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<ul><li><keyword id="7940647" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="mission-mangalyaan">Mission Mangalyaan</keyword> is commended for being the cheapest ever <keyword id="452868" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mission-to-Mars">mission to Mars</keyword>, which was successful on a budget of ₹4.5 billion. </li><li>Its cost was less than the budget of the upcoming movie based on the event, <keyword id="1961443" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="mission-mangal">Mission Mangal</keyword> which was produced for ₹5 billion. </li><li>But its limited budget meant that it was only a technology demonstration mission for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) rather than one focused on collecting scientific data. </li></ul>The upcoming Bollywood movie, Mission Mangal, set to release on August 15th celebrates India's successful maiden mission to Mars — Mangalyaan. An ensemble cast consisting of <keyword id="2823" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Akshay-Kumar">Akshay Kumar</keyword>, Vidya Balan and Sharman Joshi all star in a movie that showcases India's space mission. <div type="image" title="66816772_10156986660608283_8557114509213302784_n_edited" msid="70498336" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Cast of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Mission Mangal &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Mission Mangalyaan, or the Mars Orbiter Mission (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/India-Is-Pioneering-The-Low-Cost-Mission-To-Mars/articleshow/25239899.cms">MOM</a>), is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/Mangalyaan-Makes-Its-Way-To-Times-Best-Inventions-of-2014-List/articleshow/45260385.cms">lauded</a> for being the cheapest ever mission to Mars which a budget of ₹4.5 billion (₹450 crore). It's also how India came to be the fourth country to land on Mars and the first one to do it successfully on its first attempt. <div type="image" title="mars1_edited" msid="70498480" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan captures its first image of Mars taken from a height of 7300 km&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Ironically Mission Mangal's <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-mission-mangal-my-film-2-0-had-a-budget-of-500-crore-india-s-mars-mission-cost-less-than-that/story-bQBoxtyvC1ewHgJXNRhYFN.html">budget</a> is more than that of the actual Mars mission at ₹5 billion (₹500 crore), according to Kumar. But unlike the movie, the story of Mangalyaan doesn't quite end happily ever after. Defying the odds Mission Mangal's trailer shows that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had proposed a budget ₹8 billion (₹ 800 crore) to launch Mangalyaan but were only allotted a little more than half that amount for the project. <div type="image" title="mom_edited" msid="70498449" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;First image of the Earth by MCC of Mars Orbiter Spacecraft taken on Nov 19, 2013&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Innovation and jugaad (cheap quick fix solutions to problems) did help turn the mission. This is in spite of the fact that its ‘chances of success were less than 1%'. And, while Mission Mangal seems to highlight the obstacles that India had to overcome in order to launch Mangalyaan — it could fail to illustrate the fact that it came at a cost. Cost of science In the movie, the project team worries about getting the payloads aboard the rocket. In typical movie fashion, the narrative seems to be skewed towards how they finally managed to ‘fix' it. In reality, ISRO had to drastically cut down on the instruments it had planned to send to Mars because it lacked a rocket with the requisite capacity. Technology like the ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-most-powerful-launcher-will-carry-chandrayaan-2-on-moon-mission/articleshow/70202043.cms">Bahubali</a>' GSLV-Mark III heavy launch vehicle which recently launched the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms">Chandrayaan 2</a> mission into space wasn't available back in 2013. Instead, India used its lighter PSLV XL launch vehicle — originally built for the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-were-the-challenges-with-chandrayaan-1/articleshow/70202192.cms">Chandrayaan 1</a> and the largest available rocket at the time — to reach Mars. <div type="image" title="pslv-c25-23 (1)_edited" msid="70498392" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan&amp;#39;s PSLV XL C25 rocket taking off in 2013&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 A smaller rocket also meant that it could only carry so much weight. Mangalyaan's payload was only 15 kilograms and it could only take five payloads along. And since ISRO only had 18 months to pull the mission together, the instruments were relatively simple, and could only send back to the most basic of information. <div type="image" title="mars06_edited" msid="70498540" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan&amp;#39;s spacecraft undergoing EMI/EMC test at ISITE ISAC Bangalore&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 To put it in perspective, US' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had five years to work on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (<keyword id="443648" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="MAVEN">MAVEN</keyword>) — which launched a mere 13 days after MOM. It had a capacity of 65 kilograms, carried eight payloads and cost a total of $671 million. And so, its contribution towards scientific advancement and the understanding of Mars was also much higher. Mangalyaan, on the other hand, the aim was just to get there. ISRO, in the past, stated that Mangalyaan was merely a technology demonstration mission to show India's capabilities in outer space technology. In that sense, it could be termed successful, yet its contribution to understanding the elusive planet, is quite less. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">India's low cost space missions come at a price</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isros-commercial-operations-clock-in-over-60-billion-in-revenue-but-leaves-private-players-out-of-the-equation/articleshow/70375311.cms">ISRO's commercial operations clock in over ₹60 billion in revenue but leaves private players out of the equation</a>

