In a twist that sounds straight out of a sci-fi thriller, some of the UK's most beloved TV <keyword id="20000183" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="doctors" source="keywords">doctors</keyword> are now finding their faces hijacked by <keyword id="19899640" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="AI" source="keywords">AI</keyword> to hawk dubious products online. According to a startling report by <em>The BMJ</em>, these digital doppelgangers are being used to peddle everything from miracle cures for high blood pressure and diabetes to hemp gummies.<br /><br />The phenomenon, known as deepfaking, uses artificial intelligence to map a real person’s likeness onto another video. The results can be uncannily realistic — so much so that a <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107917">recent study</a> found up to half of viewers couldn't distinguish <keyword id="19896285" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="deepfakes" source="keywords">deepfakes</keyword> from authentic videos.<br /><br />Some of the <keyword id="22457749" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="medical-influencers" source="keywords">medical influencers</keyword> targeted have amassed millions of followers with large spheres of influence, such as Hilary Jones, <keyword id="20264833" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="michael-mosley" source="keywords">Michael Mosley</keyword> and <keyword id="22457750" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="rangan-chatterjee" source="keywords">Rangan Chatterjee</keyword>. While the study does not mention the following names, another podiatrist and influencer Dana Brems, aka <keyword id="22457751" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="footdocdana" source="Orion">FootDocDana</keyword> on Instagram, had recently expressed concern after deepfakes surfaced of the personality recommending a “ear-cleaning” product.<br />      <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="110567448" title="Fake AI images now contributing to misinformation spread nearly as much as traditionally altered media: Research" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>John Cormack, a retired doctor from Essex, partnered with<em> The BMJ</em> to uncover the extent of this digital deception. “The bottom line is, it's much cheaper to spend your cash on making videos than it is on doing research and coming up with new products and getting them to market in the conventional way,” Cormack explains.<br /><br />The proliferation of fake content featuring familiar faces is an inevitable side effect of our current AI revolution, says Henry Ajder, a deepfake technology expert. “The rapid democratisation of accessible AI tools for voice cloning and avatar generation has transformed the <keyword id="19898489" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="fraud" source="keywords">fraud</keyword> and impersonation landscape.”<br /><br />The issue has reached such proportions that even the targeted doctors are fighting back. Hilary Jones, for instance, employs a social media specialist to search for and take down <keyword id="20197919" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="deepfake-videos" source="keywords">deepfake videos</keyword> misrepresenting his views. “Even if you do, they just pop up the next day under a different name,” Jones laments.<br /><br />Meta, the company behind Facebook and Instagram where many of these videos have been found, has promised to investigate. "We don't permit content that intentionally deceives or seeks to defraud others, and we're constantly working to improve detection and enforcement," a Meta spokesperson told <em>The BMJ</em>.<br />      <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="110627770" title="How scammers use deepfakes of celebs to steal millions from fans" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>Deepfakes prey on people's emotions, notes journalist Chris Stokel-Walker. When a trusted figure endorses a product, viewers are more likely to believe in its efficacy. This emotional manipulation is precisely what makes deepfakes so insidious.<br /><br />Spotting deepfakes has become increasingly challenging as the technology improves. Additionally, the recent tsunami of non-consensual deepfake videos would suggest that they might be having some commercial success, despite being illegal.<br /><br />For those who find their likenesses being used without consent, there seems to be little recourse. However, Stokel-Walker offers some advice: scrutinise the content for telltale signs of fakery, leave a comment questioning its authenticity, use the platform's reporting tools, and report the account responsible for sharing the post.<br /><br />As AI continues to blur the lines between reality and digital deception, it's crucial for users to remain vigilant. The faces we trust most could be the very ones leading us astray — at least, digitally speaking.<br /><br />The findings of this research can be accessed <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1319">here</a>.<br />

Deepfakes of trusted and popular doctors are being used to illegally sell marijuana products online

<p>Jennie Zeiher is a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/things-to-never-do-airport-lounges-frequent-flyer">frequent flyer</a>, but she was beginning to distrust the process.</p><p>It was about 95 degrees Fahrenheit that day, June 10, in Athens, Greece, as she, her husband, and two sons <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/flight-attendant-pet-peeves-passengers-gate-lice-boarding-crowds-2023-3">boarded their flight</a>.</p><p>Zeiher recalls their pilot announcing over the speaker that the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delta-plane-stuck-on-tarmac-hours-child-bag-toilet-aisle-2023-8">tarmac-bound</a> Qatar Airways plane had an electrical issue.</p><p>The doors were sealed, there was no air conditioning, and in the stiff, unmoving air, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delta-passengersheat-stroke-on-overheated-las-vegas-atlanta-flight-2023-7">the heat inside the plane mounted</a>.</p><p>Hours passed.</p><p>Zeiher and her 10-year-old son drank all their water. She started <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/heat-exhaustion-vs-heatstroke">feeling faint</a>, her son was crying, passengers were fanning themselves with safety pamphlets, and neither the pilot nor flight attendants had information on when they could leave.</p><div type="image" title="woman wearing mask and 10-year-old boy sitting in plane seats flushed" height="1608" width="2866" msid="112550809" hostid="261" sizebytes="114898"></div><p>"Everyone was up in arms," Zeiher, a 48-year-old Australian business executive, told Business Insider. "People were screaming at the flight attendants to go and get information."</p><p>Finally, after three hours and cries that someone had fainted, they deboarded.</p><p>The experience was "traumatic," Zeiher said. "That lack of control was quite hard."</p><div type="image" title="a few dozen people stand with luggage on sunny tarmac at the bottom of a metal staircase for deboarding a plane" height="2667" width="2000" msid="112550816" hostid="261" sizebytes="717762"></div><p>A <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delayed-passengers-appeared-to-pass-out-95-degree-heat-wave-2024-6">spokesperson at Qatar Airways previously told BI</a> that the delay was due to a "technical issue," and the airline had apologized to the passengers and told them about compensation they could get under "applicable regulations." Zeiher said she never received a response to the ticket she filed. Qatar Airways didn't respond to an additional request for comment.</p><p>The incident was arguably a procedural failure. But there was more to it. Greece was experiencing an <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/extreme-heat-already-ruining-summer-travel-going-to-get-worse-2024-6">unseasonably early, severe heat wave</a>.</p><p>The day before Zeiher's flight, British TV personality Dr. Michael Mosley was found dead on the Greek island of Symi after he went for a hike. By the end of June, five other tourists died on hikes in Greece's heat.</p><div type="image" title="tourists wearing hats carrying umbrellas on a sandy stone path high above a city" height="1500" width="2250" msid="112550807" hostid="261" sizebytes="287604"></div><p>The extreme temperatures turned a logistical airport mishap into a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/arizona-heat-so-hot-almost-killed-teacher-heatstroke-burns-2023-9">potentially dangerous situation</a>.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/heat-waves-are-dominating-summer-and-its-not-abnormal-anymore-2022-7">Summer has become a relentless barrage of heat waves</a>, but temperatures aren't the only hazard on the rise.</p><p>The climate crisis amplifies some of the worst parts of flying — delays, bumpy rides, and possibly even <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-united-delta-scrambling-fix-crisis-too-many-cheap-flights-2024-7">ticket costs</a>.</p><p>Flying is still safe, and <a target="_blank" href="https://news.mit.edu/2024/study-flying-keeps-getting-safer-0807">it keeps getting safer</a>. Even so, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/north-america-lags-rest-world-air-travel-growth-iata-2024-4">air travel boom</a> means more people and planes are cruising through an increasingly extreme atmosphere.</p><p>While the odds are low that <em>you</em> will get trapped on a hot plane or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-airlines-passenger-dies-after-severe-turbulence-2024-5">injured in violent turbulence</a>, more incidents like this are bound to happen. On several fronts, flying is getting worse.</p><h2><strong>Turbulence is getting worse</strong></h2><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/turbulence-more-frequent-stronger-expert-aviation-explains-why-2024-7">Increasing turbulence</a> was aviation professionals' top climate-related safety concern in a 2020<a target="_blank" href="https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57199-outcomes-of-the-2020-survey-on-the-impacts-of-climate-change-and-variability-on-aviation"> survey</a> of more than 400 pilots, flight crew members, air traffic controllers, and other flight professionals worldwide by the World Meteorological Organization. </p><p>One of the most dangerous types is clear-air turbulence, which is much harder to predict than turbulence from storms or mountains.</p><div type="image" title="QATAR plane lowering toward a blurry runway" height="1500" width="2278" msid="112550814" hostid="261" sizebytes="379102"></div><p>"It's clear blue skies, there's no storms anywhere, and there's just this invisible turbulence that, often, the first you know about it is when you're flying through it," said Paul Williams, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Reading in the UK who's been studying turbulence for about a decade.</p><p>He's <a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL103814">found</a> that clear-air turbulence — especially the most severe instances of it — has already increased because rising temperatures bring more wind shear to the jet stream.</p><p>In severe turbulence, an aircraft can be momentarily out of control, passengers lift out of their seats against their seatbelts, and walking down the aisle becomes impossible. That's what happened to doctors Ade Tan and Amos Chan during their honeymoon in May.</p><p>The couple barely felt their plane starting to wobble before they were shooting toward the ceiling.</p><div type="image" title="A general view of the cabin of Singapore Airlines flight SQ321, which was hit by severe turbulence." height="3548" width="4728" msid="112550808" hostid="261" sizebytes="730154"></div><p>"The last thing I saw was Amos trying to put on his seatbelt, and the next thing I registered was that he was no longer in his seat," Tan<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/honeymooning-couple-endured-60-seconds-of-hell-aboard-sq321-flight-2024-5"> previously told BI</a>'s Kwan Wei Kevin Tan.</p><p>Investigators later reported that Singapore Airlines flight SQ321<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-airlines-flight-turbulence-death-investigation-report-details-2024-5"> had dropped 178 feet in just four seconds</a> due to an exceptionally rough patch of turbulence.</p><p>Tan said oxygen masks were dangling where passengers had crashed into ceiling panels, and people were lying in the aisles, some with blood on their heads. She tried to help Geoffrey Kitchen, a 73-year-old British passenger who ultimately died.</p><p>A Bangkok hospital official later said in a news conference that over 100 of the 211 passengers sustained injuries. Tan said that she suffered a cervical spine fracture and spent a week in the hospital.</p><div type="image" title="man in hospital scrubs with head bandaging in a wheelchair with medical professionals standing around him in a hospital lobby" height="1500" width="2250" msid="112550817" hostid="261" sizebytes="175222"></div><p>Singapore Airlines did not respond to a request for comment, but the company previously <a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/singaporeair/posts/singapore-airlines-sends-offers-of-compensation-to-sq321-passengerssingapore-air/867151658789515/">posted</a> on Facebook apologizing for the "traumatic experience" and saying it had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-airlines-offers-compensation-victims-injured-turbulence-hit-sq321-2024-6">offered $10,000 or upward of $25,000 in compensation</a> to injured passengers, depending on their injury.</p><h2><strong>The skies could be even bumpier in the future</strong></h2><p>The North Atlantic, where planes fly between North America and Europe, had 55% more severe clear-air turbulence in 2020 than in 1979, Williams found.</p><p>By the 2060s, he <a target="_blank" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL074618">predicts</a> twice as much turbulence, or even three times as much.</p><p>While <a target="_blank" href="https://www.faa.gov/travelers/fly_safe/turbulence">FAA data</a> doesn't show a rise in turbulence-related injuries — there are usually less than 20 a year on US airlines flying worldwide — Williams said the data may be misleading. It only counts serious injuries that require a person to be hospitalized for over 48 hours or have hemorrhaging, broken bones, or second or third-degree burns.</p><div type="image" title="six ambulances lined up in a parking lot beneath and air traffic control tower at night" height="1500" width="2250" msid="112550815" hostid="261" sizebytes="276356"></div><p>Even if nobody gets hurt, more turbulence can cause more wear and tear on aircraft.</p><p>"Even light turbulence is flexing the wings up and down and stressing the airframe," Williams said, adding, "That limits the life of the aircraft."</p><p>More turbulence doesn't have to mean bumpier flights. Planes have more flexible wings than they used to, which reduces inflight jostling, and forecasting to help pilots avoid turbulence is improving.</p><p>New onboard <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ancient-civilizations-that-were-hiding-in-plain-sight-2023-1">lidar technology</a> can also use a laser to reveal clear-air turbulence ahead. For now, it's large and expensive, but Williams hopes one day it'll be small and cheap enough for all passenger planes. It's unclear if that technology will catch up with turbulence from climate change.</p><h2><strong>Worse weather brings more delays</strong></h2><p>Some parts of our flying future aren't necessarily dangerous or scary. They're just frustrating — like delays, which will likely worsen in our warming world.</p><p>Bad weather causes about 75% of air traffic delays in the US, according to the FAA, and mounting research indicates climate change is driving more severe thunderstorms, hurricanes, heat waves, wildfires, and hail in some places. In fact, heat alone could ground 23 times more passengers by 2050 — up to 185,000 people a year — a 2020 McKinsey <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/sustainability/our%20insights/will%20infrastructure%20bend%20or%20break%20under%20climate%20stress/will-infrastructure-bend-or-break-under-climate-stress-case-study-old.pdf">report</a> projected.</p><div type="image" title="plane silhouette rising in an orange sky beside a large bright sun" height="1500" width="2250" msid="112550813" hostid="261" sizebytes="42478"></div><p>In some cases, extreme heat can melt runways, like it did <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/18/uk-transport-operators-say-worst-heatwave-problems-yet-to-come">at a UK airport</a> in 2022. A more common issue, though, is that extreme heat changes the calculus of takeoff. Planes must be lighter or have a longer runway to get enough lift in extremely hot air, which means that on especially hot days, airlines may have to ditch some cargo and, therefore, some <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/airports-fbos-suppliers/rising-temperatures-aircraft-payload-range-affects&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1723680874028451&amp;usg=AOvVaw3MPUhWiESTacjTr67H9iJV">revenue</a>.</p><p>Then, there are cases like the Canadian wildfires in June 2023, which reduced visibility in the Northeast US so much that it delayed hundreds of flights.</p><div type="image" title="airplane nose emerges on smoky dark low visibility airport runway" height="1500" width="2249" msid="112550810" hostid="261" sizebytes="26472"></div><p>Changing weather patterns are already increasing flight delays in Europe, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/weather-related-operational-disruptions-are-rising/">according</a> to the International Air Transport Association. The memo warns that these weather delays have "a cost impact" for airlines and travelers alike.</p><p>Even if bad weather doesn't cause delays, it can cost money. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-airlines-are-struggling-despite-record-travel-demand-profits-revenue-2024-6">Airlines are already struggling to turn profits</a>. The climate crisis won't help. Think of the astronomical air conditioning required to cool an airport and the planes at its gates on a hot day.</p><p>In its June global <a target="_blank" href="https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/global-outlook-for-air-transport-june-2024-report/">outlook</a>, IATA wasn't shy about the issue: "The industry's profitability is still fragile, leaving meager buffers with which to absorb the rising costs of climate change and decarbonization."</p><p>Airports are likely to pass their costs on to airlines by increasing their landing fees, "which then get passed on to passengers however airlines can do it," Robert W. Mann, an airline industry consultant and former airline executive, told BI.</p><h2><strong>Buckle up and expect delays</strong></h2><p>This all means that you should brace for flying to become more annoying and possibly even scary at times.</p><p>"Passengers will need to pack patience when they board aircraft" and heed instructions about wearing seatbelts, Veronica Cote, an associate professor of aviation science at Bridgewater State University and a former pilot, told BI in an email.</p><p>Despite the complexity of aviation and the ever-changing atmosphere, Cote added, airlines still run "tens of thousands of operations daily <strong><em>safely</em>.</strong>"</p><p>Even before the incident in Athens, Zeiher felt anxious while flying. She doesn't like the lack of control, and takeoffs scare her. She's even experienced extreme turbulence.</p><p>Still, she's undeterred.</p><p>"I'll continue flying. I enjoy travel, so you have to," Zeiher said. "They come hand in hand."</p><p><em>Taylor Rains contributed reporting.</em></p>

