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<ul><li>The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) quietly launched <keyword id="8143100" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="project-netra">Project NETRA</keyword> this month. </li><li>The Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA) will track space debris and other potential threats to Indian satellites in space. </li><li>India will no longer be dependant on the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) for tracking space objects. </li></ul>As the world debated over India’s lunar mission, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/moon-landing-drama-play-by-play-of-isro-losing-communication-with-chandrayaan-2s-lander/articleshow/71018307.cms">Chandrayaan 2</a>, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has quietly launched <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-to-set-up-own-space-debris-agency-because-norad-data-inaccurate/articleshow/70550082.cms">Project NETRA</a> in the background. India’s warning system to detect space debris and other potential threats to Indian satellites is now live, according to a report by <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-initiates-project-netra-to-safeguard-indian-space-assets-from-debris-and-other-harm/article29497795.ece">The Hindu</a>. The Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA) will safeguard India’s 50 functional satellites in space using an on-ground network of telescopes and radars under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management. According to ISRO, NETRA won’t be tracking space objects exclusively. It will also have military applications — just like NORAD — serving as a warning system against incoming missiles or space attacks from hostile nations. Self-sufficiency in space situational awareness India’s new ₹400 crore ($56 million) system ensures India will no longer have to depend on data from the North America Aerospace Defence Command (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/US-military-bases-are-still-using-Chinese-surveillance-video-cameras-just-weeks-before-a-federal-ban-takes-effect/articleshow/70281636.cms">NORAD</a>). Publically available data on the portal was not accurate enough and useful data is exclusive to NORAD members, which was a major obstacle, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-to-set-up-own-space-debris-agency-because-norad-data-inaccurate/articleshow/70550082.cms">according to</a> ISRO Chairman K Sivan. NETRA is the first step in making India self sufficient when it comes to space situational awareness (SSA). What can NETRA do? As of now, NETRA can only track objects in low-earth orbit (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/prime-minister-modi-in-his-live-address-says-indian-scientists-shot-down-a-low-orbit-satellite-300-km-away-in-space/articleshow/68593276.cms">LEO</a>), which is only 2,000 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. It can detect objects as small as 10 centimeters in size up within a range of 3,400 kilometers. Going forward, ISRO has plans to upgrade that capability to track the geostationationary orbit (GEO) as well at 36,000 kilometers. Plans for NETRA include a high-precision and long-range telescope in Leh, a radar in the North East, telescopes in Ponmudi and Mount Abu. It will also use the Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) at the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota. The entire network will also include data processing units and a control center. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-to-set-up-own-space-debris-agency-because-norad-data-inaccurate/articleshow/70550082.cms">India doesn't trust US with measuring space debris — and so it will set up its own agency</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-space-activities-bill-addresses-damage-in-outer-space/articleshow/69960212.cms">India’s new ‘Space Activities Bill’ will fix the liability for damage caused in outer space</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/us-russia-china-and-india-standoff-over-space-debris-after-a-sat-test/articleshow/70837355.cms">US, Russia and China with space debris in the thousands are complaining about 49 pieces from India's A-SAT test</a>

