<ul><li>US <keyword id="6354298" type="DEFINITION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Stocks">stocks</keyword> rose on Tuesday as better-than-expected economic data outweighed mounting concerns about surging COVID-19 cases.</li><li>The <keyword id="70622" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Dow-Jones-Industrial-Average">Dow Jones industrial average</keyword>'s 18% gain in the three-month period from April to June marked the index's best quarterly return since 1987.</li><li>US consumer confidence jumped in June by the most since 2011, exceeding economists' forecasts.</li><li>Coronavirus cases continue to climb in multiple US states, leading to new restrictions and rollbacks of reopening phases.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Read more on Business Insider</a>.</li></ul>US stocks rose on Tuesday as better-than-expected economic data outweighed mounting concerns about a surge in COVID-19 cases.The Dow Jones industrial average's 18% gain in the three-month period from April to June marked the index's best quarterly return since 1987. Meanwhile, the <keyword id="123873" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="SP-500">S&amp;P 500</keyword> saw its best gain since 1998 during the period, while the <keyword id="6357328" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasdaq">Nasdaq</keyword> capped off its best quarter since 2001.Equities got a lift from data showing that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-consumer-confidence-june-jumped-economy-reopened-conference-board-unemployment-2020-6">US consumer confidence jumped in June</a> by the most since 2011, exceeding economists' forecasts.Here's where US indexes stood at the 4 p.m. ET market close on Tuesday:<ul><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/s&amp;p_500?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestm=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S&amp;P 500</a>: 3,100.29, up 1.5%</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest#est#" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dow Jones industrial average</a>: 25,812.88, up 0.9% (217 points)</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/nasdaq_composite?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nasdaq composite</a>: 10,058.77, up 1.9%</li></ul>Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-picks-to-buy-how-to-invest-home-improvement-boom-2020-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">BANK OF AMERICA: Buy these 8 retail stocks as they rake in revenues from an unprecedented surge in home-improvement spending</a>Still, investors are keeping an eye on increases in COVID-19 cases that could slow the economic recovery. Texas, California, Florida, and Arizona have rolled back reopening plans and imposed new restrictions.Shares of <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/uber-stock">Uber</a> rose on reports that it was considering <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-in-talks-to-buy-postmates-for-about-2-6-billion-11593487498?mod=hp_lead_pos6">purchasing Postmates for about $2.6 billion</a>. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/tsla-stock">Tesla</a> surged to an <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tesla-jumps-8-to-record-high-after-elon-musk-email-shows-optimism-around-a-profitable-2nd-quarter-tsla-1029356021">all-time high</a> after CEO Elon Musk said in an email to employees on Monday night that "breaking even is looking super tight" for the second quarter.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-market-picks-to-buy-investing-strategy-high-volatility-goldman-2020-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Goldman Sachs has formulated a strategy that could triple the market's return within a year as volatility remains higher than normal — including 11 new stock picks for the months ahead</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/wfc-stock">Wells Fargo</a> declined after saying it would likely slash its dividend in the third quarter to comply with the Federal Reserve's stress test. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/bac-stock">Bank of America</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/c-stock">Citigroup</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/gs-stock">Goldman Sachs</a>, and <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/jpm-stock">JPMorgan</a> said their dividends would remain the same.Shares of <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/ba-stock">Boeing</a> slumped after <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/norwegian_air_shuttle-stock">Norwegian Air Shuttle</a> canceled a deal for its jets. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/ino-stock?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest">Inovio Pharmaceuticals</a> slipped <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/inovio-stock-price-after-early-coronavirus-vaccine-data-covid19-phase-2020-6-1029354558">more than 12%</a> following <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/30/inovio-claims-positive-results-on-covid-19-vaccine-but-critical-data-are-missing/">a report</a> that the company hadn't provided data needed to determine whether its coronavirus vaccine candidate was working.Fed Chairman Jerome Powell and Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin <a href="https://financialservices.