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If you’ve ever wondered whether fish can suffocate in water, the answer is yes. Our planet's waters, from the tiniest pond to the vast expanse of the ocean, are experiencing a silent crisis: a rapid and dramatic decline in <keyword id="21181078" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="oxygen-levels" source="keywords">oxygen levels</keyword>. This "<keyword id="22526914" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="aquatic-deoxygenation" source="keywords">aquatic deoxygenation</keyword>," as scientists call it, poses a major threat not just to marine ecosystems, but to the very fabric of human society and the stability of life on Earth. An international study in Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution, involving researchers from GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, urges world leaders to recognise this oxygen loss as a new planetary boundary. <keyword id="22526915" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="planetary-boundaries" source="keywords">Planetary boundaries</keyword> are critical thresholds that, if crossed, can trigger large-scale and irreversible environmental damage. Just like we need oxygen to breathe, so do <keyword id="22526918" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="aquatic-ecosystems" source="keywords">aquatic ecosystems</keyword> — from microscopic plankton to bigger fish. The decline in <keyword id="21809938" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="dissolved-oxygen" source="keywords">dissolved oxygen</keyword> (DO) threatens the survival of countless species at all levels of the food chain. The study reveals a disturbing trend. Across all aquatic environments, from lakes and rivers to coastal waters and the open ocean, dissolved oxygen levels have dropped substantially in recent decades. <keyword id="22526916" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="oceanic-oxygen-loss" source="keywords">Oceanic oxygen loss</keyword> may seem small at 2% since 1960, but due to the ocean's vast volume, this translates to a significant loss. Even more alarming is the case of specific regions, like the midwaters off Central California, where oxygen levels have plummeted by 40% in just a few decades. The research team warns that this isn't just an environmental concern; it's an economic and social one too. Billions of people rely on healthy aquatic ecosystems for food, income from fisheries and tourism, and clean drinking water. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111566431" title="June warmest on record; every month since July 2023 breached 1.5 deg C threshold" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>The culprit behind this oxygen depletion is a combination of factors. <keyword id="19942740" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="global-warming" source="keywords">Global warming</keyword>, fueled by greenhouse gas emissions, raises water temperatures, decreasing the amount of oxygen water can hold. Additionally, nutrient runoff from land use changes stimulates massive <keyword id="22526917" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="algal-blooms" source="keywords">algal blooms</keyword>. These blooms, while initially appearing productive, consume vast amounts of oxygen as they decompose, creating oxygen-depleted dead zones. Dr Rose, lead author of the study from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, emphasises the urgency of addressing this issue. Adding aquatic deoxygenation to the list of planetary boundaries will focus global efforts on monitoring, research, and policy changes to protect our vital aquatic ecosystems and, in turn, human society. The root causes are global warming and nutrient runoff from land use, explains co-author Dr Andreas Oschlies of GEOMAR. Warmer water hinders oxygen exchange between deep and surface layers, and nutrient influx fuels algal blooms that deplete oxygen further. These oxygen-depleted zones aren't just lifeless wastelands; they have a ripple effect that threatens our planet's health. Microbes in these zones produce potent greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide and methane, contributing further to global warming and exacerbating the very problem they were created by. We are approaching critical thresholds, warns Professor Rose. Aquatic deoxygenation disrupts the delicate balance of Earth's climate system. Addressing the root causes, like climate change and unsustainable land practices, is crucial. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111609639" title="Groundwater temperatures could rise several notches by 2100, making it too hot to drink for millions!" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

Oxygen is disappearing from Earth’s water; this endangers marine life and human society!