India's new space warning system will also keep an eye out for hostile missiles

The Chinese government had planned the <keyword id="9241086" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Galwan-Valley">Galwan Valley</keyword> incident in June, potentially including the possibility for fatalities, a US Congressional Commission has said, asserting that Beijing "provoked" the first deadly clash on the Sino-India border in nearly half a century. The ruling Chinese Communist Party employs its armed forces as a coercive tool during peacetime, carrying out large-scale intimidation exercises around Taiwan and in the South China Sea, the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission said in its latest annual report to Congress. "This year, it provoked the first deadly clash on the China-India border in nearly half a century. China's rising aggression has not gone unnoticed," the report said. In June, China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Indian troops engaged in a massive physical brawl in the Galwan Valley, located in the far-western Ladakh region along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) separating the two countries, said the report dated December 1. The clash, which followed a series of standoffs beginning in early May along multiple sectors of the LAC, led to at least 20 Indian deaths and an unconfirmed number of Chinese casualties, the first time since 1975 that lives were lost in fighting between the two sides. "Some evidence suggested the Chinese government had planned the incident, potentially including the possibility for fatalities," the report said. For instance, several weeks prior to the clash Chinese Defence Minister Gen. Wei Fenghe made a statement encouraging Beijing to "use fighting to promote stability." Just over two weeks before the incident, in another potential indication of Chinese leaders signalling their intent to escalate tensions, an editorial in China's state-owned tabloid Global Times warned that India would suffer a "devastating blow" to its trade and economic ties with China if it got "involved in the US-China rivalry." Further satellite images depicted a large Chinese buildup in the Galwan Valley, including potentially 1,000 PLA soldiers, the week before the deadly skirmish, said the Congressional Commission created in 2000 for monitoring and investigating national security and trade issues between the US and China. China and India have engaged in multiple physical clashes along their border for decades, but since General Secretary Xi Jinping assumed power in 2012 the two countries have seen five major altercations along their border. The exact motivations behind the Chinese government's provocative behaviour on the LAC this year remain unclear, it noted. "The proximate cause of the clash appeared to be India's construction of a strategic access road to support troops stationed along the LAC. China has also built extensive infrastructure along the LAC in recent years. In the aftermath of the clash, Beijing asserted sovereignty over the entire Galwan Valley, a new claim and significant change to the territorial status quo," the report said. According to the report, the Chinese Navy has also regularly deployed diesel-electric and nuclear attack submarines in the Indian Ocean since 2013, which - despite their ostensible mission to support China's Gulf of Aden antipiracy task forces - serve to collect intelligence and signal to India that China could contest the Indian Navy or threaten commercial shipping. Chinese hydrographic survey vessels also sometimes venture into waters around India's strategic sites to collect intelligence, the report said, citing an example of India's navy chasing away China's Shiyan-1 research vessel in December 2019 after catching the vessel loitering without permission near Port Blair. The Commission said that in 2020, China sought to project an image of confidence and increased efforts to portray itself as a global leader superior to the United States even as it faced an increasing array of challenges at home and abroad. "Beijing ramped up its multiyear coercion campaign against its neighbours, provoking military or paramilitary standoffs with countries from Japan to India and much of Southeast Asia. Shortly after China's defence minister urged Beijing to use military force to stabilise its periphery, a violent clash on the China-India border in June led to the first loss of life between the two countries since 1975," it said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/geo-tagged-bottles-in-the-ganges-river-show-how-plastic-pollution-can-travel-thousands-of-kilometres-in-just-a-few-months/articleshow/79540173.cms">Geo-tagged bottles in the Ganges river show how plastic pollution can travel thousands of kilometres in just a few months</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/trump-h1-b-visa-restrictions-scrapped-by-us-court-spells-good-news-for-indian-and-american-it-companies-alike/articleshow/79531053.cms">Trump's H-1B visa restrictions scrapped by US court spells good news for Indian and American IT companies alike</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-three-main-surveillance-projects-natgrid-cms-and-netra-have-been-directed-to-stop-collecting-data-citing-breach-of-privacy/articleshow/79529256.cms">India's three main surveillance projects NATGRID, CMS and NETRA have been directed to stop collecting data citing breach of privacy</a>

China planned in advance and 'provoked' Galwan Valley clash with India, indicates US report

<ul><li><keyword id="94769" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="drones">Drones</keyword> are monitoring parts of Delhi where there are protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA).</li><li>The Delhi Police has been using Netra UAVs — developed by the Defence and Research Organisation and IdeaForge — to surveil the city for over four years.</li><li>They can fly up to 200 meters in the air — 80 meters over the limit prescribed by Indian drone laws.</li></ul>Drones are helping keep the peace in India’s national capital, New Delhi, as nation-wide protests against the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/what-is-citizenship-bill-and-how-does-it-affect-religious-freedom-in-india/articleshow/72362487.cms">Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA)</a> are on the rise. 
	
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 Citizens have been flooding the streets to show their disapproval for the new law ⁠— on that they fear is setting the foundation for excluding Muslims in the upcoming National Registry for Citizens (NRC) ⁠— <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/india-has-seen-atleast-10-instances-of-section-144-ub-the-last-months-of-modi-2-0/articleshow/72884563.cms">despite the enforcement of Section 144</a>, a law which <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/explained-what-is-section-144-of-crpc/articleshow/72884632.cms">prohibits public gatherings</a> in a given jurisdiction. The drones in use ⁠— <a href="https://drdo.gov.in/robotics">Netra UAVs</a> developed by a Mumbai-based company called IdeaForge⁠— are able to fly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/flying-drones-is-finally-legal-in-india/articleshow/65573434.cms">as high as 200 metres</a>. From that height, they are able to scan a hexagonal grid that extends to around three to four kilometres. And, it has thermal night-vision. 
 
