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<p>Studies <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/s?q=brain+investment">abound</a> showing how our mental biases thwart sound <keyword id="35175" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="investing">investing</keyword> decisions.</p>
<p>Value Stock Guide has compiled the five main ways this happens into a nifty infographic (<a href="https://twitter.com/EddyElfenbein/status/394594778764963840">via Eddy Elfenbein</a>).</p>
<p>You should check out the whole thing, but real quickly, the 5 common ways your <keyword id="6361813" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="brain">brain</keyword> screws you up are:</p>
<ul>
<li>You do what everyone else is doing because of herd behavior.</li>
<li>You confuse "cheap" with "value."</li>
<li>You throw good money after bad.</li>
<li>You practice loss aversion and that leads to bad choices.</li>
<li>You think the future is more unpredictable than it is.</li>
</ul>
<p>Check it out:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Eddy Elfenbein/Value Stock Guide" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/526d97c8eab8ea401585b2b6-960/brain bad investing decisions.jpg"><span class="click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span></a><p class="source"><a href="http://imgur.com/cCqgmeQ">Eddy Elfenbein/Value Stock Guide</a></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>

5 Ways Your Brain Tricks You Into Making Horrible Investment Decisions

<p>Studies <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/s?q=brain+investment">abound</a> showing how our mental biases thwart sound <keyword id="35175" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="investing">investing</keyword> decisions.</p>
<p>Value Stock Guide <a href="http://www.valuestockguide.com/valueinvesting/5-ways-brain/">has compiled</a> the five main ways this happens into a nifty infographic (<a href="https://twitter.com/EddyElfenbein/status/394594778764963840">via Eddy Elfenbein</a>).</p>
<p>You should check out the whole thing, but real quickly, the 5 common ways your <keyword id="6361813" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="brain">brain</keyword> screws you up are:</p>
<ul>
<li>You do what everyone else is doing because of herd behavior.</li>
<li>You confuse "cheap" with "value."</li>
<li>You throw good money after bad.</li>
<li>You practice loss aversion and that leads to bad choices.</li>
<li>You think the future is more unpredictable than it is.</li>
</ul>
<p>Check it out:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><a href="http://www.valuestockguide.com/valueinvesting/5-ways-brain/">Value Stock Guide</a></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>

We are talking of the startup era when India’s education system is undergoing a reputation crisis. It’s a known fact that there aren’t enough employment opportunities for Indian students. Moreover, companies who have job offers are unhappy with the new lot who they claim are not employment ready.<br />
<br />
At a time when the credibility of India’s education system is at stake, bridging the supply demand gap are the online certification courses being offered by international universities. These courses are helping build the knowledge base that subsequently will help them grab the relevant job or even fuels their mind to be creative and start their own business. Since the number of internet users in India is growing tremendously, anyone willing to add to his/her knowledge can enroll, learn, and get certified through these portals irrespective of the age and profession.<br />
<br /> Here we bring you a list of 10 such <keyword id="650673" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Online-courses">online courses</keyword> that can prepare you for the best job roles in some of the greatest companies:<br />
<br />
<strong>Data Science</strong><br />
<br />
The course helps you ‘ask the right questions’ as a data scientist. It provides in-depth knowledge about manipulating data sets and creating visualizations to communicate results. It also helps in understanding the major tools and ideas from the data scientist's toolbox. A conceptual understanding of how data can be utilized to perform specific actions within organizations would be a great incentive for learners in this data driven era.<br />
<br />
<strong>An Introduction to Marketing</strong><br />
<br />
Wharton’s classic introductory marketing course is back. Part of Wharton’s foundation Series, it covers branding strategies, customer centricity and new market entry by trying to get students into the customers head. Previous versions of this course have received great reviews on SlideRule.<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Project Management Principles and Practices</strong><br />
<br />
Every task in any organization is related to some project, whether short term or long term. Project management is considered to be one of those important disciplines that help an organization successfully run projects and achieve project goals. Certification in project management helps in learning key roles and responsibilities of a project manager and project team.<br />
<br />
<strong>Neuroeconomics</strong><br />
<br />
‘Introduction to Neuroeconomics: How the Brain Makes Decisions’ is a course that addresses the foundations of neuroeconomics, the neuroanatomy of the brain, and decision theory. Students can study the balance between rationality and emotion, as well as how groups and the social environment interact with individual decision-making.<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>Social Media Marketing</strong><br />
<br />
So you were looking for shoes online. Next you checked your facebook. But wait! What’s that? An advertisement of the same shoes you searched for appears in your news feed. Well that tells you the power of social media marketing. A course in this field provides you with the tools, insights, knowledge, and skills to positively impact your marketing career.<br />
<br />
<strong><keyword id="774829" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Big-Data">Big Data</keyword></strong><br />
<br />
The buzz word! Big Data is impacting us all, even if we can’t realize. The course in Big Data is also related to data science. It helps you understand how and why ‘it is the Big Data era in technology’. It will also provide you with insights about how Big Data can strike your career (or your entrepreneurial dreams!)<br />
<br />
<strong>Business Analytics</strong><br />
<br />
It’s a course that guides you through the Big Data analytics. An inside view of the marketing, HR, and finance operations and how data analysts predict and make informed decisions in all these areas will offer as a key learning. If you are related to (or willing to get into) IT industry and its related analytics, a course in Business Analytics can power your career dreams.<br />
<br />
<strong>Strategic Management and Innovation</strong><br />
<br />
In a very competitive and captive business age, a specialization in this aspect will open up opportunities to learn the evolving stage and role of key technology ingredients such as the design, UI/UX and how the tinge of these weighs more for businesses. From innovation, creating values, to strategizing for business realities, it’s a set of learning chores that awaits you.<br />
<br />
<strong>Programming the Internet of Things (IOT)</strong><br />
<br />
IoT has arguably been the technology that has influenced the current business and technology arena towards a massive transformation. From connected cars to smart cities, to devices communicating at households, IoT has seen the course of its utilization to a great extent. A course in IoT will help you learn importance of this concept, current components of IoT devices, their design and trends for the future.<br />
<br />
<strong>Machine Learning</strong><br />
<br />
Decades ago Artificial Intelligence (AI) was a mere concept in development and a money making fiction for movies. Today it seems future is now with so many developments in robotics, mobile voice assistants etc. Machine learning is a ‘Must-Do’ exciting course for Techies.<br />
<br />
(Image credits: edtechreview.in)