The truth of ISRO's Mangalyaan which Akshay Kumar's Mission Mangal could miss

<ul><li>You can watch the live launch of Chandrayaan 2 online. </li><li>The mission cost less than Avengers: Endgame but it's the Indian Space Research Organisations (ISRO) most expensive mission to date. </li></ul>You can watch the entire launch sequence of the <keyword id="6933559" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2-launch">Chandrayaan 2 launch</keyword> by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) online by following the feed below: <div type="twitter" handle="isro" handlename="ISRO" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/413572279734247424/LshYgwCH_normal.jpeg" favoritecount="12072" retweetcount="6314" status="Launch of Chandrayaan 2 by GSLV MkIII-M1 Vehicle https://t.co/P93BGn4wvT" createdat="1563785265000" id="1153225103619964928"></div>
 The countdown for the launch was initiated yesterday evening at 6:43pm after the first launch event was called off on July 15. ISRO tweeted out, ‘Chandrayaan 2 is ready to a billion dreams to the Moon — now stronger than ever before!’ The ‘technical snag’ during the first mission was reportedly due the fall in pressure in one of the rocket’s fuel tanks, which has since been taken care of.

Watch the spectacular launch of Chandrayaan-2 — India's moon mission that cost less than Avengers: Endgame

<keyword id="19915124" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO" source="keywords">ISRO</keyword> has targeted to <keyword id="19997100" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="launch" source="keywords">launch</keyword> the first mission of the ambitious <keyword id="19945102" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Gaganyaan" source="keywords">Gaganyaan</keyword> project by December, a top official said here on Friday. Currently, some of the rocket hardware for the human <keyword id="41531" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space" source="Orion">space</keyword> programme has reached the <keyword id="20021373" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Satish-Dhawan-Space-Centre" source="keywords">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</keyword> here and the integration of the crew module was going on at the <keyword id="20054184" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Vikram-Sarabhai-Space-Centre" source="keywords">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</keyword>, Trivandrum, ISRO Chairman <keyword id="19929547" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="s-somanath" source="keywords">S Somanath</keyword> said. "Today, we are working on the first mission of the Gaganyaan called G1. The first unmanned mission. The status today is the rocket, the S200 stage, the L1, C32 stage are all at Satish Dhawan Space Centre," he said. He said the Crew Module integration was going on at VSSC Trivandrum while Crew Escape hardware was also ready. "So, we have to complete with full wiring and testing should be done. Our target is by November the whole system will reach here, possibly by December launch will happen," he said, responding to a query. Somanath was talking to reporters after successfully launching the third and final developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle that placed the Earth Observation Satellite into orbit earlier in the day. The success of the third and final developmental flight would pave the way for launch of commercial missions using the smallest vehicle by ISRO's commercial arm <keyword id="20038721" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="NewSpace-India-Ltd" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="NewSpace India Ltd" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="NewSpace India Ltd">NewSpace India Ltd</keyword> (NSIL). Today's successful mission of <keyword id="21471593" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="SSLV" source="keywords">SSLV</keyword> allows industry to forge a partnership with ISRO for placing satellites into Low Earth Orbit. Besides, it would also allow a company to gain knowledge on rockets, launch vehicles, and satellites in the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle missions. To a query about the requirement for industries to partner with the ISRO for taking up commercial launch of SSLV missions, Somanath said a day-long meeting was recently held with the industry. "I am hoping that the first technology transfer will happen in India between ISRO and industry. The Request for Interest (RFI) was released and as a single (entity) or as consortia, a company can show interest on the technology transfer (from ISRO) and what were the expectations from ISRO and how to qualify for such missions," he said. From the interactions held with the industry it emerged there was a huge amount of interest for them to learn about space, he added. "We told them it will be a huge challenge for anyone to learn rocketry from scratch. It is not just transferring technology, we are transferring the knowledge on how things are done (at ISRO). It is not the drawings alone, it is the knowledge behind those drawings we transfer to industry," according to Somanath, also the Secretary, Department of Space. Through the industry partnerships, ISRO would teach them on how to build a rocket, he said and added that the industry should qualify as per the criteria put forth by ISRO. The company should possess manufacturing capabilities, manufacturing facilities and financial strengths of a company would be assessed, he said. "We will add weightage and marks based on the performance of the company and based on that the companies will be shortlisted and a contract would be given to them after the companies which have to pay a technology transfer fee," he said. Some of the unique features of SSLVs are -- it provides low-cost access to Space, offers low turn-around time and flexibility in accommodating multiple satellites, 'launch on demand' feasibility and SSLV missions demand minimal launch infrastructure.

