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As people increasingly feel the heat of global warming, the issue of water conversation is surfacing across all nations. However, <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword> has been doing this for centuries. Water has been conserved in India since ancient times. Our illustrious ancestors used India's "<keyword id="14589448" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="khandani-khazana" source="Orion">Khandani Khazana</keyword>" (family treasure) or stepwells to store "liquid assets" or water. They are most common in western India and are also found in the other arid regions of the Indian subcontinent. Step-wells' construction is mainly utilitarian, though they may include embellishments of architectural significance and be temple tanks. Stepwells are examples of the many storages and irrigation tanks developed in India, mainly to cope with seasonal fluctuations in water availability. These were built to make reaching, maintaining and managing groundwater levels easier for people. The stepwell can be considered to originate from the need to ensure water during drought and in the deep relationship of faith in the water Gods as conspicuous even in the Vedas of around 1,000 BC. Stepwells were used not only for water conservation and access but also as sites for religious ceremonies and rituals. Some were used as monuments and were highly decorated with elaborately carved images. According to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, by 2030, it is targeted to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. Thus, replicating India's ancient model, many nations can build stepwell in areas where there is water scarcity, which will save hundreds of lives. In India, stepwells are mainly found in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and <keyword id="37102" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="andhra-pradesh" source="Orion">Andhra Pradesh</keyword>. These step wells generally depend on the recharge from nearby surface water sources, like village ponds, streams, canals and, in some cases, nearby rivers. The location of these ancient wells is unique in that even during dry periods of the year, most of these wells have water in them, highlighting the ancient wisdom of craftsmen in those days. Most of these wells are part of phreatic aquifers of various formations such as alluvial, basaltic and phyllite. In view of their structural uniqueness as well as their role in water conservation, the Government of Gujarat decided under mission mode, from 2007-08 to 2011-12, to revive, clean up and rejuvenate these stepwells, which are named "Jal-Mandir" - Water Temple - as these are part of our national heritage. Nearly 1200 Jal- Mandirs were identified all over the State. Considering the importance of these heritage structures, the Government of Gujarat renovated several stepwells under <keyword id="264978" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="jal-mandir" source="Orion">Jal Mandir</keyword> Yojana. The aim of the scheme is to see that these heritage structures are protected, made useful to the community, and appropriately maintained. Prime Minister <keyword id="6354477" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="narendra-modi" source="Orion">Narendra Modi</keyword> also referred to the Jal Mandir campaign during his interaction with Gram Panchayats and Pani Samitis on Jal Jeevan Mission in October 2021. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) took up the works per National Conservation Policy 2014 to renovate and restore all the ASI monuments, including natural and man-made step wells, ports, ponds, tanks and lakes. The <keyword id="6377129" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="government-of-india" source="Orion">Government of India</keyword> is also contemplating a specific National policy protecting natural and artificial step wells, ports, ponds, tanks or lakes. The Ministry of Jal Shakti under the Government of India has taken up a nationwide campaign, "Jal Shakti Abhiyan - Catch the Rain", with the theme "Catch the rain, where it falls, when it falls", for creating appropriate rainwater harvesting structures in urban and rural areas of all the districts in the country, with people's active participation, during the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods. The campaign, primarily focusing on saving and conserving rainwater, was launched by the Prime Minister on 22 March 2021, World Water Day. Revival of traditional rainwater harvesting structures like stepwells has been envisaged as a critical part of this initiative. The concept of Jal-Mandirs may be handy in those areas where the groundwater table is high and no assured supply schemes are available, namely tube wells or municipal supplies. Replication of this concept in such areas appears advantageous. In the absence of electricity in those times, the stepwells were a reliable source of groundwater for the population, travellers and princely armies on the move. The concept is innovative, especially from the view of the sustainability of the village water supply system by inculcating a sense of responsibility among people and motivating them to maintain the system by attaching social and religious facets to it, which is vital for water conservation.

