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New York, Oct 27 (IANS) <keyword id="6436894" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="venus" source="Orion">Venus</keyword>, known as a scorching wasteland of a planet, may have once had tectonic plate movements similar to those believed to have occurred on early Earth, found a study indicating the possibility of hosting life. Using atmospheric data from Venus and computer modelling, a team of scientists from Brown University showed that Venus must have had plate tectonics sometime after the planet formed, about 4.5 billion to 3.5 billion years ago. This can account for the abundance of nitrogen and carbon dioxide present in Venus' atmosphere, they said, in the paper published in the journal <keyword id="3951856" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="nature-astronomy" source="Orion">Nature Astronomy</keyword>. The composition of the planet's current atmosphere and surface pressure would only have been possible as a result of an early form of plate tectonics -- a process critical to life that involves multiple continental plates pushing, pulling and sliding beneath one another. On Earth, this process intensified over billions of years, forming new continents and mountains, and leading to chemical reactions that stabilised the planet's surface temperature, resulting in an environment more conducive to the development of life. Venus, on the other hand, Earth's nearest neighbour and sister planet, went in the opposite direction and today has surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead. One explanation is that the planet has always been thought to have what's known as a "stagnant lid," meaning its surface has only a single plate with minimal amounts of give, movement and gases being released into the atmosphere. The team posts that this wasn't always the case. The paper suggests that this early tectonic movement, like on Earth, would have been limited in terms of the number of plates moving and in how much they shifted. It also would have been happening on Earth and Venus simultaneously. "One of the big picture takeaways is that we very likely had two planets at the same time in the same solar system operating in a plate tectonic regime -- the same mode of tectonics that allowed for the life that we see on Earth today," said lead author <keyword id="12410616" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="matt-weller" source="Orion">Matt Weller</keyword>, who led the study while a postdoctoral researcher at Brown and is now at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. This bolsters the possibility of microbial life on ancient Venus and shows that at one point the two planets -- which are in the same solar neighbourhood, are about the same size, and have the same mass, density and volume -- were more alike than previously thought before diverging. The study also highlights the possibility that plate tectonics on planets might just come down to timing -- and therefore, so may life itself. "We've so far thought about tectonic state in terms of a binary: it's either true or it's false, and it's either true or false for the duration of the planet," said study co-author Alexander Evans, an assistant professor of Earth, environmental and planetary sciences at Brown. "This shows that planets may transition in and out of different tectonic states and that this may actually be fairly common. Earth may be the outlier. This also means we might have planets that transition in and out of habitability rather than just being continuously habitable." That concept will be important to consider as scientists look to understand nearby moons -- like Jupiter's Europa, which has shown proof of having Earth-like plate tectonics -- and distant exoplanets, the paper said.

Venus has Earth-like plate tectonics, indicating possibility of hosting life once

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The supply of available bitcoin to trade on crypto exchanges is at its lowest level in five years.</li><li>That could set up a supply shock with potential approval of a spot bitcoin ETF looming, an analyst said.</li></ul>The world's largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization might run into a shortage of liquid supply, especially with potential approval of a spot bitcoin ETF poised to boost demand.The amount of available bitcoin tokens to buy and sell on crypto exchanges has dropped to 2.3 million, the lowest since April 2018, according to <a href="https://studio.glassnode.com/metrics?a=BTC&amp;m=distribution.BalanceExchanges" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Glassnode data</a>. That's down from 2.6 million a year ago."To me, that's suggestive of a potential supply shock," Matt Weller, global head of research at Forex.com, told <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2023/10/26/bitcoin-primed-for-supply-shock-as-exchange-balance-drops-to-5-year-low-analyst-says/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CoinDesk TV on Thursday</a>. "Essentially, there's not too much bitcoin actively liquid in the market that's available for trade."<div type="image" title="Bitcoin balance on exchanges and price of bitcoin" height="814" width="1444" msid="104762617" hostid="261"></div>The supply crunch could set up bitcoin for another price spike. Earlier this week, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/bitcoin-rockets-35000-since-2022-spot-etf-approval-optimism-sec-2023-10">bitcoin hit $35,000</a>, the highest since May 2022, on hopes that a spot bitcoin ETF would get regulatory approval soon.Such an ETF would boost demand for bitcoin, further squeezing the limited supply."With lower supply in the market, it only takes a small bump in demand — like what we've seen with speculation around the ETF — to really drive price higher at a rapid rate," Weller said.Contributing to the constrained supply is that millions of bitcoin are being held by original "die hard" crypto investors. Weller estimated that about 3 million bitcoin tokens <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/bitcoin-cryptocurrency-illiquid-price-tokens-markets-record-demand-rally-btc-2023-6">haven't been traded in 10 years</a>.But if the price of bitcoin soars, that could relieve supply by nudging some investors to sell.Unlike a regular currency, the supply of bitcoin was designed to be finite, capped at 21 million tokens. There are currently 19.5 million tokens in circulation.