ISRO targets first Gaganyaan mission launch by December: Chairman

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">NASA</div></div></div><keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> likes its stuff cheap.
Maker of the <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-11/tatas-nano-the-worlds-cheapest-car-is-sputtering">world's cheapest car</a> ($2600), <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/05/us-india-tablet-idUSTRE7940YV20111005">world's cheapest tablet</a> ($60) and even the <a href="http://phys.org/news/2011-07-india-tata-group-flat-pack-house.html">world's cheapest house</a> ($700), India is now launching the <a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/isros-mars-mission-the-cheapest/slideshow/24982329.cmshttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/isros-mars-mission-the-cheapest/slideshow/24982329.cms">world's cheapest mission to Mars</a>, which takes off this week.
The mission, launched by Indian space agency ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) will cost the Indian government just $80 million, which compares to NASA's $2.5 billion expenditure on the US' <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword> Curiosity project. 
The satellite is called Mangalyaan (Mars Vehicle), and will not touch down on the planet. It has been only been designed for orbit. 21 of the 51 global missions to Mars gave failed, including the one launched by China. 
But how has India managed to keep its costs so low? The answer, <a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/save-time-money/slideshow/24982315.cms">according to the Economic Times, </a> is "frugal engineering," which has a few basic principles: to adapt existing technology as far as possible, minimize the number of physical models and optimize testing.
Unlike its European and US counterparts, ISRO has a much smaller budget and cannot afford to experiment and build iteratively. While NASA and the European Space Agency usually make three models of the spacecraft, ISRO modeled everything on software and physically built only the final model. 
This frugal approach does increase risks, which are evident from India's previous <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1341521/Boom-Indian-space-scientists-watch-horror-rocket-explodes-minutes-off.html">failed</a> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23751269">space missions</a>. Also, instead of flying directly, the 350-tonne rocket will orbit earth for <a href="http://phys.org/news/2013-11-india-mars-prestige-space-mission.html">nearly a month</a>, building up the necessary velocity to break free from the earth's gravitational pull. 
India's space mission has been criticized as being a waste of resources in a country where a huge proportion of the population still lives in poverty. However, defendants of the program have stated that the space program goes hand-in-hand with India's development goals. <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/29/india-is-going-to-mars-but-dont-call-it-a-space-race/">The Washington Post reports</a> Dean Cheng a scholar at the Heritage Foundation saying, "The country realized early on that satellites would enable health officials to practice medicine remotely, reaching inaccessible parts of the country. The same was true for remote education. ISRO's major focus, in other words, has been to use space research as a way to overcome the country's (still) steep economic obstacles."
The chairman of ISRO, K. Radhakrishnan, has defended the program saying that India's budget for space exploration is only <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/mars-is-part-of-indias-space-vision/article5254175.ece">0.34% of its annual budget</a>, of which 7% has been allocated to planetary exploration. He also believes that the mission will also have positive implications for the rest of the economy, and will help with cyclone forecasting. 
<div class="KonaFilter image-container click-to-enlarge"><div class="image"><a title_source="REUTERS GRAPHICS" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/5278328fecad04f3498b4571-960/screen%20shot%202013-11-04%20at%206.48.58%20pm.png"></a>REUTERS GRAPHICS</div></div>

India Is Pioneering The Low-Cost Mission To Mars

<ul><li>Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is ready to share India's space technology with the rest of the world — but only with 'friendly countries'. </li><li>India is known for its pocket friendly missions like its most recent mission to the moon — Chandrayaan 2. </li><li>India is also trying to break into the space launch market with ISRO first fully commercial launch exclusively for foreign satellites pegged to launch later this month. </li></ul>The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is ready to share India's budget space technology with the rest of the world — but only to 'friendly' countries. "I am happy to state that India would be happy to help other friendly countries develop land restoration strategies through cost-effective satellite and space technology," stated Modi during the United Nations Conference of the Parties (<a href="https://www.unccd.int/conventionconference-parties-cop/cop14-2-13-september-new-delhi-india">UN-COP</a>) 14 to combat desertification. India's most recent mission to moon, Chandrayaan 2, cost ₹10 billion ($140 million). It's lauded for being cheaper than the budget of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-cheaper-than-avengers-endgame-what-the-foreign-press-says/articleshow/70208309.cms">Avengers: Endgame.</a> India's Mars Orbiter Mission (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-4-years-in-pictures/articleshow/65972664.cms">MOM</a>) — also called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/akshay-kumars-mission-mangal-could-miss-facts-about-mangalyaan/articleshow/70498232.cms">Mangalyaan</a> — also impressed the world by reaching the Red Planet on a budget of ₹4.5 billion ($74 million). Even the upcoming <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-first-manned-mission-to-space-may-have-women-too/articleshow/67486206.cms">Gaganyaan mission</a>, which is India's first attempt to send astronauts into space, has expected to cost less than ₹100 billion ($1.43 billion). The price of keeping costs down India's exploration of space might be considered <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">budget friendly but it comes at a price.</a> These missions are mostly undertaken to demonstrate India's technological prowess. Other space agencies around the world, like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), spend a lot more on their voyages into outer space — and have a lot more to gain as well. ESA's missions are categorised from Class A to D, depending on the priority of the mission, its national significance, the mission's lifetime and how much it's going to cost. The longer the mission, the more expensive it likely will be. Capturing the launch market It's not only India's missions into space that are pocket friendly, but also their launch technology. Later this month on 16 September 2019, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to conduct its first ever commercial launch catering exclusively to foreign satellites. It will be launching two British satellites — Novasar and S1-4 — aboard its PSLV C-42 rocket from the launch pad in Sriharikota. "Subsequent two PSLV mission will also carry foreign satellites. However those missions will be on sharing mode (also carrying Indian payloads)," ISRO Chairman K Sivan told <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-rocket-solely-for-foreign-satellites-in-september/articleshow/65061764.cms">Times of India</a>. As of now, NASA dominates the commercial satellite launch market. India's apex space agency has only managed to muster 0.6% share of the market pegged at ₹36 billion. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">India's low cost space missions come at a price</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms">India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/5-Surprising-Things-That-Cost-More-Than-Indias-Historic-Mission-To-Mars/articleshow/43332986.cms">5 Surprising Things That Cost More Than India's Historic Mission To Mars</a>

