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A forest fire on Chile's <keyword id="695679" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="easter-island" source="Orion">Easter Island</keyword> in early October damaged at least 177 <keyword id="6433197" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="moai" source="Orion">Moai</keyword> or sacred monolithic statues, <keyword id="6361804" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="unesco" source="Orion">Unesco</keyword> said. The report followed an exploratory mission to the island on October 17-21 led by the director of Unesco's regional office in Chile, Claudia Uribe, reports <keyword id="106387" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="xinhua-news-agency" source="Orion">Xinhua news agency</keyword>. The mission evaluated the need for emergency Unesco funds to help assess the scale of the damage to the <keyword id="76700" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="world-heritage-site" source="Orion">World Heritage Site</keyword>, and strengthen its comprehensive management and protection plan. "The idea is to focus this aid on diagnostic tasks to evaluate the extent of the damage caused by the fire and determine the necessary actions to recover the park and its future protection," said Uribe. The fire spread over approximately 240 hectares, damaging vegetation and archaeological structures, including 177 Moai, according to an initial report from Chile's National Forestry Corporation. Moai are "stone witnesses of a society of Polynesian origin that from the 10th to the 16th century built sanctuaries and statues that make up an incomparable cultural legacy that fascinates the entire world", said Unesco. Located in the Pacific Ocean, Easter Island encompasses 163.6 square kilometres and is home to some 7,750 inhabitants, concentrated mainly in Hanga Roa, the capital and only town on the island. Easter Island has nearly 1,000 of the Moai which have oversized heads and generally stand about 13 ft high. The largest statue weighs 74 tonnes and stands at a height of 32 ft. The figures were carved by the indigenous Rapa Nui people sometime between the years 1400 and 1650 and positioned to form a ring around the island, facing inland. The statues symbolised spiritual devotion for the Rapa Nui, embodying the spirit of a prominent ancestor. Each one was considered to be the person's living incarnation. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/sustainability/news/prioritising-fossils-fuels-over-cleaner-energy-alternatives-amplified-indian-heart-related-mortalities-by-55lancet-countdown-report/articleshow/95096593.cms">Prioritising fossils fuels over cleaner energy alternatives amplified Indian heart-related mortalities by 55%: Lancet Countdown report</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/biden-invites-three-indian-american-children-facing-extradition-to-the-white-house-diwali-reception/articleshow/95098644.cms">Biden invites three Indian American children facing extradition to the White House Diwali reception</a>

Fire damages over 177 ancient monoliths on Chile's Easter Island: Unesco

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A study found that people who had more social interactions lived longer than those who didn't.</li><li>Older people who were visited by friends and family even once a month were less likely to die.</li></ul>Visiting family and friends once a month as they age could help them live longer, new research on half a million people suggests.A new <a target="_blank" href="https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03055-7">study</a> by researchers at the University of Glasgow, UK, published in BMC Medicine on Friday found a link between never being visited by friends or family and an increased risk of dying.While <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/effects-loneliness-health-2018-6">social isolation</a> has previously been linked to dying earlier, the new research investigated the potential effects of different types of social interaction on lifespan. It found that while all forms played a part, visits from friends and family, participating in a weekly group activity, and not living alone appeared to make the biggest difference.Researchers used data from 458,146 UK adults aged between 37 and 73, with an average age of 56.5, recruited between 2006 and 2010. The participants were asked questions about five different forms of social interaction. Two were subjective — how often they were able to confide in someone close to them and how often they felt lonely — and three were objective — how often friends and family visited, how often they participated in a weekly group activity, and whether they lived alone.When the researchers followed up an average of 12.6 years later (depending on when each person had been recruited), they found that 33,135 of the participants had died.While those who <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-be-a-better-friend-according-to-scientific-study-2023-1">socialized</a> less were more likely to have died, it was the objective forms that had the strongest link, particularly never being visited by friends and family, which was associated with a 39% increased risk of death.Even taking part in weekly <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/longevity-antiaging-friendship-social-interaction-relationships-2023-9">group activities</a> didn't appear to lessen the risk if friends and family didn't also visit, and one visit per month was linked with a significantly lower risk of death, the study found. Interestingly, more frequent visits didn't reduce the risk further, lead study author Hamish Foster, a clinical research fellow specializing in health and social inequalities at the University of Glasgow, told Insider.Living alone and being isolated in other ways, such as not doing weekly group activities or having regular family and friend visits, was linked to a 77% higher risk of death."We also tried to take into account lots of other factors that could explain the findings — like how old people were, their gender, their socioeconomic status, whether they were a smoker and more," Foster said. "And even after removing those factors from the equation it still showed that these social connections were important for risk of death."<h2>The study didn't measure the quality of social interactions</h2>The researchers highlighted the study's limitations and said the findings may not apply to everyone. For example, the data they used from the UK Biobank does not represent the UK population as a whole, plus the social interaction measures were both simple and self-reported.Foster told Insider that the study cannot prove that the lack of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/guides/health/mental-health/how-social-isolation-affects-mental-health">socialization</a> causes death, but it contributes to existing evidence that suggests isolation and loneliness could cause poor health. More research is needed to reach more confident conclusions, he said.The study also didn't measure the quality of social connections, merely their number."Humans are really complicated and so are our connections and our measures in this study are pretty crude compared with what humans are capable of, but this study is still very detailed and is starting to drill down into how different types of connection are important," Foster said.<h2>Socializing is valued in Blue Zone countries</h2>The link between social interaction and longevity is not new. In fact, it is often cited as a key lifestyle factor in the world's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/worlds-5-blue-zones-people-live-longest-lives-2023-3">Blue Zones</a>, which are the places with high proportions of centenarians.For example, in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/worlds-5-blue-zones-people-live-longest-lives-2023-3#okinawa-japan-2">Okinawa</a>, Japan, there is a tradition of "moai," which involves living within strong social networks.Equally, on the Greek island of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/ikaria-greece-blue-zone-and-its-longevity-secrets-2023-9#relationships-with-family-and-friends-are-prioritized-5">Ikaria</a>, spending time with family is an important part of the culture, and meals are seen as occasions to come together.While the study participants were middle aged and older, Foster said that there is existing research that suggests younger people can benefit from social connection too, and more needs to be done for people of all ages who are lonely and isolated."We need to see more society-level interventions and support that make social connections easier, more likely, and of higher quality," Foster said. "For example, community centers, parks, places, and activities that make it easy for people to meet and connect for high quality relationships."