Flying is about to become even more miserable

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The term "truth serum" refers to a number of mind-altering drugs.</li><li>These drugs make you incapable of lying, or so the theory goes.</li></ul><p>Humans have known since the time of the Roman Empire that we're more readily truthful while under the influence. That's where the idea behind the term "truth serum" comes from.</p><p>Truth serum refers to a number of mind-altering drugs that are supposed to make you incapable of lying, but the reality is no drug is powerful enough to grip the human mind so tightly as to make it impossible to lie.</p><p>Some truth serums, like sodium thiopental, slow the speed at which your body sends messages from your spinal cord to your brain.</p><p>As a result, it's more difficult to perform high-functioning tasks, such as concentrating on a single activity like walking a straight line or even lying. It's this concentration you need to think up a lie that truth serum removes. So in that way, lying can be more difficult, but not impossible.</p><p>The same thing happens when you're nodding off and reaching that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-twilight-sleep-2015-11">twilight state</a> where you're in between consciousness and sleep. If you're not a compulsive liar, then it's likely more difficult for you to lie than tell the truth.</p><p>As the famous American author wrote in "Mark Twain's Notebook" (published posthumously in 1935): <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Truth.html">"If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything."</a></p><p>That said, there's no way to really know if someone is telling the truth<em>, </em>ever.</p><p>Numerous accounts and scientific reports suggest that you're more prone to tell the truth under the effects of truth serum drugs, but the drugs have other side effects. Most concerning among them is that they might make you say something to please someone else, even if it's not true.</p><p>Furthermore, not only are truth serum drugs not all that useful, they are illegal under <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-cia-considered-potential-truth-serum-for-terror-suspects-2018-11">certain circumstances, including interrogation</a>.</p><p>Although many of the first drugs that the CIA, police, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-nazi-scientists-inspired-the-cia-to-use-lsd-2014-2">Nazi interrogators</a> used throughout the '20s, '30s, and '40s are still around today, they have other uses, including ingredients in medicines that prevent motion sickness and for lethal injection.</p><p>Here's a list of the most common mind-altering, manipulating medicines that have used as truth serums.</p><h2>Sodium Pentothal</h2><div type="image" title="Image of Marilyn Monroe in a green top, smiling with her hand on her chin." height="835" width="1024" msid="98432103" hostid="261" sizebytes="81934"></div><p>Sodium pentothal is a type of barbiturate, which is a series of drugs that are central nervous system depressants, colloquially known as "<a href="https://www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=33606" target="_blank" rel="noopener">downers</a>." Downers slow your body's process to transmit information to your brain and are common prescription medicines for pain relief, sedation, muscle relaxation, and lowering blood pressure.</p><p>An overdose of barbiturates can be lethal and has led to a number of celebrity deaths, including Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, and Jimi Hendrix. The drug was also one of the first <a href="https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/lethal-injection/overview-of-lethal-injection-protocols">used in lethal injections</a> in the US and is most often administered intravenously.</p><p>Until 2011, it was sometimes used as an anesthetic because patients usually pass out within 30-45 seconds after taking the drug. But the US has stopped using the drug.</p><p>In 2011, the Italian company that produced the drug announced it was ceasing production, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/23/lethal-injection-sodium-thiopental-hospira">The Guardian reported at the time</a>. The company was worried that Italian authorities would use it in executions and as a result, the US lost its only viable supplier.</p><p>There are still accounts of this drug's use as a truth serum. In 2007, police in New Delhi, India administered sodium pentothal to a wealthy businessman, Moninder Singh Pandher, and his servant, Surinder Koli, who were suspects in the infamous <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/nithari-case-ghaziabad-cbi-court-awards-death-sentence-to-surinder-koli-his-tenth-conviction-so-far/articleshow/68235457.cms" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Noida serial murders</a>. While under the influence, they confessed to <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html">luring children to their home</a>, raping, and then killing them. The servant, Koli, was given the death sentence and is <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/koli-gets-13th-death-sentence-as-cbi-court-finishes-hearing-last-nithari-case/articleshow/91695616.cms">still in jail</a>, and Pandher received a seven-year sentence.</p><h2>Scopolamine</h2><div type="image" title="Tends of black seeds extracted from the Datura stramonium plant." height="1345" width="2229" msid="98432106" hostid="261" sizebytes="135006"></div><p>Scopolamine was first promoted by <a href="https://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dr. Robert House</a> as a truth serum in the early 20th century, and was the first drug to adopt the name "truth serum."</p><p>Throughout the <a href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2368&amp;context=uclrev">1920s and '30s some police departments in the US used scopolamine</a> on suspects, and — in some cases — judges permitted the statements the subjects gave up while under the influence.</p><p>Scopolamine was the truth serum drug of choice for many back in the day because it also wiped a subject's memory clean so they didn't know what they said after waking up, Gizmodo reported.</p><p>The drug comes from the seeds of a tree, which locals in Colombia where it grows call the "<a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">get-you-drunk</a>" tree. While some Nazis used it in interrogation, today it's in many medicines to help prevent motion sickness and tremors of Parkinson's disease. It's also used as a <a href="http://www.damninteresting.com/the-truth-about-truth-serum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">date-rape drug</a>.</p><p>Scopolamine can be ingested orally through a pill, or in one bizarre case, as a rub. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/414fd05b42e75b3a0e2e68df3f45a7ad" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reports</a> recount three young women in the Colombian capital, Bogota, who smeared the drug on their breasts luring men to lick it off. Once the men were incapacitated, the women would drain their bank accounts.</p><h2>Sodium Amytal or Amobarbital</h2><div type="image" title="Photo of three soldiers during army training taken on May 1, 1942." height="684" width="1024" msid="98432108" hostid="261" sizebytes="146348"></div><p>Sodium Amytal is also a type of barbiturate, or downer. It was widely used <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2424120/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">during World War II</a> as an anti-anxiety drug for soldiers with the psychological disturbance called shell shock.</p><p>But like all truth serum drugs, sodium amytal is a powerful sedative, and that side effect combined with the dis-coordination and cognitive impairment it induces is why soldiers stopped using it.</p><p>Moreover, sodium amytal is highly addictive. This drug is sometimes used to treat insomnia and is often administered intravenously, although it can come in powder form for oral ingestion.</p><p>Take too much of this drug and it can be lethal. The maximum dose for an adult is <a href="https://www.rxlist.com/amytal-sodium-drug.htm#overdosage">one gram</a>.</p><p>This drug is no longer used as a truth serum because subjects sometimes develop <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-skeptical-psychologist/200907/michael-jackson-truth-serum-and-false-memories" target="_blank" rel="noopener">false memories</a> after the fact.</p><h2>Ethyl Alcohol</h2><div type="image" title="A stock image of people holding wine." height="3517" width="5275" msid="98432110" hostid="261" sizebytes="364858"></div><p>That's right. Booze!</p><p>The Italian phrase "In vino veritas," which is Latin for "In wine there is truth", is attributed to a Roman philosopher known as Pliny the Elder.</p><p>So, humans have known for roughly 2,000 years about alcohol's ability to loosen the tongue.</p><p>Whether you're drinking it down or taking it intravenously in pure, ethanol form, ethyl alcohol can make you more prone to spilling your secrets.</p><p>But as you probably know, it doesn't make you incapable of a little white lie every now and again.</p><h2>Do truth serums work?</h2><div type="image" title="lie detector polygraph" height="1312" width="2000" msid="98432112" hostid="261" sizebytes="134462"></div><p>As <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891.html">Washington Post reporter David Brown</a> wrote in 2006: "The answer appears to be: No. There is no pharmaceutical compound today whose proven effect is the consistent or predictable enhancement of truth-telling."</p><p>Despite the fact that truth serum's magical capabilities seem to be mostly fictional, US courts have in special cases allowed their use.</p><p>One example was with with suspect in the 2012 Aurora, Colorado, theatre shooting — <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/truth-serum-draws-skepticism-case-accused-aurora-shooter/story?id=18717816" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a judge allowed the use of sodium pentothal</a> to determine if his claims of insanity were real.</p><p>Just because no truth-inducing drug exists today, doesn't mean there couldn't be one in the future, according to Mark Wheelis, a professor and expert on the history of biological warfare and biological weapons control at the University of California Davis.</p><p>"There is a large number of neural circuits that we are on the verge of being able to manipulate — things that govern states like fear, anxiety, terror and depression," <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891_3.html">Davis told</a> the Washington Post in 2006. "We don't have recipes yet to control them, but the potential is clearly foreseeable. It would absolutely astonish me if we didn't identify a range of pharmaceuticals that would be of great utility to interrogators."</p><h2>A truth serum experiment</h2><p>To find out if truth serum works, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG1zEUIYu60&amp;ab_channel=BBC" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TV journalist Michael Mosley</a> experienced it for himself in 2013.</p><p>To investigate sodium thiopental, one of the more popular truth serum drugs, Mosley took two different doses of it. After administering the first dose, a doctor asked Mosley what he did for a living and — through fits of giggles — Mosley managed to lie and say he was a world-famous heart surgeon.</p><p>In less than a minute after the drug was administered, Mosley was all laughs from the light-headed, tipsy feeling he said he experienced from the drug. He said the feeling was akin to drinking a glass of champagne.</p><p>After the second, larger dose of sodium thiopental, Mosley experienced something he was not expecting. When the doctor asked him what he did for a living he immediately responded:</p><p>"I'm a television producer. Well, executive producer, well, presenter, some, mix of the three of them."</p><p id="story_continues_4">Mosley explained later that when asked the question, it didn't even occur to him to lie, so he didn't.</p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gG1zEUIYu60" frameborder="0"></iframe><p>But is this evidence that truth serum works? Not exactly.</p><p>One of the biggest problems with using truth serum for interrogation, is the warm, friendly feeling it gives the subject toward their interrogator. Combined with a state of severe disorientation, this can lead a subject to tell their interrogator what they think the interrogator wants to hear, which could be true or not.</p><p>This is partly why any statement made under the influence of a truth serum drug is inadmissible in US courts and has been for 60 years. In <a href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1962/8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1963, the US Supreme court ruled</a> that confession statements made under the influence of truth serum drugs were "<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/372/293">unconstitutionally coerced</a>" threatening citizens' rights under the Fifth Amendment and were therefore inadmissible.</p><p>So, when it comes to drugs that alter your state of mind, disorient you, and loosen your tongue, believe what you will about their abilities to enhance truth telling. The evidence shows that statements revealed under the influence have a chance of being more complacent or outright false than true.</p><p>Moreover, truth serums are mostly "useless", <a href="https://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal">Esther Inglis-Arkell wrote for io9</a>, "not because no one could get information, but because everyone could get too much." And sifting through the statements trying to pull out the ones that are true versus complacent is, frankly, impossible.</p><p>But researchers continue to look for something more reliable.</p><h2>The future of truth-telling drugs</h2><div type="image" title="A person holding a tiny pill container filled with orange tablets." height="1414" width="2121" msid="98432114" hostid="261" sizebytes="57526"></div><p>As we learn more about the brain and discover new drugs we could be on the verge of a new type of truth-telling and trust-enhancing drug.</p><p>One of the more recent drugs examined for its truth-telling affects is oxytocin, known to women in labor as <a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/018261s031lbl.pdf">Pitocin</a>.</p><p>In 2005, <a href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2250/9/2005_KosfeldM_Nature_Oxytocin-incr.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">two researchers at the University of Zurich examined</a> the trust-promoting effects of the drug by studying 128 college students, some of whom were given a snort of oxytocin while the others received a placebo.</p><p>They were asked to play an investing game in which they had to trust a stranger to give them back a portion of their winnings. The students given oxytocin were more trusting and transferred more money, on average. More importantly, 45% of the students on oxytocin transferred all of their money, showing maximal trust, twice as many as students who took the placebo.</p><p>These new drugs that increase trust could be a next-level advancement in truth serums — they would actually encourage truth-telling instead of just making the teller say whatever makes their questioner happy.</p><p>Don't worry too much — your secrets are safe for now.</p>