These 10 online courses will prepare you for high-paying offbeat job roles in top Indian Companies

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Shutterstock</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul><li><strong>Giving gifts is psychologically more rewarding than getting gifts, according to <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword>.</strong></li><li><strong>Even if you can't afford much, the science has found small donations of time or money can still make people happier.</strong></li></ul><p><br />If you want to maximize your holiday cheer, don't hope for more presents under the tree.</p><p>According to science, the real way to find joy is by giving gifts, not getting them.</p><p>A wealth of psychological <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15964">research</a> has found that humans - pro-social animals through and through - reap far more satisfaction and fulfillment from making others happy than by indulging themselves.</p><p>The finding stems from the premise that early humans had <a href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/11320609/aknin,et-al_prosocial_JPSP.pdf?version=meter+at+null&amp;module=meter-Links&amp;pgtype=article&amp;contentId=&amp;mediaId=&amp;referrer=&amp;priority=true&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=meter-links-click">an evolutionary advantage</a> if they were generous. Bearing short-term costs for long-term gain, in the form of goodwill and reciprocal generosity, kept these humans safer and well-fed.</p><p>Humans don't really have to relate to one another so primitively anymore. But the psychological rewards seem to have stuck around. A <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1687">handful of studies</a> have found that doing good for others increases happiness more so than receiving the same amount.</p><p>Most recently, researchers <a href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms15964">published a study in Nature</a> that found a neural link between generosity and happiness.</p><p>People who were put in an fMRI machine - a tool that measures brain activity based on blood flow to certain regions - showed greater activation in the parts of the brain governing feelings of happiness when they made promises to be generous with their money, compared to the control group.</p><p>And good news for those without much to give: The amount you give might not matter so much, according to l<span>ead author Philippe Tobler, associate professor of neuroeconomics and social neuroscience at the University of Zurich.</span></p><p><span>"It is worth keeping in mind that even little things have a beneficial effect - like bringing coffee to one's office mates in the morning," Tobler <a href="http://time.com/4857777/generosity-happiness-brain/">told Time</a>.</span></p><p>Other experiments of giving and receiving have found that donating time can reap just as much benefit as gifts of money or material goods. <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/119">A recent review</a> of 40 studies done over the last 20 years showed that volunteering was one of the top ways to boost psychological health.</p><p><span>So even if you can't wrap something for someone this Christmas, the science is clear: Give what you can. You'll be helping others, and also yourself.</span></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donate-money-make-happy-strategy-finance-wealth-donation-charity-2017-10">How donating money can actually make you happier</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

