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NASA is planning to put US astronauts back on the surface of the <keyword id="42440" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="moon" source="Orion">Moon</keyword> by the end of 2024. This mission is just the beginning of what is shaping up to be a historic few decades in space exploration, as both the US and China have plans to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon. The first question you might have is: Why now? The short answer is the relatively recent discovery of water on the Moon. But the deeper and perhaps more important questions have to do with how competing space agencies will pull off this feat given the limited resources on <keyword id="6359982" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="earth" source="Orion">Earth</keyword>'s satellite. In this episode of The Conversation Weekly, we speak with two people - a planetary scientist who studies the geology of the Moon, and a space lawyer who studies space policy and geopolitics - about the challenges facing nations as humanity looks to set up shop on the Moon. When Apollo astronauts brought back the first lunar rocks in the late 1960s and early 1970s, scientists were disappointed to find no sign of water or anything of much use in the samples. The Moon looked to be a barren place. Fast forward a few decades and two coinciding events reshaped the future of the Moon - the sudden boom in the private space sector and the discovery of water frozen in permanently shadowed craters on the Moon's surface. All of a sudden, setting up a base on the Moon was not only desirable but feasible, too. "If you want to explore space with humans, water becomes one of the most critical commodities," explains <keyword id="1586509" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="mahesh-anand" source="Orion">Mahesh Anand</keyword>, a professor of planetary science and exploration at the Open University in the UK "We need water to survive, but water can also be split into its individual components, like oxygen, which we need to breathe." But there are many other resources on the Moon, and as Anand explains, "Water is where the story begins, but it doesn't end there. Utilizing resources in situ - where you are - that's what is actually opening up the field of lunar exploration." The US Artemis program, which had its first launch in 2022, is the beginning of a plan to eventually build a base on the surface of the Moon as well as a space station in orbit around it. The US and its collaborators are not alone in these lunar ambitions - China, too, has plans to establish a permanent presence on the Moon before 2030. And both groups explicitly plan to use lunar resources to accomplish these goals. How this all works legally is an open question that is being debated right now in international venues like the United Nations, but there are some agreements on the books already. "It's fun to think about space as being the Wild West with no rules. But it's not. We do have the Outer Space Treaty," explains <keyword id="16928181" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="michelle-hanlon" source="Orion">Michelle Hanlon</keyword>, a law professor at the University of Mississippi in the US This treaty has been signed by most countries and lays out an almost utopian framework for how nations are supposed to act in space. "The main provisions of the Outer Space Treaty say that space is for everybody," Hanlon continues. "Nobody can claim any territory in space, it's free for exploration and use by all, and the Moon and all of the celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes." The high-minded ideals of space law are quickly heading toward a collision with the reality of humanity expanding off Earth - and bringing all of our geopolitics and competing interests with us. Listen to the full episode to learn how nations are navigating the big scientific, legal and moral questions of a lunar future. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/these-indian-origin-ceos-running-global-giants-check-out-the-list/slidelist/98961480.cms">Neal Mohan, Kalpesh Parmar &amp; other Indian-origin CEOs heading global companies</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/msmes-on-a-growth-path-with-rise-in-credit-demand-fall-in-delinquency-rates/articleshow/98961227.cms">MSMEs on a growth path with rise in credit demand, fall in delinquency rates: CIBIL-SIDBI report</a>

Back to the Moon: Space lawyer & planetary scientist tells us what it takes to share the benefits of lunar exploration

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-won-election-what-that-means-for-elon-musk-2024-11">Elon Musk and Donald Trump are both enthusiastic </a>about space exploration opportunities amid a desire to slash regulations.</li><li>It's not yet clear how powerful Musk's role in the new Trump administration will be.</li></ul>Now that <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/election-results-trump-harris-presidential-election-2024-11">president-elect Donald Trump</a> is set to return to power in the US, Elon Musk's plans for sending humans beyond Earth's orbit may be more likely to come to fruition.Space industry experts told Business Insider that Musk's influence over Trump could help advance <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-could-help-deregulate-tech-amid-a-trump-victory-2024-11">his business interests</a>, including sending the first crewed mission to Mars."I'm hugely optimistic about what's going to happen in space now," Michelle Hanlon, executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law, told Business Insider.Hanlon's optimism isn't unfounded, especially if Trump's second term focuses on space as much as his first.During his first term, from 2017 to 2021, Trump's administration founded <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-force-guardian-nick-hague-spacex-rocket-iss-2024-2">the Space Force</a>, re-launched the National Space Council, and established NASA's Artemis program. This program is set to return astronauts to the moon and lay the groundwork for the first crewed mission to Mars.But space isn't the only interest Trump and Musk share. They also want to slash government regulations.