'Truth serum' drugs do exist. Here's how medicines like sodium pentothal and scopolamine can manipulate the brain.

<img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5e00d421855cc245a50eff82-2400/2019-06-11t205438z1838320424nocidrtrmadp3nfl-san-francisco-49ers-minicamp.jpg" alt="San Francisco 49ers quarterback C.J. Beathard" /><p class="source"><span>Stan Szeto-USA TODAY Sports</span></p><p class="caption">San Francisco 49ers quarterback C.J. Beathard.</p><ul class="summary-list"><li>Clayton Beathard, the younger brother of San Francisco 49ers backup quarterback CJ Beathard, died in a fatal stabbing outside a Nashville bar early Saturday morning. </li><li>Police said Beathard and two others were stabbed during a fight over "an unwanted advancement made by a man toward a woman," <a href="https://www.newschannel5.com/news/three-people-stabbed-at-a-popular-bar-in-nashville">according to CBS affiliate WTVF</a>.</li><li>Beathard and 21-year-old Paul Trapeni III died from their injuries, and the third stabbing victim has been released from the hospital. </li><li>Metropolitan Nashville Police Department said they are looking to question Michael Mosley, 23, over the stabbing. </li><li><strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</strong></li></ul><p>The younger brother of San Francisco 49ers backup quarterback CJ Beathard was killed in a stabbing outside a Nashville bar early Saturday morning.</p><p>Clayton Beathard, 22, and two other men were stabbed after several people got into a fight over "an unwanted advancement made by a man toward a woman" outside The Dogwood bar in Nashville's Midtown neighborhood at around 3 a.m. on Saturday, <a href="https://www.newschannel5.com/news/three-people-stabbed-at-a-popular-bar-in-nashville">police told CBS affiliate WTVF</a>.</p><p>Beathard and 21-year-old Paul Trapeni III died from their injuries at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The third man has been released from the hospital.</p><p>Metropolitan Nashville Police Department <a href="https://twitter.com/MNPDNashville/status/1208913833437347840?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fsports%2Fperson-of-interest-idd-in-fatal-stabbing-that-included-nfls-beathards-brother">issued a statement on Sunday</a>, in which they identified a person of interest in connection to the murders. They said that detectives were looking for Michael Mosley, 23, for questioning.</p><p>"The 49ers family was shocked and and deeply saddened to learn of the tragedy involving C.J. Beathard's younger brother, Clayton," the 49ers said in a <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/c-j-beathard-brother-murdered-49ers-quarterback-brother-clayton-beathard-dead-after-being-stabbed-in-nashville-bar/">statement to CBS News</a>. "We extend our heartfelt sympathies to C.J. and the entire Beathard family as they cope with the unthinkable loss of a loved one. C.J. has traveled home to join his family knowing he has the support of our entire organization as they grieve the passing of Clayton."</p><p>CJ Beathard, 26, is the backup quarterback for the 49ers. He missed Saturday's game against the Los Angeles Rams and flew home to Nashville to be with his family.</p><p>In a family statement <a href="https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/williamson/2019/12/21/beathard-family-statement-after-clayton-beathard-stabbed-nashville/2721887001/">sent to the Tennessean</a> by Beathard's parents, Casey and Susan Beathard, the family called Clayton an "amazing, big and soft hearted human being with an undeniable love for the lord."</p><p>"He had his family's, friends' and teammates' backs even to a fault. I wish he would have been more inclined to take the high road but he hated 'wrong,'" the said. "Yes, he was stubborn sometimes but mostly because his beliefs were strong. He lived a full life except for the chance at being the incredible father I knew he would have been. He loved kids, underdogs and the less fortunate. His little sister was his world and his love and pride for his older brothers was off the charts. He will be missed. That is an understatement. Nobody's light shined like his when he smiled."</p><p>Beathard's grandfather is Bobby Beathard, a former NFL executive and a hall of famer. His father Casey is a Grammy-Nominated songwriter.</p><p>Head coach fo the 49ers, Kyle Shanahan, <a href="https://twitter.com/49ers/status/1208634273051209728">spoke to his team about Clay Beathard's death</a> after their victory over the LA Rams Saturday night.</p><p>"I spent an hour with [CJ] last night and he was exactly like any one of us would have been: distraught. Struggling to talk," Shanahan told the team, according to ESPN. "But he barely could talk and the last thing he said to me when I walked out the door, he stopped me and he just goes, 'you make sure the guys go win this game.' And I didn't want to say that at the beginning because this game doesn't mean anything compared to his brother. We all know that."</p><ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-steelers-fan-jersey-change-devlin-hodges-mason-rudolph-2019-12">Steelers fan pulls off epic quick-change after team benches Devlin Hodges in favor of Mason Rudolph</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-christian-wilkins-touchdown-dolphins-trick-play-2019-12">Rookie defensive lineman Christian Wilkins scores superb big-guy touchdown for Dolphins</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-tom-brady-block-nkeal-harry-patriots-2019-12">Tom Brady boasts on Instagram about his impressive block during Patriots' big win</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/booger-mcfarland-draws-penis-saints-colts-2019-12">ESPN's Booger McFarland had a mishap on the telestrator that had NFL fans giggling</a></li></ul>            <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-fake-christmas-trees-made-artificial-science-channel-2018-12">How artificial Christmas trees are made</a></h3>                    <iframe class="bijwplayerclass" src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/TtTMi9ss-CEZHWCBG.html" width="100%" height="100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" style="margin:0px;"></iframe>            

The brother of a 49ers quarterback was killed in a double murder outside a Nashville bar