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=406688">testified before the House Financial Services Committee</a> on Tuesday afternoon. In prepared remarks released on Monday, Powell warned that <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/federal-reserve-powell-economic-recovery-faster-than-expected-coronavirus-risks-2020-6-1029354246">failing to contain the virus could be a problem for the economy going forward</a>.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bond-market-investing-coronavirus-crisis-impact-biggest-lessons-jp-morgan-2020-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JPMorgan breaks down how COVID-19 nearly destroyed one of the market's safest trades — and lays out 3 lessons to help investors tackle future crises</a>In global news, Chinese President Xi Jinping signed a national-security law for Hong Kong that's set to go into effect on Tuesday. The law could spark tensions between the US and China and threaten Hong Kong's standing as a financial hub.Still, China's economy has shown signs of a rebound from the coronavirus pandemic. The country's <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-economic-recovery-picks-up-more-momentum-11593502340">purchasing managers' index climbed to a three-month high</a> in June, surpassing economists' estimates.Oil prices slid. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=wti" target="_blank" rel="noopener">West Texas Intermediate crude</a> as much as 2.1%, to $38.85 per barrel. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=brent">Brent crude</a>, oil's international benchmark, fell 1.9%, to $40.90 per barrel, at intraday lows.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/real-estate-investing-strategy-for-apartment-buildings-syndication-joe-fairless-2020-6?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Real-estate investor Joe Fairless breaks down how he went from 4 single-family rentals to overseeing 7,000 units worth $900 million — and outlines the epiphany that turbocharged his career</a>

Dow caps off best quarter since 1987 as strong economic data drives gains

<ul><li>US equities gained on Tuesday on new hopes for a capital-gains tax cut and wary optimism about a Russian coronavirus vaccine.</li><li>President Donald Trump said on Monday afternoon that he was considering lowering the US capital-gains tax. Such a move would increase investors' realized profits but would likely face legal challenges if done through an executive order.</li><li>Investors also mulled Russia's announcement that it had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russia-has-coronavirus-vaccine-daughter-despite-concerns-development-2020-8">developed and approved the world's first successful coronavirus vaccine</a>. While news of vaccine progress has previously lifted <keyword id="31671" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="markets">markets</keyword>, the lack of phase-three testing of the vaccine has made several health authorities skeptical of its safety.</li><li>Oil gained after US COVID-19 hospitalizations <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/hospitals-in-some-u-s-hot-spots-finally-get-covid-19-respite">sank to their lowest level</a> in a month. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=wti">West Texas Intermediate crude</a> rose as much as 2.4%, to $42.94 per barrel.</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/indices">Watch major indexes update live here</a>.</li></ul>US stocks rose on Tuesday after President Donald Trump called for a capital-gains tax cut.The president said on Monday afternoon that was considering lowering the US capital-gains tax, a move that would boost investors' realized profits. Trump decided against such a cut in September, saying it did too little for the middle class.While the president can't unilaterally slash the capital-gains tax rate, he could adjust it by the level of inflation through an executive order. Still, such a move would likely prompt legal challenges.Here's where US indexes stood at 11:25 a.m. ET on Tuesday:<ul><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/s&amp;p_500?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingesttm_medium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S&amp;P 500</a>: 3,377.46, up 0.5%</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/dow_jones?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestedium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dow Jones industrial average</a>: 28,106.66, up 1.1% (315 points)</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/nasdaq_composite?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestedium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nasdaq composite</a>: 10,971.00, up 0.03%</li></ul>Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/investing-strategy-paul-tudor-jones-shares-top-markets-trading-rules-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Billionaire investor Paul Tudor Jones famously earned a 4-year streak of triple-digit returns. Here are the 7 trading rules he lives by after suffering a devastating loss.