Save your oceans. They are turning warmer every year

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Quartzsite, Arizona, is a small highway town where snowbirds flock each year.</li><li>For $180, visitors can stay on public land for up to seven months.</li></ul>You'll find all types of people living in all kinds of setups in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nomadland-the-true-story-of-quartzsite-arizona-rvers-paradise-vanlife-2021-3">Quartzsite, Arizona</a>.Some nomads have massive fifth-wheel RVs, while others call a plastic tarp their home. School buses, vans, horse trailers, ambulances, semi trucks, and every other vehicle in between exist in the small town off Interstate 10.Each winter, hundreds of thousands of snowbirds arrive, stake out a spot on public land, and call Arizona's dusty desert their temporary home.On a recent <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/van-life-road-trip-items-regret-not-packing-2024-1">road trip</a>, I explored the town. There, I discovered a quirky place filled with movie-worthy characters and some of the country's cheapest living.<div type="image" title="A birds-eye view of Quartzsite, Arizona." height="1536" width="2048" msid="107700616" hostid="261" sizebytes="164990"></div><h2>Quartzsite is home to cheap public land and dozens of RV resorts</h2>When describing Quartzsite, you'll often hear people use the words "balloons," "explodes," and "swells."For half of the year, the small town is just that — a small town with about <a target="_blank" href="https://data.census.gov/all?q=Quartzsite+town">2,400 residents</a>. Come winter, things drastically change when the town welcomes more than 2 million visitors, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://quartzsitetourism.com/explore-quartzsite/">Quartzsite Area Chamber of Commerce and Tourism board</a>.Some visitors pass through, but others are temporary residents searching for a warm place to spend the colder months. And they specifically pick Quartzsite for its cheap, long-term camping.Quartzsite is one of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2020-12/LTVALongTermCamping.pdf">seven places</a> where people can stay on public land for months at a time during the winter. The Bureau of Land Management typically limits camping on public land to two weeks. It's made the exception for a handful of places in an effort to both house winter visitors and protect desert land from overuse, the Bureau of Land Management's website states.One of those places is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.blm.gov/visit/la-posa-long-term-visitor-area">Quartzsite's La Posa long-term visitor area</a>.People can pick up a seven-month permit for $180 or a two-week permit for $40. It makes Quartzsite home to arguably the cheapest rent in the country.However, the cheap parking has its drawbacks. La Posa's visitors don't have access to electricity. Instead, the people live off-grid and rely on a handful of vault toilets, water faucets, and dumping stations the Bureau of Land Management has placed on the land.<div type="image" title="Vehicles of all types fill La Posa." height="2048" width="1536" msid="107700618" hostid="261" sizebytes="181364"></div>If off-grid living won't fit a visitor's needs, Quartzsite is home to more than <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ci.quartzsite.az.us/community/visitor_guide.php">50 RV resorts</a>.Casey Osborn, one of Quartzsite's many snowbirds, told me he's been traveling to the town from the northeast for decades. Osborn discovered Quartzsite on a trip to Mexico for a teeth cleaning. He's been returning ever since and sells antiques at a flea market called The Hi Al Swap Meet.Osborn doesn't stay at La Posa. Instead, he rents a space in a nearby RV resort because he prefers "a little electricity," he said.I arrived in Quartzsite at the end of October, and while hundreds of people had already set up in La Posa, residents and veteran snowbirds told me that the town was deserted compared to how it would look and feel in a few months."It's empty now," Bob, a booth owner at The Hi Al Swap Meet who declined to share his last name, told me. "Come back after Thanksgiving."Although early in the season, I planned to explore Quartzsite for the next two days. I arrived in a Ram ProMaster I rented from <a target="_blank" href="https://nativecampervans.com/">Native Campervans</a>. As I looked around, I knew the vehicle would fit right in.I, on the other hand, stuck out. I was decades younger than the average person I saw in Quartzsite and lacked the thin layer of dust that seemed to coat everyone.<div type="image" title="The sign advertising a swap meet in Quartzsite, Arizona." height="1536" width="2048" msid="107700621" hostid="261" sizebytes="441916"></div>While some people prefer electricity, I was eager to explore La Posa. At 11,400 acres, it's essentially a free-for-all.Mini neighborhoods will slowly form throughout the season. Some are friend groups that will park together. Others are designated areas where anyone is welcome — as long as you embrace their values. For example, an area of La Posa called <a target="_blank" href="http://www.naturistdirectory.com/USA/2590/Magic-Circle">The Magic Circle</a> welcomes nudism. The nearby Lit Cactus is known for its Friday night drum circles.I drove down the dusty road feeling overwhelmed. I had endless places to park. In every direction, open land was dotted with RVs, vans, tents, and buses.Colorful kites and flags flew in the air, serving as landmarks so people could find their way home in the sea of similarity. Others marked off their campsites with rock borders.As I meandered around La Posa, I debated how close was too close to park next to a stranger. I wondered if there were rules I wasn't aware of and if I needed to know anything before claiming a spot.I flagged down a man walking his dog. I needed parking advice. He told me what I already knew — I could park anywhere.<div type="image" title="A view of the camping area from the author's van." height="1536" width="2048" msid="107700623" hostid="261" sizebytes="363862"></div>Eventually, I settled on a dusty patch of land that looked like all the other dusty patches of land on La Posa. My landmark would be a nearby saguaro cactus with lanky arms.As I chatted with La Posa's long-term visitors, some were thrilled to be back for the winter. For some retirees, RV life in Quartzsite is the highlight of their year.Others, after calling the area home for just a few weeks, were ready to leave."This is a life I can afford on Social Security," I overheard one man living out of an old maintenance truck say."Hell, I'm bored, though," his new friend responded.Dotting the town's main streets are stores and warehouses filled with minerals and gems. During peak season, vendors set up tents outside to sell everything from amethyst to petrified wood.Paired with the gem and mineral shows are countless swap meets where vendors sell antiques, oddities, collectibles, and practically anything you can imagine.But beyond that, there isn't much else to the town. There are fewer than a dozen restaurants, a handful of fast-food options, churches, and gas stations. The open desert offers trails for hiking and ATVs, and there's a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ci.quartzsite.az.us/community/cemetery.php">cemetery home to a famous camel driver</a> who came to the town in the 1850s.<div type="image" title="Quartzsite, Arizona" height="1536" width="2048" msid="107700625" hostid="261" sizebytes="551070"></div><h2>In 2020, Quartzsite became a Hollywood backdrop</h2>Most people recognize the name Quartzsite from the Oscar-winning movie "Nomadland," which was released in 2020."Nomadland" follows the main character Fern — played by Frances McDormand, who won best actress for her role — in the aftermath of the Great Recession. After losing her husband, she decides to move into a van.Fern ends up in Quartzsite to learn how to live off the land. Then, she falls in love with the town.Parts of the movie were filmed in Quartzsite and featured the real-life people who make up the town.Paul Winer, the former owner of Reader's Oasis Books, was one of them. Winer was known for wearing nothing but a thong and for his piano skills. In the movie, he's clothed as he performs his song "Next to the Track Blues."<div type="image" title="Side-by-side images of Reader's Oasis Books and the Quartzsite Yacht Club." height="900" width="1200" msid="107700628" hostid="261" sizebytes="191754"></div>The Quartzsite Yacht Club also makes an appearance in the movie.I popped into the bar and grill at 3:30 p.m. on a Monday, expecting the place to be deserted. Instead, about a dozen people lined the bar. TVs aired sports games, and the sounds of pool balls colliding filled the room.The <a target="_blank" href="https://quartzsiteyachtclub.net/">Quartzsite Yacht Club</a> has made a name for itself based solely on irony. There's no ocean in the middle of the desert, yet it claims to have the largest yachting membership in the world. Interested members can join for $49.99, which grants them a certificate and membership card.It doesn't take long to explore Quartzsite, I learned — especially during offseason. And especially as someone without an interest in minerals. I wandered through aisles of stones and eyed dozens of tables of goods. I didn't need much more than a day in the town.But I also understood the destination's appeal. There was a sense of freedom living on La Posa, and almost everyone I met was friendly and eager to chat.Beyond that, it was clear two main things allure people to this tiny town: warmth and affordability.