Visiting your family just once a month could help them live longer, scientists say 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Author <a href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-dan-buettner-long-life-diet-exercise-2019-12">Dan Buettner</a> pioneered the idea that the world has 5 Blue Zones, where people often live to 100.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ikaria-greece-longevity-secrets-2012-7">zones are in regions</a> of Japan, Costa Rica, Italy, Greece, and California.</li></ul>Dan Buettner, the man who popularized the idea that there are five <a href="https://www.insider.com/dan-buettner-blue-zones-lifestyle-habits-diet-exercise-2023-8">Blue Zones around the world where people live some of the longest, healthiest, happiest lives</a>, says people living in those zones all share five common traits."It is this interconnected web of characteristics that keep people doing the right things for long enough, and avoiding the wrong things," Buettner said. Blue Zone residents, whether they're home in Loma Linda, California; Ikaria, Greece; Okinawa, Japan; <a href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-lifestyle-sardinia-nicoya-longevity-rest-social-happy-hour-2023-8">Sardinia, Italy; or Nicoya, Costa Rica</a>, all eat very little meat. Instead, they subsist on a largely plant-based diet filled with beans, nuts, and cruciferous vegetables, which Buettner has written about <a href="https://danbuettner.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in a new book</a>, "The Blue Zones secrets for living longer."Blue Zone diets, which bear many resemblances to the healthy <a href="https://www.insider.com/the-best-diet-of-2020-mediterranean-diet-us-news-2019-12">Mediterranean diet,</a> are only about 50% of the Blue Zones longevity equation, Buettner estimates. "It's the scaffolding, this collagen," Buettner previously told Insider. "That keeps people eating the right way for long enough." Here are the other four <a href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-location-common-factors-traits-diet-lifestyle-2023-8">core principles that sustain life in the Blue Zones</a>. <div type="image" title="Dan Buettner" height="3615" width="5423" msid="103250342" hostid="261"></div><h2>Move regularly, about every 20 minutes</h2>Going to the gym is not a Blue Zones tradition."They don't exercise," Buettner said. Instead, people in Blue Zones are "nudged" into movement in little bursts throughout the day, by force of habit and, also, necessity."They're walking, or they're in their garden, or they're doing things by hand," he said.In Buettner's home state of Minnesota, he credits shoveling the walks in winter, digging, weeding, and watering a garden in the summer with keeping him spry."I don't have a garage-door opener — I open it by hand," he said. "To the extent that I can, I use hand-operated tools."He turned the inside of his house into a little mini Blue Zone, where he's getting up and moving all year round. "I put the TV room on the third floor," Buettner told me, "So every time if I want a snack, I'd go up and down stairs."The technique is one he's honed by studying life in the Blue Zones."It's being mindful of how to engineer little bursts of physical activity," he said.Research has shown that such little energetic busts throughout the day can do a lot for overall fitness. One study <a href="https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/apnm-2018-0675#.Xepxu5NKg_U">published in 2019</a> showed that even 20-second, vigorous stair-climbing exercise "snacks" spread out over the course of a day could improve fitness. "It's a reminder to people that small bouts of activity can be effective," study author <a href="https://www.insider.com/short-workout-improve-fitness-exercise-snacks-2019-1">Martin Gibala told Insider when his team's research came out</a>. "They add up over time."<div type="image" title="costa rica blue zone gallo pinto" height="2100" width="2100" msid="103250343" hostid="261"></div><h2>Live with purpose</h2>In Japan they call it "ikigai," and in Costa Rica it's a "plan de vida." The words literally translate to "reason to live," and "life plan," respectively, and both concepts help residents of the Blue Zones feel there's a reason to get up and do what needs to get done each morning. <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61489-0/fulltext">Studies</a> also <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2648691">suggest</a> that a sense of purpose in life is associated with fewer strokes and less frequent heart attacks among people with heart disease, as well as more use of preventive care.One 2017 investigation from <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2648692">researchers at Harvard concluded</a> that a sense of purpose in life is associated with better "physical function among older adults," including better grip strength and faster walking. <h2>Enlist help from your friends </h2>Good <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a2338">health and happiness can be contagious</a>, and <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa066082">obesity can too</a>. In Japan's Blue Zone, people form social groups called "moai" to help them get through life. "Parents cluster their children in groups of five, and send them through life together," as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=451w7znUA50">Buettner explained in a video</a>. "They support each other, and share life's fortunes and woes."The trend is not unique to the Japanese. In Loma Linda, California, Blue Zoners (many of whom are Seventh-day Adventists) are more likely to <a href="https://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-blue-zone-loma-linda-20150711-story.html">share home-cooked, vegetarian potluck meals</a> than meet one another over a Chipotle burrito or McDonald's fries. <h2>Make 'the healthy choice the easy choice'</h2>Buettner has created 75 Blue Zones "Projects" across the US, where <a href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-dan-buettner-long-life-diet-exercise-2019-12">cities and towns enact policies that change the entire environment people live in</a>."We're genetically hardwired to crave sugar, crave fat, crave salt, take rest whenever we can," Buettner said. "We've just engineered this environment where you don't have to move. You're constantly cooled down or heated up ... and you cannot escape chips and sodas and pizzas and burgers and fries."In cities from Minnesota to Texas, he's helped create healthier communities where policies favor fruits and vegetables over junk food, people form walking groups to move around town and shed pounds together, and many quit smoking, too. All of this, he said, adds up to troupes of "biologically younger" people, who not only weigh less but suffer fewer health issues as they age."At every decade, you have more energy," he said.This story was originally published in 2019, when Buettner's Blue Zones Cookbook was released. It has been updated.

