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In humans and other animals, sex is usually determined by a single gene. However, there are claims that in some species, such as platyfish, it takes a whole "parliament" of genes acting together to determine whether offspring develop as a male or female. In a new analysis, we took a close look at these claims. We found they describe abnormal situations, such as hybrids between two species with different sex-determining systems, or when one sex system is in the process of replacing another. We conclude that sex is normally determined by a single gene. Evolutionary theory suggests this is the most stable state of affairs, as it ensures a 1:1 ratio of male and female animals. The human 'master switch' for sex In mammals, females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have an X and a Y. The Y chromosome bears a gene called SRY, which acts as a "master switch": an XY embryo, carrying SRY, develops into a biological male, and an XX embryo, lacking SRY, develops into a biological female. This makes the inheritance of sex simple. Females make eggs, which carry a single X chromosome, while males make sperm, half carrying an X and half carrying a Y. Random fusion of eggs and sperm delivers half XX females and half XY males, for a 1:1 sex ratio. Sex in other vertebrates Among animals with backbones (vertebrates), there is a huge variety of systems that determine sex. However, they usually come down to the action of a single gene. Many fish, frogs and some turtles have systems like ours, in which a male-dominant gene on the Y chromosome directs testis development. Some vertebrates have the opposite - a female-dominant gene on the X chromosome. Other vertebrates use a dosage difference of a single gene. In birds, males have two copies of a Z chromosome with the sex-determining gene DMRT1. Females have a single Z and a W chromosome that lacks DMRT1. Sex depends on DMRT1 dosage: two copies in ZZ males, versus one in ZW females. Surprisingly, many different genes act as the master switch in different species. But they all act by triggering the same male or female differentiation pathway. These single-gene systems deliver equal numbers of males and females, which theory says is the optimal balance for a stable system. If the ratio favours one sex, individuals that produce more of the other sex will leave more descendants and their genes will spread until a 1:1 ratio is achieved. Some exceptional species Some aquarium fish have more complex systems. Genetic crosses in platyfish appear to show two or more genes that determine male or female development; the sea bass seems to have at least three sex genes. Some frogs and lizards seem to determine sex using two or more sex genes. Then there are species with two or more pairs of sex chromosomes. The platypus has five X and five Y chromosomes. Is there a sex gene on each Y? How will a poor baby platypus know how to develop if it gets three Ys and two Xs from its dad? And what about species, like the African clawed toad, which have two copies of their whole genome, so should have two pairs of sex chromosomes and sex genes? So there are lots of exceptional species that seem to have multiple sex chromosomes and sex genes in defiance of the expectation that only a single sex gene can produce a stable system. Polygenic sex - is there any such thing? In species where we cannot find a single master switch gene, it is common to talk about "polygenic sex". But how robust are these examples? In our recent paper we examine classic examples and recent claims for polygenic sex determination. We conclude the few systems that qualify represent abnormal and transient situations. Multiple sex chromosomes need not mean multiple sex genes. In the platypus, all five Y chromosomes move together into sperm, and a single gene on the smallest Y directs male development. The African clawed toad solved the problem of its doubled genome by evolving a novel female-determining gene on a newly minted W chromosome. In several systems, two sex genes are detected, but they control different steps of the same pathway that are regulated by a single master gene. In some of the classic fish systems, like platyfish, the different variants all spring from the same chromosome, suggesting sex is controlled by different variants of the same gene. A Japanese frog has different sex chromosomes on different islands, but they are all variants of the same chromosome. Other examples suggest systems in transition. Sea bass shows different frequencies of variants over its range. There are signs of a new system gradually replacing an old one in a European frog. The zebrafish is particularly interesting. Strains bred independently in laboratories for 30 or 40 years have aberrant sex ratios and multiple sex genes. But it turns out wild zebrafish have a regular ZW sex chromosome system. Lab stocks independently lost their W chromosome during lab breeding. All the lab fish are ZZ, and sex of the hatchlings is determined by weaker sex-differentiating genes that were lurking in the background. Winning the war of the sex genes Many "polygenic" systems turn out to be hybrids between two species. Species hybrids often have problems with reproduction, such as sterility or skewed sex ratios. Their problem is incompatibility of different sex chromosomes and sex genes. If