Bitcoin may see a 'supply shock' as available tokens hit their lowest level since 2018 with a potential ETF likely to jolt demand, analyst says

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="8320391" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="short-interest">Short interest</keyword> in the <keyword id="123873" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="SP-500">S&amp;P 500</keyword> sank to 2.28% at the end of February.</li><li>Short-sellers may have been rattled by <keyword id="1141292" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="retail-traders">retail traders</keyword> targeting high short-interest names.</li><li>The Dow and S&amp;P 500 both hit record highs this week after the COVID-19 relief bill passed.</li></ul>Short bets on the stock market may be bottoming out as indexes hit record highs, according to data from <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/short-interest-in-us-stock-markets-may-have-reached-bottom-63203669?utm_source=newsletter&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=newsletter_axiosmarkets&amp;stream=businesseam=business">S&amp;P Global Market Intelligence</a>.Both the Dow and the S&amp;P 500 charged to record highs this week after Congress and the Biden administration were able to pass the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stimulus-biden-signs-trillion-covid-relief-package-checks-direct-payments-2021-3">$1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief bill</a>.Short interest in the S&amp;P 500 fell to 2.28% at the end of February, down 112 basis points from the end of 2020 when it averaged 3.4%.Short-sellers may have been rattled by retail traders targeting high short interest stocks in an attempt to force a short squeeze.SkyBridge Co-Chief Investment Officer Troy Gayeski said the recent retail trader phenomenon has institutional investors <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/gamestops-resurgence-amid-a-new-reddit-trader-push-has-institutional-investors-triple-checking-short-exposure-skybridge-co-cio-says/articleshow/81218073.cms">doing a 'triple check'</a> on short exposure.Perhaps as a result, <keyword id="363661" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="GameStop">GameStop</keyword> and other so-called meme stocks have seen their short interest ratios plummet in the past few weeks.The number of GameStop shares sold short fell to just 15.77% of its float as of March 17, according to <a href="https://twitter.com/ihors3/status/1371879632778240002">data from Ihor Dusaniwsky of S3 Partners.</a> The video game retailer famously held a short interest of over 100% back in January.Matt Weller, the global head of market research at GAIN Capital, told S&amp;P Global that he doesn't expect short interest to rise back to "pre-GameStop levels.""After more than a decade of bleeding value, capped off by a series of spectacular short squeezes earlier this year, shorts are likely to err on the conservative side until they see the strategy start working again," Weller added.