Modi offers India's cost-effective technology but only to 'friendly' nations

<ul><li>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) stated that the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (ISRO) has ‘inspired’ them with <keyword id="414120" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan 2</keyword>. </li><li>NASA also said that it looks forward to future missions with ISRO. </li><li>NASA’s laser reflector arrays were abroad Chandrayaan 2’s lander, Vikram. </li><li>NASA and ISRO are already collaborating to build the most expensive Earth imaging satellite till date — NISAR — pegged to cost $1.5 billion. </li></ul> As the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) tries to figure out <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-fails-in-the-final-seconds-of-descent-to-moons-south-pole/articleshow/71018196.cms">what went wrong</a> with the moon landing, international support is pouring in from all corners of the world. The US’ apex space agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), tweeted that that ISRO has ‘inspired’ then with their journey. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="102912" retweetcount="35977" status="Space is hard. We commend @ISRO’s attempt to land their #Chandrayaan2 mission on the Moon’s South Pole. You have in… https://t.co/M2a8mU8eVA" createdat="1567876723000" id="1170385925077131264"></div>

 NASA’s link to Chandrayaan 2 Chandrayaan 2, though primarily an Indian mission, was carrying <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-india-moon-mission-14-high-tech-instruments-to-look-for-water/articleshow/69867398.cms">NASA’s laser instruments</a>. Its laser reflector arrays were aboard <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vikram-chandrayaan-2s-lander-as-it-lands-on-the-moon/articleshow/71008396.cms">the lander</a>. NASA has been sending up laser reflector arrays with every mission that’s aiming to land on the Moon. One was also on the Israeli lander, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/israeli-scientists-attempt-at-the-first-private-moon-landing-failed-because-of-a-glitch-that-caused-a-high-speed-crash-into-the-lunar-surface/articleshow/68858222.cms">Beresheet</a>, that crashed into the lunar surface earlier this year. The Moon is already home to five such lasers, according to Simone Dell’Angello, a physicist at the National Institute for Nuclear Physics National Laboratory. The aim of populating the Moon with these instruments is to get an accurate reading of the distance between the Earth and its natural satellite. Retroreflectors are basically very high tech mirrors and their job is to reflect back any lasers signals that Earth sends its way. The reflection from the instruments on the lander would help pinpoint its location. The location, in turn, can be used to calculate the precise distance between the Moon and the Earth. NASA’s history with the Moon Landing on the Moon isn’t easy and nobody knows that better than NASA. It took the US space agency <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunartimeline.html">15 attempts </a>before it finally nailed a hard landing on the Moon. Even NASA’s <a href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/surveyor.html">Surveyor Program</a> — a series of uncrewed soft landings on the Moon — had to face two failures. NASA’s has plans of its own for 2024 The last time NASA sent humans to the Moon was in 1972 as a part of the Apollo 17 mission. Its last uncrewed mission was back in 2013 when it launched the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813104358/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=LADEE">LADEE</a>) to intentionally crash into the far side of the Moon. Now, US President Donald Trump is looking to remake US glory by sending astronauts to the Moon again — the mission is called Artemis. He’s even moved up the deadline from 2028 to 2024 — a move that might <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/NASA-says-it-needs-a-1-6-billion-down-payment-from-Congress-to-send-astronauts-back-to-the-moon-within-5-years/articleshow/69331646.cms">cost the US government $1.55 billion</a> as well as reallocating $321 million from other NASA projects. This is on top of NASA’s <a href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2019/0215-fy2019-nasa-gets-its-best-budget-in-decades.html">annual budget</a> of $21.5 billion. And, the spending doesn’t stop there. ISRO and NASA are currently developing a dual frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite — <a href="https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/u-s-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/">NISAR</a>. The satellite is scheduled to take off in 2020, according to NASA. NISAR is expected to be the most expensive Earth imaging till date with its cost pegged at $1.5 billion. It aims to study the effect of climate change on the environment and the resulting hazards. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2s-orbiter-has-seven-and-a-half-years-to-scan-the-surface-of-the-moon/articleshow/71027327.cms">Chandrayaan 2’s orbiter has seven and a half years to scan the surface of the Moon</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-fails-in-the-final-seconds-of-descent-to-moons-south-pole/articleshow/71018196.cms">Chandrayaan 2 loses contact with the lander in the final seconds of the descent to Moon's surface</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/moon-landing-drama-play-by-play-of-isro-losing-communication-with-chandrayaan-2s-lander/articleshow/71018307.cms">Moon landing drama: Play by play of ISRO losing communication with Chandrayaan 2's lander</a>

