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<ul><li>The US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) congratulates India’s AstroSat for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe. </li><li>According to Union Minister Jitendra Singh, AstroSat’s <keyword id="9866507" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="ultraviolet-imaging-telescope">Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope</keyword> (UVIT) cuts through noise even better than the Hubble Space Telescope. </li><li>The galaxy, dubbed AUDFs01 is located 9.3 billion light years from Earth. </li></ul>Nearly 10 billion light-years away from Earth, Indian astronomers discovered one of the farthest galaxies in the universe using the country’s first Multi-Wavelength Space Observatory — <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5">AstroSat</a>. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="77733544" title="India's first multi-wavelength satellite detects galaxy 9.3 billion light years away" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> And the reason it was able to make the significant discovery was that AstroSat’s Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) has less background noise as compared to the US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Hubble Space Telescope, according to Union Minister <a href="http://achemaster.indiatimes.com/?type=login&amp;tempCode=7cTy5BS3wpcxDEBsG3eF6n3PSQUvy_N3zX-XJMcz5oIjdkPWJ2-8SncyRFoLxySJ">Jitendra Singh</a>. Nonetheless, NASA took the discovery in stride, reaching out to congratulate India on its milestone. “Science is collaborative effort around the world &amp; discoveries like these help further humankind’s understanding of where we come from, where are we going, &amp; are we alone,” NASA Public Affairs Officer, Felicia Chou told <a href="https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1300930767497777152">ANI.</a> The team of astronomers from the Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) in Pune published their discovery of the galaxy dubbed AUDFs01 in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1173-5">Nature Astronomy</a> on August 24. AstroSat’s edge over NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope Astrosat has been in orbit around Earth for nearly five years — to the day. It launched aboard the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) workhorse, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), on 28 September 2015. <div type="image" title="astrosat_edited" msid="77883484" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;AstroSat during a pre-launch test inside a clean room&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The UVIT was the last of the satellite’s six payloads to come alive on 30 November 2015. It's a three-in-one imaging telescope. This means it can simultaneously observe the visible, the near-ultraviolet (NUV) and the far-ultraviolet (FUV). It has filters to differentiate between the three. Aside from the filters, the most important aspects of the UVIT are the detectors. This is where the AstroSat has a less up over the Hubble Space Telescope. These are photon-counting detectors that can measure the location and time of incidence of each photon — particles of light — individually, according to <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7356/astrosat-book-final.pdf">ISRO.</a> “UVIT was a challenging instrument to design and build. It had to deal with unique problems of ultraviolet astronomy, incorporate modern technology and also withstand the intense mechanical vibrations during launch and the thermal and radiative extremes of outer space,” said ISRO in its book about AstroSat. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/musks-spacex-completes-first-polar-orbit-in-off-shore-landing-by-falcon-9-booster/articleshow/77845337.cms">Elon Musk owned SpaceX completes its first polar orbit mission as Falcon 9’s booster nails off-shore landing</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/mars-spotted-first-time-by-uae-hope-probe-on-its-maiden-voyage-in-space/articleshow/77775267.cms">UAE’s Hope probe spots Mars for the very first time on its maiden voyage through space</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-chandrayaan-2-identifies-craters-that-may-have-water-after-mapping-4-million-square-kilometres-of-the-moon-in-its-first-year/slidelist/77667105.cms">ISRO’s Chandrayaan 2 identifies craters that may have water after mapping 4 million square kilometres of the Moon in its first year</a>

NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe

<ul><li>The <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>) tweeted congratulations to <keyword id="6355315" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="elon-musk">Elon Musk</keyword>’s <keyword id="6360701" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="spacex">SpaceX</keyword> and <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> on the successful ‘historical first launch’ of <keyword id="1064783" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="human-spaceflight">human spaceflight</keyword>. </li><li>“Great job,” ISRO wrote. </li><li>The Indian space agency is pegged to launch its own maiden human spaceflight, <keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword>, in 2022. </li></ul>The Indian Space Research Organisation took to Twitter to congratulate Elon Musk’s SpaceX and the US-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on a successful ‘historical first launch’ of the Demo-2 Mission. <div type="twitter" handle="isro" handlename="ISRO" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/413572279734247424/LshYgwCH_normal.jpeg" favoritecount="32067" retweetcount="3189" status="Congratulations to #NASA and #SpaceX for historic first launch of manned mission after 2011. Great job !" createdat="1590990033000" id="1267330173193433088"></div> Musk founded SpaceX in 2002 and on May 30 EST it successfully launched its first people — veteran NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley — into Earth’s orbit blasting them towards the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the Falcon 9 rocket. The <keyword id="3150656" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="crew-dragon">Crew Dragon</keyword> spacecraft — later named the ‘Endeavour’ — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/spacexs-new-endeavour-spaceship-just-made-history-by-docking-to-the-international-space-station-with-2-nasa-astronauts-inside/articleshow/76122633.cms">successfully docked with the ISS</a>, 402 kilometres above the plant’s surface, at 1:02 pm ET. After around 20 minutes of safety checks, the two astronauts floated through the hatch into the $150 billion orbiting lab. “It’s been a real honour to be a super-small part of this nine-year endeavour, since last time a US spaceship has docked with the ISS,” Hurley said after stepping onto the ISS. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="195295" retweetcount="51854" status="This is the first time in human history @NASA_Astronauts have entered the @Space_Station from a commercially-made s… https://t.co/nA4FTvLvMA" createdat="1590945846000" id="1267144838153211905"></div> The Endeavour was designed by SpaceX and funded by NASA. Musk was <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/elon-musk-said-he-was-overcome-with-emotion-over-spacex-launch-and-the-task-of-bringing-astronauts-home-im-getting-choked-up-im-sorry-/articleshow/76115242.cms">overcome with emotion</a> while addressing the press during the post-launch press conference. “I’m really quite overcome with emotion on this day. It’s kind of hard to talk, frankly,” he said. Not only was the launch a milestone for Musk and SpaceX but it was also the first time in nearly a decade that NASA was launching its astronauts from US soil since the Space Shuttle Program was shut down in 2011. “It’s a little hard to process. I think at this point I haven’t sorted out my emotions,” Musk told reporters. ISRO’s plans for Gaganyaan ISRO is working on its own plans for India’s maiden human spaceflight program, Gaganyaan pegged to launch in 2022. Their indigenously developed spacecraft is designed to carry three people. The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-selects-four-iaf-pilots-for-gaganyaan-to-train-in-russia/articleshow/73064466.cms">shortlisted pilots</a> from the Indian Air Force (IAF) are currently undergoing training in Russia. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="75546034" title="ISRO may quietly gain a cost advantage despite the delay in Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan 3, says an expert" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is manufacturing the crew model and had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014. According to the company, the design of the crew module was complete as of May 2019. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is providing the human-centric systems and technologies, like space-grade food, healthcare, radiation measurements, for the astronauts. A humanoid robot called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isros-humanoid-lady-robot-will-fly-into-space-before-they-send-astronauts-out-on-gaganyaan/articleshow/73519075.cms">Vyommitra</a> will also be joining the three astronauts on their ride. It is capable of detecting any environmental changes within the cabin and giving out warnings. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/human-spaceflight-may-take-india-us-relations-to-new-heights-as-space-diplomacy-gains-importance/articleshow/74303584.cms">Human spaceflight may take India-US relations to new heights as space diplomacy gains importance</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/elon-musks-biggest-worry-about-spacexs-first-astronaut-mission-isnt-the-rocket-launch-its-the-spaceships-return-to-earth/articleshow/76114047.cms">Elon Musk's biggest worry about SpaceX's first astronaut mission isn't the rocket launch — it's the spaceship's return to Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/puffy-cotton-ball-clouds-are-a-rocket-launchs-most-common-nightmare-heres-why-they-delayed-spacexs-historic-flight-/articleshow/76100840.cms">Puffy 'cotton ball' clouds are a rocket launch's most common nightmare. Here's why they delayed SpaceX's historic flight.</a>

ISRO congratulates Elon Musk’s SpaceX and NASA on a ‘historical first launch’ of human spaceflight