Step inside Quartzsite, Arizona, where snowbirds flock for warmer weather and a cheap place to park their RVs

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The gravitational pull Mars exerts on Earth may be strong enough to impact ocean currents.</li><li>The red planet can cause deep-sea currents to change over a 2.4 million-year cycle, a study said.</li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-seeking-applicants-mars-simulation-habitat-live-year-2024-2">Mars</a> may be 140 million miles away, but its gravitational pull could be impacting Earth's oceans.Scientists at the University of Sydney in Australia believe the red planet's tug is creating "giant whirlpools" in the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moons-pull-may-trigger-earthquakes-on-earth-scientists-say-2023-6">oceans</a> called eddies, which can shift the deep-sea floor.This, they claim, is part of a 2.4-million-year climate "grand cycle" on Earth that has been ongoing for at least 40 million years."We were surprised to find these 2.4-million-year cycles in our deep-sea sedimentary data," said Adriana Dutkiewicz, a geosciences researcher at the University of Sydney"There is only one way to explain them: they are linked to cycles in the interactions of Mars and Earth orbiting the sun."<div type="image" title="a gif shows whirpools in the oceans off the coast of Japan." height="338" width="600" msid="108469567" hostid="261" sizebytes="68480"></div><h2>Tiny changes can have huge effects</h2>If the climate crisis has taught us one thing, it's that seemingly insignificant events — such as humans picking carbon-based fuels to power their industry — can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-climate-change-crisis-extreme-weather-is-costing-you-2023-9">unleash catastrophic impacts </a>on our delicately balanced climate down the line.How humans are <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/climate-change">causing the rapid warming</a> of the planet today is very clear.But what scientists are increasingly figuring out is how even smaller changes to the planet, like tweaks to its position in the solar system, can influence long-term trends in the climate.Previous studies have suggested that <a target="_blank" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/">tiny wobbles of our Earth's axis</a> can tip the scales for the climate on the scale of tens of thousands of years.Now, scientists are proposing an "astronomical grand cycle" on the scale of millions of years, which they say is caused by the subtle effect of Mars's gravitational pull."Mars's impact on Earth's climate is akin to a butterfly effect," said study author Dietmar Müller, a professor of geosciences at the University of Sydney, to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2421730-marss-gravitational-pull-may-be-strong-enough-to-stir-earths-oceans/">New Scientist</a>.<h2>Earth resonates with Mars, and that slowly shifts the climate and oceans</h2>The evidence for this theory lies in almost 300 cores deep-sea cores tracking ocean sediments back more than 65 million years.These revealed that sediment deposits follow a very long period, ebbing and flowing every 2.4 million years.This suggests something weird is happening on that time scale, which lines up suspiciously with periods of a warmer climate, Müller, Dutkiewicz, and their co-author said in <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=9487842ccb0dce3640b41a7f70ba09654109ce89c30d3231e725fbee67893109&amp;postID=65f16ea033d9389aad4ceaa2&amp;postSlug=mars-gravity-earth-giant-whirpools-oceans-climate-megacycle-million-years-2024-3&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-024-46171-5%3Futm_medium%3Daffiliate%26utm_source%3Dcommission_junction%26utm_campaign%3DCONR_PF018_ECOM_GL_PHSS_ALWYS_DEEPLINK%26utm_content%3Dtextlink%26utm_term%3DPID100052172%26CJEVENT%3D011ed993e11b11ee825f00330a18b8f8%23Sec2">a study</a> published Tuesday.For the scientists, there's one culprit: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-plan-colonize-mars-plan-unrealistic-scientists-explain-2023-10">Mars</a>.The red planet's orbit and ours are locked in an intricate dance, and every so often, these line up so that Mars' gravitational pull on Earth is just a little more intense — this is called resonance.This, in turn, could pull Earth ever so slightly toward the sun, increasing the surface temperature and solar radiation.That can have a knock-on effect on the climate through the seas. Oceans are known to create giant whirlpools ahead of warming climates.This effect wouldn't upheave the climate on its own, but it could nudge our planet toward a slightly warmer system by tweaking the Atlantic current that regulates the Gulf Stream, for instance.The findings were published in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Communications.<div type="image" title="An image of Mars" height="640" width="640" msid="108469569" hostid="261" sizebytes="21454"></div><h2>More evidence is needed</h2>Not everybody agrees that the case is closed on these million-year variations.Matthew England at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, told New Scientist he was "skeptical" given Mars's weak gravitational pull."Even Jupiter has a stronger gravitational field for Earth," he said.Still, if correct, this theory would add precious understanding to these "megacycles." This information is crucial when refining models helping us see how our planet's intricate climate will progress over time."Many of us have seen these multi-million-year cycles in various different geological, geochemical and biological records — including during the famous explosion of animal life in the Cambrian Period," Benjamin Mills a biogeochemist at the University of Leeds who wasn't involved in the study told New Scientist."This paper helps cement these ideas as key parts of environmental change," said Mills.

