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The proportion of smokers appear to be lower than-non-smokers among hospitalised COVID-19 <keyword id="6364395" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="patients">patients</keyword>, finds a review of 28 studies. The research by academics from <keyword id="174869" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="University-College-London">University College London</keyword> and <keyword id="202509" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Royal-Veterinary-College">Royal Veterinary College</keyword>, RVC, London, included 22 studies conducted in China, three in the US, one in South Korea, one in France and one across multiple international sites with data predominantly collected in the UK. The UK study showed that the proportion of smokers among COVID-19 patients was just five per cent, a third of the national rate of 14.4 per cent, Mail Online reported this week. The French study found that the rate of smokers was four times lower. In China, a study revealed that just 3.8 per cent of patients were smokers  compared to more than half of the population who regularly smoke cigarettes. But two studies in the review showed that when smokers test positive for the virus, the complications due the disease are likely to become so serious that they require ventilation support. "Across 28 observational studies, there is substantial uncertainty arising from the recording of smoking status on whether current and/or former smoking status is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalisation or mortality," concluded the "preprint" paper published on the study-sharing website Qeios. "There is low quality evidence that current and former smoking compared with never is associated with greater disease severity in those hospitalised for COVID-19," wrote the authors <keyword id="9145594" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="lion-shahab">Lion Shahab</keyword>, Jamie Brown and Olga Perski of UCL and <keyword id="4035874" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="david-simons">David Simons</keyword> of Royal Veterinary College. Among epidemiological risk factors, the role of smoking, till date, is not clear. The researchers said that the majority of the 28 studies reported current and/or former smoking status but had high levels of missing data and/or did not explicitly state whether the remaining participants were never smokers. But despite these uncertainties, compared with national prevalence estimates, recorded current and former smoking rates in the included studies were generally lower than expected, said the study. The researchers, however, cautioned that unrelated to COVID-19, smokers are at a greater risk of a range of serious health problems requiring them to be admitted to hospital. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="75462448" title="In a post-Covid world, more companies will engage freelancers, says Deloitte" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

There are very few smokers among those who had to be hospitalized for Covid-19

Associated PressJust 6.1% of British vapers in 2019 had never smoked, according to UK government research.<ul class="summary-list"><li>A University of Southern California study has found that vapers exhibit similar chemical modifications to people who smoke cigarettes - modifications commonly found in nearly all types of human cancer.</li><li>In an email sent to BI, the study's lead researcher, Ahmad Besaratinia, said the study "demonstrates, for the first time, biologically important molecular changes in blood cells of vapers, similarly to smokers."</li><li>Experts told BI that research into the physiological effects of vaping is often hindered by the fact that many vapers have a history of smoking.</li><li>Though the USC study seems to have avoided this hindrance, the fact many vapers are ex-smokers may make research into vaping's physiological impact challenging.</li><li>6.1% of British vapers in the period January 2019 to September 2019 had never smoked, according to UK government research, while a 2018 study found that 15% of US adult vapers had never smoked.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>A <a href="https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-02/ksom-vsc021020.php">University of Southern California study published in February</a> found vapers exhibit similar DNA changes to people who smoke cigarettes - modifications commonly found in nearly all types of cancer.The study examined the blood of a group of people, controlled for age, gender, and race, who were split equally into three categories. These were people who only vape; people who only smoke; and a control group of people who neither vape nor smoke.The study also said the specific chemical alterations found - known as "epigenetic changes" - can cause genes to malfunction, and are commonly found in nearly all types of human cancer.In an email sent to Business Insider, the study's lead researcher, Ahmad Besaratinia, said the research "demonstrates, for the first time, biologically important molecular changes in blood cells of vapers, similarly to smokers."If the study's findings are corroborated elsewhere, it could seriously damage a vaping industry already facing severe criticism and regulatory action.But experts told Business Insider that widespread corroboration of the study's findings may prove tricky for one simple reason. This is the fact many vapers are ex-smokers.The USC study doesn't appear to be hampered in this way. Berasantinia said most vapers in the study were never smokers, and the few who had a brief history of smoking had their last cigarette, on average, 3.5 years prior to participating in the study. But the experts said vaping research is often held back by many vapers' history of traditional smoking.As such, it's often hard to prove health issues found in vapers are actually caused by their vaping.<h2>'Almost always an uncertainty'</h2>Barnaby Page, an analyst at vaping-focused market research firm ECigIntelligence, said: "The majority of vapers are ex-smokers, smoking can induce changes in DNA methylation that last long after the person has quit smoking. This is a pretty common problem in research on vaping."Page's point was reiterated by Alan Boobis, an emeritus professor of toxicology at Imperial College London, who said it's "almost always an uncertainty in studies in vapers, that the effects were caused by their history of smoking.""There is good evidence to show that vapers tend to be more dependent - i.e., smoke more heavily, which is the reason why they have not stopped smoking without support," added Lion Shahab, an associate professor in health psychology at UCL.These claims seem borne out by the stats. Just <a href="https://ash.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Use-of-e-cigarettes-among-adults-2019.pdf">6.1% of British vapers in the period January 2019 to September 2019 had never smoked</a>, according to UK government research, while a 2018 study in the Annals of Internal Medicine academic journal <a href="https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2698112/prevalence-distribution-e-cigarette-use-among-u-s-adults-behavioral">found that just 15% of US adult vapers had never smoked</a>.Yet - where vaping was once viewed as a fairly benign alternative to smoking - this issue with much vaping research hasn't held back regulators from taking stringent anti-vaping measures.Major e-cigarette maker Juul and its vaping industry peers <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-finalizes-enforcement-policy-unauthorized-flavored-cartridge-based-e-cigarettes-appeal-children">must submit applications to the FDA by May 12</a> that make the case for their to stay on the market.It's a seminal moment for both the FDA and e-cigarette companies, especially Juul, <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/juul-raises-700-million-from-investors-11581018723">which values itself at $20 billion</a> but has an official valuation of more like $12 billion.In 2017, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/juul-e-cigarette-success-fda-investigation-2019-10?r=US&amp;IR=T">the FDA launched an undercover crackdown</a> on Juul sales to minors, which it said was the "largest coordinated enforcement effort" in agency history. As part of these efforts, it issued more than 1,300 warning letters and fines to retailers for illegally selling Juuls and other e-cigarette products to minors. <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/salomon-recycles-shoes-ski-boots-2020-2">How running shoes can be recycled into ski boots</a></h3>

People who vape show DNA changes similar to smokers and that are linked to cancer

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There are very few smokers among those who had to be hospitalized for Covid-19

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People who vape show DNA changes similar to smokers and that are linked to cancer

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