<ul><li>Data from Indian Space Research Organisation's (<keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword>) <keyword id="913432" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan 1</keyword> orbiter shows that the Moon may be rusting along the poles. </li><li>The occurrence of rust is a conundrum because even though the Moon is known to have iron-rich rocks littered across the surface, it’s not known for the presence of water and oxygen — two elements that need to interact with iron to create rust. </li><li>Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>) believe that this could because Earth’s own atmosphere is lending a helping hand. </li></ul>Another sign that the Moon’s poles are home to water has emerged from the Chandrayaan 1’s data. The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) maiden mission to Earth’s natural satellite has revealed that there may be <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/the-moon-is-rusting-and-researchers-want-to-know-why">rusting on the Moon</a> — something that can only occur if iron interacts with water and oxygen. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="71701221" title="Chandrayaan 1 — India marks the 11th anniversary of its first successful mission to the Moon" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> And, even though the Moon has a lot of iron, it’s not known to be rich in oxygen and water. "The Moon is a terrible environment for hematite to form in," said Shuai Li, the lead author of the paper published in Science Advances. Researchers with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) believe that Earth may have had a role to play. The Earth’s atmosphere could be protecting the Moon as well The Moon is constantly bombarded by solar particles coming off the Sun. Without an atmosphere to protect itself, the hydrogen should make it difficult for rust to form. Hydrogen is a reducer. It adds electrons to the material it touches.For iron to rust, it needs the opposite — an oxidiser which removes electrons instead. Instead, Earth’s atmosphere may have had a helping hand to give. The planet’s magnetotail — the part of its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-confirms-that-the-dent-in-earths-protective-shield-is-splitting-into-two-and-it-is-getting-bigger/articleshow/77611768.cms">magnetic atmosphere</a> that extends away from the Sun — is capable of blocking out 99% of the solar wind aimed at the Moon when it’s in its Full Moon phase. <div type="image" title="magnetotail_edited" msid="77926431" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Earth&amp;#39;s magnetic atmosphere and magnetotail, which extends away from the Sun&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> That part of the lunar cycle gives iron on the Moon occasional windows of opportunity for rust to form. Building the perfect storm for the Moon to rust Earth’s magnetotail does more than just provide the Moon with a shield. During that interaction, some of the oxygen from the planet also gets transferred over. This was <a href="http://www.kaguya.jaxa.jp/en/science/result_of_kaguya_e_2008_1.htm">confirmed</a> by Japan’s Kaguya orbiter in 2007. So, even though the Moon isn’t rich in oxygen, it does have access to oxygen during the same window of opportunity when it’s not being bombarded with hydrogen. <div type="image" title="moon magnetotail_edited" msid="77926473" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;How the Earth&amp;#39;s Magnetotail protects the Moon from solar particles from the Sun&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The last piece of the puzzle is water. Even though the rest of the Moon is bone dry, it’s poles have long been <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-could-find-a-lot-of-water-on-the-moon/articleshow/70356422.cms">suspected</a> of hosting water. Albeit only in shadowed craters located on the far side of the Moon — far from where the rust has been detected. <div type="image" title="moon water_edited" msid="77926507" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Chandrayaan 1 detects water on the Moon&amp;#39;s poles&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Researchers propose that fast-moving dust particles, which regularly pelt the Moon, could release surface-borne water molecules and mix them with iron in the lunar soil. Compounding the interaction, the resulting heat from these impacts could increase the oxidation rate. So if all three ingredients are in place — a Full Moon phase, water molecules and oxygen travelling from Earth — the perfect storm to create rust can in fact occur. Questions still left unanswered While the theory is sound on paper, there is still more information that’s needed to understand exactly how water is interacting with lunar rocks. The insights could also help explain why rusting is occurring on the far side of the moon, where it’s blocked off from Earth’s oxygen. This study was published using Chandrayaan-1's Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument (M3) built by the National Aeronautics Space Administration’s (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It detects how light is reflected off the surface of the Moon. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/pubg-ban-india-makes-chinese-company-tencent-loses-34-billion-in-2-days/articleshow/77924912.cms">Tencent loses nearly $34 billion since the PUBG ban in India — its second-largest valuation dip this year</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/no-other-asteroid-is-going-to-get-closer-to-earth-in-the-next-decade-as-the-one-set-to-fly-by-on-september-1/articleshow/77802359.cms">No other asteroid is going to get closer to Earth in the next decade than the one set to fly by on September 1</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-congratulates-indian-scientists-for-discovering-one-of-the-farthest-galaxies-in-the-universe/articleshow/77883347.cms">NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/musks-spacex-completes-first-polar-orbit-in-off-shore-landing-by-falcon-9-booster/articleshow/77845337.cms">Elon Musk owned SpaceX completes its first polar orbit mission as Falcon 9’s booster nails off-shore landing</a>

ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why

<ul><li>The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) attempt to soft land near the Moon’s South Pole ended in loss of contact with the lunar lander, Vikram. </li><li>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the <keyword id="8074589" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="United-Arab-Emirates-space-agency">United Arab Emirates Space Agency</keyword> have expressed their support for ISRO. </li><li>Mauritius, Maldives, Vietnam, Bhutan, and Bulgaria also offered words of encouragement for India and ISRO. </li></ul>India’s second mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan 2, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2s-orbiter-has-seven-and-a-half-years-to-scan-the-surface-of-the-moon/articleshow/71027327.cms">might not have been a complete success</a> but nations from all over the world are rallying their support. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) tweeted that it is ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/nasa-inspired-by-chandrayaan-2-as-it-plans-to-return-to-the-moon-after-7-years/articleshow/71031506.cms">inspired</a>’ by India’s attempt to soft land on the Moon. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="104991" retweetcount="36538" status="Space is hard. We commend @ISRO’s attempt to land their #Chandrayaan2 mission on the Moon’s South Pole. You have in… https://t.co/M2a8mU8eVA" createdat="1567876723000" id="1170385925077131264"></div>

 NASA’s laser retroreflectors were onboard the lunar lander, Vikram, which is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-fails-in-the-final-seconds-of-descent-to-moons-south-pole/articleshow/71018196.cms">no longer sending any signals</a> back to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Space Agency also came in support of ISRO. The director of the organisation, Mohammed AlAhbabi, stated that losing contact with the lunar lander ‘is not the end of success’ for India. He even called India ‘a great space power’. <div type="twitter" handle="DrAlahbabi" handlename="Dr.Mohammed AlAhbabi" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/602453760833519616/Zav_xcgp_normal.jpg" favoritecount="2938" retweetcount="855" status="The loss of contact with the Indian spacecraft, #Chandrayaan2 which was planned to land on the #moon, is not the en… https://t.co/VreBmj4O83" createdat="1567859099000" id="1170312002696286214"></div>

 <keyword id="8074590" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mauritius-Prime-Minister-Pravind-Jugnauth">Mauritius Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth</keyword> echoed NASA’s interest in collaborating with India on space missions. He tweeted that despite the landing not being successful, it’s still a ‘major technological advancement’ for the Indian space programme. <div type="twitter" handle="MauritiusPM" handlename="Pravind Jugnauth" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1167874717547556865/0RHupdpJ_normal.jpg" favoritecount="13125" retweetcount="2441" status="I wish to congratulate the government of India and the ISRO team for their attempt at landing the Vikram lander and… https://t.co/b6UNjidXQi" createdat="1567844317000" id="1170250004457578496"></div>

 The Bulgarian foreign ministry also chimed in to congratulate India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi on India’s endeavour to land on the Moon. Despite being unsuccessful, Bulgaria believes this can lay the groundwork for India’s next attempt. <div type="twitter" handle="MFABulgaria" handlename="MFA Bulgaria" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/558255116298358784/i2DPgPi6_normal.jpeg" favoritecount="4024" retweetcount="724" status="We congratulate India on their historic #Chandrayaan-2 mission attempting to land at the lunar South Pole. Despite… https://t.co/S0GsL30khy" createdat="1567867968000" id="1170349201601024003"></div>

 Bhutan’s Prime Minister Lotay Tshering too is confident that India will definitely ‘make it happen one day’. Just the hard work and courage that went into attempting such a feat is ‘historical’, according to Tshering. <div type="twitter" handle="PMBhutan" handlename="PM Bhutan" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1162028719872942080/VFYbpED4_normal.jpg" favoritecount="111114" retweetcount="20825" status="We are proud of India and its scientists today. Chandrayaan-2 saw some challenges last minute but the courage and h… https://t.co/w8Zdlj0OcJ" createdat="1567824453000" id="1170166685912817664"></div>