an XY male mates with a ZW female, offspring have all sorts of combinations of sex genes. Incompatibilities can play out differently. For instance, two species of cichlid fish living side by side in <keyword id="4315974" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lake-malawi" source="Orion">Lake Malawi</keyword> in <keyword id="12925" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="africa" source="Orion">Africa</keyword> have unrelated XY and ZW systems. In their XYZW offspring, the W partially overrides the male determining effect of the Y, so XYZW fish have intersex traits. But, in another species combination, the W gene triumphs and XYZW fish are fertile females. Species hybrids may reveal many genes with major and minor effects on sex determination. For instance, crossing two catfish speciess revealed seven male-associated and 17 female-associated genes on different chromosomes. So there are certainly species where two or more genes act together or in opposition. However, in the long term there is strong selection for one or the other to gain the upper hand. This will turn an inefficient polygenic system into a single-gene system, delivering fertile males and females in a 1:1 ratio. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/air-india-pilots-unions-reject-proposed-pay-structure-warn-of-industrial-unrest/articleshow/99630620.cms">Air India pilots' unions reject proposed pay structure, warn of industrial unrest</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/hdfc-capital-to-hike-stake-in-proptech-startup-reloy-by-up-to-2-4-from-current-7-2/articleshow/99633492.cms">HDFC Capital to hike stake in proptech startup Reloy by up to 2.4% from current 7.2%</a>

Sex and the single gene: new research shows a genetic 'master switch'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Obtaining running <keyword id="15300" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="water" source="Orion">water</keyword> at home is a struggle for many people in the United States.</li><li>Those who lack clean water overwhelmingly come from communities of color, according to nonprofit <keyword id="14310433" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="digdeep" source="Orion">DigDeep</keyword>.</li></ul>Brenda and hundreds of other <keyword id="11930912" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="navajo" source="Orion">Navajo</keyword> families live in an area too remote to be reached by traditional water lines. So when Brenda's husband injured his foot at work, the lack of running water at home to clean it caused gangrene to develop. He received successful treatment at a hospital 50 miles away. But Brenda's lack of water meant that she couldn't make and sell tamales to fill the financial void left by her husband, the primary breadwinner, being out of work. She had no money to bring him home immediately to their home in Smith Lake, <keyword id="11996224" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="new-mexico" source="Orion">New Mexico</keyword>. So he slept on the street.Brenda's situation isn't unique. More than 2.2 million people in America still live without running water and basic plumbing in their homes, and tens of millions more without adequate sanitation, according to a <a href="https://www.digdeep.org/draining">new report released today</a> by Los Angeles-based nonprofit <a href="https://www.digdeep.org/annual-report-2020">DigDeep</a>, which works to provide clean water to all parts of the United States.The millions of people who are adversely affected by the water access gap are overwhelmingly from communities of color, with indigenous households 19 times more likely than white households to live without running water and Black and Latino households twice as likely, DigDeep's founder and chief executive officer <keyword id="14310434" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="george-mcgraw" source="Orion">George McGraw</keyword> told Insider. "There's a reason why every Girl Scout troop or soccer team or church group have been raising money for wells in Malawi, but they don't know that there are people in their own state, in their own county, in their own town who don't have running water at home," McGraw said. The report comes at a time when the Biden administration has focused on closing another kind of gap — one in the nation's broadband network. In a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/07/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-over-25-billion-in-american-rescue-plan-funding-to-help-ensure-every-american-has-access-to-high-speed-affordable-internet/">White House statement</a> released in June, the administration announced new investments from the American Rescue Plan to help provide "every American with access to affordable, high-speed internet." The American Rescue Plan funding is in addition to the $65 billion investment in high-speed Internet access in the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/bipartisan-infrastructure-law/#internetaccess">Bipartisan Infrastructure Law</a>, according to the statement. While the law also makes historic investment in water and sanitation, ensuring clean water for all people in the United States will take a much more targeted investment, McGraw said."These people spend a significant amount of their monthly income just getting the water to survive," McGraw