Mars could be creating 'giant whirlpools' deep within our planet's oceans

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Earth's oceans are getting greener, scientists have found using satellite imagery. </li><li>More than 56% of the Earth's oceans have changed color over the past 20 years. </li></ul>Earth's deep blue oceans have been fading and changing in color. Scientists aren't exactly sure why, but they think humans are to blame.Two decades of satellite images have revealed that <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=da31dbdd9de977555bb7aab7eb8f0781c92c67a89151b617b65347ba3c32602b&amp;postID=64f5a6739d1e19b967468fc0&amp;postSlug=earth-deep-blue-oceans-are-fading-scientists-arent-sure-why-2023-9&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-023-06321-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">more than 56% of the world's</a> oceans have seen significant changes in color.The change is most dramatic in tropical oceans, which have become greener over the past two decades, per a study published in July in the journal Nature. Scientists fear these color changes could be harbingers of yet another global crisis in ocean food chains as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/experts-share-reasons-hopeful-climate-crisis-2023-4">the planet warms</a>."This gives additional evidence of how human activities are affecting life on Earth over a huge spatial extent," B.B. Cael a researcher at the National Oceanography Center in Southampton, UK, and <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2023/study-oceans-color-changing-climate-change-0712">an author on the study</a>, said.<h2>Greener oceans mean more life — and that's not necessarily good</h2>The color of the oceans can tell us a lot about their health. "The reason we care about this is not because we care about the color, but because the color is a reflection of the changes in the state of the ecosystem," <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/12/worlds-oceans-changing-colour-due-to-climate-breakdown-study-suggests">said Cael</a>, per The Guardian.The ocean's color depends on what's in the upper layer of the water column. A deep blue sea doesn't have not much life in that upper layer.When an ocean turns green, however, that usually means the ocean is teeming with <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/black-sea-phytoplankton-bloom-bosphorus-turquoise-photos-2017-6">phytoplankton</a>, tiny organisms that can use sunlight to capture carbon and turn it into sugars, just like plants do. In the latest study, scientists used imagery from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-fires-nasa-satellite-images-show-increased-carbon-monoxide-levels-2019-8">NASA's Aqua satellite</a>, which has been monitoring ocean color changes for more than two decades.They found that while some oceans are getting marginally redder or bluer, most of the oceans that have seen a change in color are getting greener, which could mean more phytoplankton.That's not necessarily a good thing.Though these plankton are crucial to marine ecosystems — they form the basis of a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/whales-capture-carbon-climate-change-dying-pooping-2022-12">complex food chain</a> that feeds everything from sea birds to whales — ocean ecosystems are very finely tuned, and any <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/12/world/climate-change-ocean-colors-scli-intl-scn/index.html#:~:text=New%20research%20shows%20that%20our,over%20the%20last%2020%20years.&amp;text=The%20color%20of%20the%20ocean,according%20to%20a%20new%20study." target="_blank" rel="noopener">change to the ecosystem</a> can ripple across the food chain. "All changes are causing an imbalance in the natural organization of ecosystems. Such imbalance will only get worse over time if our oceans keep heating," said Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a researcher at MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and the Center for Global Change Science who worked on the study, to CNN. <h2>Scientists are racing to understand why our oceans are fading</h2>For now, these changes are small and likely not big enough to cause a major overhaul of the food systems, said Cael, per The Guardian. Still, these results are "sobering," Dutkiewicz, told CNN."I've been running simulations that have been telling me for years that these changes in ocean color are going to happen," she said in a press release. "To actually see it happening for real is not surprising, but frightening," she said.Scientists will now try to understand exactly what is causing the changes in color to better predict how our oceans could evolve as the planet gets warmer.Most likely, it will come down to "multiple factors changing in parallel," said Michael J Behrenfeld, a researcher of ocean productivity at Oregon State University, who was not involved in the research, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/12/worlds-oceans-changing-colour-due-to-climate-breakdown-study-suggests">The Guardian reported</a>.It's possible, for instance, that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/expert-how-i-keep-baby-family-safe-toxic-plastic-microplastics-2023-1">microplastics</a> in the water could contribute to the changes in color. Asked if these changes in color might ever become bright enough to be visible to the naked eye, Dutkiewicz told CNN it's difficult to know for sure. "If a big tipping point was reached in some places: maybe," she said.

Earth's deep blue oceans are fading and changing color — and scientists aren't sure why

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Florida is going through a record-breaking marine heat wave.</li><li>The New York Times reported that the water temperature has been so high that it feels like syrupy goo.</li></ul>South Florida's ocean has turned into a hot, syrupy goo that's inviting in sharks, local residents <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/19/us/florida-ocean-temperatures-swimmers.html">told the New York Times</a>.Ocean temperatures near the shore in South Florida reached a blistering 98 degrees Fahrenheit this week, shattering the previous record and well above the usual water temperature of 87 degree, the New York Times reported, citing data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.The agency noted that we're in the middle of the Atlantic hurricane season, and that "developing tropical storms that pass into the region may strengthen as a result of these conditions."It's <a href="https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/swimmers-share-florida-beaches-sharks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">not rare</a> for Floridians to see sharks near the shore, especially as the weather gets warmer. But 51-year-old Eduardo Valades told the Times that as the water temperature in South Florida hits record highs, he's seen "one every three or four days."His wife, Jennifer, added that she had also seen six or seven manatees basking in the warm soupy water.Other beachgoers haven't even felt cold leaving the water this summer; on the contrary, one resident said "it feels like a jacuzzi," the Times reported.A <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news/ongoing-marine-heat-waves-in-us-waters-explained" target="_blank" rel="noopener">marine heat wave</a> is a period of time in which the water temperature is warmer than 90% of previous observations for a specific time of the year, and a marine heat wave can last from weeks to years.NOAA said that oceans will absorb excess heat as climate change warms our planet and that extreme heat can prove "destructive and deadly for marine systems."Florida's marine heat wave comes as areas across the southern US and Europe are being hit with record-breaking heat. One Arizona medical center is seeing similar hospitalization levels to the pandemic, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/17/weather/southwest-us-arizona-record-heat/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according to CNN</a>, and one man <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/man-dies-death-valley-national-park-possible-heat-related-incident-off-rcna95263" target="_blank" rel="noopener">died in Death Valley</a> as the temperature hit 121 degrees Fahrenheit.