 Maldives President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih shares a similar opinion that ISRO’s headway with Chandrayaan 2 advances the ‘cause of human scientific progress’. <div type="twitter" handle="ibusolih" handlename="Ibrahim Mohamed Solih" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1109020376569249792/_MUP8CjS_normal.jpg" favoritecount="18566" retweetcount="3502" status="With Chandraayan 2, India has made history. Whatever the final outcome, landing a probe on the moon is no mean feat… https://t.co/nD0Y6nX2IJ" createdat="1567846293000" id="1170258290443374592"></div>

 To cap it off, Vietnam’s Deputy Prime Minister tweeted on an optimistic note that ‘this is just the beginning of the story’. <div type="twitter" handle="FMPhamBinhMinh" handlename="PhamBinhMinh" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/669436671751020544/4ZZxFBUc_normal.jpg" favoritecount="4993" retweetcount="870" status="#Chandrayaan2: success doesn't come easy, it's a long journey with a lot of efforts and it is worth to try. My appr… https://t.co/fmx63Z4Iab" createdat="1567866101000" id="1170341372030681090"></div>

 See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2s-orbiter-has-seven-and-a-half-years-to-scan-the-surface-of-the-moon/articleshow/71027327.cms">Chandrayaan 2’s orbiter has seven and a half years to scan the surface of the Moon</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-fails-in-the-final-seconds-of-descent-to-moons-south-pole/articleshow/71018196.cms">Chandrayaan 2 loses contact with the lander in the final seconds of the descent to Moon's surface</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/moon-landing-drama-play-by-play-of-isro-losing-communication-with-chandrayaan-2s-lander/articleshow/71018307.cms">Moon landing drama: Play by play of ISRO losing communication with Chandrayaan 2's lander</a>

International support pours in for ISRO after losing contact with lunar lander

<ul><li>The Sun spit out its <keyword id="9330561" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="largest-solar-flare">largest solar flare</keyword> in the last 925 days, since October 2017.</li><li>Scientists with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>) are now on the lookout for whether this dictates a larger trend of the Sun waking up again. </li><li>Solar flares don’t pose a direct threat to humans on Earth but hold the potential to wreak havoc on satellites in orbit and astronauts travelling through space.</li></ul>The Sun has been quiet over the last few years. The activity of <keyword id="429902" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="solar-flare">solar flare</keyword>s has been weak and infrequent. However, that looks like it’s set to change with Earth’s home start spitting out its biggest solar flare since October 2017. The solar flare in question occurred on May 29 at around 3:24 EST (12:54 pm IST). it was an M-class solar flare — the second strongest as per NASA’s classification guide. It was pretty mild as per solar flare standards since it wasn’t pointed directly at Earth clocking in at just M1.1 on the 10-point scale. <div type="image" title="solarflare_edited" msid="76149405" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Close up of a M7.3 solar flare in 2014&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> “The flares were too weak to pass the threshold at which NOAA’s [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] Space Weather Prediction Centre provides alerts,” said the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It’s keeping an eye out to see if a new solar cycle in the making which could mean more solar flares in the coming months. All of this will be determined when the sunspots — dark freckles on the Sun’s surface — come into view. Right now, the Earth is witness to the tip-off from Cycle 24 into Cycle 25. Scientists are watching to check to the Sun is indeed starting to wake up from its slumber. Just one flare isn’t enough to dictate an entire trend. What is a solar flare — and is it dangerous to humans? A solar flare is a powerful burst of radiation that originates from the Sun in a loop of plasma that originates from a family of sunspots. Most of the radiation gets filtered out by the Earth’s atmosphere. However, that doesn’t mean that it doesn’t leave its mark. Most of Earth’s satellites are located outside the atmosphere in the planet’s orbit. So when a solar flare does occur, it can have an immense impact on GPS and communications signals. Radiation storms in near-Earth space also pose a threat to astronauts leaving them incapable of leaving the International Space Station (ISS). In the past M-class solar flares have been known to cause radio blackouts in polar regions where the Earth’s atmosphere is at its thinnest. On the flip side, solar flares also general some of the most spectacular light shows at higher altitudes — the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis. The moody and unpredictable star we call the Sun The Sun normally has an 11-year cycle during which the activity of solar flares tends to ramp up and fall along with the sunspots on its surface. NASA and NOAA track these changes to determine and predict how the cycle is moving, and when the worst of the flares are likely to occur. The problem is that our home-grown star tends to be unpredictable. “Just because the sunspot numbers go up or down in a given months doesn’t mean it won’t reverse course the next month, only to go back again the month after that,” said NASA. The key to determining how the Sun’s going to behave is pinning down its solar minimum — when the lowest number of sunspots are likely to occur. In order the determine the solar minimum, astronomers need to see the number of sunspots increase steadily to determine when they will plummet again. This poses a challenge since it means that the solar minimum can only be recognised in hindsight. “It could six to 12 months after the fact to confirm when the minimum has actually passed,” said NASA. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-congratulates-elon-musk-spacex-and-nasa-on-a-historical-first-launch-of-human-spaceflight/articleshow/76133073.cms">ISRO congratulates Elon Musk’s SpaceX and NASA on a ‘historical first launch’ of human spaceflight</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/a-black-hole-spewed-out-material-equivalent-to-500-empire-state-buildings-at-nearly-the-speed-of-light-and-nasa-caught-it-on-video/articleshow/76129601.cms">A black hole spewed out material equivalent to 500 Empire State Buildings at nearly the speed of light — and NASA caught it on video</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/high-magnitude-earthquake-in-delhi-ncr-india/articleshow/76096028.cms">Massive earthquake felt in New Delhi India — fourth in the span of two months</a>