said. "The lack of access to water leads to health issues like diabetes, cases of mental health and a pileup of bills for buying bottled water." <div type="image" title="George McGraw" height="1379" width="1838" msid="92517615" hostid="261"></div>The water access gap impacts communities in all 50 states, urban and rural. But the largest impacts, McGraw said, are felt at the rural level in communities that are generally isolated, not treated by the news and not seen. "The problem first started because of a legacy of disinvestment mostly for our communities of color, and that problem continues today not only because of that legacy, but because of sources like climate change and economic inequality," he said. Families who live in the water access gap have no choice but flush sewage into nearby streams and then bathe in or collect their drinking water from those same sources, effectively exposing themselves to waterborne illnesses and racking up expensive medical bills. Many are also forced to spend a big chunk of their household income on bottled water. Some die prematurely each year. All these scenarios, the report states, cost real money. Among other estimates in the report, the lack of access to clean water in the United States annually results in:<ul><li>$846 million in time lost collecting water </li><li>$762 million in physical health compromised </li><li>$291 million in water purchase costs </li><li>$218 million in mental health conditions </li><li>$924 million in GDP impacts from lost productivity</li></ul>The economic benefits of providing clean, running water outweigh the costs, McGraw said. Brenda, whose last name is being withheld because of privacy concerns, now has access to water thanks to the off-grid water system installed by DigDeep's Navajo Water Project, but the work is far from complete. "Brenda's story is illustrative of the lesson that access to clean water is your ability to go to school, your ability to keep a job and an income, your ability to play with your kids and maintain some sanity in this crazy world," McGraw said. "And so many of us take it for granted. But for millions of our neighbors, this is a daily reality that they simply can't afford to take for granted."

2.2 million people in America live without access to running water and basic plumbing: report

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">ShutterstockSunset silhouette at Kande Beach, Nkhata Bay, Lake Malawi, Malawi</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>At 2 AM on March 10, Americans will "spring forward" change their clocks to an hour later for Daylight Saving Time. </li><li>While "springing forward" means losing an hour of sleep, the sun will be out for longer in the day. </li><li>The common wisdom about DST is that it's about farming, but it's not. </li><li>The history of daylight saving time goes back to World War I, when it was thought to save energy. </li><li>Here's the full history of daylight saving time, and why some warmer states don't recognize it.</li></ul>On March 10th at 2 AM ET, states that recognize daylight saving time will "spring forward" and move their clocks one hour ahead. While "springing forward" means losing an hour of sleep, the sun will be out for longer in the day, a nice benefit for those living in colder, northern states.Thinkers including Benjamin Franklin, New Zealand scientist George Hudson, and Englishman William Willett <a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/daylight-savings-time-arizona-florida-spring-forward-science/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">advocated for plans that would give them more sunlight</a> in the day going all the way back to the 18th and 19th centuries. Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/benjamin-franklin-facts-2018-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10 things you didn't know about Benjamin Franklin, who first suggested an idea similar to Daylight Saving Time</a>The United States and several other European countries enacted daylight saving time during World Wars I and II as an energy-conservation measure, and kept it during peace-time.Today, most of the US except for Hawaii, Arizona, and many US territories all recognize daylight savings time. While many northern states appreciate the extra hour of sun, some states which experience unbearable heat in the summer prefer an hour of night instead. Here's the full history of daylight saving time in the United States.

Daylight Saving Time begins on March 10 - here's the history behind the bi-annual time change, and why some states have gotten rid of it

<div>A wonderful map created by William Samari, Ray Yamartino, and Rafaan Anvari of <a href="http://thedoghousediaries.com/">DogHouseDiares</a> illustrates what every country does better than every other country.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>They <a href="http://thedoghousediaries.com/maplesyrup">collected the information</a> from various sources and sprinkled in some quirkier rankings since many countries led the world in multiple things. </div>
<div>
"Myanmar leads the world in 'Speaking Burmese.' That's kind of a silly thing but still true," Anvari told BI. "UK leads in fascist movements, but that's all movements in history, not active movements."
(Some of the categories are hard to read so we published the full list below the map.)