</a>In vaccine news, Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the country had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russia-has-coronavirus-vaccine-daughter-despite-concerns-development-2020-8">developed and approved the first successful coronavirus vaccine</a>. Futures moved higher after the announcement, though global health authorities have expressed skepticism about the vaccine's safety.Clinical trials of the vaccine took place over just two months, and the Russian government approved its use before phase-three studies, set to begin on Wednesday."I know that it works quite effectively, forms strong immunity, and, I repeat, it has passed all the needed checks," Putin said on Tuesday, <a href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-put/russia-becomes-first-country-to-approve-a-covid-19-vaccine-says-putin-idUKKCN25713Q">according to Reuters</a>. The president added that one of his daughters received the vaccine.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/morgan-stanley-how-to-invest-for-the-coming-bull-market-2020-8">Morgan Stanley breaks down 4 reasons why the next stock bull market is just getting underway — and lays out the best investing strategy for taking advantage</a>Investors also cheered news that US COVID-19 hospitalizations <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/hospitals-in-some-u-s-hot-spots-finally-get-covid-19-respite">fell to their lowest level in a month</a>, suggesting the country's surging death toll could soon slow.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/inovio-stock-price-earnings-miss-coronavirus-vaccine-update-phase-pharmaceuticals-2020-8-1029491587">Inovio Pharmaceuticals tumbled</a> after missing quarterly estimates. The company also announced that the next trials of its experimental coronavirus vaccine would begin in September, later than expected.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-picks-to-buy-cheap-small-mid-cap-companies-jpmorgan-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JPMorgan says buy these 19 'diamond in the rough' stocks that have plunged from yearly highs, but are spring-loaded for huge gains ahead</a>The Chinese electric-car maker <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/nio-stock-price-q2-earnings-doubled-sales-loss-beat-automaker-2020-8-1029491725">Nio erased initial gains</a> as the company's earnings beat drove a wave of profit-taking. The Tesla competitor beat second-quarter expectations and posted a positive gross margin for the first time ever. Nio also guided for record revenue and vehicle deliveries in the third quarter. Yet the largely positive report wasn't enough to fuel gains, as stronger-than-usual selling pushed shares into the red in the first 30 minutes of trading.Oil futures climbed as the falling US hospitalizations boosted hopes for a demand rebound. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=wti">West Texas Intermediate crude</a> gained as much as 2.4%, to $42.94 per barrel. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest">Brent crude</a>, the international benchmark, jumped 1.8%, to $45.78 per barrel, at intraday highs.Now read more markets coverage from Markets Insider and Business Insider:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/real-estate-investing-strategy-steps-from-flipping-homes-to-syndication-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">No money, no education, and no connections: Here's how Brian Burke went from a small-time house flipper to a real-estate investing magnate with over 750 deals and 3,000 units</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/robinhood-june-darts-beat-td-ameritrade-schwab-amid-market-volatility-2020-8-1029488598">Robinhood hosted more than 4.3 million daily average trades in June — handily beating its biggest brokerage rivals</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/stock-market-outlook-bankruptcies-biggest-risk-prices-recession-el-erian-2020-8-1029488709">Bankruptcy risks pose the greatest threat to the stock market's rally to near-record levels, famed economist Mohamed El-Erian says</a>

Dow jumps 310 points after Trump says he's weighing a capital-gains tax cut

<ul><li>US equities slipped on Tuesday as tumbling tech giants erased indexes' early gains.</li><li>Stocks initially soared higher after President Donald Trump said on Monday afternoon that he was considering lowering the US capital-gains tax. Such a move would increase investors' realized profits.</li><li>Investors also mulled Russia's announcement that it had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russia-has-coronavirus-vaccine-daughter-despite-concerns-development-2020-8">developed and approved the world's first successful coronavirus vaccine</a>. The lack of phase-three testing of the vaccine has made several health authorities skeptical of its safety.</li><li>Oil gained after US COVID-19 hospitalizations <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/hospitals-in-some-u-s-hot-spots-finally-get-covid-19-respite">sank to their lowest level</a> in a month. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=wti">West Texas Intermediate crude</a> rose as much as 2.4%, to $42.94 per barrel.</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/indices">Watch major indexes update live here</a>.</li></ul>US stocks erased gains and slumped in Tuesday trading as sliding tech stocks offset hopes for a capital-gains tax cut.