NASA 'inspired' by Chandrayaan 2 as it plans to return to the Moon after 7 years

<ul><li><keyword id="414120" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan 2</keyword>, India’s mission to land on the Moon’s South Pole, was called off probably due to a leak in the fuel tank. </li><li>But, the mission can still take off — the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has a launch window lasting one minute every day this month to get the GSLV Mark III-M1 off the ground. </li><li>The pressure drop in the fuel tank was not massive but in light of <keyword id="45499" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan">Chandrayaan</keyword> 2’s significance, ISRO felt it was better to be safe than to be sorry. </li></ul>India’s second lunar mission, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-why-indias-isro-is-going-to-the-moon/articleshow/69893150.cms">Chandrayaan 2</a>, was delayed for a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isros-moon-mission-chandrayaan-2-halted-yet-again/articleshow/68737760.cms">seventh time</a> when the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) called off the launch <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-chandrayaan-2-gets-delayed-for-a-seventh-time-isro-blames-technical-snag/articleshow/70220868.cms">56 minutes</a> before it was scheduled to take off. But, Chandrayaan 2 can still take off in July. ISRO will <a href="https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/isro-has-a-window-till-july-31-to-attempt-relaunch-of-its-aborted-moon-mission/70234268">reportedly</a> have a one minute window every day, till July 31 to get the mission off the ground. India’s apex space agency attributed the delay to a ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-chandrayaan-2-gets-delayed-for-a-seventh-time-isro-blames-technical-snag/articleshow/70220868.cms">technical snag</a>’. It has come to light that the ‘technical snag’ might have been a fuel leak aboard the launch vehicle, GSLV Mark-III M1 — the ‘Bahubali’ rocket — according to insiders who spoke to the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/pressure-drop-in-rocket-led-isro-to-abort-moon-mission/articleshow/70237544.cms">Economic Times</a>. Better safe than sorry Reportedly, there was a 10% drop in pressure in one of the fuel tanks on the upper stage of the rocket. Had it been any other mission, ISRO would not have stalled take-off, but considering the significance of Chandrayaan 2, the agency decided to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-hailed-for-detecting-chandrayaan-2-glitch-on-time/articleshow/70225523.cms">double check</a> the problem. "It was the right decision to call off Chandrayaan 2 launch. We could not have taken any chance with such a big mission," Ravi Gupta, former Defence Research and Development Organisation's director of public interface, told ANI. This may be a relatively affordable mission when compared to the budget of space exploration missions by India’s counterparts cost around ₹10 billion — less than the budget of Avengers:Endgame — but it’s still one of India’s most expensive missions thus far. LINK What next? The Bahubali rocket and the Chandrayaan 2 satellite are both safe and the fuel has been successfully drained from the launch vehicle, sources tell <a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/second-chandrayaan-2-launch-attempt-likely-this-month-after-lift-off-aborted-due-to-technical-snag-s-2069755?pfrom=home-livetv">NDTV.</a> Even though there’s a potential launch window every day this month, there are several criteria that have to line up for a launch to have the maximum probability for success. ISRO is yet to officially announce a new date Chandrayaan 2’s venture to the Moon.

Chandrayaan 2 might take off this month after plugging up its fuel tank leak

(Photo Courtesy : <keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">isro</keyword>.gov.in) <ul><li>India may be able to accomplish its mission of sending an astronaut into space under ‘<keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword>’ by 2021. </li><li>India’s space agency, the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> will send two unmanned flights before the first manned mission. </li><li>It is also working on successfully completing 10 satellite missions before January 2019. </li></ul>India may soon be able to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-first-manned-space-mission-to-send-3-persons/articleshow/65576098.cms">send a crew of three astronauts</a> into space for five to seven days on an ambitious manned space exploration mission. After successfully launching <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-successfully-launches-communication-satellite-gsat-29-using-its-heaviest-rocket/articleshow/66623518.cms">GSAT-29,</a> India’s space agency is now planning to begin space exploration through its first manned mission -- ‘Gaganyaan’. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working aggressively towards achieving this milestone of sending a team of astronauts into space by 2021. In order to accomplish this, it will first send one of the two ‘unmanned’ space vehicles under the programme by December, 2020,<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-dec-2020isro-chief-k-sivan/articleshow/66623343.cms"> reported </a>Economic Times citing the space agency's chief K Sivan. ISRO will assess the various parameters for India’s first manned mission through these space flights. Additionally, the space agency is aiming to launch six satellites and four space vehicles by January 2019, reported <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-lines-up-10-missions-before-jan-2019/articleshow/66624616.cms">Economic Times</a>. India has made huge leaps in satellite and space research in recent years compared to its modest start in 1960s, <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-successfully-launches-104-satellites-single-flight">sending 104 satellites</a> in a single flight in 2017 and joining an elite group of nations with advanced space technologies. In his <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-launch-first-manned-space-mission-by-2022-pm-modi/articleshow/65410373.cms">speech</a> on India’s independence day this year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India will make an effort to send a human into space by 2022 onboard ‘Ganganyaan’. However, India will have to bear a hefty cost to achieve this. Indian government have estimated the total cost of ‘Gaganyaan’ to be less than $1.43 billion, reported <a href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-space/india-says-manned-space-mission-to-cost-1-4-billion-idINKCN1LD1J8">Reuters</a>. Although, the budget is lower in comparison to United States and China who worked on similar project but it is slightly higher than <a href="https://qz.com/india/1423840/inside-gaganyaan-isros-mission-to-put-an-indian-in-space/">ISRO’s annual budget</a> of $1.1 billion (for 2018). The Indian government expects that its recent satellite missions -- including those done on behalf of foreign governments will help to fund country’s space programme which has a total budget of $4 billion.