<h2 id="b873fb1d-647e-4cdf-a3ef-7d9a7adb04e7">Musk's 'Department of Government Efficiency'</h2>Trump has said that he would cut 10 regulations for every new one his administration creates.Musk and his businesses, meanwhile, have <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-faa-overtime-regulations-2024-9">clashed with regulators</a>, including the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Aviation Administration."There is a lot of waste and needless regulation in government that needs to go," Musk wrote on <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1830829538118381574">X</a> after Trump announced that he planned to put the billionaire at the helm of a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-rally-elon-musk-save-department-government-efficiency-2024-10">new "department of government efficiency."</a>It's unclear how much influence Musk would have over regulations if this department came to fruition. Trump's trust in Musk to run such a department, however, is a testament to the pair's burgeoning relationship.The two men teamed up on the campaign trail, with Musk contributing millions to Trump's reelection campaign and appearing with him at a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-pennsylvania-america-pac-donald-trump-harris-2024-11">rally in Pennsylvania</a>.In his election-night victory speech, Trump praised Musk for <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-spacex-starship-launch-five-huge-deal-space-travel-2024-10">SpaceX's Starship</a> vehicle, designed to shuttle the first humans to Mars, and for the company's Starlink internet satellites, which are designed to offer fast, cheap internet to remote locations worldwide.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-trump-calls-zelenskyy-erdogan-influence-2024-11">Musk also joined a call</a> between Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on Friday — underscoring how influential Musk could be once Trump returns to office, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.axios.com/2024/11/08/musk-trump-zelensky-ukraine-call?stream=top&amp;utm_source=alert&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=alerts_all">Axios</a> reported.Whether that influence translates to Trump founding a new "department of government efficiency" for Musk, though, is unclear.<div type="image" title="Elon Musk jumps for joy at Trump's recent rally in Butler, Pennsylvania." height="1279" width="2000" msid="115101302" hostid="261" sizebytes="117830"></div>SpaceX and Musk did not respond to a request for comment. A spokesperson for Trump's campaign said that Musk's ideas and efficiency will benefit federal bureaucracy but his role in Trump's administration remains under wraps."It's a crazy situation, but you can't just create a new department," Deborah Sivas, the director of the Environmental Law Clinic at Stanford, told BI. She said Congress would have to approve it, which may be more likely since Republicans won the Senate majority.Changing a government agency's powers or rules, Sivas said, requires making new rules or passing a law through Congress. That can take months, and it's not guaranteed to work.So, it's unlikely that Musk would be able to single-handedly eliminate key steps in <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-texas-starship-launch-site-development-challenges-2019-6">regulatory processes</a>, like the typical environmental review requirement for building a new rocket launchpad."I think Elon Musk will be more likely in the background, whispering in his ear," Sivas said of the billionaire's relationship with Trump."Is he going to be able to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-autocratic-style-success-politics-harm-2024-9">influence space policy</a>? Yes, no question," Hanlon said, adding that she sees that as a "good thing" because of Musk's experience.In other arenas, like environmental regulation, Sivas isn't so sure."I feel like he should stay in his business lane and stay out of the government lane," Sivas said. "When you put those two together, it's like putting church and state together."<h2 id="879d5f64-5325-4a92-9196-db627a3cb3e9">Smoothing potholes on the road to Mars</h2>Even if Musk can't change regulations, a space-friendly Trump administration could smooth the path to Musk's goal of building a city on Mars.Musk recently <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1832550322293837833">said</a> that he plans to launch Starships to Mars for the first time in just two years. If those flights go well, he said that the first human crews would follow four years from now."That's a pretty ambitious timeline," George Nield, former associate administrator of the FAA's Office of Commercial Space Transportation, told BI. To meet it would probably require "different regulatory frameworks or contractual arrangements than we've used in the past," he added.