<div class="image-container"><div class="image"><a href="http://thedoghousediaries.com/">DOGHOUSEDIARIES</a></div></div>
<table dir="ltr" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div>Country</div>
</td>
<td>Leads World In…</td>
<td>
<div>Measure</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Afghanistan</td>
<td>opium</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Albania</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Algeria</td>
<td>middle paleolithic flake tool techniques</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Andorra</td>
<td>reading</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Angola</td>
<td>speaking umbundu</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antarctica</td>
<td>emperor penguins</td>
<td>endemic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antigua and Barbuda</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Argentina</td>
<td>exporting soccer players</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Armenia</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Australia</td>
<td>deadly animals and melanoma</td>
<td>total and per 100,000 people</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Austria</td>
<td>mohnflesserl</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Azerbaijan</td>
<td>software piracy</td>
<td>avg per computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bahamas</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bahrain</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bangladesh</td>
<td>peacekeeping</td>
<td>total and per 100,000 people</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Barbados</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Belarus</td>
<td>wisents</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Belgium</td>
<td>relaxing</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Belize</td>
<td>destroying the ozone</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Benin</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bhutan</td>
<td>farming</td>
<td>%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bolivia</td>
<td>brazil nuts</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td>
<td>having land mines</td>
<td>total per sq mi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Botswana</td>
<td>diamonds</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brazil</td>
<td>making coffee</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Brunei</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bulgaria</td>
<td>living the american dream</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Burkina Faso</td>
<td>illiteracy</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Burundi</td>
<td>unsatisfied</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cambodia</td>
<td>long alphabet</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cameroon</td>
<td>killer lakes</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Canada</td>
<td>maple syrup and asteroid impacts</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cape Verde</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Central African Republic</td>
<td>expensive internet</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chad</td>
<td>not wasting electricity</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chile</td>
<td>staying married</td>
<td>crude divorce rate (per capita)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>China</td>
<td>co2 emissions and renewable energy</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Colombia</td>
<td>rain</td>
<td>avg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Comoros</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Congo, Democratic Republic of</td>
<td>pygmy chimpanzees</td>
<td>endemic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Congo, Republic of</td>
<td>saving energy</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Costa Rica</td>
<td>happiness</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</td>
<td>malaria</td>
<td>deaths per 100,000 people</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Croatia</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cuba</td>
<td>baseball</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cyprus</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Czech Republic</td>
<td>beer consumption</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Denmark</td>
<td>education</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Djibouti</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dominica</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dominican Republic</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ecuador</td>
<td>endangering plants</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Egypt</td>
<td>africa cup of nations</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>El Salvador</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Equatorial Guinea</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eritrea</td>
<td>african cycling</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Estonia</td>
<td>prevalence of women</td>
<td>sex ratio (total)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ethiopia</td>
<td>employing children</td>
<td>percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Federated States of Micronesia</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fiji</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Finland</td>
<td>drinking coffee</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>France</td>
<td>tourism</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gabon</td>
<td>sun-tailed monkeys</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Gambia</td>
<td>not spending money on military</td>
<td>total reserves</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td>khachapuri</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Germany</td>
<td>almost winning the world cup</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ghana</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Greece</td>
<td>olive oil consumption</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Greenland</td>
<td>personal space</td>
<td>pop per sq mi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Grenada</td>
<td>olympic medals</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guatemala</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guinea-Bissau</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Guyana</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Haiti</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Honduras</td>
<td>homocide</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hong Kong</td>
<td>high IQ</td>
<td>avg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hungary</td>
<td>canoeing</td>
<td>total and total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Iceland</td>
<td>penetrating the internet</td>
<td>percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>India</td>
<td>movies and low prices</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Indonesia</td>
<td>volcanoes</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Iran</td>
<td>brain drain</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Iraq</td>
<td>not safe for journalists</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ireland</td>
<td>quality of life</td>
<td>score</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Israel</td>
<td>r&amp;d</td>
<td>% of gdp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Italy</td>
<td>UEFA competitions</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jamaica</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Japan</td>
<td>robots</td>
<td>per 10,000 manufactoring workers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Jordan</td>
<td>large falafel balls</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kazakhstan</td>
<td>uranium</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kenya</td>
<td>flowers</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kiribati</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kuwait</td>
<td>highest valued currency</td>
<td>exchange rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kyrgyzstan</td>
<td>walnut forests</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Laos</td>
<td>solar energy</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Latvia</td>
<td>eco-friendly</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lebanon</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lesotho</td>