The best way to cheer up during the holidays has nothing to do with unwrapping gifts, according to science

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Carlo Allegri</span></p><p class="caption">Marco Rubio</p></div><p></p></div></div>Although Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) came out with a win in the Iowa Republican caucuses last week, Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Florida) has <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/marco-rubio-emerged-as-iowa-republican-establishment-champion-2016-2">emerged as a strong GOP contender</a>.</p><p>But the best way to measure a candidate's effect on voters may be to measure what's going on in voters' brains.</p><p>Last weekend, the author and communication coach Carmine Gallo <a href="http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/02/07/new-brain-study-shows-how-marco-rubio-gets-attention-and-wins-hearts/#376d85304377">wrote in</a> Forbes how "neuroeconomics" professor Paul Zak of Claremont Graduate University is doing just that.</p><p>The purpose of Zak's studies is to identify what ideas or political messages trigger action - whether it's charitable giving or votes.</p><h2>The winning formula</h2><p>Based on Zak's research and his own experience, Gallo says he has identified what he calls the "winning formula" for action. It comes down to two things: attention and emotional resonance.</p><p>"Attention is a scarce brain resource, so attention is necessary to induce action," Zak told Gallo. But attention alone is not enough. To get someone to take action for a cause, you need to create empathy by forging emotional connections, something Zak calls emotional resonance.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Jim Young</span></p><p class="caption">Republican presidential candidates pose together onstage at the start of the debate held by Fox News in Des Moines.</p></div><p></p></div></div>In a recent experiment, Zak and his colleagues wired up a group of registered Republicans with sensors that detect their brain waves while they watched the January 14 and January 28 GOP presidential debates.</p><p>Here's what they found: During the earlier debate, real-estate mogul Donald Trump scored the highest among the study participants on measures of attention, but low on emotional resonance. None of the candidates scored very high on emotional resonance, either - which might have been because they were all competing for attention.</p><p>In the January 28 debate (in which Trump declined to participate), Zak and his colleagues found that Rubio "won" because he earned the highest combination of both attention and emotional resonance. As a result, Zak predicted that Rubio would do well in the Iowa caucuses - which he did, surprising with a strong third-place finish.</p><p>New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie (R) has criticized Rubio for being too "scripted." But recently, Rubio has been gaining voters' trust by opening up about his family and personal life on the campaign trail, as <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/us/politics/marco-rubio-turns-toward-the-personal-on-the-campaign-trail.html?_r=0">The New York Times has reported</a>.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Getty/Chip Somodevilla</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>For example, when a voter lamented that his home was losing value, Rubio recounted the story of his neighbor foreclosing on his home. And when another voter talked about the burden of raising a child with autism, the senator talked about a friend's 2-year-old daughter who struggles with the disorder.</p><p>The emotional appeal of personal stories like these comes down to our brain chemistry.</p><h2>Trust in the brain</h2><p>In his previous research, Zak has found that the brain chemical oxytocin plays an important role in emotional resonance.</p><p>For example, in a 2013 <a href="http://www.neuroeconomicstudies.org/images/stories/documents/OTBiologicalBasisForInterpersonalPoliticalTrust.pdf">study</a> of data gathered in 2007, when George W. Bush was president and Democrats controlled Congress, Zak and his colleagues gave 88 college students - 42% of whom identified as Democrats and 23% as Republicans - a nasal spritz of either oxytocin or a placebo, and asked them to fill out a survey about their political attitudes and trust in various politicians.</p><p>Those who were given the oxytocin reported greater their trust in political figures and government. However, the increased trust was only among politicians in their party. In addition, the study participants were younger and more diverse than the general population.</p><p>Oxytocin has been called a "cuddle hormone" or "moral molecule" because of its role in <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1196/annals.1314.025/abstract">promoting trust</a> and <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2009.04.001">social bonding</a>. But this description is far too simplistic, as research suggests oxytocin may also be responsible for <a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v18/n9/full/mp2012156a.html">distrust or aggression</a> toward people who are not part of one's social group.</p><p>Neuroscience is only just scratching the surface of what makes voters tick. But it may provide some insight into how Rubio, and others, can earn votes this primary season.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/gop-debate-botched-intro-carson-trump-abc-news-2016-2">This botched intro was the most entertaining moment of the GOP debate</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="U0OHVxMDE6sMmND-etWEAyVv7rW-dSUL" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