Sharks are feeding at the shore in Florida as the ocean's temperature reaches record highs and the water feels like syrup

<ul><li>Ocean warming also connects energy, carbon, and water cycles, as it is a key component of the <keyword id="6359982" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="earth" source="Orion">Earth</keyword> system. </li><li>A warmer ocean leads to more intense storms, more deadly rainfall and flooding. </li><li>As humans emit greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, it causes the Earth to warm. </li></ul> A new comprehensive review of global ocean temperature data has allowed researchers to paint a clear picture of ocean warming since the 1950s, and predict future warming scenarios, according to a study released on Tuesday. Researchers found that the rate of warming in the upper 2,000 metres of the ocean in 2010 more than doubled that of 1960, and predicted that if actions were not taken, the rate of ocean warming would be four times larger than the current level by 2090, with dire consequences for all life on Earth, <keyword id="106387" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="xinhua-news-agency" source="Orion">Xinhua news agency</keyword> quoted the study published in Nature Reviews journal as saying. Authors from the University of Auckland, the National Center of Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and research institutes from China, France, Australia and the UK, said that if the world succeeds in limiting global surface temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, as per the Paris Agreement, the acceleration of ocean warming will stop at around 2030. As humans emit greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, it causes the Earth to warm. The vast majority of the heat ends up in the ocean. Therefore, to understand how fast the Earth's climate is changing, people must look to the ocean and track ocean heat content change. Ocean warming also connects energy, carbon, and water cycles, as it is a key component of the Earth system, according to the study. A warmer ocean brings tremendous consequences to the Earth. Not just to sea life but to the weather patterns across the planet and to the food chain. A warmer ocean leads to more intense storms, more deadly rainfall and flooding, and more powerful typhoons and hurricanes, it said. A consequence of warming is that parts of the planet will become drier, with more heat waves and droughts. Other parts will become wetter as rainfalls happen in bigger downbursts, according to the study. Coastal regions are increasingly vulnerable in association with rising sea levels, storm surges and adverse impacts on ecosystems, the study showed. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/sports/news/t20-world-cup-sikandar-raza-bowlers-lead-zimbabwe-to-clinical-31-run-win-over-ireland/articleshow/94921708.cms">T20 World Cup: Sikandar Raza, bowlers lead Zimbabwe to clinical 31-run win over Ireland</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/railways-sets-new-record-in-scrap-sales-earns-rs-2582-cr-in-6-months/articleshow/94921491.cms">Railways sets new record in scrap sales, earns Rs 2,582 cr in 6 months</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/govt-seeks-data-on-vacancies-from-psus-roadmap-to-fill-them/articleshow/94916445.cms">Govt seeks data on vacancies from PSUs; roadmap to fill them</a>

Ocean warming rates to quadruple by 2090 if climate change not mitigated: study

<ul class="summary-list"><li>California's extreme weather has the fingerprints of the climate crisis all over it, scientists say.</li><li>Record-breaking ocean temperatures in 2022 caused the air to hold more moisture, which fuels storms.</li></ul>This article is part of Insider's weekly newsletter on sustainability, written by Catherine Boudreau, senior sustainability reporter. <a href="https://newsletter.businessinsider.com/click/639a388c36f47a829b0ccf3f/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnVzaW5lc3NpbnNpZGVyLmNvbS9zdWJzY3JpcHRpb24vbmV3c2xldHRlci9pbnNpZGVyLXN1c3RhaW5hYmlsaXR5/62616365333b7cf6e7074d68Bfb7029c5" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow sponsored">Sign up here</a>."New ride at the boardwalk."That was the <a href="https://twitter.com/DustinMulvaney/status/1612928140212592640" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">tweet from Dustin Mulvaney</a>, a resident of Santa Cruz, California. His post included a picture of a whirlpool where a river empties into Monterey Bay. Mulvaney is an environmental studies professor at San José State University and told Insider that he's never seen the river so high in the 22 years he's lived there. The photo Mulvaney shared was just one of countless images documenting the damage California has endured over a couple weeks. First came a bomb cyclone with its whipping winds and high swells that destroyed piers jutting into Monterey Bay. Then a series of atmospheric rivers inundated the region with heavy rainfall that poured down the Santa Cruz Mountains and overflowed rivers.The pattern has the fingerprints of the climate crisis all over it. Rick Spinrad, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, said Tuesday that the crisis is creating more intense, extreme events that often set off "cascading hazards" like intense drought, followed by devastating wildfires, followed by dangerous flooding and mudslides. In the last two years, Santa Cruz experienced prolonged drought and a major wildfire in 2020 that burned <a href="https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2020/8/16/czu-lightning-complex-including-warnella-fire/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">tens of thousands of acres</a>. Now it's among the hardest hit areas in California, where storms brought more water in a week than the state has received in months. At least 17 people have died, including one in Santa Cruz, Gov. Gavin Newsom said while surveying the damage in the county. <a href="https://poweroutage.us/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">Nearly 90,000 residents don't have power.</a> It could be months before the full extent of the damage is tallied up. But these disasters are becoming more expensive. NOAA climate scientists <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/national-climate-202212" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">reported there were 18 weather and climate disasters in the US last year</a> totalling $165 billion in damages — the third most costly on record behind 2017 and 2005. So how exactly does the climate crisis affect the events in California? The world's oceans are getting hotter because they trap more than 90% of the heat from all those greenhouse gas emissions humans create. As a result, the air also gets warmer and holds more moisture. That feeds more water into the atmospheric river flowing in the sky over the West Coast, said John Abraham, a thermal scientist at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota.Abraham <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-023-2385-2" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">coauthored a study by two dozen scientists</a> that found ocean temperatures in 2022 were the hottest on record. "The amount of heat going into the ocean is the equivalent to the energy of five Hiroshima bombs being detonated every second of every day for the entire year," Abraham told Insider. "It's a shit ton of heat."Mulvaney is aware of these dynamics, yet he doesn't want to flee California, in part because the state's government is investing in climate resiliency. He cited enhanced levee systems to help control flooding and projects that reduce wildfire risks."That's the one silver lining," he said.

