointed out that moderation in revenue collection through GST was due to economic slowdown and not because of lower GST rate.
</p><p> "The rate enhancement or slab change at the moment would be a knee-jerk reaction. States were of the view that first plug all the loopholes that are there in the system and improve compliance", Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia said coming out from the 38th GST Council meeting here.
</p><p> A committee of officials on revenue augmentation has submitted report which has suggestions with regard to slab change and rate enhancement.
</p><p> During the pre-Budget consultation with the Union finance minister, West Bengal Finance Minister Amit Mitra said states pointed out that social expenditure is coming down phenomenally.
</p><p> "The upcoming Budget cannot have social expenditure decline which is like punishing the common people. Stagflation is knocking at our door and we are concerned that next Budget will not be able to address it," Mitra said.
</p><p> He further said it appears from the Centre's presentation during the meeting that by February next year, there will be no money with the Centre to pay compensation
</p><p> Punjab Finance Minister Manpreet Singh Badal said the key concern as far as the states are concerned was whether they would be getting compensation at time.
</p><p> He said they were aware that revenue position was grim but "were not aware" that it was grim to an extent where the Union finance minister could not give an assurance in the Council whether states would be paid on time or not.
</p><p> "As far as I am concerned, I think it is just close to a sovereign default where the Government of India is unable to pay its constitutional obligation. It is a sad day," he said.
</p><p> Badal, however, added that it was not situation to get into panic mode.
</p><p> "Things can be fixed. I want to say they need to be fixed quickly," he said.
</p><p> Addressing media after five-hour long meeting, Sitharaman said the presentation made was based on discussions in the committee of officers of state and the Centre on revenue augmentation.
</p><p> "They have just come up with one first shot of data since the time GST has been implemented till today and based on different options of if the growth rate is this or if the growth rate to something else, how will it be and gave a first picture and the Council and the ministers agreed that on this, they have mull over for some time and then come back," she said.
</p><p> So, this was the first presentation, which is a preliminary presentation, with the no indirect or direct suggestion, on rate increase or rate reduction, she said.
</p><p> Sitharaman also said the additional information that they have asked all put together in the next meeting, there will be a detailed discussion. "So, first thing was this presentation of the committee of secretaries officers did not suggest, directly or indirectly increase or decrease as a proposal."
</p> "It was matter of fact presentation of data and data alone. And based on that some projection on revenue collection and on compensation cess collection. And that's about it. I hope that's clear," she added.   DP NKD CS HRS

GST Council meet: Most states were opposed to change in slabs, hike in GST

<p><strong><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ambarish Mitra</span></p><p class="caption">Blippar's co-founders: Steve Spencer, Ambarish Mitra, Oscar Tayeb, and Jess Butcher.</p></div><p></p></div></div></strong></p><ul><li><strong>One of the UK's best-funded startups, augmented reality firm Blippar, is abandoning Silicon Valley after shutting its third office in the space of two years.</strong></li><li><strong>The startup announced that is closing its Mountain View, California, office in order to focus on making a viable augmented reality platform.</strong></li><li><strong>Blippar has also lost two key executives in the past five months - its US commercial chief and global head of experience strategy. A board member also quit.</strong></li><li><strong>Business Insider reported last year that the firm was struggling financially, had inflated its numbers, and was yet to establish a viable business model - all of which the startup denied.</strong></li><li><strong>In a published statement, Blippar said the closure had not been an "easy decision."</strong></li></ul><p><br />Augmented reality startup Blippar is abandoning Silicon Valley after shutting its third international office in the space of two years as it struggles to nail down its business model.</p><p>The company <a href="https://blippar.com/en/resources/blog/2018/05/08/blippar-consolidates-technology-operations-focus-expansion-its-ar-platform-london-hq-while-growing-us-commercial-operations-nyc/">announced it would shutter its Mountain View, California office</a> and shift technical development to its London and Bangalore offices. It isn't clear what will happen to the 60-plus engineers the firm says it employs in California, its biggest office, and the company did not immediately respond to a request for comment.</p><p>In a published statement, the company said: "Blippar has built some extraordinary computer vision technology from Mountain View, California, and that IP will continue to power the future growth of our augmented reality platform.