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/aapl-stock">Apple</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/amzn-stock">Amazon</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/fb-stock">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/msft-stock">Microsoft</a>, and other tech giants sank through the session as risk appetites improved and investors moved into neglected sectors. Financial and industrial stocks gained the most.Indexes soared Tuesday morning as investors cheered the possibility of a capital-gains tax cut. President Trump said Monday afternoon he was considering lowering the capital gains tax rate, a move that would boost investors' realized profits. Trump decided against such a cut in September, saying it did too little for the middle class.While the president can't unilaterally slash the capital-gains tax rate, he could adjust it by the level of inflation through an executive order. Still, such a move would likely prompt legal challenges.Here's where US indexes stood at the 4 p.m. ET market close on Tuesday:<ul><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/s&amp;p_500?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingesttm_medium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">S&amp;P 500</a>: 3,333.69, down 0.8%</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/dow_jones?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestedium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dow Jones industrial average</a>: 27,686.91, down 0.4% (105 points)</li><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/index/nasdaq_composite?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingest?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestedium=ingest" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nasdaq composite</a>: 10,782.82, down 1.7%</li></ul>Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-options-trading-strategy-retail-earnings-back-to-school-goldman-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GOLDMAN SACHS: These 24 single-stock trades can help you make big returns in August as the pandemic creates a wildly unpredictable back-to-school season</a>The <keyword id="123873" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="SP-500">S&amp;P 500</keyword> approached all-time highs before paring gains and falling into a single-day loss.In vaccine news, Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the country had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-russia-has-coronavirus-vaccine-daughter-despite-concerns-development-2020-8">developed and approved the first successful coronavirus vaccine</a>. Futures moved higher after the announcement, though global health authorities have expressed skepticism about the vaccine's safety.Clinical trials of the vaccine took place over just two months, and the Russian government approved its use before phase-three studies, set to begin on Wednesday."I know that it works quite effectively, forms strong immunity, and, I repeat, it has passed all the needed checks," Putin said on Tuesday, <a href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-put/russia-becomes-first-country-to-approve-a-covid-19-vaccine-says-putin-idUKKCN25713Q">according to Reuters</a>. The president added that one of his daughters received the vaccine.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/investing-strategy-paul-tudor-jones-shares-top-markets-trading-rules-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Billionaire investor Paul Tudor Jones famously earned a 4-year streak of triple-digit returns. Here are the 7 trading rules he lives by after suffering a devastating loss.</a>Investors also cheered news that US COVID-19 hospitalizations <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-10/hospitals-in-some-u-s-hot-spots-finally-get-covid-19-respite">fell to their lowest level in a month</a>, suggesting the country's surging death toll could soon slow.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/inovio-stock-price-earnings-miss-coronavirus-vaccine-update-phase-pharmaceuticals-2020-8-1029491587">Inovio Pharmaceuticals tumbled</a> after missing quarterly estimates. The company also announced that the next trials of its experimental coronavirus vaccine would begin in September, later than expected.The Chinese electric-car maker <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/nio-stock-price-q2-earnings-doubled-sales-loss-beat-automaker-2020-8-1029491725">Nio erased initial gains</a> as the company's earnings beat drove a wave of profit-taking. The Tesla competitor beat second-quarter expectations and posted a positive gross margin for the first time ever. Nio also guided for record revenue and vehicle deliveries in the third quarter.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-picks-to-buy-cheap-small-mid-cap-companies-jpmorgan-2020-8" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JPMorgan says buy these 19 'diamond in the rough' stocks that have plunged from yearly highs, but are spring-loaded for huge gains ahead</a>Yet the largely positive report wasn't enough to drive shares higher, as stronger-than-usual selling pushed shares into the red in the first 30 minutes of trading.