How India is inching a step closer to its mission of sending an astronaut into space by 2022

<ul><li>Prime Minister Modi announced during his Independence Day address this year that India would send its first manned mission to space by 2022. </li><li>The overall cost of the mission, which will involve a crew of three astronauts orbiting Earth for seven days, was pegged at $1.4 billion on 28 August. </li><li>The goal of the mission is to cement India’s status as a space power. </li></ul>During his Independence Day address earlier this month, PM <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> earmarked a deadline for the country’s first manned space mission. He announced that the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (ISRO) would be sending an astronaut around Earth by 2022. On 28 August, the overall cost of the mission was pegged at $1.4 billion, significantly less than what space stalwarts like the United States and Russia spend on their expeditions. The mission, which will comprise of a three-person crew, is slated to take between five to seven days and will see the spacecraft staying within a 300 to 400 km orbit from the Earth. ISRO is well known for its low-cost space programmes and the organisation surged to global prominence in 2014 after its Mangalyaan mission, wherein a satellite was sent to Mars for a cost that was 10 times less than what NASA had spent on a similar project. The Mangalyaan satellite completed <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-1000-days-orbit">1000 days</a> in Mars's orbit last June. While all that is well, India, right now, has far more pressing obligations to take care of - like infrastructure for its cities and healthcare and education for its citizens. Why spend $1.4 billion on a space mission? The answer is simple. Bragging rights. To be a space power will not only be a source of national pride but an indication of of India’s increasingly prominent role on the global stage. And this isn’t the country’s first mission to space either. In addition to the Mars launch, it sent the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft to explore the Moon’s surface. However, the successful completion of manned space missions is a rare feat only achieved by three countries until now - the US, Russia and China. Interestingly, Denmark also has a manned space mission slated for 2022. Fuel from the moon However, there’s also another, arguably more important, reason that India is interested in sending humans to space. It wants to mine fuel from the Moon someday. And this is where its space and energy ambitions converge. The Indian government wants to assess the feasibility of harnessing a waste-free nuclear fuel from the south side of the Moon. As a part of its <keyword id="53289" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</keyword> programme, the ISRO is set to send a rover to the Moon in early 2019 to analyse samples of the lunar surface for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/after-mangalyaan-india-wants-to-be-the-first-to-explore-the-dark-side-of-the-moon/articleshow/64793523.cms">helium-3</a> concentration, a potentially trillion-dollar isotope that is believed to be abundant on the Moon because of solar winds. First discovered as a result of NASA’s Apollo missions, the non-radioactive isotope does not produce waste when fused in a nuclear reaction and if harnessed adequately, could provide an important source of energy to power Earth. In December 2018, China plans to send its own <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/China-says-it-will-launch-2-robots-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon-in-December-on-an-unprecedented-lunar-exploration-mission/articleshow/65417551.cms">rover to the moon</a> to scout for helium-3 samples, among other things, illustrating the urgency of India’s task. The Chandrayaan-2 rover will spend two weeks covering a 400-metre radius on the moon. Following the landing of the rover, the ISRO also plans to launch a space station into orbit. A manned mission to the Moon will be a culmination of this programme.

India is spending $1.4 billion on a space trip and there are bigger plans involved

<ul><li>India's upcoming mission to Moon, <keyword id="414120" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan 2</keyword>, is the the country's biggest space project yet costing ₹10 billion.</li><li>Chandrayaan-2 is India's second lunar visit but it still marks a lot of firsts for the country and the global community, like being the first country to make a soft landing on the Moon's South Pole.</li><li>It will also be the first time that a country will be exploring the Moon's potential for water.</li></ul>India's second lunar mission, Chandrayaan 2, set to take off today. It may be India's second trip to the Moon but it will be first time any country in the world will be landing on the Moon's South Pole. This is India's biggest project till date with the cost coming up to ₹10 billion and will mark many ‘firsts’ for the country’s apex space agency. Building on Chandrayaan 1's discovery of water is only one part of the Chandrayaan 2's goal on the moon. Since it will be privy to the Moon's craters in a region that's been frozen for millions of years at temperatures dipping below 270 degrees Celcius, the Indians Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is also hoping to look into other primary elements that may be present on the moon. India’s second lunar mission will be carrying 14 payloads abroad its 3 modules — the orbiter, the lander called Vikram and Pragyan, the rover. Together, the spacecraft will have a mass of 3.8 tonnes. Here are all the reasons why Chandrayaan-2 is a landmark mission for India: 1. Soft landing The last time around, during Chandrayaan-1, ISRO attempted a crash landing on the Moon. But, this time around it is choosing to opt for a soft landing, making it one of the most challenging tasks that ISRO at undertaken till date. 
 