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Three former employees at <keyword id="9459794" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="lakeside-academy">Lakeside Academy</keyword> in <keyword id="322098" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Kalamazoo">Kalamazoo</keyword>, <keyword id="18877" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Michigan">Michigan</keyword>, have been charged with involuntary manslaughter over the death of 16-year-old <keyword id="9459795" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cornelius-frederick">Cornelius Frederick</keyword>.</li><li>Frederick died May 1 after being restrained for 12 minutes, according to prosecutors. The incident reportedly took place after he threw a sandwich in the cafeteria.</li><li>"In my opinion, the complications of him being restrained, on the ground in a supine position by multiple people, is ultimately what led to his death," Dr. Ted Brown of the Kalamazoo County Medical Examiner's Office said Wednesday.</li><li>At least 25 students ran away from the facility after Frederick was killed.</li></ul><p>Three staff members at a Michigan youth facility have been charged with involuntary manslaughter over the death of a Black teenager who reportedly yelled "I can't breathe" before going into cardiac arrest. </p><p>The death of Cornelius Frederick, 16, was officially ruled a homicide Wednesday afternoon, with Kalamazoo County Prosecutor Jeff Getting announcing charges hours later.</p><p>Frederick died May 1, a few days after staff at the Lakeside Academy in Kalamazoo placed their weight on his chest, causing him to lose consciousness on April 29, according to a lawsuit filed Monday by his aunt, the Associated Press <a href="https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/michigan-teen-died-after-screaming-i-cant-breathe-while-being-restrained-by-staff-member-lawsuit-claims">reported</a>.</p><p>"Cornelius's scream of 'I can't breathe' was not enough to get the staff members to stop the excessive restraint," according to the lawsuit, which states that another child detained at the facility heard the incident unfold.</p><p>His family is seeking $100 million in a civil suit.</p><p>Video footage shows that Frederick was restrained for a full 12 minutes, according to the state, <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/2020/06/3-face-criminal-charges-in-death-of-16-year-old-housed-at-kalamazoo-youth-facility.html">as MLive reported</a>. It took another 12 minutes before anyone to begin CPR or call the police, who say that Fredericks was being disciplined for throwing a sandwich in the cafeteria. Seven staff members were involved in the incident.</p><p>Sequel Youth and Family Services, which ran Lakeside Academy, a facility for "at-risk youth," said 11 people have since been "separated from the organization," per MLive. The school, a state-licensed facility, "focuses on the confrontation and redirection of negative behavior while recognizing desired, positive behavior," according to its website.</p><p>"We cannot comment on pending legal matters. That said, we are deeply saddened by the tragic loss of Cornelius and acted quickly to terminate all staff involved," Sequel Youth and Family Services told MLive in a statement. "Additionally, we have removed the former executive director of Lakeside from the organization. We have been in regular contact with law enforcement and state officials to help ensure justice is served and have accelerated the work that was already underway across our organization to move to a restraint-free model of care. We take our obligation to meet the significant behavioral health needs of all our students incredibly seriously and remain focused on our mission of providing the absolute best care and treatment possible for our clients."</p><p>On Wednesday, Dr. Ted Brown of the Kalamazoo County Medical Examiner's Office said that an autopsy revealed Fredericks died due to a lack of oxygen and blood flow.</p><p>"In my opinion, the complications of him being restrained, on the ground in a supine position by multiple people, is ultimately what led to his death," Brown <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2020/06/lakeside-academy-student-death-ruled-homicide.html">told MLive</a>.</p><p>After Frederick was killed, at least <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2020/05/lakeside-academy-was-out-of-control-prior-to-student-death-police-say.html">25 students ran away</a> from the facility.</p><p>Three employees, Michael Mosley, Zachary Solis, and Heather McLogan were charged Wednesday with involuntary manslaughter in connection with the death. Mosley and Solis allegedly restrained Frederick while McLogan, a nurse, allegedly failed to provide medical care, according to the prosecutor.</p><p>Frederick's family had been pressing for murder charges.</p><p><em>Have a <keyword id="6355005" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="news">news</keyword> tip? Email this reporter: </em><a href="mailto:cdavis@insider.com"><em>cdavis@insider.com</em></a></p>

3 charged over killing of Black teenager who reportedly cried out 'I can't breathe' while being restrained at Michigan facility for 'at-risk youth'

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Flickr/Jarrett Campbell" title_caption="Many people  believe that eating carbs in the evening is bad for you, but are they right?" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5a5f134928eecc840f8b5215-960/carbonara .jpg"><span class="sprites click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5a5f134928eecc840f8b5215-1200/carbonara .jpg" alt="carbonara " data-mce-source="Flickr/Jarrett Campbell" data-link="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wjarrettc/13648393075/" /></a><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/wjarrettc/13648393075/">Flickr/Jarrett Campbell</a></span></p><p class="caption">Many people  believe that eating carbs in the evening is bad for you, but are they right?</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul><li><strong>Most people believe that a carb-heavy diet - particularly in the evening - is bad for you.</strong></li><li><strong>Dr Michael Mosley, author of the popular "5:2 Diet," puts the theory to the test in a new episode of BBC Two program "Trust Me I'm a Doctor."</strong></li><li><strong>A small study done on a group of "healthy volunteers" revealed a clear winner between morning vs. evening carbs - and it proved the theory wrong.</strong></li></ul><hr /><p><br />It's a common belief that eating late at night - particularly anything carb-heavy - can ruin an otherwise good diet.</p><p>However, when Dr Michael Mosley, author of the popular "<a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/facts-and-science-about-the-fast-diet-2016-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5:2 Diet</a>" and "The Blood Sugar Diet," put the theory to the test as part of a new BBC show, the results suggested this might not be true.</p><p><span style="color: #000000;">Mosley is famous for the 5:2 diet, which is based on intermittent fasting. It involves eating pretty much whatever you like five days a week, but cutting calories for two non-consecutive days - just 500 calories for women and 600 for men.</span></p><p><span style="color: #000000;">However, calorie counting is just one method for weight loss.</span></p><p>Diets high in refined carbs, such as white bread or pasta, <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/food-to-not-eat-stay-lean-winter-2017-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">have been repeatedly tied to outcomes like weight gain and obesity.</a> This in turn has led to the rise of the low-carb diet.</p><p>"[I]f you eat lots of carbohydrates and sugars, particularly the sort without fibre that get quickly absorbed, they will rapidly push up your blood glucose (sugar) levels," <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-42705852" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mosley wrote in a BBC article. </a></p><p>If this glucose doesn't get burned off by some form of activity, the pancreas responds by releasing insulin into the bloodstream to bring the levels down again, he explained, and this is done by storing the excess sugar as fat.</p><p>"Too much stored fat, particularly visceral fat (inside the abdomen) can lead to serious health problems such as type-2 diabetes," he added.</p><p>But Mosley points out that people have also come to believe that when you eat carbs also counts.</p><p>"It's widely believed, for example, that eating carbs in the evening is worse for you than having them for breakfast," he wrote.</p><p>And the reasoning behind this is pretty self-explanatory: it's thought that if you load up on carbs in the morning, you'll have more opportunity to burn off glucose over the day's activities.</p><h2><span style="color: #000000;">Putting the theory to the test</span></h2><h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Tech Insider" title_caption="Dr Michael Mosley is behind the 5:2 fast diet as well as The Blood Sugar Diet." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5a5f29e7f421493e0d8b52b6-960/michael mosley.png"><span class="sprites click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span><img style="font-size: 15px;" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5a5f29e7f421493e0d8b52b6-1200/michael mosley.png" alt="michael mosley" data-mce-source="Tech Insider" data-link="http://uk.businessinsider.com/author-52-diet-explains-eating-quickly-bad-for-us-technology-health-fitness-biology-food-drink-michael-mosley-2017-8" /></a><p class="source"><span><a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/author-52-diet-explains-eating-quickly-bad-for-us-technology-health-fitness-biology-food-drink-michael-mosley-2017-8">Tech Insider</a></span></p><p class="caption">Dr Michael Mosley is behind the 5:2 fast diet as well as The Blood Sugar Diet.</p></div><p></p></div></div></h2><p>In the latest episode of "Trust Me I'm a Doctor," which will air on BBC Two on Wednesday January 17 a 8.30 p.m., Mosley works with Dr Adam Collins from the University of Surrey to put the theory to the test in a "small" study.</p><p>They set out to discover how well the bodies of a sample of "healthy volunteers" would cope with eating most of their carb intake in the morning, or in the evening. They also wanted to find out if the body learns to adapt over a period time, he said.</p><p>The participants were all given the same daily carb allowance, and in the first phase of the experiment, ate most of this at breakfast time. They then had five days of eating "normally" before swapping to eating high-carb meals in the evenings for another five days.</p><p>Their blood sugar levels were monitored throughout.</p><p>Ahead of the experiment, Dr Collins said: "It's always made sense to me that we process carbs better if we have a whole day of activity ahead. So, I expect having most of their carbs at breakfast will be easier for their bodies to cope with.</p><p>"But we don't really know what happens if you regularly follow an evening-carbs diet," he added. "There's never been a study like this before, and as a scientist I'm excited to see what happens."</p><h2>The clear winner</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img style="color: #000000;" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5a5f2858f42149a3018b53b6-2000/sandwich .jpg" alt="Sandwich " data-mce-source="Flickr/mustharshid" data-link="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mustharshid/7685181926/in/photolist-cH7yQE-GY3H6X-6qQVvk-c26Zk3-8yhVSs-7vkkNx-8y7bx4-oNYSxC-6awQGe-p6cKM4-63HELV-9TKyx6-djUDgk-eQ74uq-BYuPm-7sB8bF-p6cQbe-9vbF92-9mQzRd-a1SU2a-J339gT-99j2b1-qrracq-naVTJa-apEqZQ-4rejxE-6h4Jge-eQ6ZQ9-ePUAgn-ePUz1P-8ERJjN-eQ74D9-p4rjcf-89MpXX-g2zJNB-7y4Jom-egTomm-eQ716y-5sw65c-qiPXRL-vZoLji-cJpkKo-ghh87T-oNZ7uf-9rYt65-8obXcm-eM88Gh-4oopVT-7jHxMh-eQ73pj" /><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mustharshid/7685181926/in/photolist-cH7yQE-GY3H6X-6qQVvk-c26Zk3-8yhVSs-7vkkNx-8y7bx4-oNYSxC-6awQGe-p6cKM4-63HELV-9TKyx6-djUDgk-eQ74uq-BYuPm-7sB8bF-p6cQbe-9vbF92-9mQzRd-a1SU2a-J339gT-99j2b1-qrracq-naVTJa-apEqZQ-4rejxE-6h4Jge-eQ6ZQ9-ePUAgn-ePUz1P-8ERJjN-eQ74D9-p4rjcf-89MpXX-g2zJNB-7y4Jom-egTomm-eQ716y-5sw65c-qiPXRL-vZoLji-cJpkKo-ghh87T-oNZ7uf-9rYt65-8obXcm-eM88Gh-4oopVT-7jHxMh-eQ73pj">Flickr/mustharshid</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>The results surprised Mosley, who said there was a "clear winner," but not the one he was expecting.</p><p>The results showed that the average blood glucose response of the participants in the the initial stage of the test was 15.9 units, which was "roughly as predicted."</p><p>But during the final five days of the study this went down to 10.4 units, "which was considerably lower than we were expecting," Mosley said.</p><p>"[It] could be that what matters is not so much when you eat your carbs but the length of the carbs-free 'fasting' period that precedes your meal," Mosley said.</p><p>"If you've had a big gap since your last carb-rich meal, your body will be more ready to deal with it. That happens naturally in the mornings because you've had the whole of the night, when you were asleep, in which to 'fast.'</p><p>"But our small study suggests that if you go low-carb for most of the day, that seems to have a similar effect."</p><p>He added: "In other words, after a few days of low-carb breakfasts and high-carb dinners your body becomes trained for this - it becomes better at responding to a heavy carb load in the evening."</p><p>Collins is now planning a larger study on the topic, according to Mosley, in search of more definitive answers.</p><p>For now, he says Collins is advising people not to focus so much on when you eat carbs - provided you are consistent and "don't overload with them at every meal."</p><p>"It's more about achieving peaks and troughs," Mosley wrote. "If you've had a lot of carbs in the evening, try to minimise them in the morning.</p><p>"On the other hand, if you've had a pile of toast for breakfast, go easy on the pasta that night."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/10-inventions-helping-save-planet-2018-1">These inventions will help save the earth</a></h3>        <div>            <iframe class="bijwplayerclass" data-player="jwplayer" src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/piJSQGvo-CEZHWCBG.html" width="100%" height="100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" style="margin:0px;" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><script>function receiveMessage(event){ console.log(event.data.fullscreen); Android.fullscreen(event.data.fullscreen); }window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);</script>        </div>    </div>