</p><p>"Every company that increases in scale has to make difficult decisions about the best way to realise growth opportunities - this has not been an easy decision to make and will mark a new chapter for Blippar."</p><p>The closure comes only nine months after <a href="https://blippar.com/en/resources/blog/2017/07/02/strengthen-west-coast-hub/">Blippar claimed it was "strengthening" its presence</a> on the US West Coast <a href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/blippar-slashes-costs-as-it-hunts-for-backers-zn5g3hvmn">by shuttering its San Francisco office</a> and moving its engineers over to Mountain View. The closure of both offices means that Blippar no longer has a presence in Silicon Valley, a competitive hub for US developer talent.</p><p>Blippar also shuttered its Turkey and Japan offices in 2016 and 2017. The company still has a commercial operation in New York and is headquartered in London.</p><p>Several key senior executives have left the startup in the past five months. US commercial chief Ariff Quli departed in January, global head of experience strategy Omaid Hiwaizi left in March, and former Nestlé executive Doreswamy Nandkishore stepped down as a non-executive board member in April. None responded to a request for comment.</p><p>Blippar is one of the best-funded startups in the UK with around £79 million ($109 million) in venture funding. The company is best known for the Blippar app, which opens into the camera and recognises and identifies objects around the user.</p><h2>More than a blip for Blippar</h2><p>The recent changes follow two years of upheaval for the company which was once valued at £1 billion.</p><p>Last April, around half a dozen former Blippar employees told Business Insider <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/blippar-valued-1-billion-burn-rate-cash-2017-4">that the firm was struggling financially and that it had yet to nail down a business model</a> despite its huge funding pile. The company denied the former employees' allegations at the time, and said it was not in financial trouble.</p><p>In the 16 months to March 2016, Blippar made £8.5 million in revenue, on a loss of £26 million. It had 221 staff, according to the earnings, the bulk of whom were in sales and engineering. The company was due to publish its 2017 earnings in December, but is four months late in filing. The company has not explained the delay.</p><p>Blippar made money as a kind of augmented reality ad agency, with consumers able to scan physical items, such as a Coca-Cola can, to see augmented reality content or ads on their phones. But that relied on consumers downloading the Blippar app and takeup was low, according to former employees.</p><p>The company has previously claimed it has around 65 million users but, sources said, the app had closer to 500,000 active users in 2016. </p><p>There was additional controversy when The Financial Times <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/d9b68cba-0a35-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b">discovered that Blippar's CEO, Ambarish Mitra, had inflated his CV with misleading statements</a> about his education and business history.</p><p>And in December, Business Insider discovered that FaceJam, an app developed by Blippar to superimpose people's faces onto pictures of celebrities, <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/blippar-facejam-superimposes-killers-terrorists-ted-bundy-hitler-bin-laden-2017-12">was populated with images of dictators, murderers, and terrorists</a>.</p><p>Now Blippar is increasingly trying to push into the buzzy world of artificial intelligence - a trendy but capital-intensive industry. But the company faces considerable competition both in augmented reality and artificial intelligence, with the major US tech players investing in the area. Apple launched ARKit in 2017, which lets developers build their own augmented reality apps. Google released the rival ARCore earlier this year.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/errol-morris-steve-jobs-making-of-apple-switch-ad-campaign-2018-5">Steve Jobs made 3 AM phone calls to argue about Apple ads</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

Augmented reality startup Blippar is abandoning Silicon Valley after losing 2 key execs and a board member

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ambarish Mitra</span></p><p class="caption">Ambarish Mitra, CEO and co-founder of Blippar</p></div><p></p></div></div>Ambarish Mitra was living in Munirka, a slum in the southwest corner of Delhi. He'd been there for seven months when he spotted an ad in the newspaper for an "E-business" competition - what they were calling internet businesses in 1997, Mitra explains.</p><p>The 17-year-old applied to the business plan contest, submitting his idea to empower women by connecting them to the internet for free. His return address was in the slum, near the water tank, he says.</p><p>Mitra did not know that this ad would be his exit route.</p><p>With one IPO under his belt, Mitra now has a billion-dollar augmented reality <keyword id="35666" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="advertising">advertising</keyword> company, Blippar. He's been photographed with the British royal family. His newest phone was personally delivered by Xiaomi VP Hugo Barra, who arrived in a Tesla being driven by an Uber driver.