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<ul><li>Vikram, India’s lunar lander from the Chandrayaan-2 mission, has been spotted on the moon by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). </li><li>The lander’s debris was first identified by Shanmuga Subramanian — 750 meters from the main crash site. </li><li>The largest pieces at about 1.5 meters across. </li></ul>Three months after India’s failed attempt to land on the Moon, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2019/vikram-lander-found">NASA</a>) has finally spotted the lander, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/pictures-of-moon-and-earth-by-chandrayaan-2-lander-and-orbiter/articleshow/71015068.cms">Vikram</a>, on the lunar surface. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="5103" retweetcount="1978" status="The #Chandrayaan2 Vikram lander has been found by our @NASAMoon mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the… https://t.co/niHBT1STV2" createdat="1575318157000" id="1201597561720725506"></div>

 The American space agency’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/search-for-vikram-on-nasa-scientists-analyse-lunar-images-from-orbiter/articleshow/71197160.cms">tried to locate</a> Vikram earlier in September as well but the light conditions were too harsh for an accurate image. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="22166" retweetcount="6090" status="Our @LRO_NASA mission imaged the targeted landing site of India’s Chandrayaan-2 lander, Vikram. The images were tak… https://t.co/K37sBatI4N" createdat="1569531605000" id="1177326999657943060"></div>

 The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-is-still-searching-for-vikram-lander-with-a-fresh-set-of-lunar-pictures/articleshow/71627513.cms">first signs</a> of debris were located by Shanmuga Subramanian, a space enthusiast, about 750 meters northwest of the main crash site. The largest pieces at about 1.5 meters across. "Subramanian contacted the LRO project with positive identification of debris. After receiving this tip, the LROC team confirmed the identification by comparing before and after images," said NASA in a statement. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has been trying to determine what went wrong since the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/moon-landing-drama-play-by-play-of-isro-losing-communication-with-chandrayaan-2s-lander/articleshow/71018307.cms">failed landing</a> on 7 September 2019. But has since been tight-lipped about the incident. ISRO reportedly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-says-moon-lander-vikram-located-by-orbiter/articleshow/71061294.cms">spotted the lander</a> with their own orbiter but did not release those images to the public. It was only two weeks ago, during a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/chandrayaan-2-india-reveals-the-mystery-behind-vikram-lander-but-its-location-is-still-unknown/articleshow/72161803.cms">parliamentary session</a>, when Jitendra Singh, a minister of state, admitted that Vikram had hard-landed — or crashed — onto the lunar surface. “Due to this deviation, the initial conditions at the start of the fine braking phase were beyond the designed parameters. As a result, Vikram hard-landed within 500 meters of the designated landing site,” he said. Experts assert that the Chandrayaan-2 mission was still a success since one of its three components, the orbiter, was successfully put in orbit around the Moon. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vikram-chandrayaan-2s-lander-as-it-lands-on-the-moon/articleshow/71008396.cms">Everything you need to know about Vikram, Chandrayaan 2's lander, as it lands on the Moon</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2s-lander-vikram-found-on-the-moon-but-isro-suspects-hard-landing/articleshow/71035718.cms">Chandrayaan 2 definitely reached the Moon but might have 'hard' news in store</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/moon-landing-drama-play-by-play-of-isro-losing-communication-with-chandrayaan-2s-lander/articleshow/71018307.cms">Moon landing drama: Play by play of ISRO losing communication with Chandrayaan 2's lander</a>