<div type="image" title="Elon Musk with former president Donald Trump" height="2633" width="3949" msid="115101300" hostid="261" sizebytes="148502"></div>"If anybody can do it, it will be Elon Musk," Hanlon said. But the government can help, she said, by making regulators more efficient.To help even further, she added, "It can become a policy of the US government to support commercial flight to Mars."With Trump's interest in Starship, the chances of that look better than ever.Regulations aren't the only obstacle. There are still a lot of technical hurdles to overcome before we can reach Mars, Nield said.The moon, on the other hand, is more achievable, and Trump has had his eye on it. Weeks after Musk endorsed Trump, the president-elect <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-victory-expected-boost-musks-mars-dream-2024-11-08/">told reporters</a> that the moon was the first step toward his ultimate goal to reach Mars.<h2 id="60abc973-d957-4dd0-8d46-da0596ffb8e2">The next moon landing</h2>For the Artemis program's first human moon landing, NASA plans to launch four astronauts toward the moon using its Space Launch System and Orion spaceship.In lunar orbit, the ship would meet up with SpaceX's Starship, which would carry two astronauts to the moon's surface, putting boots in the lunar dust for the first time since 1972.The date for that mission has been repeatedly pushed back, with September 2026 being NASA's current target.There's no indication that Trump is considering this, but if he wants a faster moon landing, he could ditch the NASA hardware and send astronauts aboard Starship alone, Nield said."If we see rapid progress with Starship and encouragement from the administration and Congress, I don't see any reason why that couldn't happen in a small number of years," Nield said.

What Trump's second term means for space and why one expert is 'hugely optimistic'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A piece of metal tore through the roof of a Florida home last month. </li><li>It may have been part of an "equipment pallet" that the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astronaut-spend-355-days-orbit-international-space-station-2022-9#:~:text=The%20ISS%20is%20about%20the,an%20emergency%20were%20to%20occur.">International Space Station discarded</a>. </li></ul>NASA is investigating after a resident of southern Florida said an object that fell from space badly damaged his home.Alejandro Otero was away on vacation on the afternoon of March 8 when his son called to say something had smashed into the house in Naples.The object "ripped through the house and then made a big hole on the floor and on the ceiling," Otero told <a target="_blank" href="https://winknews.com/2024/03/15/object-crashes-through-naples-ceiling-floor/">WINK</a> News. "Immediately I thought a meteorite.""It almost hit my son," he added.Otero returned home to find a cylindrical object a few inches long and weighing about 2 lbs.Just five minutes before the house was damaged, an "equipment pallet" from space had reentered Earth's atmosphere over the Gulf of Mexico, Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer and astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/planet4589?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1768729031493427225%7Ctwgr%5E0eab0ef1e08abea2e1494a9adaecfa4d8ec2c3ae%7Ctwcon%5Es2_&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.insider.com%2Fstory%2F660d142bbecb1828f9a388b5">said</a> on X.He was tracking the planned disposal of three tons of space junk from the ISS that fell to Earth in an unguided reentry on March 8.The pallet was a "little to the northeast" of its intended path and would have reached Fort Myers — about an hour's drive from Naples — if it had reentered the atmosphere a couple of minutes later, McDowell said on X.Most <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/falling-space-junk-spacex-nasa-china-foreshadow-increasing-injury-risk-2022-8">space debris vaporizes</a> as it plummets through the atmosphere and reaches temperatures of <a target="_blank" href="https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/why-do-orbiting-spacecraft-get-so-hot-during-reentry">up to 3,000</a> degrees Fahrenheit, but that depends on how big it is and what it's made of.Replying to <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1765781142114857176">a question on X</a> about whether the space junk would burn up, McDowell said, "Partly, but some bits of battery casing will survive."The European Space Agency <a target="_blank" href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Space_Debris/Reentry_of_International_Space_Station_ISS_batteries_into_Earth_s_atmosphere">said</a>: "While some parts may reach the ground, the casualty risk — the likelihood of a person being hit — is very low."At the time of the incident, Otero said he had contacted NASA about the damage but hadn't received a response. The agency subsequently contacted him.A NASA representative told Business Insider: "NASA collected an item in cooperation with the homeowner, and will analyze the object at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida as soon as possible to determine its origin. More information will be available once the analysis is complete."If it's from the space station, Otero could be eligible for compensation. But if the object is foreign-made, his claim could be more complicated, Michelle Hanlon, the executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi, told <a target="_blank" href="https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/04/trash-from-the-international-space-station-may-have-hit-a-house-in-florida/">Ars Technica</a>.Correction: April 3, 2024 — An earlier version of this story misstated the date the debris fell onto Otero's house and the date McDowell was tracking the space junk. Both happened on March 8, not March 9.

