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<ul><li>Clues found in Canadian rocks indicate that a <keyword id="132391" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="mass-extinction">mass extinction</keyword> bigger than the dinosaurs dying 65 million years might have taken place on Earth.</li><li>During that time, Earth lost nearly two-thirds of its plant and animal species.</li><li>The extinction made way for larger animals to thrive as smaller microorganisms died off.</li></ul>An asteroid striking Earth and spelling disaster for the dinosaurs is the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/A-surprising-factor-in-the-extinction-of-the-dinosaurs-may-have-been-how-long-their-eggs-took-to-hatch/articleshow/56302718.cms">largest mass extinction</a> event known to man — but that might no longer be the case. Rocks found in Canada indicate that there might have been an even larger mass extinction before the end of the dinosaurs. And, it eliminated two-thirds of plant and animal life on Earth 2 billion years ago. Instead of a complex life, scientists believe that the mass extinction largely included microorganisms that built the Earth’s atmosphere. This had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/how-dinosaurs-took-over-the-world/articleshow/65249281.cms">made way for larger animals</a> to thrive. “This shows that even when biology on Earth is comprised entirely of microbes, you can still have what could be considered an enormous die-off event that otherwise is not recorded in the fossil record,” said Malcolm Hodgskiss, co-lead author of a new study published in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/08/06/1900325116">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</a> Looking beyond fossils When looking for microorganisms that existed nearly 2 billion years ago, fossils can’t help. Instead, the scientists when looking for clues in mud and rocks. They found barite crystals in the Belcher Islands of Canada’s Hudson Bay that showed a record of oxygen in the atmosphere. And, 2.05 billion years ago there were huge changes in the biosphere where the planet was filled with living organisms — and then it wasn’t. Too little or too much oxygen The phenomenon also supports the theory of ‘<keyword id="8041123" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="oxygen-overshoot">oxygen overshoot</keyword>’. As per its stipulates, photosynthesis from ancient microorganisms and eroding rocks created a lot of oxygen that eventually ran out. The same oxygen omitting organisms exhausted their nutrient supply and died. Today, the oxygen consumed and exhausted within the planet, more or less, balances out. But knowing how an ‘oxygen overshoot’ plays out helps scientists determine what would happen if Earth were to have too much or too little oxygen within its atmosphere. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/asteroid-hitting-earth-and-ending-life-has-to-be-bigger-than-the-one-that-killed-dinosaurs/articleshow/70893317.cms">For an asteroid to wipe out humans, it has to be bigger than the one that killed the dinosaurs</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/penguins-as-big-as-humans-survived-whatever-killed-the-dinosaurs-as-per-fossils-in-new-zealand/articleshow/70731237.cms">Penguins as big as humans survived whatever killed the dinosaurs — as per fossils in New Zealand</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/how-dinosaurs-took-over-the-world/articleshow/65249281.cms">How dinosaurs took over the world</a>

Dinosaurs dying off might not have be been the biggest mass extinction on Earth

Beijing, May 13 () COVID-19 mostly kills through an overreaction of the immune system, whose function is precisely to fight infections, say scientists who have decoded the mechanisms, symptoms, and diagnosis of the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus. In a study published in the journal Frontiers in Public Health, the researchers explained step-by-step how the virus infects the airways, multiplies inside cells, and in severe cases causes the immune defences to overshoot with a "cytokine storm". This storm is an over-activation of white blood cells, which release too-great amounts of cytokines -- inflammation-stimulating molecules --into the blood, they said. "Similar to what happens after infection with SARS and MERS, data show that patients with severe COVID-19 may have a cytokine storm syndrome," said study author Daishun Liu, Professor at Zunyi Medical University in China. "The rapidly increased cytokines attract an excess of immune cells such as lymphocytes and neutrophils, resulting in an infiltration of these cells into lung tissue and thus cause lung injury," Liu said. The researchers explained that the cytokine storm ultimately causes high fever, excessive leakiness of blood vessels, and blood clotting inside the body. It also causes extremely low blood pressure, lack of oxygen and excess acidity of the blood, and build-up of fluids in the lungs, they said. The researchers noted that white blood cells are misdirected to attack and inflame even healthy tissue, leading to failure of the lungs, heart, liver, intestines, kidneys, and genitals. This multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) may worsen and shutdown the lungs, a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome, (ARDS), they said. This, the researchers explained, happens due to the formation of a so-called hyaline membrane -- composed of debris of proteins and dead cells -- lining the lungs, which makes absorption of oxygen difficult. Most deaths due to COVID-19 are therefore due to respiratory failure, they said. The researchers explained that in the absence of a specific antiviral cure for COVID-19, the goal of treatment must be to the fight the symptoms, and lowering the mortality rate through intensive maintenance of organ function. For example, an artificial liver blood purification system or renal replacement therapy can be used to filter the blood through mechanical means, they said. The team noted that especially important are methods to supplement or replace lung function, for example with non-invasive mechanical ventilation through a mask, ventilation through a tube into the windpipe, the administration of heated and humidified oxygen via a tube in the nose, or a heart-lung bypass. The researchers stressed the importance of preventing secondary infections. They noted that SARS-Cov-2 also invades the intestines, where it causes inflammation and leakiness of the gut lining, allowing the opportunistic entry of other disease-causing microorganisms. The researchers advocate that this should be prevented with nutritional support, for example with probiotics -- beneficial bacteria that protect against the establishment of harmful ones -- and nutrients and amino acids to improve the immune defences and function of the intestine. "Because treatment for now relies on aggressive treatment of symptoms, preventative protection against secondary infections, such as bacteria and fungi, is particularly important to support organ function, especially in the heart, kidneys, and liver, to try and avoid further deterioration of their condition," Liu added. SARSAR

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Dinosaurs dying off might not have be been the biggest mass extinction on Earth

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