Oceans are absorbing heat equal to 5 Hiroshima bombs every second and that's helping power massive storms

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The polar <keyword id="12229471" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="jet-stream" source="Orion">jet stream</keyword> is a band of wind that separates cold Arctic air from warmer air to the south.</li><li>A new study suggests that as the Earth warms, this band is moving north and out of position.</li><li>That could cause more droughts and heat waves in southern Europe and the eastern US.</li></ul>The polar jet stream circles the northern hemisphere, swirling up to nine miles above our heads like a curvy, ethereal crown on the planet.This band of strong wind separates cold air from the Arctic from warmer air to the south, and it's responsible for transporting <keyword id="11911086" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="weather" source="Orion">weather</keyword> from west to east across the US, over the Atlantic, and into Europe. It controls how wet and warm these regions are.But according to <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/118/38/e2104105118">a recent study</a>, the jet stream is shifting north as global temperatures rise. That's because the delicate balance of warm and cold air that keeps the stream in place is getting disturbed. If greenhouse-gas emissions continue unabated, the study found, the jet stream will break out of its normal range by 2060."The 'onset' of the jet stream's northward migration may have already begun," Matthew Osman, a researcher at the University of Arizona's Climate Systems Center who co-authored the study, told Insider.That would wreak havoc on weather in the northern hemisphere, bringing more extreme events like droughts and heat waves to southern Europe and the eastern US. More rain and flooding are expected in northern parts of Europe and Scandinavia, Osman said.<h2>A migrating jet stream</h2><div type="image" title="Jet stream" height="344" width="637" msid="86707217" hostid="261"></div>The North Atlantic jet stream exists and is held in place thanks to the clash between warm air zooming north from the tropics and cold air in the Arctic. Once these air masses meet, they move east at 110 miles per hour, driven by the Earth's rotation. But rising air temperatures mess with that hustle and flow. The Arctic is warming twice as fast, on average, as the rest of the planet. So that warm air travels farther north before it finds cold air, which leads the jet stream's position to migrate toward higher latitudes.Osman noted that the jet stream is capricious; the band's location is constantly shifting as the temperature differential that causes it fluctuates. But his study took the long view, examining the stream's location over the last 1,250 years. To reconstruct that past behavior, the researchers looked at ice core samples from 50 sites on the Greenland Ice Sheet that date back to the 8th century. The cores revealed how much snow had fallen, and when.Then, using climate models, the team simulated where the jet stream might move over the next four decades if greenhouse-gas emissions continue at their present rate. The results showed that the wind band's current movement threatens to exceed any previous shift.It's expected to significantly deviate from the norm, with potentially devastating consequences."By pushing the jet stream outside its already large natural range, we could be exposing ourselves to increasingly severe climate risks in the future," Osman said.<h2>More droughts and flooding could be coming</h2><div type="image" title="heat wave" height="683" width="1024" msid="86707219" hostid="261"></div>Osman's study suggests that the jet stream's migration will likely cause the US East Coast to warm more quickly than it already is. And both North America and Europe will experience more droughts and heat waves."Europe, on the downstream end of the North Atlantic jet, will feel these effects most acutely," Osman said. In particular, semi-arid regions of southern Europe could become more arid. Parts of northern Europe that already have a wetter, milder climates, like Scandinavia, could become even wetter. That additional rainfall would prompt more floods like the ones that plagued Europe this summer.<h2>Changes in the jet stream could affect polar vortices, too</h2><div type="image" title="polar vortex jet stream" height="441" width="600" msid="86707221" hostid="261"></div>Some scientists think that warming will also make the jet stream wavier than it already is. The jet stream's path is meandering and sinusoidal because not all warm air moves north at the same rate, nor does all polar air travel south uniformly. Hence the many waves in the wind band.But a <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.abi9167">study published last month</a> suggests that melting Arctic sea ice could increase the intensity and size of those deviating bulges. When that sea ice melts, more heat and moisture move from Earth's surface up toward space. That acts like a rock thrown into the pond of the atmosphere - it creates strong ripples above the Arctic that deform the jet stream. This creates wiggles that push extraordinarily cold air toward the equator.<div type="image" title="winter storm texas snow" height="1333" width="2000" msid="86707222" hostid="261"></div>So a more wobbly jet stream, consequently, increases the chances of intense winter storms and cold snaps in the US. Examples of this extreme <keyword id="12229470" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="winter-weather" source="Orion">winter weather</keyword> include <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/polar-vortex-dangers-why-it-happens-2019-1?utm_source=intl&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest">the polar-vortex event that struck the US in 2019</a> and the winter storm that left millions of Texans without power in February. "If the jet stream's waviness increases in the future, this might imply that extreme events such as the <keyword id="12229469" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="polar-vortex" source="Orion">polar vortex</keyword> could also become more frequent," Osman said.