</p><p>Mitra's long past the slums, thanks to the "e-business" ad he spotted that put it all in motion. But in 1997, with that application floating somewhere in the mail, Mitra's focus was on one thing: surviving.</p><h2>'Just a rebel'</h2><p>Mitra grew up in a normal Indian middle class family, which prioritized education over wealth. His mother was a home-maker, a singer, and a painter. Mitra's older sister took after her and went to study the arts at university. She now runs <a href="http://www.deekshaschool.org/">a successful Indian dance school</a> in an Atlanta, Georgia suburb.</p><p>His father used to hand Mitra copies of Business Week and Forbes magazines. He was an inventor in his own right, having found a way to re-use coal slurry in one of the largest Indian coal mining towns, and wanted Mitra to follow in his footsteps to study engineering.</p><p>Mitra, though, was captivated by the internet - and not very great at school. While the drawers of his desk were filled with Backstreet Boys and heavy metal cassette tapes, business books piled up next to his computer. His two favorite books his father ever gave him were on the collapse of IBM and a book on controlling your destiny.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ambarish Mitra</span></p><p class="caption">Ambarish Mitra's desk at his home. It's still the same as it was when he ran away from home in 1997.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>After witnessing the birth of the internet, Mitra idolized Bill Gates. He read "Business the Bill Gates Way" and Gates' "The Road Ahead." Next to his computer, he kept a framed photo pulled from Fortune Magazine, showing Warren Buffet and Bill Gates.</p><p>"I was beginning to worship people like Bill Gates, like hardcore idolized him," Mitra said. "I actually had an image of him on my study table while people had Madonna and Samantha Fox and all these people in that generation. I had a picture of Bill Gates."</p><p>The lure of the internet put Mitra at odds with his father, who wanted him to study engineering. He had a great childhood and a totally functional, fun-loving family, he says, but he was also a bit of a rebel and wanted more out of his life.</p><p>"My parents wanted me to be an engineer, and I wasn't interested in that. It became so hectic that one day, I just ran away from home and started living in the slum in Delhi," Mitra says.</p><h2>Welcome to Munirka</h2><p>Living in the slums, Mitra went door-to-door in the city selling magazine subscriptions by day - a lesson in handling rejection, he says now. At night, he worked in a tea stall.</p><p>The two jobs netted him around $1.50 a day. He stayed in touch with his sister so she could tell his parents he was alive. Otherwise, he was on his own.</p><p>"I became a man as a boy very quickly," Mitra said. "One quality that I acquired, which runs directly in the DNA of Blippar, is that I became completely fearless. Nothing scares me. When you go through violence like I did, and you come out the other side, it makes you stronger."</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Getty Images</span></p><p class="caption">Ambarish Mitra met Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, during her tour of New York City.</p></div><p></p></div></div>Seven months into his life as a runaway, Mitra noticed the newspaper ad. He applied to the contest, submitting his plan to connect everybody with the internet to empower women.</p><p>It was "noble topic" for a young person, Mitra said, but it had deep roots in his upbringing.</p><p>His grandmother and her four sisters had all received college degrees and rode scooters through the crowded Indian streets. They were a rare sight for 1920s India, but Mitra had grown up realizing how education empowers women. The internet was an extension of that.</p><p>Three months later, Mitra found out that his plan to connect the world won.</p><p>"Absolutely to my shock and surprise and delight," Mitra said. "It was life-changing."</p><p>He won some money and borrowed the rest from a friend's dad who was a banker. Mitra then launched his internet portal: Women Infoline.</p><p>The company gave free internet access to women with low wages, and subsidized it with ads.</p><p>It soon took off as the tendrils of the tech boom made its way to India. By 2000, a 20-year-old Mitra had grown his company from its newspaper ad start in the slums to an IPO in India.</p><p>"When this happened, I did this peace treaty with my father," Mitra said. "I said, I will come back, but I will do whatever I want. They were very proud of me behind the scenes."</p><h2>From boom to bust to boom again</h2><p>Mitra won't reveal how much money he made in the IPO - it's insignificant in today's world, but a lot of money for the year 2000 in any country, he allowed. His resignation shortly after the IPO helped him get out before the tech boom collapsed a year later.</p><p>At the age of 20, pockets flush from the IPO, Mitra was lured to London by the glamour of British life and its culture. Four days after arrival, Mitra started working as a retail associate at the Top Shop clothing store on Oxford Street. Then he spent some time helping the British government build out its intranet, and tried his hands at another couple of startups.