The author of the 5:2 diet tested the popular theory that eating carbs at night is bad for you - and the results suggest we've got it all wrong

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Shutterstock/Syda Productions" title_caption="There has been conflicting evidence on the long-term effects&#xa0;of intermittent fasting." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5b03d8ec6e8bbd880c8b5331-960/salad .jpg"><span class="sprites click-to-enlarge-icon" title="Click to enlarge"></span><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5b03d8ec6e8bbd880c8b5331-2000/salad .jpg" border="0" alt="Salad " data-mce-source="Shutterstock/Syda Productions" data-link="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/healthy-eating-dieting-vegetarian-kitchen-cooking-374635276?src=NI0F91BlaVnY09EqmJaOvw-1-66" /></a><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/healthy-eating-dieting-vegetarian-kitchen-cooking-374635276?src=NI0F91BlaVnY09EqmJaOvw-1-66">Shutterstock/Syda Productions</a></span></p><p class="caption">There has been conflicting evidence on the long-term effects&#xa0;of intermittent fasting.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul><li><strong><a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/what-to-know-if-your-planning-to-try-intermittent-fasting-in-2018-2017-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intermittent fasting</a> has rapidly grown in popularity in recent years.</strong></li><li><strong>The jury's still out in the <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> world as to the long-term health effects of the regime. </strong></li><li><strong>A new study on rats suggests that while fasting may help to achieve weight loss, it may also damage the pancreas and affect insulin function, which could lead to diabetes. </strong></li><li><strong>More investigation is needed into how people may be affected, particularly those with existing metabolic issues, the researchers concluded.</strong></li><li><strong>Michael Mosley, author of the popular 5:2 fasting diet, has penned a response to the findings.</strong></li></ul><hr /><p><br /><a href="https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/could-the-52-diet-be-increasing-diabetes-risk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Researchers at the University of São Paulo</a>, Brazil presented new research on the effects of intermittent fasting at the European Society of Endocrinology annual meeting held in Barcelona, Spain at the weekend.</p><p>In their study done on rats, they found that while fasting might achieve weight loss, it may also damage the pancreas and impair the action of the sugar-regulating hormone insulin, which could lead to diabetes.</p><p>Looking at adult rats, the study analysed the effects of fasting every other day on body weight, free radical levels (highly reactive chemicals that can cause damage to cells in the body), and insulin function for three months.</p><p>They found that while the rats lost weight overall and ate less, the amount of fat around their tummies actually increased. The insulin secreting cells of the pancreas also showed damage, with the presence of increased levels of free radicals and markers of insulin resistance - an "early warning sign of heading towards diabetes" - also observed.</p><p>Ana Bonassa, lead author of the study, said: "This is the first study to show that, despite weight loss, intermittent fasting diets may actually damage the pancreas and affect insulin function in normal healthy individuals, which could lead to diabetes and serious health issues."</p><p>The scientists urged people to take "careful consideration" before opting to follow a fasting diet.</p><p><a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/what-to-know-if-your-planning-to-try-intermittent-fasting-in-2018-2017-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Intermittent fasting</a> has rapidly grown in popularity in recent years thanks to regimes such as the 5:2 and the 16:8. Many followers of the regime claim they eat less, lose weight, and have more energy, among many other short-term benefits.</p><p>But the jury's still out as to the long-term effects of the regime in the science world as there has been conflicting evidence on the benefits and disadvantages. Some evidence has even suggested fasting could help to <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/benefits-of-intermittent-fasting-disease-fighting-weight-loss-2018-3/#intermittent-fasting-may-strengthen-neural-connections-and-improve-memory-and-mood-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reverse diabetes</a> or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-health-benefits-of-intermittent-fasting#section3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reduce your risk of developing it.</a></p><p>The scientists say they now plan to investigate how fasting impairs pancreas and insulin function, and concluded that more research is needed to assess how people may be affected, particularly those with existing metabolic issues.</p><p>Bonassa warned: "We should consider that overweight or obese people who opt for intermittent fasting diets may already have insulin resistance, so although this diet may lead to early, rapid weight loss, in the long-term there could be potentially serious damaging effects to their health, such as the development of type-2 diabetes."</p><h2>Here's what the 5:2 author had to say</h2><p>Michael Mosley, author of the 5:2 - arguably the most well-known intermittent fasting regime - wrote a response to the findings <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5748093/Extreme-fasting-didnt-suit-rats-new-5-2-diets-good-says-doctor-Michael-Mosley.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in the Mail on Sunday</a>.</p><p>He pointed out that in this study the rats were put on an "absolute fast," meaning they ate nothing at all every other day during the three-month period. This differs to that of the 5:2, under which followers eat either 500 calories for females/600 for males in a day for two days per week and eat regularly for the other five.</p><p>Mosley added that since publishing his 2013 book "The Fast Diet," he now recommends a "more generous" 800 calories a day as well as eating a healthy Mediterranean-style diet on both fasting and non-fasting days. <br /><br />Regarding the increase of fat tissue around the rats' abdomen, he went on: "This is a surprising finding because it contradicts so many other animal and human studies of intermittent fasting. I wasn't given detail about what the rats ate on non-fast days, but if they were allowed to gorge, that would undoubtedly skew any result.<br /><br />"I would not, anyway, recommend an absolute fast every other day as you need adequate levels of protein to maintain muscle mass," he added.</p><p>Mosley pointed to examples of other human studies in which <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/study-suggests-fasting-could-have-health-benefits-2018-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">men and women who followed the 5:2 principles achieved their goal weight faster</a>, and witnessed improvements in blood pressure and blood fats.</p><p>"I would point to a really important randomised controlled trial of 298 type 2 diabetics published a few months ago in The Lancet. Those allocated to an 800-calorie diet every day for 12 weeks not only lost large amounts of abdominal fat but nearly half were able to come off all diabetes medication," he said.</p><p>"Scans of the pancreas and liver showed they were far healthier than at the start of the trial."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mcdonalds-wendys-burger-king-arbys-jack-in-the-box-red-logos-2018-5">Why so many fast food logos are red</a></h3>        <div>            <iframe class="bijwplayerclass" data-player="jwplayer" src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/D1MkCSwn-CEZHWCBG.html" width="100%" height="100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" style="margin:0px;" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><script>function receiveMessage(event){ console.log(event.data.fullscreen); Android.fullscreen(event.data.fullscreen); }window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);</script>        </div>    </div>

A new study suggests that while fasting diets might help with weight loss, they could increase your risk of diabetes - and the 5:2 author has responded

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Attorney <keyword id="244402" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Geoffrey-Fieger">Geoffrey Fieger</keyword> on Tuesday released surveillance footage showing staff members at a <keyword id="18877" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Michigan">Michigan</keyword> youth facility restraining <keyword id="9541441" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cornelius-fredericks">Cornelius Fredericks</keyword> until he became unresponsive.</li><li>The incident occurred at the Kalamazoo-based Lakeside for Children on April 29 after the 16-year-old Black teenager threw food in the cafeteria.</li><li>He was pinned to the ground for almost 12 minutes by seven adult employees and lost consciousness. He died of cardiac arrest two days later.</li><li>Cornelius' family is suing the now-closed facility for $100 million after his death was ruled a homicide.</li><li>Three staffers have been charged with involuntary manslaughter and second-degree child abuse in connection to the death.</li></ul><p>An attorney representing the family of Cornelius Fredericks, a 16-year-old Black teenager who died on May 1, <a href="https://vimeo.com/434859276/41223b29e8">released a video</a> on Tuesday that showed a Michigan youth facility's staff members restraining the boy and sitting on him until he lost consciousness. </p><p>The teenager's family has filed a <a href="https://www.insider.com/three-charged-in-killing-black-teenager-at-michigan-youth-facility-2020-6">wrongful death lawsuit</a> against <a href="http://www.lakesideforchildren.org/about/">Lakeside for Children</a> in Kalamazoo and its staffing contractor, Sequel Youth and Family Services. They are seeking $100 million in damages and are represented by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/fiegerlaw/">Geoffrey Fieger</a>, who obtained footage of the April 29 encounter from the Kalamazoo County Prosecutor's office.</p><p>"It is a horrific videotape and it demonstrates what other employees have told us is a culture of fear and abuse at the Lakeside facility," Fieger said during a virtual <keyword id="6355005" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="news">news</keyword> conference on Tuesday. "One employee told us that in order to work there, all you needed was to be breathing and accept $13 per hour in pay. Other than that, they would hire anyone." </p><p>Someone who worked there had dubbed the facility "death row academy," Fieger added.</p><p>Fredericks wound up at Lakeside after his mother died in her sleep, which traumatized the teenager, according to Fieger. "When she passed away, his father had been imprisoned so effectively he was an orphan and he had no one to stay with ... and that's why he was there," he added. "He was a gregarious, well-liked child. He was a mentor for younger children."</p><p>But, Fieger said, "He was executed ... for the <keyword id="39494" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Crime">crime</keyword> of throwing a sandwich."</p><p>At the start of <a href="https://vimeo.com/434859276/41223b29e8">the 18-minute video</a>, which has no audio, Fredericks is seen sitting at a cafeteria table. Two staffers approach him and one takes away his food tray as he appeared to throw food.</p><p>At the time, Fredericks had a sandwich in his hand. When he tossed that, too, a staff member shoved him off his seat and on to the floor, where three staff members pounced on him. Other tables were pushed out of the way in the melee, and staff members were seen trying to straighten the teenager's legs and wrestle control of him.</p><p>Four more staff members joined the effort to subdue Fredericks, with seven in total pinning nearly every part of the boy's body to the floor while other boys continued eating at tables nearby. An eighth staffer took the place of one of his coworkers and held down his arm.</p><p>"A gaggle of employees pounced on him," Fieger said. "You'll see his feet lifelessly lying there and you'll see these employees suffocating him to death. He urinated on himself. They deprived him of oxygen and his brain suffered irreversible ...  damage."</p><p>He didn't try to fight back, Fieger said, while "these maniacs — I use that word advisedly because I think that's being kind to maniacs — are killing him for no reason whatsoever."</p><p>Fredericks screamed, "I can't breathe" when at least one staff member placed their weight on his chest, <a href="https://www.insider.com/lawsuit-teen-screamed-i-cant-breathe-during-restraint-2020-6">the Associated Press reported</a>.</p><p>Fredericks became unresponsive while he was being subdued. He died two days later.</p><p>"What occurred to me as I watched this videotape is that the employees of this institution don't consider these children to be human beings," Fieger said, adding that Fredericks was "a commodity and, as a result, this type of inhuman behavior could exist."</p><h2>Fredericks was down for at least 12 minutes before the police were called</h2><p>According to the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS), Fredericks was restrained for about 12 minutes, which is two minutes longer than the staff members' training allows. The investigation also said that a maximum of three adults should be involved in any such restraint, <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2020/07/security-camera-footage-released-of-staff-restraining-lakeside-academy-teen.html">MLive reported</a>.</p><p>After pinning him to the floor for several minutes, staff members attempted to make Fredericks sit up before checking his pulse, trying to roll him onto his side, and starting chest compressions and CPR. However, his body was limp by that point, the video shows.</p><p>Some employees reported that the teen was seen foaming at the mouth, per MLive. Yet the facility's nurse Heather McLogan stood by and watched the scene unfold before calling 911, Fieger alleged.</p><p>"You'll see the nurse standing there watching and several minutes after he's lying there, there's apparently a call by the nurse. She does nothing to in any way assist him and do what she's supposed to do. But several minutes after he's lying there, you'll see her slightly walk away, talk on a phone, and we believe that's the 911 call," Fieger said.</p><p>Fieger said that Lakeside for Children declined to share the video with the legal team without a guarantee that it wouldn't be shared with the media. The footage itself appears to be edited because it jumps around and some sections are missing, he added.</p><p>Sequel also tried to negotiate a settlement, Fieger said, saying that Fredericks' "life was worth less than a million dollars."</p><p>"It's intolerable," he said.</p><h2>The medical examiner ruled the death a homicide</h2><p>Two days after the incident, Fredericks died of cardiac arrest at Bronson Methodist Hospital.</p><p>"He was a child and he was brutalized in that fashion. It's unbelievable," Fieger said.</p><p>The medical examiner ruled Fredericks' death a homicide caused by complications from restraint asphyxia.</p><p id="YIFWDZPZ2RGCVEJMPE5GKM4Z3A">Dr. Ted Brown, who conducted the autopsy, told <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2020/06/lakeside-academy-student-death-ruled-homicide.html">MLive</a> that "the complications of him being restrained, on the ground in a supine position by multiple people, is ultimately what led to his death."</p><p>Three employees — Michael Mosley, Zachary Solis, and Heather McLogan — were <a href="https://www.insider.com/three-charged-in-killing-black-teenager-at-michigan-youth-facility-2020-6">charged with involuntary manslaughter</a> and second-degree child abuse in connection with his death. Mosley and Solis are accused of restraining Fredericks while McLogan didn't provide him medical care, according to Fieger.</p><p>But Fieger said that Mosley and Solis had help, adding that "far more than two people were involved in suffocating him" and they, too, should face criminal charges. He added that this was a common mechanism used to discipline residents of Lakeside and Fredericks had been treated similarly before. </p><p>"Clearly this is not the first instance of its kind," he said.</p><p>State officials removed all the residents of the facility after the incident involving Fredericks and suspended its license, <a href="https://www.woodtv.com/news/kzoo-and-bc/surveillance-video-shows-kalamazoo-youth-home-restraint-before-teens-death/">according to WOOD-TV</a>.</p><p>After Fieger released the security footage, <a href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2020/06/lakeside-academy-student-death-ruled-homicide.html">Sequel released a statement to news outlets</a> calling the death "senseless."</p><p id="ZSRTQY3UOZGR7IFYJ2UQ5VCAFA">"We continue to mourn the senseless and tragic loss of Cornelius and are aware of the video footage released today," the statement reads. "The actions taken by the staff members in that video do not adhere to the Sequel and <keyword id="9459794" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="lakeside-academy">Lakeside Academy</keyword> policies and procedures related to the use of emergency safety interventions as trained in the JKM Safe Crisis Management system."</p>Expanded Coverage Module: black-lives-matter-module