The jet stream has started an unprecedented shift north, which could wreak havoc on weather in the US and Europe

<ul class="summary-list"><li>In the movie <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/day-after-tomorrow-was-right-and-wrong-about-climate-shifts-2019-3">"The Day After Tomorrow,"</a> an ice age happens after <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-amoc-day-after-tomorrow-2017-1">currents in the Atlantic suddenly stop</a>.</li><li>The Atlantic's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-could-shut-down-the-current-that-carries-warm-water-2017-9">current system</a> is responsible for Europe's warm climate, but <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-ipcc-report-temperature-rise-20-years-15-degrees-2021-8">it may be weakening</a>.</li><li>Slower circulation may bring droughts to west Africa and colder weather to Europe and North America.</li></ul>In the 2004 film "The Day After Tomorrow," a climatologist played by Dennis Quaid warns world leaders about a rapid climate shift.The key factor is an ocean current system called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which moves warm water from the equatorial tropics up to Europe and the north Atlantic. This influx of warmer water contributes to western Europe's mild, temperate climate.In the movie, the AMOC stops completely, causing an ice age to begin almost overnight. While the speed and intensity of that cold snap are hyperbolized in the film, the AMOC is very real, and research suggests a slow down of its circulation is a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/day-after-tomorrow-was-right-and-wrong-about-climate-shifts-2019-3">likely consequence of climate change</a>. In <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01097-4">a paper</a> published last week, climate scientist Niklas Boers concluded that the AMOC is approaching a tipping point. If enough fresh water from melting polar ice enters the ocean, the current system will experience an "abrupt weakening," and destabilize, he told Insider. A new climate report from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on <keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change">Climate Change</keyword> (IPCC) similarly suggests that the AMOC will very likely weaken by the end of the century.According to Boers, a researcher at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany, this weakening would cause temperatures in Europe to fall, and "the cooling effect would be stronger the further north you go."On the US East Coast, meanwhile, sea levels would rise. Parts of central and west Africa would experience persistent drought conditions, since those areas also benefit from the AMOC's circulation.<h2>An on/off switch for the Atlantic's currents</h2><div type="image" title="ocean currents" height="900" width="1200" msid="85210390" hostid="261"></div>When the AMOC is flowing quickly, western Europe enjoys a wet and warm climate. Scientists have likened the system to a conveyor belt: Once warmer water reaches the area around the UK, it cools and sinks to the bottom of the Labrador and Nordic Seas. Then that cold water makes a U-turn and snakes along the ocean floor, down to Antarctica's Southern Ocean.But if this circulation is sluggish and weak, warm tropical waters don't get moved up, and the north Atlantic cools.The AMOC's speed is determined by a delicate balance of salt and fresh water. Salty water is dense, so it sinks easily. But as Greenland's ice sheet and glaciers continue to melt, more fresh water is joining the AMOC's salty surface water, making it lighter and less likely to sink. That clogs up <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/slow-motion-ocean-atlantics-circulation-is-weakest-in-1-600-years/">the circulation's flow</a>.Prior <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09237-3">research</a> suggests that a change in the strength of water circulation in the Atlantic really does precede abrupt climate changes. By examining ice cores dated to Earth's last ice age, scientists have found that the AMOC alternates between two states - a strong "on" state, where the current system runs quickly, and a weak "off" state where that circulation decelerates. "A shutdown of the AMOC is the easiest, most efficient way to disrupt the climate system," Francesco Muschitiello, a geographer specializing in paleoclimatology at the University of Cambridge told Insider, adding, "95% of time when we talk about rapid climate change, it's associated with AMOC."Still, Boers said, any cooling related to the AMOC wouldn't look like "The Day After Tomorrow" - it "would take a few decades," and North America "won't get as cold as the movie suggests."<h2>It would take at least a few hundred years for the AMOC to re-strengthen</h2><div type="image" title="greenland" height="998" width="1500" msid="85210391" hostid="261"></div>In the past, when the AMOC reached a tipping point, the transition from strong to weak took a couple of decades, Boers said. But it takes much longer for the system to switch back."It typically took a few hundred to a few thousand years for the AMOC to go back to the strong mode," he said, adding, "if the AMOC were to collapse to the weak mode at some point in the future, it would indeed be very hard to bring it back to the strong mode."According to the IPCC report, it's possible that the AMOC will experience an abrupt collapse by 2100. That collapse, the report authors said, could be triggered by an unexpected additional melted ice from the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has been thawing at an unprecedented rate. A 2019 study found the ice sheet was <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greenland-approaching-threshold-of-irreversible-melting-2019-1]">melting six times faster</a> than it was 40 years ago. <div type="image" title="Ocean" height="1336" width="1781" msid="85210392" hostid="261"></div>It's unlikely, however, that the Greenland Ice Sheet will ever melt quickly enough to completely stop the AMOC.A full halt like the one depicted in "The Day After Tomorrow," would only happen "if the Greenland ice sheet was to melt over the course of a few days," Muschitiello previously told Insider.That said, some studies suggest that the AMOC has stopped entirely in the past."These major distortions of the AMOC led to the coldest events ever recorded," Muschitiello said.In those cases, the cold events may have lasted for up to 1,000 years. If the AMOC were to shut down completely again, Boers said, the only way to undo it would be "to reverse the global temperature trend and get back to pre-industrial conditions."

'The Day After Tomorrow' film foretold a real and troubling trend: The Atlantic ocean's circulation system is weakening