 
 
 
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 2. Women power The Chandrayaan-2 mission is also the first time that an ISRO mission is being led by two women — the project director, M Vanitha and the mission director, Ritu Karidhal. Vanitha was recommended to the position for her problem solving skills as well as her deft handling of the team. Karidhal, on the other hand, has already proved her competence as a member of India’s Mars mission. After many delays, India’s second lunar mission — Chandrayaan-2 — is set to take off from the Sriharikota launch pad on July 15 at 2:51am. But, just because India’s been to the Moon before doesn’t mean that the new mission isn’t a big deal. 3. Covering the Moon in India’s Asoka Chakra Pragyaan, the rover that will roam the surface of the Moon, is gonna tag the entire Moon with India’s Ashoka Chakra and the ISRO’s logo. As its wheels move across the lunar surface will imprint the move for a total of 500cms — the total distance that the rover can travel during the course of the mission. 
 
 
 
 
 <div type="image" title="Bengaluru: ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2, India&amp;#39;s ..." msid="69843107" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>











 4. <keyword id="2179903" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Water-on-the-moon">Water on the Moon</keyword> The Chandrayaan 2 mission is also India’s chance to study water on the Moon, first discovered during the Chandrayaan 1 mission. This will be a first for the for the global scientific community and could provide solutions for sustaining human missions to the Moon like the one NASA has planned for 2024 called Artemis. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-india-moon-mission-14-high-tech-instruments-to-look-for-water/articleshow/69867398.cms">India’s second mission to the moon will use these 14 high-tech instruments to look for water</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-why-indias-isro-is-going-to-the-moon/articleshow/69893150.cms">Chandrayaan 2 will give India bragging rights even if it doesn’t find water</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayan-2-lunar-mission-to-launch-in-july-by-isro/articleshow/69139095.cms">India’s second lunar mission pegged to launch in July</a>

India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records

The Luxembourg-based <keyword id="9920040" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="kleos-space">Kleos Space</keyword>, a space-powered Radio Frequency Reconnaissance data-as-a-service (DaaS) company on Friday said its Kleos Scouting Mission satellites are expected to be launched during the first half of November 2020 by Indian rocket PSLV. "The Company has been informed (by NSIL via Spaceflight Inc.) that the launch of the four Kleos satellites planned on-board PSLV-C49 mission is being targeted during the 1st half of November 2020, based on the current status of planning of activities. This schedule is subject to change due to operational circumstances beyond NSIL control," Kleos Space said. "The rocket launch is done by ISRO (<keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword>). We are facilitating commercial launches," G. Narayanan, Chairman and Managing Director, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) told IANS. The NSIL is a commercial space company under Department of Space (DOS). According to Narayanan, the actual launch date of the rocket <keyword id="622933" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Polar-Satellite-Launch-Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</keyword> (PSLV C49) will be finalised ISRO. Kleos said it is launching the scouting satellites under a rideshare contract with Spaceflight Inc, with the launch managed by NSIL. The Kleos Scouting Mission's four satellites have been mission-ready since the middle of 2019, and were shipped to the launch site (Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh) during February, anticipating the launch during March. Delay to the launch from March has been due to the prevailing Covid-19 pandemic situation, Kleos said. "In due course, NSIL via Spaceflight Inc. will confirm the exact launch date once the activities at the launch base progress successfully," Kleos said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-doubles-down-on-startups-and-msme-for-space-technology-launches-seed-program-and-reviews-over-200-applications-under-arise-mission/articleshow/78037431.cms">ISRO doubles down on startups and MSME for space technology — launches SEED program and reviews over 200 applications under ARISE mission</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-wholeheartedly-invites-the-private-sector-to-make-india-a-global-technology-powerhouse/articleshow/76618927.cms">ISRO 'wholeheartedly' invites the private sector to make India a 'global technology powerhouse'</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-may-quietly-gain-a-cost-advantage-despite-the-delay-in-gaganyaan-and-chandrayaan-3-says-an-expert/articleshow/75546034.cms">ISRO may quietly gain a cost advantage despite the delay in Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan 3, says an expert</a>