'Biologically younger' people who defy their real age often have 5 things in common

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Dan Buettner has spent the past two decades traveling to five longevity hot spots around the globe.</li><li>He's found that these so-called Blue Zones share some key things in common.</li></ul>Dan Buettner is always on the move. I could hear his slightly labored breathing on the other end of the phone while conducting the interview for this article. He's walking around his bustling neighborhood near downtown Minneapolis as he takes this mid-morning call (the reception is better outside, anyway).Back at home, he's already got a pot of soup slow cooking as he strolls. Tonight, he'll be eating minestrone for dinner.Buettner, 63, has become a living, breathing, bean-eating example of the lifestyle he's spent two decades studying and sharing. In a way, he's created his own <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/okinawa-japan-blue-zone-diet-longevity-foods-live-to-100-2023-8">longevity Blue Zone</a>.When he first started this quest to figure out what makes some communities of people live on average about a decade longer than others while maintaining their good health, he figured there might be some secret potion. Maybe there was some powerful antiaging compound these people were all ingesting regularly or some unique superfood they knew about that we could all benefit from. What he found was that in the world's five original Blue Zones, there's actually a wide array of things, a buffet of behaviors and foods, that when taken together, add up to more years of healthy life for the locals."I was hoping to isolate that one silver bullet that you could sort of import back," Buettner told Insider. "I discovered it was really a silver buckshot. Lots of little things, but the same little things."<div type="image" title="Japanese woman tending to her garden " height="1400" width="2100" msid="103186269" hostid="261" sizebytes="425000"></div>Whether he traveled to Okinawa, Japan; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-lifestyle-sardinia-nicoya-longevity-rest-social-happy-hour-2023-8">Nicoya, Costa Rica</a>; Loma Linda, California; Ikaria, Greece; or Sardinia, Italy, the life-giving commonalities stood out. People enjoyed certain types of foods, certain kinds of connections with friends and family, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-lifestyle-habits-live-longer-healthier-2023-8">certain movement routines</a> that seemed to be naturally woven into their days.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-dan-buettner-long-life-diet-exercise-2019-12">Buettner's spent the past 20 years identifying</a> these foods and behaviors with stunning success, and now he's letting us in on the secret recipe. He's chronicled it all in a <a target="_blank" href="https://danbuettner.com/">new book out</a> today, "The Blue Zones Secrets for Living Longer: Lessons From the Healthiest Places on Earth," with a Netflix docuseries on the topic premiering on Wednesday. Both the book and the four-part series promise to unlock the Blue Zones' tried-and-true secrets for living longer.But Buettner's already a pro at all this. He's incorporated many of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-location-common-factors-traits-diet-lifestyle-2023-8">Blue Zones secrets</a> into his own life, inspired by his travels to the world's longevity hot spots and all the people he's met who are successfully living out these shared principles, day after day.<h2>Buettner has a 'mindless' approach to physical activity</h2><div type="image" title="man helping son ride bike" height="1876" width="1400" msid="103186270" hostid="261" sizebytes="173904"></div>Buettner has always been an outdoor enthusiast. When he was younger, he biked around the world, literally, from north to south through the Americas. He traced a line down Africa and then around the 45th parallel (that's the line halfway between the equator and the North Pole — and it just so happens to cut through Minneapolis, as well as the French Pyrenees and <a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=a40582f557c31ef06b1073d6a86111df28e5cf261a6fd8a62052fb99810d4cad&amp;postID=64edfb4d7bc133c3eb4a041c&amp;postSlug=dan-buettner-blue-zones-lifestyle-habits-diet-exercise-2023-8&amp;site=in&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2F9780822529507%2FSovietrek-Journey-Bicycle-Across-Russia-0822529505%2Fplp">Russia</a>).But ever since Buettner started studying the world's five Blue Zones, he's adopted a simple maxim for movement that anyone can try out, no matter their fitness level: just get up.<div type="image" title="A man walking his sheep in an abandoned town of Sardinia." height="1395" width="2100" msid="103186273" hostid="261" sizebytes="621060"></div>"One of the big things I believe is, do something active every day, but make it something you love," he said. There's no point in picking up new activities you're not going to have fun doing, because it won't last, he said. And if it won't last, it's not going to contribute to your overall longevity."In Blue Zones, that might be gardening or it might be <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-lifestyle-sardinia-nicoya-longevity-rest-social-happy-hour-2023-8">following your sheep up into the pasture</a>," he explained. "In America, for me, it's pickleball, and it's standup paddle surfing, and it's walking, and it's biking with my friends."Walking and biking are also Buettner's preferred forms of transportation, and he makes sure to live in places where he can walk or bike to do almost all of his errands. He says one of the only places he routinely drives his car is to the airport to pick up friends who come into town.Living a walkable life is one of the biggest ways Buettner thinks we can all extend our longevity. Starting at the street level — quite literally — changing our environment to make it one that naturally nudges us to move and connect with others throughout the day.