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Some of the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-crisis-heat-dome-condo-collapse-nyc-floods-infrastructure-2021-7">climate crisis</a>' effects on <keyword id="6373773" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="oceans">oceans</keyword> and ice will last millennia, a new report says.</li><li>That report, the Intergovernmental Panel on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-disasters-hottest-year-record-earth-2020-2021-1">Climate Change</a>'s sixth assessment, was released Monday.</li><li>It found <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-chamoli-disaster-mystery-solved-avalanche-glacier-flood-2021-6">glaciers</a> would keep <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-all-ice-earth-melted-overnight-2019-10">melting</a> and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-surfside-champlain-condo-collapse-climate-change-resilience-development-underwater-2021-7">seas would rise</a> for hundreds or thousands of years.</li></ul>Earth won't be the same again for thousands of years. Human activities have altered our planet's systems so dramatically that seas will continue to rise and <keyword id="6616544" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Glaciers">glaciers</keyword> continue to melt long after the 21st century.That's according to a long-awaited report, released Monday, from the <keyword id="60781" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</keyword> - a UN body that recruits hundreds of scientists from across the globe to summarize years of research on the climate crisis.<div type="image" title="black smoke plume above darkened snow" height="1572" width="2096" msid="85174101" hostid="261"></div>That aggregated research paints a dismaying portrait of both our planet's long-term future and the short-term impacts of <keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change">climate change</keyword>, including increasingly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/oregon-bootleg-fire-creating-fire-clouds-pyrocumulonimbus-storms-2021-7">extreme weather</a>. In burning fossil fuels, humans have pumped so much carbon dioxide into Earth's atmosphere that it would continue heating the planet even if the world's emissions dropped to net zero today.That warming commits Earth to major upheavals in the coming decades - rising seas, disappearing glaciers, extreme heat, floods, drought, and tropical storms. Some of those changes, the <keyword id="6941656" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="IPCC">IPCC</keyword> report found, will be "irreversible for centuries to millennia."<h2>Glaciers will melt and seas will rise for millennia to come</h2><div type="image" title="firefighter in smoke filled forest in siberia" height="3869" width="5158" msid="85174107" hostid="261"></div>Already, the Arctic is losing its permafrost, a layer of soil that used to stay frozen year-round. That frozen layer has captured carbon from plants and animals that have died over past centuries - about twice as much carbon as currently exists in the atmosphere.As rising temperatures thaw the permafrost, though, that carbon escapes into the atmosphere, where it traps heat and contributes to additional warming. This carbon release may last hundreds of years, according to the IPCC.Changes to Earth's oceans, too, "are irreversible on centennial to millennial time scales," according to the report. The oceans have been absorbing about <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-ocean-absorbing-more-carbon">31%</a> of carbon-dioxide emissions, which makes them more acidic. They're also heating up along with the rest of the planet. Warmer water holds less oxygen, a resource that's crucial to marine life.<div type="image" title="glacier calving splinters of ice fall into ocean" height="1674" width="2232" msid="85174111" hostid="261"></div>Warming will also keep glaciers melting at the poles and on mountaintops for decades, possibly centuries, the report says. If emissions rise further, some limited evidence suggests the melting of the Antarctic ice sheet could accelerate for centuries.All that melting ice would contribute to even more sea-level rise. Over the next 2,000 years, oceans could rise as much as 72 feet. The IPCC report says with "high confidence" that sea levels "will remain elevated for thousands of years."<h2>Other takeaways from the IPCC report</h2>The UN created the IPCC in 1988 to inform policymakers about how the climate is changing. This is its sixth climate assessment.<div type="image" title="IPCC climate change" height="1860" width="2480" msid="85174113" hostid="261"></div>For these reports, hundreds of scientists from across the globe comb through thousands of scientific papers. They describe how the climate is changing, the consequences of those changes, risks for the future, and what can be done.Monday's report is the first part of the IPCC's new assessment, and it comes from a working group that hadn't released new findings since 2013. This portion comes three months before scheduled climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland. The next two parts of the report are expected in early 2022. Governments of 195 countries must approve each one before its release.<div type="image" title="Fire department helps man in Oregon amidst heat wave" height="2655" width="3540" msid="85174115" hostid="261"></div>Here are other key takeaways from the new IPCC report:<ul><li>The global average temperature from 2001 to 2020 was about 1 degree Celsius higher than it was from 1850 to 1900.</li><li>The average global sea level rose by about half a foot (0.2 meters) from 1901 to 2018. The rate of annual sea-level rise nearly tripled during that time.</li><li>In 2019, the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere was higher than at any other time in at least 2 million years. Concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide - more-potent greenhouse gases than CO2 - were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years.</li><li>Annual average Arctic sea-ice levels from 2001 to 2020 were their lowest since 1850, and the Arctic is likely to have a sea-ice-free September at least once before 2050.</li><li>Major tropical cyclones, heat waves, and heavy precipitation events have increased in frequency around the globe over the past four decades.</li><li>Combinations of extreme events like heavy rainfall and hurricane-caused storm surge, paired with rising sea levels, will continue to make flooding more likely in coming decades.</li><li>The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, an ocean current that carries warm water north and cold water south, is weakening. If the current slows enough, Europe and the US East Coast would be hit by freezing temperatures.</li></ul>

You Searched For "oceans warmer" and got 11 results

Oxygen is disappearing from Earth’s water; this endangers marine life and human society!

BI India Bureau

Save your oceans. They are turning warmer every year

Business Insider India

Step inside Quartzsite, Arizona, where snowbirds flock for warmer weather and a cheap place to park their RVs

Monica Humphries

Mars could be creating 'giant whirlpools' deep within our planet's oceans

Marianne Guenot

Earth's deep blue oceans are fading and changing color — and scientists aren't sure why

Marianne Guenot

Sharks are feeding at the shore in Florida as the ocean's temperature reaches record highs and the water feels like syrup

Sonam Sheth

Ocean warming rates to quadruple by 2090 if climate change not mitigated: study

IANS

Oceans are absorbing heat equal to 5 Hiroshima bombs every second and that's helping power massive storms

Catherine Boudreau

The jet stream has started an unprecedented shift north, which could wreak havoc on weather in the US and Europe

Aylin Woodward

'The Day After Tomorrow' film foretold a real and troubling trend: The Atlantic ocean's circulation system is weakening

Aylin Woodward

Climate-related changes to Earth's ice and oceans are now 'irreversible for centuries to millennia,' a new report says

Morgan McFall-Johnsen,Aylin W…

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