</p><p>But in 2008, as the financial crisis hit worldwide, Mitra was almost bankrupt. He found himself having to get a "proper job," as he calls it.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ambarish Mitra</span></p><p class="caption">Ambarish Mitra and Omar Tayeb outside of the pub where they came up with the idea for Blippar</p></div><p></p></div></div>He joined Axa, an insurance company, working his way up to become head of innovation, but continued to hang out with Omar Tayeb, a friend from a previous startup.</p><p>They were at a pub when they made a joke about having the Queen come to life on a pound note, and Tayeb, who was thankfully sober, remembered it, Mitra says.</p><p>They turned it into a party trick, where a photo scan on the phone would turn the Queen on a £20 pound note into an animated photo of their friends. Mitra's "eureka moment" came when he realized that they shouldn't be obsessing over a bank note. Any image could become animated.</p><p>Tayeb and Mitra came up with $200,000 to launch, investing all of their money in the new startup, which they called Blippar.</p><p>It worked, and the company's latest $45 million round of funding in March 2015 has catapulted the company to a $1.5 billion valuation.</p><h2>Find your warship</h2><p>To say Mitra is bullish on Blippar is an understatement. He told Business Insider he'll never sell to Google or even his idol, Bill Gates and Microsoft, because what he is doing "<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/blippar-ceo-ambarish-mitra-says-company-will-stay-independent-but-may-ipo-2015-8">is bigger than the internet itself</a>."</p><p>It's not running away as a teenager, though, that brought him the success - it's the relationships he's formed since and the timing, he says.</p><p>"You can never fire a missile from a kayak. I think I found my warship. I had the right people and the right mix to build this business," Mitra says.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ambarish Mitra</span></p><p class="caption">Blippar's co-founders: Steve Spencer, Ambarish Mitra, Omar Tayeb and Jess Butcher</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>While the teenage runaway college dropout is a great archetype of tech entrepreneurs, Mitra doesn't recommend it - and wouldn't make the choice again.</p><p>For one, he knows that the decision hurt his mom a lot.</p><p>"It's a human behavior to celebrate success coming out of tough environments because it gives us hope. But at the end of the day, the majority of the time when you make decisions like this, things will go wrong," Mitra said. "It's not important to be smart. It's about building relationships around you. It goes along way in life if you actually truly care about your immediate environment and people who care about what you do."</p><p>While Mitra has cycled through wearable devices, there's one bracelet he's never taken off. A random priest with a long beard gave it to him on the street and told him it was for happiness and prosperity. He's worn the same copper bracelet that's carved into snake heads every day since he was 12.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/stewart-butterfield-advice-for-millenials-2015-7">Stewart Butterfield, co-founder of Slack and Flickr, on two beliefs that have brought him the greatest success in life</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="wzZjE1djoTKZkNfkkiTIXfPAPhsYZikW" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

How one CEO went from a teenage runaway living in an Indian slum to founding a billion-dollar company

<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Associated Press</span></p><p class="caption">Indian runner Dutee Chand (pictured) has been fighting the ban that makes female athletes with naturally high levels of testosterone ineligible to compete under International Association of Athletics Federation rules.</p></div><p></p></div></div>International sports organizations have long subjected female athletes that exhibit certain 'masculine' qualities to invasive gender tests, according to a report by the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html?partner=socialflow&amp;smid=tw-nytmag&amp;smtyp=cur&amp;_r=0">New York Times Magazine</a>.</h3><p>The tests were designed to identify those with chromosomes, hormones, genitalia, reproductive organs or secondary sex characteristics that didn't develop in the typical way, according to the report.</p><p>Female athletes suspected of exhibiting 'male' attributes were forced to undergo blood tests to measure their natural testosterone levels.</p><p>They also underwent a chromosome analysis and a gynecological exam that entailed measuring and palpitating the clitoris, vagina and labia. Their breasts and pubic hair were evaluated, too, the report said.</p><p>The exhaustive exams were conducted by organizations including the International Association of Athletics Federations and the International Olympic Committee.  </p><h3>Organizations designed the tests to catch male athletes masquerading as women, but advocates argue they actually discriminate against "intersex" women.