<h2>Buettner has a road-tested blueprint for turning American cities into Blue Zones</h2><div type="image" title="fort worth stock yards " height="1400" width="2100" msid="103186275" hostid="261" sizebytes="349614"></div>Turning streets into Blue Zones won't be an individual-level fix. It requires constructing walkways and bike paths for people, instead of just lanes for cars and street parking. Buettner knows it's a somewhat unpopular idea, and he expects that many will balk at it and say, "We can't do that." He thinks we can."In America, on average, the street gets redone every seven years," he said. "That gives you an opportunity, for little or no extra budget, to make that street walkable and bikeable. Plant some trees and make it aesthetically inviting. Put these streets on a diet."Since 2009, his 75 Blue Zone projects in cities across the US have aimed to do just this: Bring the longevity lifestyle he's discovered home — while staying practical and culturally appropriate."We don't try to go in and convince a million people in Fort Worth, Texas, to eat tofu when they like beef," he said. "We shape their environment so their micro-decisions throughout the day add up to greater measurable health."A <a target="_blank" href="https://info.bluezonesproject.com/about">project team</a> of about 25 people typically spends about five years partnering with a city or town that wants to become a Blue Zone, taking a holistic approach to working with the city government, private businesses, and individuals to make longevity-boosting food, exercise, and socializing habits the easier, more fun choice. The results have been good.When <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bluezones.com/blue-zones-project-results-fort-worth-tx-2/">Fort Worth</a> became a Blue Zone, people started getting more exercise, and smoking rates in the city decreased by more than 30%. Healthcare costs tumbled by tens of millions each year.In Albert Lea, Minnesota, home of <a target="_blank" href="https://cityofalbertlea.org/bluezones/">the country's first Blue Zone project</a>, the city paved new walking paths, and people signed up to walk and socialize in Okinawan-style "moai" social groups. A local grocery store started carrying more healthy grab-and-go options, and restaurants changed their menus. In short, the formula is: walk more, eat better, and enjoy each other's company."It sounds so trite because we've heard it so many times, but we get it wrong in the execution," Buettner said. He raises his voice, as he emphatically insists we won't be healthier until we can shape our everyday environments —from our homes, to schools, offices, restaurants, parks, and all the rest so that we are nudged to unconsciously make good decisions throughout the day, for our bodies, and our relationships.It's almost the opposite of our current approach: sitting at desks all day then rushing out to the gym, stopping by the drive-thru, or counting calories. In the Blue Zones, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zone-location-common-factors-traits-diet-lifestyle-2023-8">movement and diet are more incidental and more mindless</a> than in the US, but also more consistent."You're on your feet every time you go to work, or out to eat, or a friend's house," he said.<h2>The 'king of beans' eats his 'superfood' every day</h2><div type="image" title="minestrone" height="4000" width="6000" msid="103186277" hostid="261" sizebytes="389526"></div>All the Blue Zones are on local, inexpensive, and largely plant-based diets. But they all eat beans — and so does Buettner."I believe the only superfood there is in the world is beans," Buettner said.Studies have shown that beans are great for our <a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15228991/">longevity</a>, as well as our <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9100130/">gut microbiome</a>, our <a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11718588/">heart</a>, our <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400945/">blood sugar</a>, and our <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7294352/">waistline</a>.A community of health-conscious Seventh Day Adventists in the Blue Zone of Loma Linda, who regularly live <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bluezones.com/explorations/loma-linda-california/https://www.bluezones.com/explorations/loma-linda-california/">about a decade longer than their peers in Southern California</a>, enjoy black beans, nuts, and avocados, while centenarian Okinawans traditionally dish up hearty tofu stir-fry with plenty of vegetables.<div type="image" title="chanpuru stir fry " height="1400" width="2100" msid="103186279" hostid="261" sizebytes="172764"></div>The self-proclaimed "king of beans'' says his diet today is about 90% whole food and plant-based, similar to what all the Blue Zoners eat (a stark contrast from the 1960s Midwestern <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-dan-buettner-long-life-diet-exercise-2019-12">diet of hot dogs and mac and cheese</a> that Buettner was raised on)."In every <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-cookbook-what-to-eat-to-live-to-100-2019-12">Blue Zone, they're eating about a cup of beans a day</a>," he said. He encourages all of us to aim for at least half that.A big reason Americans don't already eat more beans, he suspects, is because we're, well, kind of incompetent."Americans don't have a clue on how to make beans taste delicious," he said. "People in Blue Zones, their great genius is they know how to make beans sing — on the way in, not on the way out!"<a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/blue-zones-cookbook-what-to-eat-to-live-to-100-2019-12">His cookbooks</a> and how-to guides have tried to make a dent there, with recipes for Italian minestrone, Costa Rican gallo pinto, or Ikarian chickpea soup with lemon and herbs.Not everything people in the Blue Zones do is as exportable as a bean-soup recipe. Buettner can't bring the calcium-rich drinking water of Nicoya home to Minnesota, and we can't all enjoy the nutrient-rich Cannonau of Sardinia, bursting with about three times the antioxidants of other red wines. Americans would also be hard-pressed to find the kind of raw honey they eat in Ikaria in their local grocery stores.But much of the ethos of the Blue Zones, the ways that people enjoy life and prosper into old age, actually have very little to do with food at all.<h2>Prioritizing human connection and managing stress is the foundation of the Blue Zone lifestyle</h2><div type="image" title="old couple, woman standing kissing head of man sitting down, eyes closed " height="1400" width="2100" msid="103186281" hostid="261" sizebytes="270742"></div>The foundation that undergirds the entire Blue Zone lifestyle is connection, the sense of purpose and meaning that people living in the zones express. In Japan, it's called "ikigai," in Costa Rica, "plan de vida."At a time when the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.insider.com/us-surgeon-general-compares-loneliness-epidemic-to-smoking-2023-5">US surgeon general is warning of a deadly loneliness epidemic</a> across the country, the kinds of connection that people in Blue Zones share with their family, neighbors, elders, fellow churchgoers, and coworkers feel instructive."It's an environment that makes it easy for them to live out their purpose — whether it's their family, their religion, or being part of a cohesive community," Buettner said. "That's what works."

