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The <keyword id="22667872" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="mpox-outbreak" source="keywords">mpox outbreak</keyword> in <keyword id="19924003" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="africa" source="keywords">Africa</keyword> is yet another example of how <keyword id="20040661" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="infectious-diseases" source="keywords">infectious diseases</keyword>, perceived to be "someone else's problem", and affecting mainly poor, developing countries, may suddenly pose unexpected global threats. Other examples of <keyword id="22817243" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="neglected-diseases" source="keywords">neglected diseases</keyword> include the West Nile, Zika and Chikungunya viruses. Mpox was discovered in 1958 (in captive monkeys, hence the original misnomer "monkeypox") and the first human case was identified in 1970. Then, for decades it was largely neglected by the scientific and public health communities, regarded as an uncommon infection in remote rural areas in tropical Africa, without relevance for the rest of the world. When a massive mpox outbreak hit developed countries in 2022, increased research funding led to a surge in scientific studies. On just one medical search engine, there's been more research produced since April 2022 than in the preceding 60 years. The 2022-23 global mpox outbreak happened despite repeated calls from African researchers for increased global investment in diagnostic, therapeutic and infection prevention tools for mpox. The WHO has now declared the current upsurge of mpox in central Africa a <keyword id="21952478" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="public-health-emergency" source="keywords">public health emergency</keyword> of international concern. This is the highest alert level for events that constitute a public health risk to other countries and requires a coordinated international response. Mpox's recent history is yet another reminder that an infectious disease in one corner of the world should not be regarded as someone else's problem, as it can suddenly start to spread fast and far. It also highlights global inequities in resource allocation and access to vaccines, diagnostics and treatments. These were made available in many industrialised countries and helped curb the global outbreak, but are still largely lacking in most of Africa. <h2>The 2022 outbreak: a total surprise</h2>The disease has been renamed "mpox" but the name of the virus, for now, remains "monkeypox" (MPXV). It is closely related to the smallpox virus. MPXV was considered a <keyword id="21311828" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="zoonotic-disease" source="keywords">zoonotic disease</keyword> endemic in parts of central and west Africa. It was acquired mainly through close contact with wild mammals, especially handling bush meat, but there was no sustained human-to-human transmission. Only very occasionally were cases seen outside the endemic areas, due to infected travellers or import of infected small mammals. This changed abruptly in 2022: a massive, rapidly evolving global outbreak caused over 99,000 laboratory-confirmed cases in 116 countries. At its peak in August 2022, over 6,000 cases were reported each week. This outbreak came as a total surprise: most cases were reported from non-endemic countries, mostly in men who have sex with men, who had become infected during recent sexual encounters. Even though most cases were clinically not particularly severe and the death toll stands at just over 200, the global outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the <keyword id="19896311" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="world-health-organization" source="keywords">World Health Organization</keyword> on 23 July, 2022. Fortunately, case numbers soon plummeted due to a combination of behavioural changes and vaccination in at-risk groups. Modern vaccines and antiviral drugs with activity against mpox were made available in many affected high-income countries. These had been developed and stockpiled in the US and Europe, mostly in preparation for a potential bioweapon attack using a poxvirus. The global outbreak in 2022 was caused by clade II of MPXV, which is endemic in west Africa and not as virulent as clade I MPXV, which so far has only been seen in the Congo Basin. That first mpox public health emergency of international concern was declared over in May 2023. Clade II MPXV infections are still occurring globally, but the worst seems over - for now. Complacency would be misguided, as illustrated by the current mpox outbreak that is gathering steam. <h2>Upsurge in Africa</h2>The African region is experiencing an upsurge in mpox cases, which started in 2023. As the continent which includes the areas where mpox has been endemic for a long time, Africa now presents a complex mosaic. The current clade I MPXV (formerly called Congo Basin strain) is more virulent than the clade II (west African) strain, resulting in a higher case fatality rate. The ongoing outbreak has its epicentre in South Kivu province, eastern DRC, and has the potential to fuel a large pandemic. It has a distinct epidemiological pattern with sustained chains of human-to-human transmission, often via the sexual route. It may have increased transmissibility (we don't know yet). The virus which causes it is the newly defined clade Ib lineage. It displays mutations that are the hallmark of human-to-human spread that is estimated to have been happening since September 2023. Case numbers are rising rapidly, even though many suspected cases are likely not tested and thus not counted as confirmed. Complicating matters, a commonly used test was found to miss infections with this lineage of the virus. It affects mostly adults. The case fatality rate is higher than it was in the 2022 global outbreak. Already, this outbreak has resulted in mpox cases occurring in several neighbouring countries, including some (like Kenya), with no previous record of mpox. The challenge is enormous. The eastern DRC is an area beset by multiple problems. This includes natural disasters, violence and infectious diseases including measles, cholera and poliomyelitis for the DRC. In recent years the second-largest Ebola outbreak ever took place in the wider area and, despite the availability of vaccines and treatments, posed considerable challenges. <h2>What needs to happen</h2>Equitable access to diagnostic tests, vaccines and antiviral treatments requires political commitment and financial investments. Scientific investigations are needed to learn more about exposure settings, transmission routes and clinical presentations. It's important to find the best ways to make these interventions. There is no doubt that a disease in one corner of the world can suddenly become a global heath threat. It's time the global health system woke up to this reality.