Space enthusiast helps NASA locate Vikram lander's crash site on the moon

<ul><li>An Indian techie, Shanmuga Subramanian helped <keyword id="6360409" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> spot Vikram Lander on Moon’s surface. </li><li>He scoured the pictures taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), NASA and Arizona State University announced on Monday confirming the find. </li><li>In September, ISRO lost contact with the lander when it was attempting to soft-land near the moon’s South Pole. </li></ul>Meet Shanmuga Subramanian, 33, who is now being hailed a ‘tech wizard’ for helping NASA find the debris of Vikram Lander on the moon. He scoured the pictures taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), NASA and Arizona State University announced on <a href="http://businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-finds-isros-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-crash-site/articleshow/72341436.cms">Monday confirming the find</a>. “I didn’t use any tools, only used my laptop to scan images,” said Subramanian who claimed to be a ‘big fan of ISRO’. He also told in a television interview that he never missed an ISRO launch. In September, ISRO lost contact with the lander when it was attempting to soft-land near the moon’s South Pole. "Subramanian contacted the LRO project with positive identification of debris. After receiving this tip, the LROC team confirmed the identification by comparing-- before and after images," said NASA in a statement. “I hope this inspires a lot of amateur space enthusiasts. I found one piece of the Vikram lander and based on that NASA found the other parts. I hope ISRO will have a successful Chandrayaan 3,” said Subramanian while speaking on a TV channel. Today, the US space agency officially tweeted an image of the debris that was spotted on the moon’s surface. 
	
	<div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="7906" retweetcount="3130" status="The #Chandrayaan2 Vikram lander has been found by our @NASAMoon mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. See the… https://t.co/niHBT1STV2" createdat="1575318157000" id="1201597561720725506"></div>





 Just three hours after NASA’s Tweet, Subramanian identified himself on Twitter and spelt out the details. As expected, it went viral. And India’s most social media friendly industrialist <keyword id="46425" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Anand-Mahindra">Anand Mahindra</keyword> shared the viral tweet and engaged in a banter with a person trying to discredit him. 
	
	<div type="twitter" handle="Ramanean" handlename="Shan" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822653796950167552/6RNnZRVf_normal.jpg" favoritecount="10209" retweetcount="3913" status="@NASA has credited me for finding Vikram Lander on Moon's surface #VikramLander #Chandrayaan2 @timesofindia… https://t.co/NJPPTr4aBP" createdat="1575327690000" id="1201637543394983936"></div>




 Subramanian also shared a screenshot from the mail he received from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission (LROC), saying that he will be given due credit for his findings. “The debris first located by Shanmuga is about 750 meters northwest of the main crash site and was a single bright pixel identification in that first mosaic (1.3 meter pixels, 84° incidence angle). The November mosaic shows best the impact crater, ray and extensive debris field. The three largest pieces of debris are each about 2x2 pixels and cast a one pixel shadow,” wrote NASA. 
	
	<div type="twitter" handle="Ramanean" handlename="Shan" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/822653796950167552/6RNnZRVf_normal.jpg" favoritecount="430" retweetcount="140" status="@LRO_NASA @NASA @isro @NASA @LRO_NASA @isro This might be Vikram lander's crash site (Lat:-70.8552 Lon:21.71233 )… https://t.co/rJ3NixMmqy" createdat="1574001967000" id="1196077057928622080"></div>





 The American space agency’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LRCO) tried to locate Vikram earlier in September as well but the light conditions were too harsh for an accurate image. 
 
 <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="72341436" title="Space enthusiast helps NASA locate Vikram lander's crash site on the moon" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

Meet the 33-year-old Chennai techie who spotted Vikram Lander on Moon’s surface and alerted NASA