Dan Buettner has spent 20 years investigating why people thrive in 5 longevity hotspots. He says it has pushed him to eat more soup and enjoy pickleball with friends.

<a href="https://www.drugs.com/adderall.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall</a> and <a href="https://www.drugs.com/ritalin.html">Ritalin</a> are central nervous system stimulants frequently used to treat symptoms of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/facts.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (<keyword id="18257" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="ADHD">ADHD</keyword>) and narcolepsy.<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="914708" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Adderall">Adderall</keyword> and <keyword id="241523" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Ritalin">Ritalin</keyword> are both stimulants used to treat symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</li><li>The main difference between Adderall and Ritalin is the latter works more quickly, while the former tends to stay in the system longer and lasts longer. </li><li>Adderall can be taken by children as young as 3 years old, but Ritalin does not have FDA approval for kids under 6.</li></ul>Although Adderall and Ritalin have a similar effect on the brain, there are key differences including how quickly they kick in and how long they stay in your system.Learn more about the similarities and differences between Adderall and Ritalin.<h2>Ritalin vs. Adderall</h2>Ritalin and Adderall have different main ingredients, but each has a similar effect as a treatment for: <ul><li>ADHD: A neurological condition that makes it difficult for a person to focus or stay still. </li><li>Narcolepsy: A condition that causes excessive sleepiness.</li></ul>Both medications can help improve attention and reduce hyperactivity by blocking the reuptake of<a href="https://www.hormone.org/your-health-and-hormones/glands-and-hormones-a-to-z/hormones/norepinephrine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> the hormone norepinephrine</a> and<a href="https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-what-dopamine" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> the neurotransmitter dopamine</a>.When used properly, the main difference between them is that Ritalin works more quickly than Adderall, which tends to stay in the system longer and lasts longer. Other differences include dosage and the fact that Adderall can be taken by children<a href="https://www.drugs.com/adderall.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> as young as</a> 3 years old, whereas Ritalin does not have FDA approval for kids under 6.<h2>Ritalin: Dosage, strength, and how long it lasts </h2>The active ingredient in Ritalin is the prescription drug<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682188.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> methylphenidate</a>. Methylphenidate is also sold in generic forms and under the brand names Concerta and Daytrana. Ritalin is<a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/72922/download#:~:text=RITALIN%20should%20not%20be%20used,studied%20in%20this%20age%20group.&amp;text=Tell%20your%20doctor%20if%20you%20or%20your%20child%20is%20pregnant,to%20become%20pregnant,%20or%20breastfeeding.ing." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> approved</a> for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy in people who are 6 or older. The FDA does not endorse Ritalin for use in kids under 6, because it hasn't been studied in this population. However, the<a href="https://www.aappublications.org/news/2019/09/30/adhd093019" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> American Academy of Pediatrics</a> and the<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/guidelines.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) both say that methylphenidate can be used to treat ADHD in kids ages 4-6 if behavioral interventions like increased support at school don't have an impact. There are<a href="http://www.mainlinefamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Methylphenidate_Fact_Sheet.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> three forms</a> of Ritalin:<ul><li><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/methylphenidate/article.htm#what_else_should_i_know_about_this_drug" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ritalin</a>: Available in 5, 10, or 20 mg pills, Ritalin is taken multiple times a day, usually before meals. A typical dose is 20-30 mg a day for adults, and 10 mg a day for kids, says <a href="https://www.scvmc.org/education-and-training/programs/pharmacy-residency/Pages/Pharmacy-Residents.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ephraim Lu</a>, PharmD, a pharmacist with Santa Clara Valley Medical Center in San Jose, California.</li><li><a href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=effd952d-ac94-47bb-b107-589a4934dcca" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ritalin LA</a> is used to treat ADHD in kids ages 6-12. The recommended starting dose is 20 mg a day, although it's also<a href="https://www.rxlist.com/ritalin-la-drug.htm#dosage" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> available</a> in 10, 30, and 40 mg dosages. Most people take 20-60 mg a day, Lu says. Your doctor will advise you on usage and dose. </li><li><a href="https://www.drugs.com/cdi/ritalin-sr.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ritalin SR</a> is a longer-acting, controlled-release form of the drug that can be taken<a href="http://www.mainlinefamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Methylphenidate_Fact_Sheet.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> once daily</a>. It's approved for people 6 or older.</li></ul>Ritalin stays in your system for 14-17 hours, says Lu. <h2>Adderall: Dosage, strength, and how long it lasts</h2>Adderall is the brand name of the prescription drug that<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601234.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> combines</a> dextroamphetamine and amphetamine. It's<a href="https://www.drugs.com/adderall.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> approved</a> for treating ADHD in people who are 3 years and older, and narcolepsy in people who are 12 years and older. There are<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601234.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> two forms</a> of Adderall:<ul><li>Adderall (immediate-release tablet) is taken 2-3 times a day, spaced out 4-6 hours. It can be taken with food or without. </li><li>Adderall XR (extended-release capsule) is taken once a day when the patient wakes up, with or without food. </li></ul>Kids ages 2-5 typically start on 2.5 mg of Adderall a day, Lu says. People age 6 and up being treated for ADHD may start on 5 mg a day, and the dose can be increased up to 40 mg a day, he says. People who are being treated for narcolepsy <a href="https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/Downloads/stim-adult-dosingchart11-14.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">take</a> 5-60 mg of Adderall a day, divided into multiple doses, he says. Adderall stays in the system longer than Ritalin, lasting 39-69 hours Lu says. <h2>Ritalin vs. Adderall: Side effects and who should not take them</h2>Because Adderall and Ritalin act on the brain in the same way, their side effects are the same, Lu says. Common side effects for both<a href="https://www.drugs.com/adderall.