ISRO may launch four Kleos Space satellites in November — ending COVID-19 hiatus

New Delhi [India], August 18 (ANI): <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword> is just days away from its final destination, the moon. On August 23 the <keyword id="7864315" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="vikram-lander" source="Orion">Vikram Lander</keyword> of Chandrayaan 3 is expected to make a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. ISRO on Friday released images of the moon as captured by the position detection camera attached to the lander right after the successful separation of the lander from the propulsion module. Here are some of the pictures: The Chandrayaan-3 mission's lander is named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1971), who is widely regarded as the father of the Indian space programme. On Wednesday, the spacecraft carried out the final lunar-bound orbit reduction manoeuvre of the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft, a week ahead of its scheduled landing on the south pole of the moon on August 23. A GSLV Mark 3 (LVM 3) heavy-lift launch vehicle was used for the launch of the spacecraft that was placed in the lunar orbit on August 5 and since then it has been through a series of orbital manoeuvres. It has been a month and three days since the Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 mission on July 14. The spacecraft was launched from the <keyword id="6356967" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="satish-dhawan-space-centre" source="Orion">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</keyword> in Andhra Pradesh's Sriharikota. ISRO is bidding to make a successful soft landing on the moon, which will make India the fourth country in the world to achieve the feat after the United States, Russia, and China. The stated objectives of Chandrayaan-3, India's third lunar mission, are safe and soft landing, rover roving on the moon's surface, and in-situ scientific experiments. The approved cost of Chandrayaan-3 is Rs 250 crores (excluding launch vehicle cost). Chandrayaan-3's development phase commenced in January 2020 with the launch planned sometime in 2021. However, the COVID-19 pandemic brought an unforeseen delay to the mission's progress. Chandrayaan-3 is the ISRO's follow-up attempt after the Chandrayaan-2 mission faced challenges during its soft landing on the lunar surface in 2019 and was eventually deemed to have failed its core mission objectives. Meanwhile, the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), S Somanath last week expressed confidence in the progress of the Chandrayaan 3, providing reassurance that all systems were operating as planned. Chairman S Somanath stated, "Everything is going fine now. There will be a series of manoeuvres until it lands (on the Moon) on 23rd August. The satellite is healthy." Moon serves as a repository of the Earth's past and a successful lunar mission by India will help enhance life on Earth while also enabling it to explore the rest of the solar system and beyond. Historically, spacecraft missions to the Moon have primarily targeted the equatorial region due to its favourable terrain and operating conditions. However, the lunar south pole presents a vastly different and more challenging terrain compared to the equatorial region. (ANI)

Up, close & personal images of the moon from Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander

<ul><li><keyword id="63710" type="POSITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO-chief">ISRO chief</keyword> confirms that they want <keyword id="624" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Women">women</keyword> astronauts to be a part of the three member-crew </li><li><keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword> will take off in December, 2021 </li><li>The Indian government had earlier approved a $1.4 billion budget for the same, which could make the mission the cheapest in history</li></ul>India is set to launch its first crewed <keyword id="139576" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-mission">space mission</keyword> – Gaganyaan – in December 2021 and <keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword> chief <keyword id="2003919" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="K-Sivan">K Sivan</keyword> has announced that woman astronauts could be a part of the three-member team. In a press conference held in Bengaluru, the <a href="https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/article/isro-briefing-k-sivan-talks-about-chandrayaan-2-gaganyaan-and-other-key-projects-in-2019-for-the-indian-space-research-organisation-isro/345618">ISRO chief confirmed</a> the timeline for the space mission while adding that both men and women are being trained. However, while the initial part of the training will be done in <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/mission-gaganyaan-cabinet-approves-10-000-crore-budget-send-indians-to-space-2022-1418941-2018-12-28">India</a>, the advanced training will take place abroad. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had initially<a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FNpqM0Da1muJBPiDr9G5tN/Cabinet-approves-Rs-10000-crore-Gaganyaan-project.html"> announced Gaganyaan</a>, a seven-day low Earth orbit mission, as a part of his Independence Day speech. India also gave a go-ahead for a $1.4 billion budget to send three people into space for seven days. China’s space mission Shenzhou program had cost them $2.3 billion whereas US in 1969 had <a href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/india-to-send-three-person-crew-on-landmark-space-mission">reportedly</a> spent $110 billion in current values. With this move, India will become the fourth nation in the world to send humans to space, ranking right after US, Russia and China. It could possibly also be the cheapest space mission, with the entire project from technology development to flight hardware realization and infrastructure to be done within the approved budget. See Also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/2018-was-a-remarkable-year-for-indias-space-agency-isrohere-were-the-top-5-successful-missions/articleshow/67284873.cms">2018 was a remarkable year for India’s space agency ISRO—Here were the top 5 successful missions</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-space-agency-is-planning-a-massive-launch-of-over-30-satellites-this-week-including-one-capable-of-hyperspectral-imaging/articleshow/66811381.cms">India’s space agency is planning a massive launch of over 30 satellites this week, including one capable of ‘hyperspectral’ imaging</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-big-bird-india-marks-successful-launch-of-its-heaviest-satellite-gsat-11-onboard-space-vehicle-ariane-5/articleshow/66948736.cms">‘The Big Bird’: India marks successful launch of its heaviest satellite GSAT-11 onboard space vehicle Ariane-5</a>

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