Centuries-old Indian stepwells may serve as a solution to water conservation during the scorching heat

<ul><li>The incumbent <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> government in India led by the <keyword id="58687" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bharatiya-Janata-Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</keyword> (BJP) has released election <keyword id="42763" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Manifesto">manifesto</keyword> 3 days before the first polling date. </li><li>As expected, the 2019 manifesto builds on a lot of pledges the government made in its interim budget announcement and on the campaign trail, especially with regards to rural distress, job creation and national security. </li><li>The manifesto - the first ever under Prime Minister Narendra Modi - comes a week after rival party Congress released its own, giving the BJP the chance to counter the opposition party’s promises, specifically NYAY, its minimum income support scheme. </li></ul>The incumbent Narendra Modi government, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), has released its election manifesto 3 days before the first polling date. Speaking at the launch of the manifesto, Modi said that the government had made 75 proposals in line with India’s 75-year independence celebration in 2022, all of which would be implemented in a “time-bound” manner. As expected, the 2019 manifesto builds on a lot of pledges the government made in its interim budget announcement and on the campaign trail, especially with regards to rural distress, job creation and national security. The Prime Minister <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-promises-farmers-income-doubling-by-2022/article24212508.ece">had already promised </a>to double all farmers incomes by 2022. Under the government’s already-announced PM Kisan Yojana, cash will be transferred to beneficiaries, which hold 2 hectares of land or less, in three installments of ₹2000 each every year, culminating in a total payment of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/as-expected-the-modi-administration-just-launched-a-direct-benefit-transfer-scheme-for-the-nations-farmers/articleshow/67786710.cms">₹6,000 per year</a>. Under pressure after rival Congress’ income support scheme, the BJP has extended this benefit to all farmers, as opposed to only smallholding farmers, which will significantly increase the outlay of the scheme. In addition to the farmer handouts, the BJP outlined a pension scheme for informal sector workers in its interim budget. The scheme proposes a monthly pension of ₹3,000 above the age of 60. It is also offering tax breaks for workers in the formal sector that earn less than ₹500,000 a year. In another play towards farmers, the manifesto promised interest-rate free credit cards loans less than ₹100,000 to all farmers. The BJP also plans to mobilise ₹100 trillion of investments into infrastructure within the next five years and improve road connectivity between cities by doubling the amount of national highways It also wants to ensure that every Indian doesn’t live more than 5 kms away from a banking outlets and push India to a top 20 position in the World Bank and IMF’s Ease of Doing Business index from current level <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184513">of 77</a>. The policy document also reiterated the BJP’s commitment to implementing a uniform civil code across all Indian states and revoking <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/what-is-article-35a/article19567213.ece">Article 35A</a> of the Constitution, which it explains went against the interests of non-permanent residents of Jammu &amp; Kashmir as t conferred special rights on residents especially in the acquisition of property and eligibility for public sector jobs. This manifesto lays down the foundation of a continuing government, finance minister <keyword id="42575" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Arun-Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</keyword> said. The manifesto announcement by party president <keyword id="6355521" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="amit-shah">Amit Shah</keyword> started with a rundown of the Modi administration’s purported achievements over the past five years - a crackdown on corruption and black money, strikes against terrorists, a reining in of prices, the construction of 80 million toilets etc in line with <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/what-promises-did-the-bjp-make-in-its-2014-manifesto/story/334812.html">its 2014 manifesto</a>. The manifesto had 75 pledges to celebrate 75 years of India’s independence in 2022. These included the doubling of farmers incomes, the continued strengthening of the armed forces and border security patrols, the passage of the contentious Citizenship Amendment Bill, the construction of the also-contentious Ram Mandir and the expansion of its Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme. The manifesto - the first ever under Prime Minister Narendra Modi - comes a week after rival party Congress released its own, giving the BJP the chance to counter the opposition party’s promises, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-can-congress-nyay-scheme-end-indias-poverty/articleshow/68577960.cms">specifically NYAY,</a> its minimum income support scheme. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/congress-manifesto-released-plans-for-separate-farmers-budget/articleshow/68684769.cms">India’s Congress party proposes a separate farmer’s budget and single rate GST in its election manifesto</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-heres-a-comparison-of-the-income-sops-offered-by-the-bjp-and-the-congress/articleshow/68576480.cms">Here’s a comparison of the election sops offered by the BJP and the Congress</a>

Narendra Modi's election manifesto packs larger doles and a rosy narrative

Full text of President Ram Nath Kovind's first address to the Parliament as the 17th Lok Sabha gets underway

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Centuries-old Indian stepwells may serve as a solution to water conservation during the scorching heat

IANS

Narendra Modi's election manifesto packs larger doles and a rosy narrative

Dilsher Dhillon

Full text of President Ram Nath Kovind's first address to the Parliament as the 17th Lok Sabha gets underway

BI India Bureau

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