</h3><p>The tests were originally designed to catch male athletes pretending to be women, but instead, the only athletes who seem to be affected by the exams are intersex women, the report said. </p><p>The estimated number of people considered "intersex" (as physicians have largely stopped using the stigmatizing term "hermaphrodite") varies from one in 5,000 to one in 60. The wide range is because doctors aren't really sure what conditions to include in the definition.</p><p>Some women considered intersex have XX chromosomes and ovaries but ambiguous genitalia, while others have XY chromosomes and undescended testes, which makes them appear female at birth (and thus they are raised as such).</p><h3>Indian runner Dutee Chand became the face of the fight against such gender testing, after she had been deemed ineligible to compete. Tests found that she had naturally high testosterone levels.</h3><p>Chand went through such testing in 2014 after extraordinary showings at two major races. Her "male hormone" levels were found to be too high, which meant that she produced more androgens (mostly testosterone) than most women.</p><p>As a result, Chand was told she could no longer race, and that she would have to lower her testosterone levels in order to qualify again. She then took her case to the International Court of Arbitration for Sport.</p><p>In July 2015, the three-judge panel suspended the I.A.A.F.'s policy to ban female athletes with higher levels of natural testosterone until July 2017, unless they provide proof that the levels actually improve athleticism. The judges also said that requiring women, including Chand, to change their bodies to compete was discriminatory.</p><p>In late February, the I.O.C. said it wouldn't regulate the natural testosterone levels of women "until the case was resolved." The organization also said high-testosterone women should be eligible to compete against men.</p><h3><span>The International Olympic Committee recently said women with high testosterone levels should be allowed to compete against men, a proposed policy that advocates called "humiliating."</span></h3><p>Payoshni Mitra, an Indian researcher who served as an advocate for Chand, called the policy "ridiculous."</p><p>"They say the policy is not for testing gender - but saying that a hyperandrogenic woman can compete as a man, not a woman, inherently means they think she really is a man, not a woman. It brings back the debate around an athlete's gender, publicly humiliating her in the process," she told the New York Times Magazine. </p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-crazy-process-behind-handmade-greek-yogurt-2016-6">The crazy process behind handmade Greek yogurt</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="YwaGZjNDE6QRA7oeRTguMPOSXOn0ljy3" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

Female athletes with 'masculine' qualities have been subjected to humiliating gender tests

Her son said his stepdad was sexually abusive. A judge gave the stepdad custody anyway. Then she found the photographs.

Minister <keyword id="42575" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Arun-Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</keyword> presented the Union Budg2017, his fourth annual <keyword id="6358021" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="budget">budget</keyword>, today. The highlights of Budget 2017 are :<br />
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Monetary policy to be expansionary in major economies<br />
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More steps will be taken to benefit farmers and the weaker sections; budget being presented during weak global economy<br />
<br /> Pace of remonetisation has picked up; <keyword id="3315394" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="demonetisation">demonetisation</keyword> effects will not spill over to next year<br />
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Functional autonomy of the railways to be maintained<br />
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Demonetisation will help in transfer of resources from tax evaders to government:<br />
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Merger of Railways Budget with General Budget brings focus on a multi-modal approach for development of railways, highways and inland water transport<br />
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Only transient impact on economy due to demonetisation; long term benefit include higher GDP growth and tax revenue<br />
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GDP will be bigger, cleaner after demonetisation<br />
<br /> Effects of demonetisation not expected to spill over to the next year, says <keyword id="6355261" type="POSITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Finance-minister">Finance Minister</keyword><br />
<br />
<br /> Effects of demonetisation not expected to spill over to the next year, says <keyword id="25455" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="finance">Finance</keyword> Minister<br />
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Govt took two tectonic policy initiatives - passage of GST Bill and demonetisation<br />
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Demonetisation was a continuation of series of measures taken by govt in 2 yrs; it is bold and decisive measure<br />