NASA is investigating where a chunk of metal that smashed into a Florida house came from

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Billionaires, like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, and their <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-helping-private-companies-build-business-moon-make-lunar-billions-2023-6">space businesses are racing to the moon.</a></li><li>A few treaties have set norms for space exploration between countries, but there are no hard rules.</li></ul>The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-obama-jeff-bezos-space-exploration-colonization-save-earth-2024-3">space business</a> is in bloom and, so far, it's largely unregulated.A commercial <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-ceo-safety-switch-almost-lost-odysseus-moon-landing-2024-2">spacecraft touched down on the moon</a> for the first time last month, in a NASA-sponsored mission by the Houston-based company Intuitive Machines.Then last week, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starship-elon-musk-rocket-launch-flight-three-2024-3">SpaceX's Starship mega-rocket finally launched into space</a> and cruised above Earth without exploding.<div type="image" title="A video still shows SpaceX's Starship starting its launch to space. The behemoth mega-rocket is engulfed in smoke in flames as it takes off." height="1080" width="1920" msid="108733448" hostid="261" sizebytes="36012"></div>Both achievements were major leaps forward for NASA's new moon program, which aims to return astronauts to the lunar surface using Starship. In fact, NASA's biggest plans — to replace the aging space station, establish a permanent base on the moon, and send astronauts to Mars — depend on companies like SpaceX or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-risk-blue-origin-rocket-2021-6">Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin</a>.But the billionaires helming those companies have even bigger plans.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-paid-250000-to-a-flight-attendant-who-accused-elon-musk-of-sexual-misconduct-2022-5">Elon Musk</a> has said he plans to fly 1,000 Starships to build and populate a city on Mars. Bezos envisions a trillion people living in giant space stations across the solar system.Other space startups have ambitions including asteroid mining, in vitro <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-tourists-sex-pregnancy-risk-2023-8">fertilization (IVF) in space</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/voyager-station-first-ever-space-hotel-set-open-in-2027-2021-3">space hotels</a>.<div type="image" title="An artist's concept of what lunar mining could look like. An astronaut is seen taking measurements in the foreground while rovers and various instruments are in the background of the illustration. The scene is set on the surface of the moon." height="675" width="1200" msid="108733450" hostid="261" sizebytes="46098"></div>What's to stop companies from putting giant advertisements on the face of the moon? Or industrializing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/blueprints-giant-telescopes-moon-nasa-astronomers-2024-2">craters that scientists want to use for telescopes</a>? Or mining a single <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-visit-psyche-asteroid-worth-more-than-entire-world-economy-2023-10">asteroid for $100 quintillion</a> worth of precious metals, bringing it back to Earth for sale, and destabilizing the global economy? What will keep the budding deep-space industry in check?"There isn't anything specifically enforceable," Mai'a Cross, a professor of international affairs and diplomacy at Northeastern University, told Business Insider.There are no laws or regulations for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moon-missions-why-astronauts-have-not-returned-2018-7">moon landings</a> or asteroid mining. As space startups and billionaires vie for a foothold on the moon and beyond, experts say governments probably need to start setting some ground rules."We're going to have to figure out how we want to operate, what rules we want to live by, and what the framework is going to look like," George Nield, former associate administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation, told Business Insider.