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Intuitive Machines' uncrewed Odysseus moon landing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-ceo-safety-switch-almost-lost-odysseus-moon-landing-2024-2">almost failed due to a single safety switch</a>.</li><li>Other moon-landing attempts have crashed or burned due to leaky valves or software glitches.</li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-moon-landings-on-lunar-south-pole-crashed-2023-8">Landing on the moon is so difficult</a> that, until last year, only three nations had ever done it without crashing. Recently, India, Japan, and one private company — Intuitive Machines — have joined their ranks.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-im-1-odysseus-moon-lunar-landing-mission-nasa-2024-2">Intuitive Machines' moon landing</a> on Thursday was particularly significant, returning the US to the lunar surface for the first time in nearly 52 years and softly landing the first commercial spacecraft on the moon.But the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-intuitive-machines-moon-landing-attempt-after-astrobotic-fail-2024-2">mission</a> narrowly avoided the same fate as several lunar-landing attempts before it: death by small engineering error.The Houston-based company's uncrewed Odysseus lander was almost lost to one of the tiniest possible mistakes. A safety switch that should have been switched off before <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vulcan-peregrine-us-mission-first-land-moon-astrobotic-human-remains-2024-1">launch</a> was left on instead, effectively disabling the navigation system that was supposed to guide the robot to a safe landing spot.<div type="image" title="fisheye view of lunar surface with moon lander legs in the foreground" height="800" width="600" msid="108055483" hostid="261" sizebytes="27018"></div>With less than two hours to go before landing, Intuitive Machines engineers frantically whipped up a new navigation system. They reprogrammed the spacecraft to instead use the laser technology from a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-made-oxygen-out-of-thin-air-on-mars-2023-9">NASA experiment</a> it was carrying to the moon. The experiment wasn't meant to land the spacecraft, but it worked in a pinch.At the last second, though, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-india-moon-landing-cost-cheap-compared-to-nasa-russia-2023-8">lander</a> tipped over and settled on its side. That seems to be unrelated to the errant safety switch.<div type="image" title="moon lander model small figurine laying sideways on a table propped on a small blue mini of itself with a torso in a suit in the background seated at the table with hands folded next to a microphone" height="712" width="1262" msid="108055484" hostid="261" sizebytes="22606"></div>"<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/william-shatner-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-spaceflight-funeral-2022-10">Spaceflight</a> is hard. A million things have to go right, and if one thing goes wrong, you can still have a failure," Trent Martin, vice president of space systems at Intuitive Machines, said in a NASA press briefing in January, weeks before Odysseus launched.Indeed, several robotic moon landing attempts have crashed or otherwise malfunctioned in the last few years. Overall, only about <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/success-rate-of-lunar-missions-is-a-little-over-50-as-per-nasa-database/articleshow/101774227.cms">50% of lunar landing missions succeed</a>.In each recent case, failure comes down to tiny engineering details — of a million steps, just one going wrong. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">Photos</a> from those missions show just how important the little things are in spaceflight.<h2>Astrobotic's lander may have succumbed to one leaky valve</h2>Sometimes all it takes to kill a moon landing is one small piece of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-delayed-nasa-launch-red-nail-polish-blocking-rocket-engines-2020-10">subpar hardware</a>.Just a month before Intuitive Machines triumphed, Astrobotic — another US company <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-lands-4-astronauts-for-nasa-spaceflight-record-2021-4">working with NASA</a> to reach the moon — failed.Just hours after launch, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astrobotic-moon-lander-leaking-fuel-after-launch-threatening-mission-2024-1">Astrobotic's Peregrine lander began leaking fuel</a>. When it beamed its first photo back to Earth, it showed the lander's insulation crumpling.<div type="image" title="Photo of dented Multi-Layer Insulation on board the Peregrine mission." height="1080" width="1920" msid="108055526" hostid="261" sizebytes="56992"></div>Astrobotic said the most likely cause was a valve failing to reseal in the fuel-tank system. That small failure was enough to drain the lander's fuel, cause the crumpling in the photo, and ultimately <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-astrobotic-peregrine-anomaly-sift-error-software-testing-2024-1">doom the mission</a>.Landing on the moon had become impossible, Astrobotic decided, so <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-moon-lander-peregrine-burn-up-earth-atmosphere-satellite-astrobotic-2024-1">Peregrine burned up in Earth's atmosphere</a> instead.