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We are seen as engine of global growth; IMF sees India to grow fastest in major economies<br />
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36 pc increase in FDI flow; forex reserves at USD 361 billion in January enough to cover 12 months needs<br />
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CAD declined from 1 pc last year to 0.3 pc in first half of current fiscal: FM<br />
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India has emerged as bright spot in the world: FM<br />
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Uncertainty around commodity prices especially oil to have impact on emerging economies: FM<br />
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Double digit inflation has been controlled; sluggish growth replaced by high growth; war on blackmoney launched: FM<br />
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We have moved from discretionary based administration to policy based administration: FM Jaitley<br />
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Agricultural sector is expected to grow at 4.1 per cent this fiscal, says Jaitley<br />
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Demonetisation was a bold and decisive strike in a series of measures to arrive at a new norm of bigger, cleaner and real GDP<br />
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Committed to double farm income in 5 yrs<br />
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Plan, non-plan classification of expenditure done away with in the Budget for 2017-18 to give a holistic picture<br />
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Mini labs by qualified local entrepreneurs to be set up for soil testing in all 648 krishi vigyan kendras in the country<br />
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Budget presentation advanced to help begin implementation of schemes before onset of monsoon<br />
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We will continue the process of economic reform for the benfit of poor<br />
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Spend more in rural areas, infra, poverty alleviation, while maintaining fiscal prudence as guiding principle of Budget<br />
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Our agenda for next year is to transform, energise and clean India<br />
<br /> <keyword id="6354424" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="World-Bank">World Bank</keyword> expects GDP growth rate at 7.6 pc in FY18 and 7.8 pc in FY19<br />
<br />
Allocation under MNREGA increased to 48,000 crore from Rs 38,500 crore. This is highest ever allocation<br />
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Rs 9,000 cr higher allocation for payment of sugarcane arrears<br />
<br />
Target of agriculture credit fixed at Rs 10 lakh cr in 2017-18<br />
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Tax administration honouring the honest is one of the 10 pillars of Budget 2017-18<br />
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National Testing agency to conduct all examinations in higher education, freeing CBSE and other agencies<br />
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133-km road per day constructred under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana as against 73-km in 2011-14<br />
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Govt to set up dairy processing fund of Rs 8,000 crore over three years with initial corpus of Rs 2,000 crore<br />
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1 cr households to be brought out of poverty under Antodya Scheme<br />
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Participation of women in MNREGA increased to 55 pc from 45 pc in past<br />
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Modern law on contract farming will be drafted and circulated to states<br />
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Dedicated micro-irrigation fund to be created with a corpus of Rs 5000 crore<br />
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Market reforms will be undertaken, states will be asked to denotify perishables from Essential Commodities Act<br />
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Space technology to be used for monitoring MNREGA implementation<br />
Sanitation coverage in villages has increased from 42 pc in Oct 2016 to 60 pc, a rise of 18 pc, says FM<br />
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We propose to provide safe drinking water to 28,000 arsenic and fluoride affected habitations<br />
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To construct one crore houses by 2019 for homeless. PM Awas Yojana allocation raised from Rs 15,000 cr to Rs 23,000 cr<br />
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100 pc electrification of villages to be completed by May 2018<br />
<br />
27,000 cr on to be spend on PMGSY; 1 cr houses to be completed by 2017-18 for houseless<br />
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PM Kaushal Kendras will be extended to 600 districts; 100 international skill centres to be opened to help people get jobs abroad<br />
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The allocation for rural agri and allied sector in 2017-18 is record Rs 1,81,223 crore<br />
<br />