Short bets on the stock market may be bottoming out as indexes hit record highs

<ul class="summary-list"><li>US stock futures and the dollar edged up ahead of key March payrolls report.</li><li>Trading was thinned out due to public holidays in most major <keyword id="31671" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="markets">markets</keyword>.</li><li>Economists expect <keyword id="703463" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Non-farm-payrolls">non-farm payrolls</keyword> to have risen by the most in six months in March.</li></ul>US stock futures and the dollar rose on Friday, ahead of a key report on unemployment that will shed further light on the resilience of the economic recovery, although trading volumes were light on account of the swathe of public holidays around the world. Futures on the <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/futures/s&amp;p-500-futuresures">S&amp;P 500</a>, the <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/futures/dow-futures">Dow Jones</a> and the <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/futures/nasdaq-100-futures">Nasdaq 100</a> rose between 0.1 and 0.4%, suggesting the benchmark indices could see more record highs when they reopen on Monday. On Thursday, the <keyword id="123873" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="SP-500">S&amp;P 500</keyword> scorched past <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/currencies/news/stock-market-news-gain-biden-infrastructure-spending-tech-2021-4-1030269440">4,000 points</a> for the first time after data showed a sharp rebound in manufacturing activity in March and following President Joe Biden's unveiling of an infrastructure spending plan worth $2 trillion. The Bureau of Labor Statistics will publish its nonfarm payrolls report for March on Friday at 8:30 a.m. ET, providing the most detailed look at how hiring fared throughout last month. The backdrop is promising. March had warmer weather, and a faster rate of vaccinations led some states to partially reopen for the first time since the winter's dire surge in cases. Coronavirus case counts started to swing higher at the end of the month but largely stayed at lower levels.Democrats' $1.9 trillion stimulus plan was also approved early last month and unleashed a wave of consumer demand and aid for small businesses. Sentiment gauges surged to one-year highs, and Americans strapped in for a return to pre-pandemic norms.Consensus estimates suggest March had the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/march-jobs-nonfarm-payrolls-report-preview-labor-market-unemployment-rate-2021-4">strongest payroll gains in six months</a>. Economists surveyed by Bloomberg said they expected nonfarm payrolls to climb by 660,000, which would be nearly double the 379,000 gain seen in February. The unemployment rate is forecast to dip to 6% from 6.2%."We believe a vaccine- and reopening-related rebound in labor force participation is likely to start this month, and this could limit the magnitude of the decline in the jobless rate," Goldman Sachs led by Jay Hatzuis said in a note. US <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/rates/u-s--rates-10-years">10-year Treasury yields</a> held steady around 1.67%, having hit 1.776% last week, their highest in almost 15 months. Bond yields have risen steadily this year, as prices have fallen, in line with a growing conviction among investors that economic recovery is picking up, which will reignite inflation. The combination of accelerating growth and inflation makes it less attractive to own <keyword id="6370709" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Government-bonds">government bonds</keyword>. The dollar meanwhile traded fairly steadily against a basket of major currencies. The <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/us-dollar-index">dollar index</a> was last down 0.1% on the day, but still holding close to its highest in five months. "Friday's highly-anticipated non-farm payrolls report comes out at a bit of an awkward time; for the first time in six years, the April jobs report falls on the Good Friday holiday, meaning that many major markets will be closed," CityIndex strategist Matt Weller said in a note on Thursday."As a result, readers who are at their desks trading the FX or bond markets may see less liquidity than usual and the post-release move may peter out sooner than usual as traders who are watching the markets look to duck out early to enjoy a long holiday weekend," Weller said.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/currencies/btc-usd">Bitcoin</a> nudged at $60,000 for the first time in two weeks, as risk appetite pushed investors into more volatile assets. It was last up 1.2% around $59,540, having gained over 8% in the last week.

US futures and the dollar rise ahead of what traders expect to be a bumper employment report