These two winning strategies could explain Marco Rubio's surge in the GOP race

<p><div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div><p class="source"><a href="http://statigr.am/viewer.php#/detail/326658172369261065_15495787">Instagram/koreenas</a></p></div>The world is full of schemes aiming to incentivize us; we’re spurred on to achieve new targets and scale new heights by the carrot of lucre-based incentivization schemes designed to appeal to our selfish natures. </p>
<p>Which is not surprising because we live in a society characterised by a belief that we’re all out for what we can get, wheeling and dealing in our own self-interest, forever trying to get the maximum reward for the minimum effort.</p>
<p>Which is like determining that 5 is the square root of 17. Anyone who truly believes that <keyword id="6354840" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="money">money</keyword> is the main motivation for most of our behavior is someone whose belief system needs to be carefully inspected with one of those devices used for stirring septic tanks. Worse still, financial incentive schemes may actually miss the point by undermining our most cherishable quality: curiosity makes the man, even if it flattens the feline.</p>
<p><strong>Moral Prices</strong></p>
<p>We’ve previously seen that financial <keyword id="29962" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="incentives">incentives</keyword> may have the curious effect of reducing a person’s natural inclination to engage in some behavior or other. So, for instance, in <a href="http://www.psyfitec.com/2010/01/money-cant-buy-happiness.html" target="_empty">Money Can't Buy You Happiness</a> Swiss people who were reluctantly willing to put up with a waste plant on their doorstep out of their simple good natures suddenly went cold on the idea when offered money to meet what they’d previously regarded as their civic duties.</p>
<p>Or consider the study <a href="http://www.npenn.org/cms/lib/PA09000087/Centricity/Domain/245/Daycare_fine_study.pdf" target="_empty">A Fine is a Price</a> by Uri Gneezy and Aldo Rustichini where fining people for turning up late to pick their kids up from kindergarten actually increased the number of late arrivals.  The researchers suggest that introducing a financial penalty removed the moral obligation to arrive on time; a financial transaction is not the same as a moral one.  <span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span></p>
<p>This underlying natural inclination to behave morally is known in the jargon as <em>intrinsic motivation</em> (see <a href="http://www.psyfitec.com/2011/12/when-incentives-go-bad.html" target="_empty">When Incentives Go Bad</a>) and its disappearance under the influence of financial incentives is known variously as the <em>undermining effect</em> or the <em>overjustification effect</em> or even the mouth-numbing<em>motivation crowding out effect</em>.</p>
<p><strong>Duped by Dopamine</strong> </p>
<p>Researchers have now found a neural mechanism to explain the effect, whatever the damn thing's called.  Kou Murayamaa, Madoka Matsumoto, Keise Izuma, and Kenji Matsumoto in <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/49/20911.full.pdf+html" target="_empty">Neural Basis of the Undermining Effect of Monetary Reward on Intrinsic Motivation</a> discovered that introducing performance based rewards on an interesting task actually reduced performance and, in particular, showed a decrease in activity in certain brain areas implicated in reward based processing – specifically one needed to prepare for mental processing and another implicated in the dopamine reward system: and we’ve met the dopamine reward system before, in <a href="http://www.psyfitec.com/2012/03/craving-high-trading-on-dopamine.html" target="_empty">Craving a High: Trading on Dopamine</a>. </p>
<p>The idea that financial incentives can remove a person’s natural intrinsic motivation to engage in a high value task is a bit depressing if you’re particularly wedded to the idea that financial incentives are the solution to all ills. It’s probably closer to the truth to argue that they’re an easy answer to a difficult problem, and that most people are sufficiently self-interested not to argue with the prospect of extra money that they may get simply by getting lucky.</p>
<p><strong>Curiosity Killed</strong></p>
<p>However, perhaps the most depressing thing about this study is not that financial incentives don’t work but that they undermine peoples’ natural tendency to involve themselves in stuff that interests them.  Because if there’s one quality that should define a human being above all others it’s curiosity – someone who is no longer interested in the world around them is someone who’s not really engaged with life and it’s a depressing thought that many of us end up trapped in circumstances that mean we carry on with the same old grind purely because of financial circumstances.</p>