<h2>3 moon crashes show how time is compressed in the final '15 minutes of terror'</h2>Especially in the final stages of descent, there is almost no room for error in a moon landing.That's what India learned from its first attempt to land on the moon, in 2019. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-india-israel-failed-moon-landings-failed-final-descent-2019-9">The Vikram lander crashed into the moon</a> because it slowed down more quickly than its braking system had been programmed to accommodate, <a target="_blank" href="https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/">SpaceNews</a> later reported.NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) later discovered Vikram's remains scattered across the lunar surface.<div type="image" title="lunar surface area with blue and green dots indicating vikram lander crash debris spread long over several kilometers" height="1041" width="1041" msid="108055527" hostid="261" sizebytes="227012"></div>In those final stages, a spacecraft is completely on its own. There is no time for mission operators to respond to fresh data from the spacecraft, write new commands, and beam them back to the moon."Time gets greatly compressed," Robert Braun, the space exploration lead at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, previously told Business Insider. "There's very little margin to try something again if it didn't happen as planned."That's why Kailasavadivoo Sivan, who was India's space program director at the time, has called this final phase "15 minutes of terror."Last year <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/japanese-company-ispace-fears-moon-probe-crash-landed-2023-4">Japanese company ispace also lost its moon lander</a> in those final stages, just a few miles above the lunar surface, due to a software glitch. LRO spotted that lander in pieces, too:<div type="image" title="gif flashing between before and after images of the lunar surface show the appearance of four spots of debris from a lunar lander crash" height="985" width="985" msid="108055528" hostid="261" sizebytes="47310"></div>"Once you initiate a landing sequence, you're committed. It's kind of like jumping out of a plane," Braun said. "Your parachute has to work."The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-on-moon-spacecraft-beresheet-likely-still-alive-2019-8">Beresheet lander, by Israeli nonprofit SpaceIL</a>, also went into freefall during the critical final stages of its landing in 2019. One computer command led to a cascade of technical glitches that made its main engine fail. LRO spotted its wreckage, too:<div type="image" title="israel beresheet private moon lander crash site nasa lunar reconnaissance orbiter lro labeled" height="1207" width="1200" msid="108055529" hostid="261" sizebytes="189456"></div><h2>Japan's upside-down moon landing survived a major failure</h2>Japan's <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jaxas-slim-spacecraft-japan-first-moon-landing-attempt-2023-12">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)</a> recently survived a big malfunction — with a twist.One of the lander's two main thrusters failed as it was descending, causing the spacecraft to tumble. It survived the chaotic fall, and managed to deploy the two tiny rovers it carried.But a photo from one of those rovers later revealed the lander had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/japan-moon-probe-landed-upside-down-still-works-2024-1">landed upside-down</a>.<div type="image" title="image taken by a Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) of a robotic moon rover called Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM, on the moon." height="2252" width="3000" msid="108055530" hostid="261" sizebytes="322110"></div>That angled its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-insight-mars-lander-hibernating-so-batteries-dont-die-2021-4">solar panels</a> away from the sun, which has taken a toll on the spacecraft's energy generation and left it with too little battery power to operate for much of its mission.SLIM's case shows that sometimes extremely robust hardware and software engineering, plus a healthy dose of luck, can help a lander do its job despite an error or two.Similarly, Intuitive Machines' success on Thursday shows that small errors don't necessarily have to spell <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-voyager-spacecraft-where-still-contact-communication-end-soon-2024-1">the end of a mission</a>."Space is hard, and equipment doesn't always operate as expected," Braun told Business Insider after Odysseus landed. "In this case here, engineers on the ground came up with an ingenious way to keep the mission on track and actually accomplish the landing."