Video shows 7 employees at a Michigan youth facility pinning a Black teen to the ground for nearly 12 minutes. He died of cardiac arrest 2 days later.

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1476734941/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=1476734941&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=thebusiinsi-20"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/514455d1ecad04902f000000-731-548/fast-diet-4.jpg?maxX=400" border="0" alt="Fast Diet" width="400" /><p class="source"><span>Photo courtesy of Atria Books</span></p><p class="caption">A typical FastDiet meal. </p></a></div><p></p></div>The FastDiet, also known as the 5:2 diet, is based on something called intermittent fasting.</p>
<p>This involves eating normally for five days a week and "fasting" for two. On those two fasting days, you eat about a quarter of your typical calorie intake - <strong>500 calories for women and 600 calories for men</strong>. The rest of the time you can eat whatever you want. </p>
<p>The book, released last year in the U.S., was written by Dr. Michael Mosley and Mimi Spencer, both of the U.K. They claim this diet will make you lose weight faster than other standard diets. <span>Mosley claims to have lost 20 pounds within a few weeks of starting the diet.</span></p>
<p>Although the extreme eating regime <a href="http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/01January/Pages/Does-the-5-2-intermittent-fasting-diet-work.aspx">has been met with criticism in the health community</a>, Mosley says the evidence to support intermittent fasting is there. <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">The entire first chapter is devoted to the "<keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> of fasting." And, some fitness experts have <a href="http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2013/11/01/does-intermittent-fasting-work" target="_blank">come out in favor</a> of the diet. A <a href="http://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2013/11/01/does-intermittent-fasting-work" target="_blank">2007 review</a> also found that alternate-day fasting may moderate disease-risk. </span></p>
<p>Here we break down how and why the 5:2 diet works, according to its authors.</p>

THE FAST DIET: Get Thin Quick By Starving Yourself Two Days A Week 

<p><div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1476734941/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=1476734941&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=thebusiinsi-20"><img src="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/514455d1ecad04902f000000-731-548/fast-diet-4.jpg?maxX=400" border="0" alt="Fast Diet" width="400" /></a></div><p class="source">Photo courtesy of Atria Books</p><p class="caption">A typical FastDiet meal. </p></div>The FastDiet, also known as the 5:2 <keyword id="6358230" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="diet">diet</keyword>, is based on something called intermittent fasting. This involves eating normally for five days a week and "fasting" for two. On those two fasting days, you eat about a quarter of your typical calorie intake — <strong>500 <keyword id="20964" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="calories">calories</keyword> for women and 600 calories for men</strong>. The rest of the time you can eat whatever you want. </p>
<p>The book, only recently released in the U.S., was written by Dr. Michael Mosley and Mimi Spencer, both of the U.K. They claim this diet will make you lose weight faster than other standard diets — <span>Mosley says he lost 20 pounds within a few weeks of starting the diet.</span></p>
<p>Although the extreme eating regime <a href="http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/01January/Pages/Does-the-5-2-intermittent-fasting-diet-work.aspx">has been met with criticism in the health community</a>, Mosley says the evidence to support intermittent fasting is there. The entire first chapter is even devoted to the "<keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> of fasting." </p>
<p>Still not sure about the craze?</p>
<p>Here we break down how and why the 5:2 diet works, according to its authors.</p>

THE FAST DIET: Get Thin Quick By Starving Yourself Two Days A Week

<img class="gwt-Image" src="/photo/35715115.cms" />Not very long ago, a British University studying the behavior of heavenly bodies and recording <keyword id="820719" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="40" keywordseo="the-sounds">the sounds</keyword> emitted by them, concluded that the sound of <keyword id="6357764" type="PERSON" weightage="80" keywordseo="Om">om</keyword> is the sound which the sun gives out. Ofcourse, they called it the sound emitted from transverse pulling of the guitar string, but still no one has ever conducted such a research, kudos to this university for reintroducing us to the power of om, which has been called as the eternal sound of creation by the vedic masters. Now we have modern science backing this!<br />
<br />
Vedas are the source of everything. Time and again, great men across cultures have turned back to the vedas to find an answer to the deepest secrets of creation, be it the working and properties of heavenly bodies, complex theories of science and geometry, or the undying quest to find a solution to an ageing body…<br />
<br /> In deep states of dhyan, I have encountered rishis and yogis, with long lustrous hair, flawless body, glowing skin and youthful radiance…how is it that the vedic masters could maintain their youth till the very end while modern men struggle to hide their grey locks as early as 25? Recently, Dr. Michael Mosley of <keyword id="60684" type="CITY" weightage="40" keywordseo="BBC">BBC</keyword> came up with a study that eating less and fasting can lead to a longer lifespan. Professor John Axelsson through his study concluded that adequate sleep is the key to staying young. These studies, although incomplete and unable to address the issue of ageing in totality, are great efforts to reintroduce us to certain concepts, which were given by the vedic rishis eons ago. One cannot blame these western scientists for presenting a lopsided approach to anti-ageing; possibly they did not have access to vedic scholars who could explain to them the process in its entirety.<br />
<br />
After two decades of extensive research on the being and practically experiencing and seeing the working of various layers of the body, I have come to conclude that ageing works at a cellular level and touches upon all organ systems of the body. With every breath you take in, every activity you are engaged in and every thought that enters you, you are constantly ageing. Tackling ageing calls for taking the body as a whole and in totality, and not focusing on any one aspect, say diet or sleep, in isolation.<br />
<br />
The book, ‘Sanatan Kriya: The Ageless Dimension’, which was written two years prior to these western researches, addresses the issue of ageing in totality and discusses the concepts touched upon by Dr.Mosley and Mr.Axelsson in far greater detail. In this series of articles, we will discuss how to hold and increase vitality of the body and also how to maintain its beauty, glow and strength naturally, without the side effects of modern chemicals as detailed in the book. I am not saying you will become physically immortal but you will leave your body, you won’t die.<br />
<br />
<strong>About the Author:</strong> Yogi Ashwini is a renowned Yog Guru and is the guiding light of Dhyan Foundation. <a href="http://www.dhyanfoundation.com/">www.dhyanfoundation.com</a>



The Concept Of Ageing

<p><div class="image-container float_right" style="width:618px"><div class="image"><img src="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/5159e56c6bb3f71119000001-959-720/the-fast-diet-1-3.jpg?maxX=618" border="0" alt="The Fast Diet 1" width="618" /></div><p class="source"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/fastdietplan?fref=ts">The Fast Diet</a></p></div></p>
<p>Nina Buckley is a sucker for donuts, McDonald's Big Macs, and Indian takeout — <keyword id="6181" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Food">food</keyword> hankerings that can easily derail any <keyword id="6358230" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="diet">diet</keyword> devotee's quest to lose weight.</p>
<p>That's why after three months on Weight Watchers, the mother of three found she had actually gained a few pounds.</p>
<p>"It's like being teased with your favorite foods you can't have," said Buckley, 28, who lives in England but is originally from Romania.</p>
<p>Buckley is one of the countless men and women who are grappling with how to eliminate pounds without having to sacrifice a lot of food.</p>
<h2><a href="/fast-diet-meals-2013-4#430-calories-baked-cod-fillets-170-calories-each-5-cherry-tomatoes-red-onion-mixed-cabbage-and-spring-onion-1">See what Buckley and other FastDieters have been eating  &gt; </a></h2>
<p>The FastDiet, which recommends eating about a quarter of your typical calorie intake for two days a week, and eating normally for the other five, meets dieters half-way.<span> <span>Buckley has taken to </span></span>this "forgiving" diet approach.  </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">The FastDiet's designers, Dr. Michael Mosley and journalist Mimi Spencer, both of the U.K., claim that their 5:2 plan makes you lose weight faster than other diets. They've </span><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-science-behind-the-fast-diet-2013-3">written a book about the science behind their diet theory and why they think it works</a><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span></p>
<p>During these "fasting days" dieters can take in their calories — a maximum of 600 for men and 500 for women — in one meal or break it into multiple small plates. </p>
<p>As for whether it works, as always, the proof is in the pudding.</p>
<p>Buckley claims to have lost 13 pounds after four weeks. She's done it by eating <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151511562503418&amp;set=o.132938550205120&amp;type=1&amp;theater">chicken and steamed broccoli</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151485880358418&amp;set=o.132938550205120&amp;type=1&amp;theater">chili con carne</a>, and yes, even <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151498613603418&amp;set=o.132938550205120&amp;type=1&amp;theater">pork casserole</a>, all for 500 little calories or less during her fasting days. </p>
<p>"This diet it's easy because I know I have to be strict for only two days, then the rest of the week I'm eating when I'm hungry. My appetite has reduced significantly," said Buckley. </p>
<p><a href="https://www.facebook.com/fastdietplan?ref=ts&amp;fref=ts">A Facebook fanpage</a> allows fellow FastDieters to interact by sharing their meals, and weight-loss success.  </p>
<p>We've rounded up some of the meals to give you an idea of what FastDiet meals are like. Most of them look good. There are lots of vegetables and lean proteins. The question is: how long did the dieters last?</p>