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 "Drones are used to record happenings and in case of massive law and order situations, where things go out of hand, the recordings help to identify those who cause a situation to go out of hand," a senior police officer told <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anti-caa-stir-delhi-police-use-drone-to-keep-track-of-protesters-1629729-2019-12-19">India Today</a>. Even <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/those-indulging-in-arson-can-be-identified-by-their-clothes-narendra-modi-on-anti-caa-protest/articleshow/72687256.cms">Prime Minister Narendra Modi</a> said that the arsonists can be “identified by their clothes.” This is exactly the kind of ethical violation human rights violation experts have warned against in the past. Especially in a situation like the one in India right now, where mass protests are currently underway, the use of drones by the police falls may lead to the isolation of some protestors and their harassment. 
 
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 Here’s why facial recognition using drones falls in the ethical gray area As the <a href="https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-york-city-police-department-surveillance-technology">following excerpt from Brennan Center for Justice</a> in the US pointed out in October 2019, the use of drones for facial recognition may have the following consequences: <ul><li>Race, Gender, and Age Bias: Numerous studies have found that facial recognition performs poorly when analyzing the faces of women, children, and people with darker skin tones. This places communities already subject to over-policing at greater risk of misidentification.</li></ul><ul><li>Privacy: Facial recognition is recognised as extraordinarily intrusive, challenging reasonable expectations of privacy and lacking necessary oversight. This is why a number of groups have called for a moratorium on facial recognition.</li></ul><ul><li>Free Speech: Law enforcement use of facial recognition may expose protesters to persistent <keyword id="6354565" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Surveillance">surveillance</keyword> and identification.</li></ul><ul><li>Regulation: There have been widespread calls for its regulation, and some cities in the US have even banned its use.</li></ul>
 
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 It’s not a new thing What many don’t know is that the Delhi Police has been using these drones for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/the-us-air-force-may-have-a-stealthy-spy-drone-replacement-for-the-supersonic-sr-71-thats-secretly-been-flying-for-9-years/articleshow/71748537.cms">over four years</a>. Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (<a href="https://drdo.gov.in/robotics">DRDO</a>) in collaboration with IdeaForge. In addition to the Delhi Police using drones to surveil Old Delhi, they are also being used to monitor the situation at Shaheed Park near ITO. Drones were also employed two days ago to monitor crowds in <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/seelampur-violence-delhi-police-uses-drones-to-monitor-situation/articleshow/72854463.cms">Seeemalpur areas</a> where there were reports of arson and violence. 
	
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 Earlier this year, drones were also used to carry out surveillance in parts of New Delhi where there was a threat of agitation after the Supreme Court verdict on the Ayodhya land dispute as well to monitors sections of East Delhi and Trilokpuri during the Lok Sabha election. 
 
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 The buzzing drones may further infuriate the crowds Even though the drones are employed as a ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/drone-technology-uses-and-applications-for-commercial-industrial-and-military-drones-in-2020-and-the-future/articleshow/72874958.cms">surveillance</a>’ measure — they only seem to be instigating the crowds in Old Delhi. When one of the drones flew over All India Student’ Association (AISA) and Swaraj Abhiyan protestors looking to reach the Red Fort — the throng got even louder shouting, clearing and clapping at the passer-by in the sky, according to PTI. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/indian-citizenship-bill-challenged-by-iuml-in-supreme-court-one-day-after-passing-rajya-sabha/articleshow/72487481.cms">India's Citizenship Act gets challenged at the Supreme Court barely a day after passing Parliament</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/what-is-citizenship-bill-and-how-does-it-affect-religious-freedom-in-india/articleshow/72362487.cms">What is Citizenship Bill and how does it affect religious freedom in India?</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/drone-technology-uses-and-applications-for-commercial-industrial-and-military-drones-in-2020-and-the-future/articleshow/72874958.cms">Drone technology uses and applications for commercial, industrial and military drones in 2020 and the future</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/ril-arm-acquires-51-78-pc-stake-in-asteria-aerospace-for-rs-23-12-cr/articleshow/72528537.cms">Reliance Industries is getting into drones with its new purchase</a>

Police using drones to identify key protestors⁠— and it may lead to harassment in the future

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India's new space warning system will also keep an eye out for hostile missiles

Prabhjote Gill

China planned in advance and 'provoked' Galwan Valley clash with India, indicates US report

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Police using drones to identify key protestors⁠— and it may lead to harassment in the future

Prabhjote Gill

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