Mpox outbreak in Africa was neglected - it could now turn into the next global pandemic

<keyword id="19894886" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="china" source="keywords">China</keyword>'s top drug regulator has cleared a mpox vaccine developed by local drug firm Sinopharm for clinical trials which could be the country's first experimental dose to battle the deadly disease. The domestic vaccine candidate, created by the Shanghai Institute of Biological Products and administered by Sinopharm, is expected to play an important role in preventing and controlling mpox infections, the company said in a statement released on Monday afternoon. There is currently no approved mpox vaccine in China. Globally, a few vaccines have been approved in the United States, Canada, the European Union, Japan and Russia. In China, a vaccine candidate typically goes through three phases of clinical trials before gaining market approval. The process can take years, even decades. However, the National Medical Products Administration, China's top drug regulator, has launched a number of accelerated or streamlined channels to facilitate applications of novel drugs and vaccines or those in urgent need, state-run China Daily reported on Tuesday. According to the company, the new vaccine is a replication-deficient vaccine based on a strain called MVA. The description is the same as <keyword id="22925756" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="jynneos" source="keywords">Jynneos</keyword>, the world's first mpox vaccine approved by the <keyword id="20256595" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="food-and-drug-administration" source="keywords">Food and Drug Administration</keyword> in the United States in 2019. The <keyword id="19902256" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="world-health-organisation" source="keywords">World Health Organisation</keyword> said on August 14 that the mpox outbreak in <keyword id="19924003" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="africa" source="keywords">Africa</keyword> constitutes a public health emergency of international concern - its highest form of alert. Previously, in July 2022, the WHO declared a global emergency but then lifted it in May last year because of a sustained decline in international cases. So far, more than 120 countries and regions across the world have reported more than 100,000 confirmed infections and 226 related deaths. China reported its first imported case in September 2022 and the first domestic case in June last year. By the end of July, the nation had reported 2,567 confirmed cases, according to the China Daily report. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/ather-energy-looks-to-raise-3100-crore-files-ipo-papers-with-sebi/articleshow/113214971.cms">Ather Energy looks to raise ₹3,100 crore, files IPO papers with SEBI</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/iphone-16-pro-iphone-16-pro-max-india-price-specifications/articleshow/113204340.cms">iPhone 16 Pro and iPhone 16 Pro Max with bigger displays, A18 Pro chipset launched starting at ₹1,19,900</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/mobile/news/apple-iphone-16-iphone-16-plus-price-specs/articleshow/113203568.cms">iPhone 16, iPhone 16 Plus with A18 chipset launched starting at ₹79,900</a>