<h2>The new space economy needs room to grow</h2><div type="image" title="the moon bright round blotchy cratered disc in the blackness of space" height="1986" width="1986" msid="108733452" hostid="261" sizebytes="220948"></div>NASA doesn't want to run the show anymore. Instead, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-offers-cover-costs-blue-origin-nasa-contract-spacex-2021-7">NASA wants to be one of many customers</a> leasing spots in private companies' rockets, spaceships, space stations, and lunar habitats."We want to really try to grow the lunar economy and have these companies be successful," Joel Kearns, deputy associate administrator for exploration at NASA's Science Mission Directorate, said in a press briefing ahead of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-im-1-odysseus-moon-lunar-landing-mission-nasa-2024-2">Intuitive Machines mission</a>.So far, the US government has deliberately avoided regulating the emerging space economy, for fear of suffocating it before it takes off.The FAA is quite active in regulating passenger safety on airplanes, for example, but has <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/blue-origin-employees-letter-new-shepard-rockets-not-safe-2021-9">no rules for spaceflight passenger safety</a>, even as Blue Origin, SpaceX, and Virgin Galactic fly tourists to the edge of space or around the planet.<div type="image" title="Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson in flight" height="900" width="1600" msid="108733454" hostid="261" sizebytes="74372"></div>"We do need much more regulation than currently exists," Cross said."It is also in the interest of the private companies to call for this regulation sooner rather than later, because they don't want to start investing and taking action on things that, down the road, will be deemed illegal," she added.For now, only a handful of international agreements outline what is and isn't acceptable in space, and they have no teeth.<h2>Space treaties help, but they aren't enforceable</h2>Space diplomacy started with the 1967 Outer Space Treaty.<div type="image" title="historical photo of president lyndon b johnson sitting at a long desk on a stage with other men in suits representing the united kingdom and u.s.s.r. signing a treaty" height="1500" width="2244" msid="108733455" hostid="261" sizebytes="149826"></div>Among other things, the treaty asserts that nobody can claim territory or sovereignty in space, nobody can put nuclear weapons in space, and that states are responsible for the space activities of even their non-government actors — such as companies or nonprofits."It's a pretty strong agreement. But like most international law, there is actually no significant way to enforce those norms," Cross said.In 2020 NASA introduced the Artemis Accords as a fresh agreement for the new lunar exploration era.Signed by 36 countries so far (but <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-artemis-accords-deep-space-exploration-moon-mars-asteroids-comets-2020-10">not Russia or China</a>), the Accords call for nations going to the moon and beyond to be peaceful, help astronauts in distress, share scientific data, avoid junking up the moon and its orbit, and mine space resources sustainably.Those treaties are for nations, though. In 2022 the Hague Institute for Global Justice started a similar agreement for commercial entities.Called The Washington Compact, this treaty for space commerce reflects many of the same principles as the Outer Space Treaty. A series of space startups, civil-society organizations, consultants, and two former NASA administrators have signed it. SpaceX and Blue Origin have not signed on.<h2>In the absence of space law, peer pressure can help</h2>Still, shared norms and treaties can be powerful even without enforcement. Companies operating on the moon will have a strong incentive to play nice with each other: It's good for business.