Space photos from 5 recent moon-landing missions show how tiny engineering errors can cause big problems, like crashing or landing sideways

<ul><li><keyword id="97416" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Google-maps">Google Maps</keyword> lets you explore space without having to step out of the house. </li><li>It has added a new animation to their interplanetary exploration tool. </li><li>The new animation feels a lot like the warp drive on <keyword id="112242" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="20" keywordseo="Star-Trek">Star Trek</keyword> or the starting sequence of <keyword id="492147" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="20" keywordseo="Doctor-Who">Doctor Who</keyword>. </li></ul>Google Maps can really take you anywhere — including outer space. To make sure the experience feels otherworldly, the tech giant’s added a warp drive ‘whoosh’ akin to Star Trek or the starting sequence of Doctor Who, every time you switch planets. <div type="image" title="googlemapsspacegif" msid="73040728" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Google Maps &amp;#39;whoosh&amp;#39; effect&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 A <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/google/comments/eh6qg6/new_animation_when_switching_between_planets_in/">Reddit user</a> spotted the animation change on Monday, that makes it feel like you’re actually travelling through space rather than just zooming in and zooming out of the solar system. Aside from planets, users can also roam about the International Space Station (ISS), the dwarf planet Ceres, Jupiter’s moons and, of course, the Moon. <div type="image" title="googlemapsmoon_edited" msid="73040737" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Map of the Moon&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 The maps are a result of half a million pictures collected by <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/mission/spacecraft/cassini-orbiter/">Cassini-Huygens mission</a> during its 20-year lifespan. Even though the terrain isn’t as detailed as Earth, you can still spot the craters on Mercury and the mountain ranges on Venus. The only catch is that Google Maps’ <keyword id="718929" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Space-exploration">space exploration</keyword> feature is only available to desktop users and doesn’t open on a smartphone despite having been around for more than 2 years. Here’s how to explore space with Google Maps: <ol><li>Open Google Maps in your Chrome browser. It will also work on non-Chrome browsers — just not as well. </li><li>At In the left-bottom corner of the screen, there should be a square box which reads ‘Maps’. Click on it to switch over to ‘Satellite’ view. </li><li>On the right-hand side, there should be a little toggle that looks like Earth. Click on the ‘Globe View’ button. </li><li>Zoom out all the way, as far as you can go. </li><li>Once you’ve zoomed out to the maximum, a menu will show up will all your possible destinations within the solar system. </li><li>Click on any of the options and start your journey through space. </li></ol>See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-satellite-captures-a-picture-of-gujarat-indias-largest-salt-producer-from-space/articleshow/71681776.cms">NASA satellite captures a picture of India’s largest salt producer from space</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-finds-isros-chandrayaan-2-vikram-lander-crash-site/articleshow/72341436.cms">Space enthusiast helps NASA locate Vikram lander's crash site on the moon</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-trash-in-outer-space-makes-way-for-a-new-kind-of-map/articleshow/69751105.cms">The trash in outer space makes way for a new kind of map</a>

Google Maps lets you explore the cosmos like Star Trek — complete with a warp drive ‘whoosh’

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/India-Moon-Mission/6d27b5b927754b7e999df62ca4f52bce/8/0">AP Photo/Aijaz Rahi</a>Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Chairman Kailasavadivoo Sivan displays a model of Chanrayaan 2 orbiter and rover during a press conference at their headquarters in Bangalore, India, Tuesday, Aug. 20, 2019.</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>India's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-moon-lander-vikram-found-after-crash-landing-2019-9">Vikram moon lander</a>, part of its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-space-mission-chandrayaan-2-set-to-land-on-moon-2019-9">Chandrayaan-2</a> mission, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-lost-contact-with-moon-lander-indicating-crash-2019-9">crashed into the lunar surface</a> last week. It was the country's first attempt at a soft landing on the moon.</li><li>The landing of Israeli nonprofit <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-israel-moon-mission-launch-spaceil-lunar-lander-2019-2">SpaceIL</a>'s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-israel-beresheet-moon-landing-failed-2019-4">Beresheet lander</a> also <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/beresheet-first-private-moon-mission-fails-lunar-landing-2019-4">failed in April</a>.</li><li>Descent and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/moon-landing">landing</a> are difficult stages of a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/moon-missions">mission to the moon</a> or any other planetary body - especially the final stages, which India's space-program director referred to as "15 minutes of terror."</li><li>That's because landers must successfully carry out a series of complex commands with little room for failure, while contending with the moon's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moon-crater-anomaly-south-pole-metal-asteroid-core-2019-6">wonky gravity</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-simulation-neil-armstrong-view-of-moon-2019-7">uneven terrain</a>, and pesky dust.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>India's attempt at a soft lunar landing appeared to end in a crash on September 6 (September 7 in India), making it the second failed moon landing this year.The mission's main spacecraft, Chandrayaan-2, has since spotted the Vikram lander's hapless hardware from its vantage point orbiting the moon. The lander arrived at the moon's south pole, seemingly in one piece, but India's space agency <a href="https://twitter.com/isro/status/1171284893143224321">said</a> it has been unable to restore communications.The crash came just five months after an Israeli nonprofit's lander, called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-israel-beresheet-moon-landing-failed-2019-4">Beresheet</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-on-moon-spacecraft-beresheet-likely-still-alive-2019-8">crashed into the moon's surface</a>. In both cases, the fatal errors occurred the final stages of descent.Robert Braun, dean of the College of Engineering and Applied <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">Science</keyword> at the University of Colorado, has worked on landing and descent teams for multiple NASA missions to Mars."Among all the things we do in space, landing is one of the more challenging aspects, because time gets greatly compressed," he told Business Insider. "There's very little margin to try something again if it didn't happen as planned."Here's why the final stages of a moon landing are so challenging.