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Adderall</a> and<a href="https://www.drugs.com/ritalin.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Ritalin</a> include:<ul><li>Fast heart rate</li><li>Loss of appetite and weight loss</li><li>Stomach pain and nausea</li><li>Headache or dizziness</li><li>Mood changes and irritability</li><li>Sleep troubles or insomnia</li></ul>Some side effects are particularly concerning. The most severe side effects of Adderall and Ritalin are as follows, Lu says:<ul><li>High blood pressure and heart rates: Because these drugs are stimulants, they can impact your cardiovascular system. People who experience chest pain or feel that they might faint should call their doctor immediately. People who have a history of high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease should talk with their doctor about whether Ritalin is safe for them. </li><li>Psychiatric symptoms: These stimulants can <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/kids-health/common-adhd-medications-may-cause-psychosis-study-finds-n985616" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exacerbate</a> psychiatric symptoms, like mania or hallucination, or make them occur in people who have not previously had a psychiatric illness. People with a family history of depression or other mental illness should talk to their doctor before taking either of these medications. </li><li>Seizure risk: Both Ritalin and Adderall are linked with increased seizure risk. However, there's also<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5880635/#:~:text=Conclusions,medication%20increases%20risk%20of%20seizures." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> evidence</a> that people with ADHD have a higher seizure risk, and people on medications reduce that risk. </li><li>Possible growth restrictions: There's some<a href="https://chadd.org/adhd-weekly/could-your-childs-meds-affect-his-height-likely-not/#:~:text=Stimulant%20medications%20commonly%20prescribed%20for,common%20side%20effect%20of%20stimulants." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> evidence</a> that children who take these medications might be shorter than they would have been without taking the medications. However, the science is far from conclusive. </li></ul>Both Adderall and Ritalin carry a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676785/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">risk</a> for dependence and addiction. People who have a history of substance use disorder <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676785/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">should speak with their doctor</a> before taking these medications, Lu says. Here's who else should not take <a href="https://www.drugs.com/adderall.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adderall</a> or <a href="https://www.drugs.com/ritalin.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ritalin</a>, according to Lu:<ul><li>People with a history of high blood pressure or cardiovascular disease.</li><li>People with anxiety. </li><li>Pregnant women —<a href="https://www.additudemag.com/how-safe-are-adhd-medications-while-pregant-or-nursing/#:~:text=None%20of%20the%20medications%20used,Federal%20Drug%20Administration%20(FDA)." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> no medications</a> for ADHD have been proven safe during pregnancy, although they also have not been proven unsafe.</li><li>People who have taken<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539848/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> MOAIs</a>, a class of drugs used to treat depression and Parkinson's disease.</li><li>For people with glaucoma — these medications can have a<a href="https://www.optometrists.org/vision-therapy-for-adhd/visual-side-effects-of-adhd-medication/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> negative impact</a> on vision. </li></ul><h2>Ritalin vs. Adderall: Which to choose</h2>Adderall and Ritalin are very similar medications, with similar benefits and risks. They are considered<a href="https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/ritalin-adderall-difference-3116712/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> equally effective</a> at treating ADHD. About <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733520/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">70%</a> of people treated with stimulants will respond to the medication. It's impossible to know, without trying them, which will be the more effective ADHD medication for you or your child, Lu says. He recommends talking with your doctor and using the following criteria to decide which medication to choose:<ul><li>The patient's age: If a child is under 6, only Adderall is FDA-approved. </li><li>Cost: Compare the costs of the medications (and available generics) on your insurance plan.</li></ul>Often, there is an element of trial and error in determining which ADHD medication will work best for you or your child. Under a doctor's guidance, Lu recommends trying one or the other for several weeks, and determining whether it's tolerable and effective. If not, you can talk to your doctor about trying the other. <h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>Choosing an ADHD medication can be difficult, especially when you're comparing two medications that are as similar as Adderall and Ritalin. Remember these important points:<ul><li>Only Adderall is FDA-approved for children ages 3-5, although the CDC and AAP both recommend Ritalin for preschoolers. </li><li>Adderall and Ritalin are considered equally effective at treating ADHD and have similar side effects. </li><li>Both Adderall and Ritalin carry a risk for dependence and addiction. People with a history of substance use disorder should consider a non-stimulant ADHD medication like<a href="https://www.drugs.com/strattera.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Strattera</a>,<a href="https://www.drugs.com/pro/clonidine-extended-release-tablets.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Extended-release clonidine</a>, or.</li></ul>In addition to exploring treatment with these prescription drugs, Lu says that behavioral interventions can be important for treating ADHD, especially in kids. "Parent training in behavior management and other non-pharmacological approaches should be considered before pharmacological treatments," he says.<h2>Related articles from <a href="https://www.insider.com/health-reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Health Reference</a>:</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/post/preview?post_id=5f5bc4421e1b353d193f05c4&amp;mode=desktopktop">The 3 types of non-stimulant ADHD medications and how they work</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/adult-adhd-symptoms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to recognize the symptoms of ADHD in adults</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/what-does-adderall-do" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How Adderall works and how it helps ADHD</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/types-of-adhd" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How to recognize the 3 different types of ADHD and treat them</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/natural-adhd-treatment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">7 science-backed natural remedies that may help with ADHD symptoms</a></li></ul>