Food Lover Lost 13 Pounds Quick With The FastDiet

<h1>BI Answers: Does Truth Serum Really Work?</h1>
<h1><img class="float_right" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/51c898b56bb3f74771000005-900-1183/truth-serum.jpg" border="0" alt="truth serum" /></h1>
<p>The term "truth serum" refers to a number of mind-altering drugs that make you incapable of lying, or so the theory goes. Yes, such mind-altering drugs exist, but their effect does not completely inhibit a subject's ability to lie.</p>
<p>Some truth serums, like sodium thiopental, slow the speed at which your body sends messages from your spinal chord to your brain. As a result, it's more difficult to perform high-functioning tasks such as concentrating on a single activity like walking a straight line or even lying. It's this concentration that you need to think up a lie that truth serum takes away.</p>
<p>The same thing happens when you're nodding off and reach that twilight state where you're in between consciousness and sleep.</p>
<p>If you're not a compulsive liar, then it's likely more difficult for you to lie than tell the truth. As the famous American author wrote in <em>Mark Twain's Notebook</em> (published posthumous in 1935): <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Truth.html">"If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything."</a></p>
<p>That being said, there's no way to really know if someone is telling the truth<em>, </em>ever. Numerous accounts and scientific reports suggest that you're more prone to tell the truth under the effects of truth serum drugs, but the drugs have other side affects that might make you say something to please someone else that is not necessarily true.</p>
<p>Furthermore, not only are truth serum drugs not all that useful, they are illegal under certain circumstances including interrogation.</p>
<h2>Early forms of truth serum still used today</h2>
<p>The term "truth serum" came onto the scene in the 1920s, but humans have known since the time of the Roman Empire that we're more readily truthful while under the influence.</p>
<p>Although many of the first drugs that the CIA, police, and Nazi interrogators used throughout the '20s, '30s, and '40s are still around today, they have other uses such as ingredients in medicines that prevent motion sickness and for lethal injection.</p>
<h3>Scopolamine:</h3>
<p><img class="full" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/543800f5eab8eafc7ee5d672-1200-800/4625671645_95d25b0735_o.jpg" border="0" alt="scopolamine flower">Scopolamine was first promoted by <a href="http://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal">Dr. Robert House</a> as a truth serum in the early 20th century, and was the first drug to adopt the name "truth serum." Throughout the 1920s and '30s police department in the US would use it on suspects and in some cases judges permitted the statements the subjects gave up while under the influence. Scopolamine was the truth serum drug of choice for many back in the day because it also wiped a subject's memory clean so they knew nothing about what they said after waking up.</img></p>
<p>The drug comes from the seeds of a tree, which locals call the "<a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm">get-you-drunk</a>" tree. While some Nazis used it in interrogation, today it's in many medicines to help prevent motion sickness and tremors of Parkinson's disease. It's also used as a <a href="http://www.damninteresting.com/the-truth-about-truth-serum/">date-rape drug</a>.</p>
<p>Scopolamine can be ingested orally through a pill or in one bizarre case as a rub. <a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm">Reports</a> recount three young women in the Colombian capital, Bogota, who smeared the drug on their breasts luring men to lick it off. Once the men were incapacitated, the women would drain their bank accounts.</p>
<h3>Pentothal or sodium thiopental:<img class="full" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/542ebb876da81100108b456a-1200-706/pentothal_vintage_package_-_truth_serum.jpg" border="0" alt="Pentothal_vintage_package_ _truth_serum" /></h3>
<p>Sodium pentothal is a type of barbiturate, which is a series of drugs that are central nervous system depressants, colloquially known as "downers". Downers slow your body's process to transmit information to your brain and are common prescription medicines for pain relief, sedation, muscle relaxation, and lowering blood pressure.</p>
<p>An overdose of barbiturates can be lethal and has led to a number of celebrity deaths including Marylin Monroe, Judy Garland, and Jimi Hendrix. The drug was also one of the first used in lethal injections in the US and is most often administered intravenously.</p>
<p>Until 2011, it was sometimes used as an anesthetic because patients usually pass out within 30-45 seconds after taking the drug. But the US stopped using the drug completely a few years ago.</p>
<p>This is because on January 21, 2011 the Italian company that produced the drug announced they were ceasing production. The company was worried that Italian authorities would use it in executions and as a result the US lost their only viable supplier.</p>
<p>There are still accounts of this drug's use as a truth serum. In 2007, police in New Delhi, India administered sodium pentothal to wealthy businessman, Moninder Singh Pandher, and his servant, Surender Koli who were suspects in the infamous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_serial_murders">Noida serial murders</a>. While under the influence, they confessed to <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html">luring children to their home</a>, raping, and then killing them. The servant, Koli, was given the death sentence and is in jail. Pandher was ultimately acquitted.</p>
<p><img class="float_right" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/54380265ecad04554fe7169d-800-1296/truthserum-1.jpg" border="0" alt="TruthSerum" /></p>
<h3>Sodium Amytal or Amobarbital:</h3>
<p>Sodium Amytal is also a type of barbiturate, or downer. It was widely used <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/bulge-transcript/">during World War II</a> as an anti-anxiety drug for soldiers with the psychological disturbance called shell shock. But like all truth serum drugs, sodium amytal is a powerful sedative, and that side effect combined with the dis-coordination and cognitive impairment it induces is why soldiers no longer use it.</p>
<p>Moreover, don't get too familiar with sodium amytal, or you might get addicted. This drug is sometimes used to treat insomnia and is often administered intravenously, although it can come in powder form for oral ingestion. Take too much of this drug and it can be lethal. The maximum dose for an adult is one gram.</p>
<p>This drug is no longer used as a truth serum because subjects sometimes develop <a href="http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/423">false memories</a> after the fact.</p>
<h3>Ethyl Alcohol:</h3>
<p>That's right. Booze! The Italian phrase In vino veritas, which is Latin for "In wine there is truth", is attributed to a Roman philosopher known as Pliny the Elder. So, humans have known for roughly 2 thousand years about alcohol's ability to loosen the tongue.</p>
<p>If you've ever had one too many, then you could easily recognize the feeling you would experience with other truth serum drugs. Whether you're drinking it down or taking it intravenously in pure, ethanol form, this drug will make you more prone to spilling your secrets, but as you probably know, does not make you incapable of a little white lie every now and again.</p>
<h2><img class="full" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/53ee49296da811c746ec6f80-1200-858/148236340.jpg" border="0" alt="whiskey">So do any of them actually work?</img></h2>
<p>According to <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891.html">Washington Post reporter David Brown</a>:</p>
<p>"In the 21st century, however, the answer appears to be: No. There is no pharmaceutical compound today whose proven effect is the consistent or predictable enhancement of truth-telling," Brown wrote in 2006.</p>
<p>Despite the fact that truth serum's magical capabilities seem to be mostly fictional, US courts have in special cases admitted the use of truth-serum drugs. One example was with accused 2012 Aurora, Colorado theatre shooter, <a href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/06/is-there-really-truth-serum-drugs/">James Holmes</a> - a judge allowed the use of sodium pentothal on Holmes to determine if his claims of insanity were real, not if he was guilty. In fact, confessions of guilt admitted under the influence of truth serum drugs were ruled in admissible in US courts in 1963.</p>
<p>Just because no truth-inducing drug exists today, doesn't mean there could be one in the future, according to Mark Wheelis, a professor and expert on the history of biological warfare and biological weapons control at the University of California Davis.</p>
<p>"There is a large number of neural circuits that we are on the verge of being able to manipulate - things that govern states like fear, anxiety, terror and depression," <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891_3.html">Davis told</a> Washington Post reporter Brown. "We don't have recipes yet to control them, but the potential is clearly foreseeable. It would absolutely astonish me if we didn't identify a range of pharmaceuticals that would be of great utility to interrogators."</p>
<h2>A self-experiment, with journalist Michael Mosley</h2>
<p>The best way to find out if truth serum works is to experience it for yourself, which is exactly what <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/assets/js/vendor/tinymce/plugins/advlink/link.htm?1412888384">TV journalist Michael Mosley did</a>.</p>
<p>To investigate sodium thiopental, one of the more popular truth serum drugs, Mosley took two different doses of the drug. After administering the first dose, a doctor asked Mosley what he did for a living and through fits of giggles Mosley managed to lie and say that he was a world-famous heart surgeon.</p>
<p>In less than a minute after the drug was administered, Mosley went into a fit of giggles from the light-headed, tipsy feeling he experienced from the drug. He said that the feeling was akin to drinking a glass of champagne.</p>
<p><img class="full" src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/542ebf456bb3f7bf115c0cba/michael mosley truth serum.gif" border="0" alt="michael mosley truth serum">After the second, larger dose of sodium thiopental, Mosley experienced something he was not expecting. When the doctor asked him what he did for a living he immediately responded:</img></p>
<p>"I'm a television producer. Well, executive producer, well, presenter, some, mix of the three of them."</p>
<p id="story_continues_4">Mosley explained later that when asked the question, it didn't even occur to him to lie, so he didn't.</p>
<h2>Is this evidence that truth serum works?</h2>
<p>Not exactly.</p>
<p>One of the biggest problems with using truth serum for interrogation, is the warm, friendly feeling it gives the subject toward their interrogator. Combined with a state of severe disorientation, this can lead a subject to tell their interrogator what they think the interrogator wants to hear, which could be true or not.</p>
<p>This is partly why any statement made under the influence of a truth serum drug is inadmissible in US courts and has been for more than 50 years. In 1963 the US Supreme court ruled that confession statements made under the influence of truth serum drugs was "<a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/372/293">unconstitutionally coerced</a>" threatening citizens' rights under the fifth amendment and was therefore inadmissible.</p>
<p>So, when it comes to drugs that alter your state of mind, disorient you, and loosen your tongue, believe what you will about their abilities to enhance truth telling. The evidence shows that statements revealed under the influence have a chance of being more complacent or outright false than true.</p>
<p>Moreover, truth serums are mostly "useless" <a href="http://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal">writes Esther Inglis-Arkell </a>in i09, "not because no one could get information, but because everyone could get too much." And sifting through the statements trying to pull out the ones that are true versus complacent is, frankly, impossible. But researchers continue to look for something more reliable.</p>
<h3>The future of truth-telling drugs</h3>
<p>As we learn more about the brain and discover new drugs we could be on the verge of a new type of truth-telling and trust-enhancing drug.</p>
<p>One of the more recent drugs examined for its truth-telling affects is oxytocin, known to women in labor as Pitocin. In 2005, two researchers at the University of Zurich examined the trust-promoting affects of the drug by studying 130 college students, some of whom were given a snort of oxytocin while the others received a placebo.</p>
<p>They were asked to play an investing game in which they had to trust a stranger to give them back a portion of their winnings. T<span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">he students given oxytocin were more trusting with their money and transferred more money, on average. More importantly, 45% of the students on oxytocin transferred all of their money, showing maximal trust, </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">twice as many as</span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;"> students who took the placebo.</span></p>
<p>These new drugs that increase trust could be a next level advancement in truth serums - they would actually encourage truth telling instead of just making the teller say whatever makes their questioner happy. Don't worry too much, your secrets are safe for now. </p>