Hi, I'm Matt Turner, the editor in chief of business at Insider. Welcome back to <keyword id="11921772" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="insider-weekly" source="Orion">Insider Weekly</keyword>, a roundup of some of our top stories. <h3>On the agenda today:</h3><ul><li>Employees across industries share <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/salary-journeys">how much they've made over their careers</a>.</li><li>Moscow insiders describe panic and shame <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-traders-bankers-cope-cut-off-from-global-economy-2022-3">as Russia's economy freezes over</a>.</li><li>If a second civil war broke out in the US, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/3-states-where-second-american-civil-war-could-start-2022-3">where would it start?</a></li><li>Developer burnout is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-source-developers-burnout-low-pay-internet-2022-3">putting the entire internet at risk</a>.</li></ul>Let me know what you think of all our stories at <a href="mailto:mturner@insider.com">mturner@insider.com</a>.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/subscription">Subscribe to Insider</a> for access to all our investigations and features. New to the newsletter? <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/subscription/newsletter/insider-weekly">Sign up here</a>. Download our app for news on the go — <a href="https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id554260576?mt=8">click here for iOS</a> and <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.freerange360.mpp.businessinsider">here for Android</a>. <h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/telecoms-sales-salary-journey-great-resignation-2022-3">People share what they've earned over the years</a></h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/telecoms-sales-salary-journey-great-resignation-2022-3"></a>How much are you paid today, and what did it take to get there?In January, Insider launched a series titled "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/insider-salary-journey-series-request-submissions-2022-1">Salary Journeys</a>," each featuring a different person's compensation history, to answer those questions. The goal is to demystify the job market and create fairer, more informed conversations around pay.Since then, we've published the journeys of a 32-year-old software engineer who is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/software-engineer-salary-journey-big-tech-company-2022-3">making $183,000 at a Big Tech company</a> — but still knows they're underpaid; a 24-year-old <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/social-media-editor-show-host-salary-journey-2022-3">editor and show host earning $70,000</a> and working up the courage to ask for more; and a 46-year-old <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/salary-journey-head-of-security-intelligence-pharma-2022-2">pharma exec raking in over $200,000</a> a year who had no idea their industry would be this lucrative; and many more. You can <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/salary-journeys">find them all here</a>.These journeys have ups and downs, moments of self-doubt and empowerment. They also show how net worth and self-worth are inextricably linked for many.Chris Weller, a senior editor on our Future of Work vertical, describes how it all came together.What's the goal with this series?Chris: The goal is really to empower people to negotiate a fair wage, whatever industry they're in. By having a fuller picture of a person's salary history across different jobs, versus just the snapshot of a single number, hopefully readers can see their own trajectory in other people's stories.What was your main takeaway from working on this project?Chris: We've published almost 10 so far, and it's pretty clear how much money means to people besides just the monetary value. It's really hard to separate self-worth from net worth, especially if you're underpaid or feel underpaid relative to your peers.It's also been interesting to note that more money doesn't necessarily equal more happiness, even at higher salary bands. One of the respondents makes $16.50 an hour and says she's never been happier. It's all relative.Have there been any particularly memorable stories so far?Chris: I was struck by the sales rep who went from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/telecoms-sales-salary-journey-great-resignation-2022-3">$16 an hour to $7,000 a month</a> as a manager in a six-month period. He told us how hard he worked, how clearly he communicated his goals to his supervisor, and how he used the "Great Resignation" to his advantage by being open to relocating.He set a goal to achieve that raise and promotion within a year but got both in half the time. That was pretty cool.Read some of the stories here:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/telecoms-sales-salary-journey-great-resignation-2022-3">I'm a 26-year-old sales rep who went from $16 an hour to $7,000 a month. Here's how I took advantage of everyone quitting to negotiate a promotion.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/salary-journey-hourly-administrative-assistant-2022-2">I'm a 37-year-old administrative assistant making $16.50 an hour, and I've never been happier. Here's my salary journey over 4 jobs.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/software-engineer-salary-journey-big-tech-company-2022-3">I'm a 32-year-old software engineer at a Big Tech company making $183,000. I know I've been incredibly lucky, but I'm still underpaid.</a></li></ul>Also check out:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/salary-database-google-goldman-amazon-how-much-top-jobs-pay-2021-7">How much should you be paid in 2022? Compare 250,000 salaries from top companies with Insider's Salary Database.