<div type="image" title="Jeff Bezos wearing a cowboy hat and blue Blue Origin jumpsuit" height="2011" width="3000" msid="108733456" hostid="261" sizebytes="117448"></div>"Sure, we can pretend we don't have any regulations, but then your mining operation is going to get ruined when somebody drives their rover too close or, whatever you set up, your telecommunications platform is going to get messed up because somebody else decided to build something right next to you," Michelle Hanlon, executive director of the Center for Air and Space Law at the University of Mississippi School of Law, told Business Insider."It's going to be much, much more to your benefit, and to your shareholders' benefits, if you can manage to get along with your neighbors," she added.What's more, companies that want to leapfrog from the moon to Mars will need the moon's resources to get there. That's a built-in incentive not to over-mine or crowd the moon's orbit.<div type="image" title="An artist's rendering shows several Starships landing on Mars, next to colonies of humans, in a theoretical future." height="1152" width="2047" msid="108733458" hostid="261" sizebytes="72360"></div>Limited capacity should also hold most companies back from going rogue for a while. Intuitive Machines could only go to the moon with the help of its investors, NASA, and customers who paid to put their projects on the lander."In these early phases, everything will be so experimental that working together will be necessary," Cross said. "This wouldn't just be one space billionaire with one project."Even SpaceX's plans for fully private missions, so far, are basically joy rides bankrolled by other billionaires: Jared Isaacman and Yusaku Maezawa."That doesn't necessarily solve all the problems, but it does kind of weaken the sense that this is just someone like Elon Musk, really, determining all of the norms and rules in space," Cross said.<h2>Setting rules while the space titans are still 'Star Trek geeks'</h2><div type="image" title="william shatner talks to jeff bezos" height="1570" width="2861" msid="108733459" hostid="261" sizebytes="127742"></div>The US is at the forefront of commercial space exploration, putting Congress in a prime position to lead the way on what the rules should be.Half of global private space investment is in US companies, the US International Trade Commission <a target="_blank" href="https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/executive_briefings/ebot_us_private_space_launch_industry_is_out_of_this_world.pdf">reported</a> in November. Seven of the world's 10 biggest commercial space operators are based in the US, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.As the industry plows forward, Congress is starting to consider the issue. In November, two Republican representatives introduced a bill that would create a certification process for commercial space missions, adding to the FAA's launch licensing and the Federal Communications Commission's regulation of satellite transmissions, SpaceNews <a target="_blank" href="https://spacenews.com/new-commercial-space-bill-addresses-mission-authorization-and-ssa/">reported</a>.In another vein, last year <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/florida-bill-protect-rocket-billionaires-crew-injury-death-musk-besos-2023-5">Florida passed a bill to protect space companies</a> and their owners from getting sued over spaceflight passenger death or injury."I think, frankly, government is struggling to keep pace with industry," Nield, the former FAA official, said of the overall regulatory landscape.It may be wise to catch up while the entrepreneurs vying for space seem to be truly passionate about it — "Star Trek geeks," in Hanlon's words."Right now you have a pretty small community of people who are like-minded," Hanlon said. "We really need to take advantage of this sort of camaraderie that we have, and try to build some of these frameworks before we start getting the bad actors who are really just in it for the money."

Billionaires going to space aim to industrialize the moon, asteroids, and Mars. It's time to set some ground rules.