The Real Truth Behind The Effects Of 'Truth-Telling' Drugs 

<h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/51c898b56bb3f74771000005-900-1183/truth-serum.jpg" border="0" alt="truth serum"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/misocrazy/277005237/">Flickr/misocrazy</a></span></p><p class="caption">Truth serum in a can.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div></h2>
<h1>BI Answers: Does Truth Serum Really Work?</h1>
<p>The term "truth serum" refers to a number of mind-altering drugs that make you incapable of lying, or so the theory goes. Yes, such mind-altering drugs exist, but their effect does not completely inhibit a subject's ability to lie.</p>
<p>Some truth serums, like sodium thiopental, slow the speed at which your body sends messages from your spinal chord to your brain. As a result, it's more difficult to perform high-functioning tasks such as concentrating on a single activity like walking a straight line or even lying. It's this concentration that you need to think up a lie that truth serum takes away.</p>
<p>The same thing happens when you're nodding off and reach that twilight state where you're in between consciousness and sleep.</p>
<p>If you're not a compulsive liar, then it's likely more difficult for you to lie than tell the truth. As the famous American author wrote in <em>Mark Twain's Notebook</em> (published posthumous in 1935): <a href="http://www.twainquotes.com/Truth.html">"If you tell the truth, you don't have to remember anything."</a></p>
<p>That being said, there's no way to really know if someone is telling the truth<em>, </em>ever. Numerous accounts and scientific reports suggest that you're more prone to tell the truth under the effects of truth serum drugs, but the drugs have other side affects that might make you say something to please someone else that is not necessarily true.</p>
<p>Furthermore, not only are truth serum drugs not all that useful, they are illegal under certain circumstances including interrogation.</p>
<h2>Early forms of truth serum still used today</h2>
<p>The term "truth serum" came onto the scene in the 1920s, but humans have known since the time of the Roman Empire that we're more readily truthful while under the influence.</p>
<p>Although many of the first drugs that the CIA, police, and Nazi interrogators used throughout the '20s, '30s, and '40s are still around today, they have other uses such as ingredients in medicines that prevent motion sickness and for lethal injection.</p>
<h3>Scopolamine:</h3>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/543800f5eab8eafc7ee5d672-1200-800/4625671645_95d25b0735_o.jpg" border="0" alt="scopolamine flower"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jlascar/4625671645/in/photolist-83KM2p-5CH7Ve-6tucJf-5CMqDG-5CH86p-5CMrKA-5CMqTS-5CH8MV-9X5NWP-8eiD6q-7w36v4-dizo1">Jorge Láscar</a></span></p><p class="caption">Flower from which Scopolamine is extracted.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div>Scopolamine was first promoted by <a href="http://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal">Dr. Robert House</a> as a truth serum in the early 20th century, and was the first drug to adopt the name "truth serum." Throughout the 1920s and '30s police department in the US would use it on suspects and in some cases judges permitted the statements the subjects gave up while under the influence. Scopolamine was the truth serum drug of choice for many back in the day because it also wiped a subject's memory clean so they knew nothing about what they said after waking up.</p>
<p>The drug comes from the seeds of a tree, which locals call the "<a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm">get-you-drunk</a>" tree. While some Nazis used it in interrogation, today it's in many medicines to help prevent motion sickness and tremors of Parkinson's disease. It's also used as a <a href="http://www.damninteresting.com/the-truth-about-truth-serum/">date-rape drug</a>.</p>
<p>Scopolamine can be ingested orally through a pill or in one bizarre case as a rub. <a href="http://www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm">Reports</a> recount three young women in the Colombian capital, Bogota, who smeared the drug on their breasts luring men to lick it off. Once the men were incapacitated, the women would drain their bank accounts.</p>
<h3>Pentothal or sodium thiopental:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/542ebb876da81100108b456a-1200-706/pentothal_vintage_package_-_truth_serum.jpg" border="0" alt="Pentothal_vintage_package_ _truth_serum"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sodium_thiopental#mediaviewer/File:Pentothal_vintage_package_-_truth_serum.jpg">JohnnyMrNinja</a></span></p></img></div><p></p></div></div></h3>
<p>Sodium pentothal is a type of barbiturate, which is a series of drugs that are central nervous system depressants, colloquially known as "downers". Downers slow your body's process to transmit information to your brain and are common prescription medicines for pain relief, sedation, muscle relaxation, and lowering blood pressure.</p>
<p>An overdose of barbiturates can be lethal and has led to a number of celebrity deaths including Marylin Monroe, Judy Garland, and Jimi Hendrix. The drug was also one of the first used in lethal injections in the US and is most often administered intravenously.</p>
<p>Until 2011, it was sometimes used as an anesthetic because patients usually pass out within 30-45 seconds after taking the drug. But the US stopped using the drug completely a few years ago.</p>
<p>This is because on January 21, 2011 the Italian company that produced the drug announced they were ceasing production. The company was worried that Italian authorities would use it in executions and as a result the US lost their only viable supplier.</p>
<p>There are still accounts of this drug's use as a truth serum. In 2007, police in New Delhi, India administered sodium pentothal to wealthy businessman, Moninder Singh Pandher, and his servant, Surender Koli who were suspects in the infamous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida_serial_murders">Noida serial murders</a>. While under the influence, they confessed to <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/truth-serum-used-on-serial-child-killers/2007/01/12/1168105166282.html">luring children to their home</a>, raping, and then killing them. The servant, Koli, was given the death sentence and is in jail. Pandher was ultimately acquitted.</p>
<h3>Sodium Amytal or Amobarbital:</h3>
<p>Sodium Amytal is also a type of barbiturate, or downer. It was widely used <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/bulge-transcript/">during World War II</a> as an anti-anxiety drug for soldiers with the psychological disturbance called shell shock. But like all truth serum drugs, sodium amytal is a powerful sedative, and that side effect combined with the dis-coordination and cognitive impairment it induces is why soldiers no longer use it.</p>
<p>Moreover, don't get too familiar with sodium amytal, or you might get addicted. This drug is sometimes used to treat insomnia and is often administered intravenously, although it can come in powder form for oral ingestion. Take too much of this drug and it can be lethal. The maximum dose for an adult is one gram.</p>
<p>This drug is no longer used as a truth serum because subjects sometimes develop <a href="http://sw.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/423">false memories</a> after the fact.</p>
<h3>Ethyl Alcohol:</h3>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/53ee49296da811c746ec6f80-1200-858/148236340.jpg" border="0" alt="whiskey" style="color: #000000; font-size: 15px;"><p class="source"><span>Getty Images/Buda Mendes</span></p></img></div><p></p></div></div>That's right. Booze! The Italian phrase In vino veritas, which is Latin for "In wine there is truth", is attributed to a Roman philosopher known as Pliny the Elder. So, humans have known for roughly 2 thousand years about alcohol's ability to loosen the tongue.</p>
<p>If you've ever had one too many, then you could easily recognize the feeling you would experience with other truth serum drugs. Whether you're drinking it down or taking it intravenously in pure, ethanol form, this drug will make you more prone to spilling your secrets, but as you probably know, does not make you incapable of a little white lie every now and again.</p>
<h2>So do any of them actually work?</h2>
<p>According to <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891.html">Washington Post reporter David Brown</a>:</p>
<p>"In the 21st century, however, the answer appears to be: No. There is no pharmaceutical compound today whose proven effect is the consistent or predictable enhancement of truth-telling," Brown wrote in 2006.</p>
<p>Despite the fact that truth serum's magical capabilities seem to be mostly fictional, US courts have in special cases admitted the use of truth-serum drugs. One example was with accused 2012 Aurora, Colorado theatre shooter, <a href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/06/is-there-really-truth-serum-drugs/">James Holmes</a> - a judge allowed the use of sodium pentothal on Holmes to determine if his claims of insanity were real, not if he was guilty. In fact, confessions of guilt admitted under the influence of truth serum drugs were ruled in admissible in US courts in 1963.</p>
<p>Just because no truth-inducing drug exists today, doesn't mean there could be one in the future, according to Mark Wheelis, a professor and expert on the history of biological warfare and biological weapons control at the University of California Davis.</p>
<p>"There is a large number of neural circuits that we are on the verge of being able to manipulate - things that govern states like fear, anxiety, terror and depression," <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/19/AR2006111900891_3.html">Davis told</a> Washington Post reporter Brown. "We don't have recipes yet to control them, but the potential is clearly foreseeable. It would absolutely astonish me if we didn't identify a range of pharmaceuticals that would be of great utility to interrogators."</p>
<h2>A self-experiment, with journalist Michael Mosley</h2>
<p>The best way to find out if truth serum works is to experience it for yourself, which is exactly what <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/assets/js/vendor/tinymce/plugins/advlink/link.htm?1412888384">TV journalist Michael Mosley did</a>.</p>
<p>To investigate sodium thiopental, one of the more popular truth serum drugs, Mosley took two different doses of the drug. After administering the first dose, a doctor asked Mosley what he did for a living and through fits of giggles Mosley managed to lie and say that he was a world-famous heart surgeon.</p>
<p>In less than a minute after the drug was administered, Mosley went into a fit of giggles from the light-headed, tipsy feeling he experienced from the drug. He said that the feeling was akin to drinking a glass of champagne.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/542ebf456bb3f7bf115c0cba/michael mosley truth serum.gif" border="0" alt="michael mosley truth serum"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xAu2gHjY4c">BBC Video</a></span></p></img></div><p></p></div></div>After the second, larger dose of sodium thiopental, Mosley experienced something he was not expecting. When the doctor asked him what he did for a living he immediately responded:</p>
<p>"I'm a television producer. Well, executive producer, well, presenter, some, mix of the three of them."</p>
<p id="story_continues_4">Mosley explained later that when asked the question, it didn't even occur to him to lie, so he didn't.</p>
<h2>Is this evidence that truth serum works?</h2>
<h2>Not exactly.</h2>
<p>One of the biggest problems with using truth serum for interrogation, is the warm, friendly feeling it gives the subject toward their interrogator. Combined with a state of severe disorientation, this can lead a subject to tell their interrogator what they think the interrogator wants to hear, which could be true or not.</p>
<p>This is partly why any statement made under the influence of a truth serum drug is inadmissible in US courts and has been for more than 50 years. In 1963 the US Supreme court ruled that confession statements made under the influence of truth serum drugs was "<a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/372/293">unconstitutionally coerced</a>" threatening citizens' rights under the fifth amendment and was therefore inadmissible.</p>
<p>One of the more recent drugs examined for its truth-telling affects is oxytocin, known to women in labor as Pitocin. In 2005, two researchers at the University of Zurich examined the trust-promoting affects of the drug by studying 130 college students, some of whom were given a snort of oxytocin while the others received a placebo.</p>
<p>The students were then presented a scenario in which they could transfer money to an investor. Transferring the money tripled its value and so the more the students transferred the more the investor received. The students could then trust the investor to return the favor and give some of the money back to the students, which would lead to a larger sum of money at the end of the day than if the student chose not to transfer the money.</p>
<p>Students who received oxytocin transferred more money, on average. More importantly, twice as many students on oxytocin - 45% - transferred all of the money, <strong>showing maximal trust</strong>, than students who took the placebo. The researchers' results support the theory that truth serum enhances a subject's feeling of trust toward others, which could be problematic when it comes to telling the truth versus saying what others want to hear.</p>
<p>Moreover, truth serums are mostly "useless" <a href="http://io9.com/5902559/what-truths-does-truth-serum-actually-reveal">writes Esther Inglis-Arkell </a>in i09, "not because no one could get information, but because everyone could get too much." And sifting through the statements trying to pull out the ones that are true versus complacent is, frankly, impossible.</p>
<p>So, when it comes to drugs that alter your state of mind, disorient you, and loosen your tongue, believe what you will about their abilities to enhance truth telling. The evidence shows that statements revealed under the influence have a chance of being more complacent or outright false than true. What you should be asking yourself is: Can you gamble with the truth?</p>

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