</a></li></ul><h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-traders-bankers-cope-cut-off-from-global-economy-2022-3">Inside Russia's frozen economy</a></h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-traders-bankers-cope-cut-off-from-global-economy-2022-3"></a><div type="image" title="A globe with Russia at the top shrouded in darkness" height="900" width="1200" msid="90476869" hostid="261"></div>Amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Western sanctions and a collapsing ruble have financially frozen Russian citizens, some of whom are trying to flee.We spoke with Russian financiers who described inability to access savings, soaring interest rates, a run on local banks, and stockpiling food and essentials in anticipation of shortages.Read the full story here: <ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-traders-bankers-cope-cut-off-from-global-economy-2022-3">Moscow insiders describe panic, frustration, and shame as Russia gets cut off from the global economy</a></li></ul>Also read:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-investors-russia-putin-ukraine-war-stock-market-crash-2022-3">A 'bone-crushing recession': Wall Street's top investors warn that the war in Ukraine will provoke widespread economic chaos</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/big-law-lawyers-in-moscow-feel-attacked-from-two-sides-2022-3">US law firms are pulling out of Moscow, and their Russian lawyers are feeling 'attacked from two sides'</a></li></ul><h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/3-states-where-second-american-civil-war-could-start-2022-3">Where the next civil war may start</a></h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/3-states-where-second-american-civil-war-could-start-2022-3"></a><div type="image" title="statue of liberty shooting a revolver against a black background with the outlines of Michigan, Oregan and upstate New York" height="1800" width="2400" msid="90476871" hostid="261"></div>A year after the January 6, 2021, Capitol riot, the potential for another violent political uprising in America is all too real. While it is impossible to say whether war will break out, it is possible to pinpoint where one could begin.Insider's Adam Wren spoke with nearly a dozen experts on civil war, domestic terrorism, and secession movements, and a few parts of the country came up repeatedly: Michigan, eastern Oregon, and upstate New York.Read the full story here:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/3-states-where-second-american-civil-war-could-start-2022-3">If a new civil war breaks out in America, here are the 3 places it's most likely to start</a></li></ul><h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-source-developers-burnout-low-pay-internet-2022-3">Open-source developers are burning out</a></h3><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-source-developers-burnout-low-pay-internet-2022-3"></a><div type="image" title="illustration of hands holding up a wobbly stack of tech logos: amazon, google, facebook, and microsoft against a black background with open source code" height="1200" width="1600" msid="90476874" hostid="261"></div>The internet and many of the world's largest companies — including Microsoft, Amazon, and Netflix — rely on open-source software, which is built by developers who make little to no money.A storm of recent security incidents exposed the fragility of the ecosystem, while open-source developers have burned out, stepped away, and even sabotaged their projects in protest.Read the full story here:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-source-developers-burnout-low-pay-internet-2022-3">Open-source developers are burning out — and it's putting the entire internet at risk</a></li></ul>Also read:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/open-source-developers-compensation-burnout-low-pay-tech-companies-support-2022-3">Open-source-developer burnout is putting our entire digital ecosystem at risk. Now some say it's on Big Tech to step up and support them.</a></li></ul><h3>More of this week's top reads:</h3><ul><li>'We have your daughter': The terrified father paid the ransom. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virtual-kidnappers-scamming-terrified-parents-out-of-millions-fbi-2022-3">Then he found his kid where he least expected her</a>.</li><li>Actually, forcing people to go back to the office <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/forcing-people-back-to-office-in-person-work-save-cities-2022-3">isn't the way to save big cities</a>.</li><li>This ex-Wall Streeter built a portfolio of 'boring' small businesses that generated $4 million in revenue last year. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/income-streams-businesses-mergers-acquisitions-contrarian-investing-codie-sanchez-2022-3">Here's how</a>.</li><li>DoorDash's response to surging gas prices has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/doordash-response-high-gas-prices-upsets-drivers-uber-lyft-instacart-2022-3">some delivery drivers frustrated</a>.</li><li>Vaccine makers are not built for speed — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/no-covid-vaccines-variants-drug-companies-big-pharma-2022-3">and that should terrify us</a>.</li><li>BuzzFeed announced <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/buzzfeed-layoffs-and-commerce-struggles-2022-3">layoffs and voluntary buyouts</a>. In leaked audio, execs faced questions <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/leaked-audio-buzzfeed-staffers-react-to-news-cuts-internal-meeting-2022-3">from furious newsroom staffers</a>.</li><li>Four Gen Zers who bought their first homes before turning 25 explain <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-buy-a-house-in-your-20s-gen-z-2022-3">how they pulled it off</a>.</li></ul>Curated by Matt Turner. Edited by Jordan Parker Erb and Lisa Ryan. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/subscription/newsletter">Sign up for more Insider newsletters here.</a>

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Venus has Earth-like plate tectonics, indicating possibility of hosting life once

IANS

Bitcoin may see a 'supply shock' as available tokens hit their lowest level since 2018 with a potential ETF likely to jolt demand, analyst says

Aruni Soni

Short bets on the stock market may be bottoming out as indexes hit record highs

Will Daniel

US futures and the dollar rise ahead of what traders expect to be a bumper employment report

Amanda Cooper

Readers share their salaries and what money means to them

Matt Turner,Jordan Parker Erb

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