<p>Of course a study showing that intrinsic motivation is reduced in the presence of financial rewards is not the same as one that says that it’s increased in the presence of simple curiosity.  However, such a idea exists, something known as <em>the information-gap theory</em>, hypothesised by George Loewenstein in <a href="http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gl20/GeorgeLoewenstein/Papers_files/pdf/PsychofCuriosity.pdf" target="_empty">The Psychology of Curiosity: A Review and Reinterpretation</a>:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;">“The proposed theory views curiosity as occurring when an individual’s informational reference point becomes elevated in a certain domain, drawing attention to an information gap. Curiosity is the feeling of deprivation that results from an awareness of that gap”.</p>
<p><strong>Burning Bright</strong></p>
<p>As Loewenstein points out, this may not explain all aspects of curiosity, but it’s an interesting approach and one that’s now been investigated using the same sort of neural analysis as in the previous study.  In <a href="http://pss.sagepub.com/content/20/8/963.full.pdf+html" target="_empty">The Wick in the Candle of Learning</a> Loewenstein and colleagues have shown that:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">"Subjects spend more scarce resources (either limited tokens, or waiting time) to find out answers when they are more curious. The fMRI also showed that curiosity increases activity in memory areas when subjects guess incorrectly, which suggests that curiosity may enhance memory for surprising new information. This prediction about memory enhancement is confirmed in a behavioral study— higher curiosity in the initial session is correlated with better recall of surprising answers 10 days later.”</span></p>
<p>And are you curious about which brain area is implicated in this information gap theory?  Well, it’s that darned reward modulating dopamine system again.  Indeed, enhanced curiosity about a particular subject was also correlated to the ability of experimental participants to recall answers to questions that interested them, suggesting that this mechanism is implicated in general learning.</p>
<p><strong>Uncertainly Curious</strong></p>
<p>As the study carefully points out this is almost certainly not the final word on curiosity – there are wide range of complicating effects which haven’t been teased out – but it’s certainly part of the answer.  In a world saturated by information, much of which is irrelevant, it certainly raises issues about how we choose what to be curious about.</p>
<p>The theory, and the evidence, also argues that uncertainty is initially correlated with curiosity:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">“The fact that curiosity increases with uncertainty (up to a point), suggests that a small amount of knowledge can pique curiosity and prime the hunger for knowledge, much as an olfactory or visual stimulus can prime a hunger for food, which might suggest ways for educators to ignite the wick in the candle of learning.”</span></p>
<p>Beyond a certain point, though, increasing uncertainty leads to declining curiosity.  We know that peaks in uncertainty in financial markets are linked to a wide range of generally poor behavioral traits: perhaps beyond a given point it just gets too difficult to integrate new information with old, such that curiosity is overwhelmed by novelty.  After all, how many of us had experienced the nightmare of irrational markets at their worst before 2008?<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span></p>
<p><strong>Neuroeconomic Stimulation</strong></p>
<p>Linking curiosity and financial incentives to intrinsic motivation and both to our dopamine modulating systems, while showing that different levels of curiosity are invoked by increasing uncertainty offers us a neat story but one that’s probably only a pastiche of the truth.  Nonetheless, even glimpsing a path from brain structures to individual behavior to behavioral economics is a step forward, and a small triumph for neuroeconomics.<span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span></p>
<div>
<p>But broadly speaking if you want to motivate them stimulate their interest.  Only don’t overstimulate them, because they’ll probably start behaving less rationally than you’d want: truly this is incentives through the looking glass.  Which is curious, is it not?<br /><br /><em>The</em> <em>undermining effect, the</em> <em>overjustification effect</em> and <em>the</em> <em>motivation crowding out effect</em> <em>added to <a href="http://www.psyfitec.com/p/list-of-behavioral-biases.html" target="_clear">The Big List of Behavioral Biases</a>.</em></p>
</div>

You Searched For "neuroeconomics" and got 6 results

5 Ways Your Brain Tricks You Into Making Horrible Investment Decisions

Rob Wile

5 Ways Your Brain Tricks You Into Making Horrible Investment Decisions

Rob Wile

These 10 online courses will prepare you for high-paying offbeat job roles in top Indian Companies

Anushree Singh

The best way to cheer up during the holidays has nothing to do with unwrapping gifts, according to science

Chris Weller

These two winning strategies could explain Marco Rubio's surge in the GOP race

Tanya Lewis

Money Kills Our Natural Tendency To Do Things That Interest Us

The Psy-Fi Blog

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