India's and Israel's moon-landing attempts both failed during descent - here's why the '15 minutes of terror' are so difficult

<ul><li>General <keyword id="2496903" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bipin-Rawat">Bipin Rawat</keyword> is set to take oath as India’s first Chief of Defence staff. </li><li>Before this, he served full three-year terms as the Indian <keyword id="6436694" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="army-chief">Army Chief</keyword> after he superseded two officers in 2016. </li><li>Rawat had also served as the Vice Chief of Army Staff for a brief period from September 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. </li></ul>General Bipin Rawat is set to take oath as India’s first Chief of Defence staff. Before this, he served full three-year terms as the Indian Army Chief after he superseded two officers in 2016. The Eastern Army Commander Lt. Gen. Mukund Naravane will replace Rawat as the Army chief. Rawat had also served as the Vice Chief of Army Staff for a brief period from September 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. An alumnus of St. Edward School, Shimla, the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla and, Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion of the Eleven Gorkha Rifles in 1978. Counter insurgency specialist and high altitude warfare experience. Rawat was well known for his experience in high altitude warfare and counter-insurgency operations. He led an infantry battalion along the Line of Actual Control ( a line that separates Indian territory with that of China in Jammu and Kashmir) in the eastern sector; an infantry division in the Kashmir Valley; and a Corps in the Eastern theatre and the Southern Command. He was also a part of instructional appointments at the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun and at Army War College, Mhow. As the Chief of Army Staff, Rawat brought about many reforms such as bringing in leaner combat formations. He implemented integrated battle groups — a self-sustaining combat formation equivalent to the size of a brigade — to rapidly mobilize operations. Rawat along with former Defence Minister <keyword id="6355121" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rajnath-Singh">Rajnath Singh</keyword>, introduced a Special Human Rights Cell and a special vigilance cell. This was after reports of human rights violations by the Indian army started doing the rounds in Kashmir valley and parts of Northeast.In his 38 years of service, he has been rewarded with many commendations along with the Army Commander’s Commendation. He had also pursued M. Phil in Defence Studies from Madras University- and received his Ph. D in military media strategic studies from Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut. The maverick also has a diploma in management and computer studies. He even authored authored numerous articles on ‘National Security’ and ‘Leadership’. SEE ALSO : <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/unknown-facts-about-sundar-pichai-lifestyle-likes-and-dislikes-morning-routine-and-his-wife-anjali/articleshow/72361910.cms">Chai for Pichai⁠: The lifestyle of Sundar Pichai⁠— not a ‘morning person’ ⁠— who mixed Sambhar in Payasam</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/meet-this-33-year-old-chennai-techie-who-spotted-vikram-lander-on-moons-surface-and-alerted-nasa/articleshow/72342866.cms">Meet the 33-year-old Chennai techie who spotted Vikram Lander on Moon’s surface and alerted NAS</a>A

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Space enthusiast helps NASA locate Vikram lander's crash site on the moon

Prabhjote Gill

Meet the 33-year-old Chennai techie who spotted Vikram Lander on Moon’s surface and alerted NASA

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Space photos from 5 recent moon-landing missions show how tiny engineering errors can cause big problems, like crashing or landing sideways

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

Google Maps lets you explore the cosmos like Star Trek — complete with a warp drive ‘whoosh’

Prabhjote Gill

India's and Israel's moon-landing attempts both failed during descent - here's why the '15 minutes of terror' are so difficult

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

Meet Gen. Bipin Rawat, the newest and the first Chief of Defence staff in India

BI India Bureau

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