China's drug regulator clears mpox vaccine; to undergo clinical trial

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Eric Adams was indicted after a federal corruption probe, The New York Times first reported.</li><li>Law enforcement seized devices belonging to some of Adams' administration.</li></ul><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nyc-mayor-eric-adams-indicted-2024-9">Eric Adams</a> has become the first mayor in modern New York City history to be indicted while in office.Adams was indicted following a corruption probe that led to chaos in his office and a series of resignations, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/25/nyregion/eric-adams-indicted-corruption?smid=nytcore-android-share">The New York Times</a> first reported on Wednesday.Details of the charges have not yet been made public but are due to be revealed on Thursday, per The Times.The indictment follows a lengthy inquiry into the fundraising for Adams' 2021 mayoral campaign and whether it involved <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/23/nyregion/fbi-adams-qatar-israel-china-uzbekistan-korea.html">illegal donations</a>.<div type="image" title="New York City Mayor Eric Adams." height="676" width="1024" msid="113704941" hostid="261" sizebytes="50802"></div>"It is now my belief that the federal government intends to charge me with crimes. If so, these charges will be entirely false, based on lies," Adams said in a statement to The Times and <a target="_blank" rel=" nofollow" class="" href="https://x.com/molcranenewman/status/1839123366638186692">New York Daily News</a>.The investigation has majorly impacted Adam's administration. Law enforcement confiscated objects from several high-profile individuals, including a phone belonging to David Banks, the public school chancellor, and devices belonging to the city's police commissioner, two deputy mayors, and one of Adams' advisors, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.scrippsnews.com/us-news/education/nyc-schools-boss-to-step-down-later-this-year-after-federal-agents-seized-his-devices">Scripps</a> News reported.Meanwhile, several individuals have already resigned. <h2 id="38ec0436-2126-422d-bebd-32039e36d4e0">David Banks, chancellor of NYC's public schools system</h2>David Banks, head of NYC's public schools system, became the most recent member of Adams' office to announce his departure on Tuesday.Banks was involved in the investigation weeks prior when his phone was confiscated by police.In a resignation letter cited by <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-schools-chancellor-david-banks-retiring/">CBS</a>, Banks, 62, said he informed Adams earlier this year that he planned to retire by December."After nearly 40 years of dedicated service to New York City's public schools, I have made the decision to retire at the end of this year. I want to thank Mayor Adams for giving me the opportunity to serve as chancellor, and I am immensely proud of the progress we've made together," Adams said in an <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/712-24/mayor-adams-on-new-york-city-public-schools-chancellor-david-banks-retirement">online statement</a>.<h2 id="6b13d642-4c11-47da-99a6-42cbd4447c32">Dr. Ashwin Vasan, health commissioner</h2>Dr. Ashwi Vasan, NYC's health commissioner since 2022, announced on Monday that he planned to resign before the end of the year."I want to thank Dr. Vasan for his service to New York City since the start of our administration," Adams said in a statement cited by <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-health-commissioner-dr-ashwin-vasan-resign">Fox 5</a>."His expertise as a mental health expert, coupled with his training as a public health professional, have proven indispensable to our city over the past two-and-a-half years as we've handled rising COVID rates, Mpox outbreaks, and a mental health crisis both on our streets and in our schools."<h2 id="eb89f0b4-e744-414e-8bbb-c65ba5255029">Lisa Zornberg, chief counsel</h2>Adams' chief counsel, Lisa Zornberg, announced her departure on September 15.Zornberg was the lead attorney for the mayor and City Hall for just over a year."I am deeply grateful to Mayor Adams for giving me the opportunity to serve the city, and I strongly support the work he has done and continues to do for New Yorkers," Zornberg said in a statement cited by <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.fox5ny.com/news/nyc-mayor-adams-administration-resigned">Fox 5</a>.<h2 id="abee6a6b-9cce-401e-b1ce-5b778a6c0d54">Edward Caban, NYPD commissioner</h2>NYPD Commissioner Edward Caban resigned on September 12 following speculation about whether he could stay in the role during the investigation."A short time ago I accepted the resignation of the NYPD commissioner, Edward Caban. He concluded that this is the best decision at this time. I respect his decision and I wish him well," Adams said in a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/687-24/transcript-mayor-adams-delivers-address">speech</a>."Commissioner Caban dedicated his life to making our city safer and we saw a drop in crime for 13 of the 14 months he served as commissioner."He added that Tom Donlon, a former FBI and counter-terrorism official, would replace Caban.

The key people who resigned from Eric Adams' office ahead of the New York City Mayor's indictment

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Mpox outbreak in Africa was neglected - it could now turn into the next global pandemic

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China's drug regulator clears mpox vaccine; to undergo clinical trial

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The key people who resigned from Eric Adams' office ahead of the New York City Mayor's indictment

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