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Goldman Sachs announced its 2019 class of managing directors, with 465 new promotes getting the nod.</li><li>Of the 465 promoted, 29% are women, and 34% identified as an ethnic minority or LGBTQ.</li><li>The firm announces managing-director promotions every two years.</li><li>It's one of the most coveted positions on Wall Street, a step below partner at the premier investment bank.</li></ul><a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/GS-Quote"> Goldman Sachs</a> just announced a new class of 465 managing directors, and millennials comprised nearly two-thirds of it. The promotions, which are announced once every two years and are among the most coveted on Wall Street, put recipients one step <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-ceo-solomon-offering-buyouts-to-partners-shrink-senior-ranks-2019-9">below partner</a> at the prestigious investment-banking firm.The 2019 class is smaller than the record-setting class of 509 in 2017, but larger than the class of 2015, which had 425 new MDs.It's also one the youngest classes the bank has promoted - 62% are millennials, up from 44% in 2017 and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-managing-director-list-2015-11">30% in 2015</a>.Other headline stats about the class:<ul><li>66% started their careers as analysts or associates at Goldman Sachs, equal with 2017.</li><li>29% of the class is women, up from 24% in 2017.</li><li>34% of the identified as an ethnic minority or LGBTQ: 26% are Asian, 4% are black, 2% are hispanic/Latino, and 2% are LGBTQ. </li></ul><h2>Here's the full list of all 465 new managing directors:</h2>Rashid Abdalla Angela Abramian-Katz Meredith Adams Keren Adan Vikas Agrawal Mike Ahern Edward Ainsworth Danny Akerman Temidayo Akinola Aaron Albert Eyas Aldossari Marsha Alexander Daniel Alger Asad Ali Brendan Ames Dipam Amin Rebecca Anderton-Davies Junnosuke Ando Ash Ang Timothy Arblaster Kenan Arkan Patrick Armstrong Cameron Arrington Cindy Au Anne-Victoire Auriault John Aurre Frederick Baba Andrew Bailey Tanya Baker Victoria Baker-Duly Venkatesh Balasubramanian Nick Baltas Maria Barron Baratech Luke Barrs Robert Bartlett Dennis Beeson Angus Bell Bob Bengtson Kerryann Benjamin Jeff Bernstein Adam Berry Michel Beshara Justin Betzen Praveen Bhagavathula Peter Biggs Ersen Bilgin Nathan Bird Simon Birtwistle Barnali Biswal Brittany Boals Moeller David Bodenstein Vanessa Bogaardt Kevin Boova Andrea Bora Said Boujnah Jeff Boyd Rachel Boyd Glyn Braganza Joyce Brayboy Pierre Brunet Keith Brunini Steven Budig Francisco Cabeza Kimberly Carabetta Sarah Card Marie Cardoen Gloria Carreno Jonathan Carter Osmar Castellani Junior Lucia Catalan Federico Ceresole Jeffrey Chao John Chappell Yogesh Chati Frank Chen Selina Chen Hakim Cherrouk Christopher Yiu Chung Cheung Tak Cheung Siddharth Chhabria Liz Chick James Chilcott Jon Child Naveen Choppara Leonard Chung George Cole Greg Collett James Colletti Kevin Conniff Simon Constant Charles Corke Krystal Cowan Ben Coward-Talbott Nerissa Cumberbatch Ryan Cunn Nadim Daban Brook Dane Abigail Darby Michael Daub Bill Davis Christopher Dawe Jeffrey Dawkins Adam Dawson Philipp de la Chevallerie Camille de Lamotte Frederik De Neree Joaquin de Soto Dan Deighton Manuel Deijk Stefanie D'Elia Lena Demashkieh Michael Dente Philippe Derimay Bradley Diener Michel Dimitri Angelo Diotisalvi Natalia Dobrinskaya John Doherty Matthew Doherty Jerome Dortmans Hamish Douglas Crista Downey Andre D'Souza Alexander Dupont Brett Durick Tsuyoshi Egawa Gaudenz Eichenberger Nnaemeka Eke Bill Elfsten Abel Elizalde Russell Elliott Scott Epperson Robert Fama Meriem Feghoul Xinyi Feng Roger Fenningdorf David Fernandez Morgan Fitzpatrick Ryan Flanagan John Flood Kellan Florio Kerry Flynn Jeremy Follett Anneliese Foster Fabrice Francois Marissa Freund Anders Furuhed Sebastien Gagnon Timothy Galligan Francesca Gardner Raj Garigipati Brian Garrett Douglas Gilman Aaron Goldman Jeremy Goldman Sanyam Goyal Ricky Grant Steven Gray Jules Gruner Shao Ping Guan Anushka Gupta Sonia Gupta Arvind Guruprasad Itir Guvenc Mungan Raymond Haagen Andrew Haave Sylvia Hadjimamas Terry Hagerty Sharon Hall Jeff Haller Scott Hankey Sara Hanlon Tom Haraldsson Alex Harman Lauren Havens Ken Hayahara James Hayward Tom Healy Victoria Hegan Michael Heller Paula Hendrickson Evan Herring Schuyler Heuer Daniel Hibbert