<td>mortality</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Liberia</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Libya</td>
<td>heat</td>
<td>avg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Liechtenstein</td>
<td>teachers</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lithuania</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Luxembourg</td>
<td>generosity</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Macedonia</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Madagascar</td>
<td>lemurs</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Malawi</td>
<td>malawisaurus</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Malaysia</td>
<td>caves</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maldives</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mali</td>
<td>kulicoro firefinches</td>
<td>endemic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Malta</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marshall Islands</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mauritania</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mauritius</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mexico</td>
<td>getting struck by lightning, cartels and boxing</td>
<td>total and total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Moldova</td>
<td>alcohol consumption</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Monaco</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mongolia</td>
<td>velociraptor bones</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Montenegro</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Morocco</td>
<td>couscous</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mozambique</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Myanmar</td>
<td>speaking burmese</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Namibia</td>
<td>wealth inequality</td>
<td>wealth gini</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nepal</td>
<td>not killing themselves</td>
<td>per 100,000 people per year</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Netherlands</td>
<td>tall people</td>
<td>avg male and female height</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>New Zealand</td>
<td>sheep and rugby</td>
<td>totaland total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nicaragua</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Niger</td>
<td>making babies</td>
<td>births per woman</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nigeria</td>
<td>yams</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>North Korea</td>
<td>censorship</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Norway</td>
<td>democracy</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Oman</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pacific</td>
<td>white shark cafe</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pakistan</td>
<td>field hockey</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Palau</td>
<td>swimming with jellyfish</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Palestinian Territory</td>
<td>not having cancer</td>
<td>per 100,000 people per year</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Panama</td>
<td>defenselessness</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Papua New Guinea</td>
<td>linguistic diversity</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paraguay</td>
<td>drinking tea</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Peru</td>
<td>sandboarding</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Philippines</td>
<td>social media</td>
<td>percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Poland</td>
<td>kielbasa</td>
<td>subjective</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Portugal</td>
<td>graduating high school</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Puerto Rico</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qatar</td>
<td>GDP</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Romania</td>
<td>download speed</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Russia</td>
<td>raspberries and nuclear warheads</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rwanda</td>
<td>women in parliament</td>
<td>% of seats held</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>San Marino</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sao Tome and Principe</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Saudi Arabia</td>
<td>oil</td>
<td>total reserves</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Senegal</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serbia</td>
<td>water polo</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Seychelles</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sierra Leone</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Singapore</td>
<td>science</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Slovakia</td>
<td>making cars</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Slovenia</td>
<td>casinos</td>
<td>per 1,000 inhabitants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solomon Islands</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Somalia</td>
<td>pirates</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>South Africa</td>
<td>ostrich</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>South Korea</td>
<td>workaholics</td>
<td>hrs per year per person</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>South Sudan</td>
<td>inflation</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Spain</td>
<td>organ donation</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sri Lanka</td>
<td>cinnamon</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sudan</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Suriname</td>
<td>forests</td>
<td>percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Swaziland</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sweden</td>
<td>atheism</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Switzerland</td>
<td>employment</td>
<td>rate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Syria</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Taiwan</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tajikistan</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tanzania</td>
<td>national parks and wildlife</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Thailand</td>
<td>rice exports</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Timor-Leste</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Togo</td>
<td>bad driving</td>
<td>road death per 100,000 cars</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tonga</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trinidad and Tobago</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tunisia</td>
<td>gun control</td>
<td>per capita</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Turkey</td>
<td>apricots</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Turkmenistan</td>
<td>corruption</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uganda</td>
<td>young people</td>
<td>median age</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ukraine</td>
<td>population control</td>
<td>percent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>United Arab Emirates</td>
<td>prevalence of men</td>
<td>sex ratio (total)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>United Kingdom</td>
<td>fascist movements</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uruguay</td>
<td>eating beef</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USA</td>
<td>falling off beds and chairs, getting killed by lawnmowers, nobel laureates and eating hot dogs</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uzbekistan</td>
<td>being double landlocked</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vanuatu</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vatican City</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Venezuela</td>
<td>miss universe</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vietnam</td>
<td>economic growth</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Australia (ocean)</td>
<td>deadly shark attacks</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Western Sahara</td>
<td>-</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yemen</td>
<td>gender gap</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Zambia</td>
<td>rhodesian giraffe</td>
<td>index</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Zimbabwe</td>
<td>commercial bank prime lending rate</td>
<td>total</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

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