The biggest solar flare since 2017 spotted by NASA — and there could be more to come as the Sun wakes up

India's much-awaited <keyword id="6625456" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mars-Orbiter-Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</keyword> (<keyword id="6356585" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mom">MOM</keyword>), which was launched on Nov 5, 2013 from Andhra Pradesh’s <keyword id="6355143" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</keyword>, has successfully entered the <keyword id="6385434" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Red-Planet">Red Planet</keyword>’s orbit on Wednesday. 
 
At 7:10 am (IST), state-run Indian Space Research Organisation (<keyword id="6358064" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO">ISRO</keyword>) confirmed the forward rotation of the MOM, bring it closer to <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword>. When the clock struck 7:25 am, <keyword id="1506013" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="mangalyaan">Mangalyaan</keyword>, the orbiter weighing 475 kg, was completely behind the Red Planet. Then arrived the much talked-about moment, the main engine of the Mars orbiter was fired 24 minutes from Mars to enter the <keyword id="1934371" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Martian-orbit">Martian orbit</keyword>, which will be about 500 km from its surface and 215 million km away from the Earth in radio distance. 
 
After Mangalyaan entered the Mars orbit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was present at the ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network, said, “History has been created today. We have dared to reach out into the unknown and have achieved the near impossible." 
 
The Prime Minister congratulated Indians and ISRO scientists for the success, adding that the success of India's mission to Mars "will go down as landmark in history.” 
 
With the help of five scientific instruments on board, the Rs 450-crore Mangalyaan will study the Martian surface, its mineral composition and scan its atmosphere for methane gas. 
 
ISRO has now become the fourth international space agency after National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the US, Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA) and European Space Agency to undertake a mission to Mars. 
 
 
Not to forget, India made history by becoming the first country in the world to enter the Martian orbit in its maiden attempt and this ends the much-anticipated rendezvous of Mangalyaan with the Red Planet. 
 