Should you take Ritalin or Adderall for ADHD? Adderall lasts longer. Ritalin works faster. Both are effective.

<div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right"><div class="image on-image"></div></div>Right now, a naturally-produced substance called rapamycin is being described as the source of potentially one of the most transformative medicines in the world, one that has a small but not impossible chance to become the first drug to successfully slow the effects of aging - "the ultimate preventative medicine," as Matt Kaeberlein, a prominent researcher who studies aging at the University of Washington, <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-12/does-a-real-anti-aging-pill-already-exist-">described it to Bloomberg Businessweek</a>.But - as told in <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-12/does-a-real-anti-aging-pill-already-exist-">a wide-ranging Bloomberg Businessweek cover story</a> - the only known samples of it would have been destroyed if it weren't for a researcher who was just too intrigued by rapamycin's potential to let that happen.This substance, produced by a bacteria, has already been used to develop treatments for kidney, lung, and breast cancers (Novartis <a href="http://www.novartis.com/downloads/investors/reports/novartis-annual-report-2013-en.pdf">earned more than $1 billion</a> from these treatments in 2013), among many other uses. Yet it wouldn't - couldn't - be the subject of such excited pronouncements, if Dr. Suren Sehgal had obeyed his bosses at Ayerst Laboratories.In 1983, <a href="http://www.sehgal.net/surenshistory.htm">Ayerst was closing</a> their Montreal lab and decided that everything that didn't have a defined productive use yet should be destroyed. Almost a decade before that, Sehgal had found a rare bacteria in some dirt a 1964 Canadian research team had scraped from underneath a moai, one of the massive stone heads on Easter Island. Sehgal discovered that the bacteria, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, produced a powerful anti-fungal compound. He sent a sample to the National Cancer Institute, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-climate-change-could-destroy-medicine-2014-4">which has a branch dedicated</a> towards investigating the potentially powerful biological agents derived from the natural world.Sehgal gave the compound the moniker rapamycin, reminiscent of the native name for the island it came from, Rapa Nui.But Ayerst didn't want to pursue the rapamycin investigation. Sehgal kept experimenting with it on the side - he once used it to create an ointment that cured a fungal skin infection for a neighbor. "It was probably illegal," his son Ajai Sehgal <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-12/does-a-real-anti-aging-pill-already-exist-">tells Bloomberg Businessweek</a>, but it worked.Yet it fell onto the list of "nonviable" compounds that were slated for destruction when Ayerst shuttered their Montreal operation.And even though Sehgal was a dedicated employee (one of the only ones to keep his job after they closed the lab), he couldn't bear destroying this thing he was so excited about.So he took a rogue step. Instead of destroying the rapamycin, he took a few glass vials of the bacteria home and stashed them in his freezer. As Bloomberg Businessweek reports, he wrapped them in plastic and stuck them beside some ice cream, writing a note that said "DON'T EAT!"Don't eat, indeed.He and his family moved to Princeton, N.J., to continue working for Ayerst in their lab there.In 1987, Ayerst was bought by another pharmaceutical company, Wyeth - and they were amenable to letting Sehgal continue his research. When Sehgal discovered that rapamycin also suppressed the immune system, he and Wyeth realized it would help people receiving an organ transplant, by making their bodies less likely to reject it. That usage was approved by the FDA in 1999.But the other thing that's making waves right now is the idea that rapamycin could actually be the source of an anti-aging pill that could change the basic course of human lives.Unfortunately, this isn't proven to work at all, and it'll be a long time before it could be. In theory, a drug like that would need to be taken by healthy people, probably every day for years, with essentially no side effects. That's incredibly tough to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of, especially on a large scale.But the reason some researchers think it's possible is the way that rapamycin works on a cellular level. It affects a pathway that helps regulate growth. That pathway can be switched into a more conservative mode where it grows less and consumes less - lack of nutrients seems to trigger the same effect, which may be why fasting helps people live longer. It seems that rapamycin can do the same thing in cells, though this has not yet been demonstrated in humans.A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587680">study by the NIH</a>, for example, shows that feeding mice rapamycin can extend their lives, though again, many things that have been shown to work in mice never work in humans. Another big concern is immunosuppression. If rapamycin suppresses the immune system of an elderly person, even as it helps slow their cellular aging process, that may be too much of a negative side effect.Because of this potentially huge limitation, Novartis is actively trying to find a rapamycin derivative that is not an immunosuppressant. A recent <a href="http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/6/268/268ra179">company-funded study</a> showed that one particular derivative seemed to improve the immune response of a group of elderly people in response to a flu shot. While a flu shot is not the same as a real infection and further testing is needed, it's an exciting development for Novartis, suggesting there may be a way around some of rapamycin's potential pitfalls.Still, until there is much more evidence about rapamycin's safety and efficacy, it's worth remembering that when it comes to medicines that can actually extend the life of a healthy person, "the batting average is zero," S. Jay Olshansky, a professor of public health at the University of Illinois, tells Bloomberg Businessweek.Sadly, Sehgal himself never got to see how far the excitement about his discovery has come. As his son <a href="http://www.sehgal.net/surenshistory.htm">writes</a>, he died in 2003, five years after a diagnosis of stage 4 metastatic colon cancer.Read the full story of rapamycin at <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-02-12/does-a-real-anti-aging-pill-already-exist-">Bloomberg Businessweek</a>. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-men-cheat-affair-love-sex-psychotherapist-2015-1">Research Reveals Why Men Cheat, And It's Not What You Think</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="9vdnlycjo8Di2vj5XaYNQCb3Cc2NYbee" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

A rogue doctor saved a potential miracle drug by storing samples in his home after being told to throw them away

The <keyword id="80195" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Sports-Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</keyword> Swimsuit Issue <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/models/">traveled to all seven continents this year to shoot the magazine</a>. Editors, photographers, and models went to some of the most beautiful, exotic places in the world which made for some wonderful scenery.
Let's take a <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/">tour of where they went...</a>
In Australia, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/antarctica.html">SI went to White Haven beach</a>. They had to take a sea plane to get there. The shoot was super windy, which the models said was difficult, but it allowed photographers to grab images like this:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
For North America, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/bahamas.html">SI traveled to the Bahamas</a>. On the island, models recreated famous SI Swimsuit covers wearing nothing but body paint. This one is the recreation of the 1996 cover with Tyra Banks and Valeria Mazza:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
Now on to <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/chile.html">South America where SI went to Chile</a>. Here the models posed in front of Moai statues on Easter Island. Archaeologist think that these <a href="http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ig/New-Wonders/Easter_Island_peoples.htm">r</a><a href="http://architecture.about.com/od/greatbuildings/ig/New-Wonders/Easter_Island_peoples.htm">epresented a God or a mythical creature</a>:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
Next up, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/china.html">SI traveled to China in Asia</a>. Instead of going to someplace like the Great Wall, SI went to Guilin and the scenery was gorgeous. The models and editors and photographers had to climb through rocky terrain to get to some of the shoots:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
In Africa, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/namibia.html">SI went to Namibia</a> which has miles and miles of sand dunes:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
In Europe, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/spain.html">SI went to Spain</a> where they shot with backdrops like the famous Plaza de Espana and Plaza de Toros in Sevilla:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/australia.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table>
And of course, <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/antarctica.html">Kate Upton braved the cold in Antarctica</a>:
<table class="image-container" width="200"><tr><td><div class="image"></div><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/antarctica.html">SI Video Screengrab</a></td></tr></table> <a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/"></a>
<h3><a href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2013_swimsuit/video/">Watch all the behind the scenes videos of the swimsuit shoots over at SI &gt;</a></h3>

Go Around The World With The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue

<ul><li>The government wants to deploy <keyword id="764355" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="5G">5G</keyword> by 2020. </li><li>India will likely be auctioning spectrum in the 3300-3400 MHz and 3400-3600MHz bands. </li><li>In terms of technology, India might for once be at par with the rest of the world.</li></ul>We're doing it. We're going 5G, the ultimate promise of the Internet is to be delivered by 2020. Or at least that's what the Indian government would have you believe. As countries in the west stride towards a 5G future, the Indian government says it doesn't want to be left behind. But what is this claim based on? Why are we so confident that we'll deploy 5G by 2020? More importantly, Is it even possible? The fact is that despite failing to keep up on 2G, 3G and <keyword id="122479" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="4G">4G</keyword> deployment, India might actually be well placed to not just catch up but race ahead of the world this time. The rollout of 5G globally has been ahead of its estimated deployment time in a way, agrees Amit Marwah, Head, Customer Marketing and Communication at Nokia. It isn’t any different here. He further adds that most hurdles in moving to 5G in India are regulatory, meaning a properly motivated government can achieve the set milestones. At its current state, mobile connections in Tier I cities in India are already at what is called “4.5G,” which you see as LTE on your phone. "From a purely technical perspective, we have the capability to offer 5G network solutions to Indian carriers by mid-2019, but the government and industry will first need to decide on a mutually convenient timeline to auction 5G airwaves," said Nitin Bansal, Head of Network Solutions, MOAI, at Ericsson. Nokia and Ericsson are two of the biggest equipment, software and infrastructure suppliers for the <keyword id="6354776" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Telecom">telecom</keyword> industry. 
	
	
	
	
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 Technologically Ready... Telcos worldwide have been amping up their 5G preparation and trials have been underway with great enthusiasm. And this time around, India refuses to play catch up. In fact, Amit Marwah, Nokia expects proof of concepts for 5G rollout to begin by the end of the year. The company is amongst the leaders in the race for a 5G future. Others like <a href="https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/airtel-huawei-conduct-indias-first-5g-network-test-trial/63043433" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Airtel and Huawei Technologies</a> have already conducted the first successful test of 5G networks at the beginning of this year in India. Base stations shipping from Nokia's Chennai factory are already 5G ready, as are routers and other equipment required for telecom networks. Technology-wise, India is ready. When telcos moved to 4G LTE, they switched from <a href="https://www.digit.in/telecom/understanding-how-calling-works-on-reliance-jio-31607.html" data-type="tilCustomLink">circuit-switched to packet-switched</a> networks. Packet-switched networks are newer and future facing, allowing 5G to be deployed quicker. These networks are run using computer servers instead of physical switches. They also use optical fibre in place of copper cables, which were used on the older circuit-switched networks. These packet-switched networks are at the core of future telecom infrastructure. And with leading telcos offering LTE services, their networks are already there. For instance, Jio has had a completely packet-switched network from day one. Or Not... While we may be ecstatic about India’s readiness for a 5G future, it may well be argued that its predecessor (4G), despite registering tangible growth, is still largely a Tier 1 phenomenon. That poses a very real issue for telcos in the country, and by extension the country itself. 2G has outlived its usefulness, but it still exists in India, as does 3G. These networks are tougher to upgrade because of reasons explained above. 
	
	
	
	
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 "To capture the full opportunities of 5G, it will require an evolution of the whole network and not just parts of it. The best way to start would be to build an efficient 4G network and while doing that, modernise the legacy equipment that can only operate on 2G," said Ericsson's Bansal. “It is also important to prepare for automation of 5G operations as the increased opportunities and complexities of the 5G business landscape will require a much higher degree of automation and self-service," he added. Both Marwah and Bansal say that a roadmap for 5G is important . The Indian government has already set up panels for these, and spectrum auctions are next. The primary difference here is, the US plans to start 5G spectrum auctions by the end of 2018, while we're yet to get word on that for India. In fact, telcos have asked for spectrum auctions to be deferred due to financial strain. But consumers still have to wait... A colleague recently asked me why India is talking about 5G when it could be focusing on 4G. And it's true, 4G is yet to live out its life in the country. But then again, business is never truly done for consumer benefits. Businesses have higher spending power than consumers, and service providers go where the money is, especially with emerging technologies. You may have read reports about how 5G will allow you to download movies in seconds. And that's true, but that's only when 5G becomes a mainstream affair. But as Marwah says, 5G initially will help where it can. And that, in essence, will be for enterprises. In October 2017, Thomas Noren, Head of 5G Commercialisation at Ericsson <a href="https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/10/5g-readiness-on-the-rise" data-type="tilCustomLink">said</a> that operators will use 5G “not only in the consumer segment but also with enterprise users and specialised industries”. Noren was talking about the <a href="https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2017/10/5g-readiness-on-the-rise">Ericsson 2017 5G Readiness Survey</a>. As Marwah correctly points out, deployment for enterprises doesn't mean consumers won't see the benefit. It's just that mass rollout of 5G may take longer. When companies get better services, their own services can improve, which in turn helps you. Yet, that's tough to quantify. So, when will you actually feel the benefits of 5G? <keyword id="104695" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</keyword> <a href="https://www.techradar.com/news/qualcomms-x50-5g-modem-is-being-launched-by-xiaomi-and-whole-hoard-of-companies" data-type="tilCustomLink">recently</a> tied up with about a dozen OEMs so that smartphones can start supporting 5G. When that happens, and it's expected to by 2019, you will be able to "feel" the benefits of 5G. That is if telcos are ready by then. When we say India will move to 5G by 2020 though, it will probably benefit businesses first. It helps in the Internet of Things, automobiles and more, that need low latency connectivity. Latency here means the time taken for data to travel from your phone/car to the required server. With 5G, latency can be as low as 1 millisecond, something Airtel also demonstrated in its test recently. So, where does India stand? Simply put, India is indeed en route to achieving 5G deployment by 2020. But you may not see tangible benefits of the same till at least a few years later. Aruna Sundararajan, Telecom Secretary and Chairman of India's Telecom Commission, recently said that the <keyword id="106128" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="National-Telecom-Policy">National Telecom Policy</keyword> of 2018 is going to include 5G spectrum auctions. These will likely be the 3300-3400Mhz/3400-3600MHz bands, as mentioned by Telecom Minister Manoj Sinha <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/telcos-want-government-to-postpone-5g-spectrum-auctions-till-fy20/articleshow/62841665.cms">earlier</a>. As long as telcos are onboard to buy spectrum and the government works out the right regulations, India is indeed on track to move to 5G by 2020.

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