Andrew Hine Megan Hogan Yoomin Hong John Hooton George Horton Dan Howard Christine Hu Katie Hyde Nicole Irvin Ahmed Ismail Kumar Iyer Philip Jacob Raphaelle Jacquemin Rajan Jain Rich James Marene Jennings Kyle Jessen Natasha Jhunjhunwala Brandon Johnson Geddes Johnson Milind Joshi Sojin Jung Amy Jupe Michael Kagan William Kallop Jordan Kaufman Charlotte Keenan Maxime Kennel Aron Kershner Ronald Keung Eugene Khafizov Feroz Khosla Kieron King Tom Knott Simon Knowles Sarah Kong Scott Konicki Robert Koslow Kunal Koya Elisabeth Kozack Joanna Kozlowski Kristin Kramer Jason Kreuziger Daniel Krinsky Kristin Kuney Casey Laflamme Beyrouthawit Lakew Mikael Lang Mark Langham Francesca Lau Karmen Lau Victoria Ledda Adrian Lee Sara Lee Niall Leguillon Chip Lemkau Marie Claire Lennon Matthew Leskowitz Ryan Lester Curtis Leung Jacky Leung Giulia Lewandowski Christian Lhert Aihua Liang Chi-Yu Liang Mony Lim Nyan Lin Tobias Lindemann Jon Lindgren Ada Liu Adrian Loh Syida Long Lorenzo Pasquale Longo Alexandre Lucas Michelle Luk Amanda Lynam Chris Lyon Srivats Madhavan Alok Madhukar Devasish Majumdar Salome Makharadze Shun Manabe James Mann Todd Mansfield Corey Maple Ivan Martinez Farzad Mashayekhi Morad Masjedi Michael Mastropaolo Moe Matar Colin Mathews Ritesh Mathur Brooke Mayne Jordan McCallum Mark McCaskill Catherine McCormack Paul McGregor Andrew McLennan Brian McMahon Nehal Mehra Ramiro Menchaca Mark Midle Giuseppe Milicia Kristin Milot Yusuke Minowa Aric Mizrahi Sherry-Ann Mohan Stacy Mohr Mohammed Mohsinali Helen Moloney Matthew Mottram Richard Mulley Ken Murata Sarah Murray Usman Naeem Soumik Nandy Satish Narang Vijay Narayanan Jamil Nathoo Joseph Natoli Sean Navin Aziz Ndiaye Ryan Newman Sara Nielsen Eyal Nirenberg Quinn O'Bryen Joanna Obstoj Jackie O'Connor Nonso Ogbonna Laide Oginni Mari Oishi Scarlett Omar-Broca Enrico Orlandi Jean Otrakji Edouard Panie Francesco Papa Pratik Pareek Gemma Parrott Atul Pawar Arnaud Payement Yuriy Podoshev Mitesh Popat Matthew Popper Arnaud Porchet Nicole Poulson Joseph Pozzi Anant Prasad Frederic Pripp Chaitra Purushotham Benny Quek Conor Quinn Thomas Radberg Stephanie Raimo Kamal Ramnani Michael Rand Olivia Rascoe Jibraan Rasheed Varun Rastogi Seth Reagen Nikhil Reddy Adil Rehman Elaine Rene Salveen Richter Fabian Riedel Helen Rigley Joe Ritchie Ilan Rochman David Rockliff Pearl Rodrigues Mark Romanczuk Mairin Rooney Delia Rosoga Ranjith Roy Mark Ruffles Benjamin Runnacles Ashley Ryan Eric Ryckman Takeshi Saito Sushil Sancheti Neha Santiago Vijay Saraswat James Sarvis Christian Schaefer Heather Schuyler Katelyn Seager Gowri Sekar Chris Semones Vikram Sethi Hui Shan Adi Sharma Praharsh Sharma Nicole Sharp Inna Shaykevich Jenna Shen David Shih Michael Shin Aekloveya Shyam Haris Siddiqi Adam Siegler John Sienkiewicz Craig Singer Peter Smith Brian Snyder Tejas Sodha Doug Spencer Mark Spitzer Anushree Srivastava Christian Stassen Holger Staude Emily Stecher Becky Steinthal Samuel Su Vivek Sukhatme Danny Suwanapruti Andy Tai Stephanie Tan Kei Tanaka Jacky Tang Hekmat Tannous Michael Tarulli Luigi Tavella Archana Tayade Emma Taylor Lori Taylor Asher Teren Gurtaran Thethi Jonathan Thomas Neil Thomas Bryn Thompson-Clarke Todor Todorov Steven Torbeck Sidney Tordjman Stephen Tripi Clemens Tripp Michael Trokoudes Jason Tsang Christian Tschirdewahn Candice Tse Vicki Tung Mateo Ugas Alekhya Uppalapati Rucha Vaidya Steven Valentic Peter VanDeventer Kyle VanFleet Alexandre Virolle Christopher Volmut Neel Vora Danielle Walsh Jordan Walter Bingwen Wang Phyllis Wang Zac Wang Brandon Watkins James Weaver Deborah Wei* Steven Weiss Robert Whelan Andrew White Anna Whitlow Eva Maria Wiecko Liz Wilcockson Lennart Wilhelm Rob Williams Henry Willoughby Jim Wiltshire Maggie Wojcik William Wolcott Jean Xu Xiao-ou Kevin Xu Susan Yan Julien Yoo Wael Younan Laura Young Nick Young Ali Zaidi Kirill Zavodov Thilo Zeidler James Zhang Wanjing Zhang Yun Zhang <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intelligence/10-up-and-coming-fintechs-2019?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_leadgen&amp;itm_content=finance&amp;itm_campaign=10-up-and-coming-fintechs-2019-2"></a>

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