Image: ISRO

Congratulations! ISRO's Mangalyaan Brings Glory For India, Successfully Enters Martian Orbit

<keyword id="3239668" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gut-microbes">Gut microbes</keyword> have immense benefit and now, new research reports that promoting a healthy gut microbiome could protect travelers from the rigours of long <keyword id="435085" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-travel">space travel</keyword>. If humans are to ever walk on Mars, they will need to endure a long space flight, but space travel can have negative impacts on health, potentially limiting how far we can go. The microgravity environment can result in muscle breakdown and reduced bone mass. It can cause nausea, meaning that sometimes space travelers struggle to eat enough (space food isn't all that nice either). The change in diet aboard a spaceship can disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to further health issues. "Changes in the microbiome are likely to lead to the breakdown of the balanced and complex relationship between microbes and their human host, with potentially severe repercussions on the functionality of body systems," said Professor Silvia Turroni from <keyword id="9900828" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-university-of-bologna">the University of Bologna</keyword>. The review, published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Physiology, discussed a variety of studies suggesting that disruptions in the gut microbiome occur during space travel. For instance, one study found that the microbiomes of space travelers on the same mission became more similar to each other during the journey. There was also an increase in bacteria associated with intestinal inflammation and a decrease in those with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the research review revealed that manipulating the gut microbiome may be a powerful way to maintain health on board a spacecraft. "The literature suggests that nutritional countermeasures based on prebiotics and probiotics hold great promise to protect space travelers," said Turroni. What would these microbial treatments involve? They may be as simple as nutritionally balanced meals, with lots of fiber to kickstart microbial metabolism in the gut. Other options could be more targeted, including microbial supplements, such as bacteria that secrete immune-boosting substances, or those that synthesize vitamins required for bone growth. "The well-being of the gut microbiome of space travelers should be among the primary goals of long-duration exploratory missions," said Professor Martina Heer of the University of Bonn. "To ensure the success of the mission, we must not overlook the myriad of microorganisms that reside in our gastrointestinal tract and make sure they are in balance." While future missions to Mars will undoubtedly look for evidence of microbial life on the red planet, this review suggests that it may be our homegrown microbes that get us there, the authors wrote. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/chandrayaan-3-will-be-mission-repeat-of-chandrayaan-2-may-launch-early-2021-after-delay-due-to-covid-19-lockdown/articleshow/77971870.cms">'Chandrayaan-3 will be mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2' — may launch early 2021 after delay due to COVID-19 lockdown</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-chandrayaan-1-and-nasa-spot-rust-on-moon-earth-atmosphere-could-be-the-reason-why/articleshow/77926459.cms">ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-congratulates-indian-scientists-for-discovering-one-of-the-farthest-galaxies-in-the-universe/articleshow/77883347.cms">NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe</a>