In higher education, we will undertake reforms in UGC, give autonomy to colleges and institutions<br />
<br />
A system of annual learning outcome in schools to be introduced; innovation fund for secondary education to be set up<br />
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Two new AIIMS to be set up Jharkhand and Gujarat<br />
<br />
New rules regarding medical devices will be devised to reduce their cost<br />
<br />
1.5 lakh health sub centres to be converted to Health Wellness Centres<br />
<br />
National Housing Bank will refinance indiviual loans worth Rs 20,000 crore in 2017-18<br />
<br />
Rs 500 cr allocated to set up Mahila Shakti Kendras; Allocation raised from Rs 1.56 lakh cr to Rs 1.84 lakh cr for women &amp; child welfare.<br />
<br />
Capital and development expenditure pegged at Rs 1.31 lakh cr for railways in 2017-18 from Budget<br />
<br />
Allocation for SCs increased from Rs 38,833 cr to Rs 52,393 cr, a rise of 35 per cent<br />
<br />
35 pc increase in allocation for SC to Rs 52,393 cr<br />
<br />
For senior citizens, Aadhaar based health cards will be issued<br />
<br />
Model Shops and Establishment Bill to open up additional opportunities for employment of women<br />
<br />
Select airports in tier-II cities to be taken up for operations, development on PPP mode<br />
<br />
New metro rail policy to be unveiled<br />
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Railway tariffs to be fixed on the basis of cost, social obligation and competition<br />
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Service charge on e-tickets booked through IRCTC will be withdrawn<br />
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Delhi and Jaipur to have solid waste management plants and five more to be set up later<br />
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Government proposes Coach Mitra facility to redress grievances related to rail coaches<br />
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500 stations will be differently abled by providing lifts and escalators<br />
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Unmanned railway level crossings to be eliminated by 2020<br />
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Railway line of 3,500 km will be commissioned in 2017-18 as against 2,800 km in 2016-17<br />
<br />
Total allocation for rural, agri and allied sectors for 2017-18 is a record Rs 1,87,223 cr, up 24 per cent from last year<br />
<br />
Rs 1 lakh cr corpus for railway safety fund over five years<br />
<br />
A scheme for senior citizens to ensure 8 per cent guaranteed returns<br />
<br />
Dedicated micro-irrigation fund to be set up by NABARD to achieve mission of Per Drop, More Crop<br />
<br />
Digi Gaon will be launched to promote tele-medicine and education<br />
<br />
Crude oil strategic reserves to be set up in Odisha and Rajasthan apart from 3 already constructed<br />
<br />
Coverage of Fasal Bima Yojana to go up from 30 pc of cropped area to 40 pc in 2017-18 and 50 per cent next year<br />
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For transport sector, including railways, road and shipping, government provides Rs 2.41 lakh crore<br />
<br />
Allocation of Rs 10,000 cr for Bharat Net project for providing high-speed broadband in FY18<br />
<br />
Allocation for national highways stepped up to Rs 64,000 cr from Rs 57,676 cr<br />
<br />
Budget allocation for highways stepped up to Rs 64,000 crore in FY18 from Rs 57,676 crore<br />
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Dispute resolution in infrastructure projects in PPP mode will be institutionalised<br />
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Rs 2,74,114 crore allocated for defence expenditure, excluding pension; This includes Rs 86,000 crore for defence capital<br />
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Govt to further liberalise FDI policy<br />
<br />
Over 90 per cent of FDI proposls are now processed through automatic route<br />
<br />
FIPB will be abolished<br />
<br />
Trade Infrastructure Export Scheme to be launched in 2017-18; total allocation for infra at record Rs 3.96 lakh cr<br />
<br />
Second phase of solar power development to be taken up with an aim of generating 20,000 MW<br />
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After demonetisation on Nov 8 last year, deposit of between Rs 2 lakh and Rs 80 lakh made in 1.09 cr bank accounts at an average of Rs 5.03 lakh till Dec 30<br />
<br />
More funds beyond Rs 10,000 cr for recapitalisation of banks will be provided if needed<br />
<br />
The shares of railway CPSCs like IRCTC and IRFC to be listed on various stock exchanges<br />
<br />
We are largely a tax non-compliant society<br />
<br />
New ETF with diverse stocks will be launched in 2017-18<br />
<br />
Of 76 lakh individuals who reported income of over Rs 5 lakh, 56 lakh are salaried<br />
<br />
Integrated public sector oil major to be created to match global giants<br />
<br />
Govt will amend the Multi-state Cooperative Act to protect the poor and gullible investors<br />
<br />
Urgent need to protect poor from chit fund schemes, draft bill placed in public domain<br />
<br />
Computer emergency response team to be set for cyber security of financial sector

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