A healthy tummy is key for travelling through space finds new study

<ul><li>The US aerospace and defence major <keyword id="141076" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Northrop-Grumman">Northrop Grumman</keyword> has named its newest spaceship the <keyword id="9909530" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="s-s-kalpana-chawla">S.S. Kalpana Chawla</keyword> after the first woman of Indian-origin to travel through space. </li><li>The S.S. <keyword id="363662" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Kalpana-Chawla">Kalpana Chawla</keyword> will tentatively launch on September 29 and carry 3,629 kilos of cargo to the <keyword id="6382020" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="international-space-station">International Space Station</keyword> (ISS).</li><li>According to Northrop Grumman, it is the company’s tradition to name its Cygnus spacecrafts after individuals who have made notable contributions to human spaceflight. </li></ul>The US-based aerospace and defence company, Northrop Grumman, is naming its next spaceship after the first woman of Indian-origin to travel through space — Kalpana Chawla. <div type="image" title="columbia-crew-browse_edited" msid="78018635" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Space Shuttle Columbia crew from left to right: David M. Brown, Rick D. Husband, Laurel B. Clark, Kalpana Chawla, Michael P. Anderson, William C. McCool, Ilan Ramon&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The S.S. Kalpana Chawla will be the company’s next Cygnus spacecraft to make its way to the International Space Station (ISS). “It is the company’s tradition to name each Cygnus after an individual who has played a pivotal role in human spaceflight,” Northrop Grumman said in a statement. The spacecraft is tentatively scheduled to launch from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Wallop Flight Facility in Virginia on September 29. The S.S. Kalpana Chawla will deliver 3,629 kilos of cargo to the ISS that will be loaded onto the spacecraft 24 hours before liftoff. <div type="image" title="kalpana1_edited" msid="78018755" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Astronaut Kalpana Chawla, STS-107 mission specialist, prepares to simulate a parachute drop into water during an emergency bailout training session in the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) near the Johnson Space Center (JSC)&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> The spacecraft is not the first time that Chawla has been honoured for her contribution to space. In 2003, shortly after Chawla’s death, India’s Prime Minister at the time — Atal Bihari Vajpayee — renamed the MetSat-1 to Kalpana-1 in her honour. NASA has also named a supercomputer after Chawla. It was the world’s first single-system image (SSI) Linus supercomputer. In 2004, it was integrated, as the first node, into the 20-node Columbia supercomputer. <div type="image" title="Columbiahills_edited" msid="78018945" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;NASA&amp;#39;s Mars Exploration Rover Spirit spots Columbia Hills&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> On the Red Planet, a chain of seven peaks dubbed the Columbia Hills are each named after the astronauts that perished in the Columbia disaster — one of which is Chawla’s namesake. Who was Kalpana Chawla? Kalpana Chawla was born and brought up in Karnal. She moved to the US after getting her bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering from India’s Punjab Engineering College in 1982. Two years down the line, she received her master’s degree in aerospace engineering and continued to pursue her doctorate. Chawla embarked on her career with NASA at the Ames Research Centre in California in 1988, but left for a brief period, before returning as an astronaut candidate in 1994. <div type="image" title="kalpana3_edited" msid="78018690" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;STS-87 Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla sits in her launch and entry suit in the Operations and Checkout Building before she and the five other crew members of STS-87 depart for Launch Pad 39B. This was Chawla&amp;#39;s first mission for NASA.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Her first space flight was the STS-87 on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. She returned to space again in 2003 aboard the Columbia for a 16-day research flight during which the crew of the STS-107 performed nearly 80 experiments studying Earth and space science. <div type="image" title="kalpana4_edited" msid="78018725" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;STS-107 Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla scans paperwork for equipment at SPACEHAB at Cape Canaveral in Florida during crew training&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> However, during her second stint through space, Chawla and her six crew members on the STS-107 perished on 1 February 2003 as the spacecraft was reentering the Earth’s atmosphere. Why did Kalpana Chawla’s spacecraft crash? During the launch of the STS-107, a piece of the foam insulation from the space shuttle’s external tank broke off and hit the left wing on the orbiter. <div type="image" title="STS107_edited" msid="78018844" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on mission STS 107 on 16 January 2003 with Kalpana Chawla and six other crew members on board&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> When the spacecraft re-entered Earth’s atmosphere, the damage allowed hot atmospheric gases to get inside and destroy the internal wing structure. This left the spacecraft unstable, and as it came down towards Earth — it broke apart. After the disaster, space shuttle flight operations were suspended for more than two years. <div type="image" title="debirs_edited" msid="78018888" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Columbia main engine powerhead recovered from Fort Polk in Louisiana&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/musks-spacex-completes-first-polar-orbit-in-off-shore-landing-by-falcon-9-booster/articleshow/77845337.cms">Elon Musk owned SpaceX completes its first polar orbit mission as Falcon 9’s booster nails off-shore landing</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-chandrayaan-1-and-nasa-spot-rust-on-moon-earth-atmosphere-could-be-the-reason-why/articleshow/77926459.cms">ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-congratulates-indian-scientists-for-discovering-one-of-the-farthest-galaxies-in-the-universe/articleshow/77883347.cms">NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe</a>

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NASA congratulates Indian scientists for discovering one of the farthest galaxies in the universe

Prabhjote Gill

ISRO congratulates Elon Musk’s SpaceX and NASA on a ‘historical first launch’ of human spaceflight

Prabhjote Gill

ISRO's Chandrayaan 1 spots rusting on the Moon — NASA scientists believe Earth's atmosphere could be the reason why

Prabhjote Gill

International support pours in for ISRO after losing contact with lunar lander

Prabhjote Gill

The biggest solar flare since 2017 spotted by NASA — and there could be more to come as the Sun wakes up

Prabhjote Gill

Congratulations! ISRO's Mangalyaan Brings Glory For India, Successfully Enters Martian Orbit

Saba Haider

A healthy tummy is key for travelling through space finds new study

IANS

Northrop Grumman names its next space ship after Kalpana Chawla — the first woman of Indian-origin to go to space

Prabhjote Gill

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