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/gold-price">Gold</a> was on course to <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/news/gold-prices-fall-most-years-risk-appetites-improve-stocks-gain-2020-8-1029493228">fall the most in seven years</a> as investors pivoted from safe havens to risk assets. Many investors were "looking for an excuse to lock-in profits," Edward Moya, senior market analyst at OANDA, said, adding that Russia's vaccine news was reason enough for some sellers.Oil futures similarly wiped early gains and sank in afternoon trading. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?type=wti">West Texas Intermediate crude</a> fell as much as 1.1%, to $41.49 per barrel. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price?utm_source=markets&amp;utm_medium=ingestgest">Brent crude</a>, the international benchmark, dropped 1.3%, to $44.39 per barrel, at intraday lows.Now read more <keyword id="31671" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="markets">markets</keyword> coverage from Markets Insider and Business Insider:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/morgan-stanley-how-to-invest-for-the-coming-bull-market-2020-8">Morgan Stanley breaks down 4 reasons why the next stock bull market is just getting underway — and lays out the best investing strategy for taking advantage</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/facebook-stock-worst-faang-pick-millennial-market-investor-panel-2020-8-1029492983">Just 2% of our millennial investor panel says Facebook is the FAANG stock they'd want to own for the next 10 years</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/robinhood-june-darts-beat-td-ameritrade-schwab-amid-market-volatility-2020-8-1029488598">Robinhood hosted more than 4.3 million daily average trades in June — handily beating its biggest brokerage rivals</a>

US stocks fall as tech slump outweighs tax-cut hopes

<ul><li>Experts tell Business Insider that the <keyword id="8624004" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="coronavirus-vaccine">Coronavirus vaccine</keyword> will take at least a year to develop.</li><li>The lack of a vaccine is not a reason to worry with treatment options available to patients who test positive for Covid-19.</li><li>However, anyone who believes they have symptoms needs to consult a doctor before treating themselves based on information from WhatsApp.</li></ul>Many are hoping — and waiting — for a vaccine for Covid-19. However, experts believe that it will take at least a year before there’s anything on the market. “There are 20 candidate vaccines based on trials which have already started in the US. But then you’re going to have to go through Phase II, Phase III and Phase IV. So, realistically you’re not going to have a vaccine before the end of the year,” Anupam Sibal from Apollo Hospitals told Business Insider. <div type="twitter" handle="BiIndia" handlename="Business Insider India🇮🇳" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1232926719016718336/sfffJHNV_normal.jpg" favoritecount="10" retweetcount="4" status="@BiIndia's @iyer_sriram in conversation with @docmranney, Dr Gautam Bhansali Consultant Physician, Bombay Hospital… https://t.co/ryCGN2vddi" createdat="1585811844000" id="1245611274106363905"></div> According to the World Health Organisation (<a href="https://twitter.com/Reuters/status/1227274792425967616?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1227274792425967616&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fwho-says-a-coronavirus-vaccine-is-18-months-away">WHO</a>) it takes as long as 18 months. However, that’s not a reason to worry. There are already a lot of options on the table for treatment. From the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/trump-touts-unproven-coronavirus-treatment-hours-after-reports-that-it-killed-a-man-in-arizona-who-was-self-medicating/articleshow/74784019.cms">hyped chloroquine malaria pill</a> to basic antibiotics to ward off the infection. As Sibal puts it, “There’s a lot going on.” The need of the hour is for people to stop believing in possible cures that are circulating on WhatsApp and consult an actual doctor if they believe that they are experiencing <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/how-to-check-coronavirus-symptoms-at-home/articleshow/74960334.cms">any symptoms</a>. Sibal points out that not every treatment works on every patient. <div type="image" title="cure6" msid="74966986" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Medical staff during their duty at the isolation ward at Aluva General Hospital &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> There are many variables that need to be taken into account, including the patient’s medical history, in order to give the right course of treatment. “The vaccine will take some time but it will definitely be there. Treatment is there depending on the patient’s condition. I request people to not trust WhatsApp university and messages on social media,” said Gautam Bhansali, a consultant physician at Bombay Hospital. Who’s working on a Coronavirus vaccine? As of now, we do not have a vaccine for any of the viruses for the Coronaviridae family. During the SARS pandemic in 2008, many vaccines were tested on animal models but none were deemed safe for humans. Nonetheless, efforts at the University of Queensland are based on evidence from the past outbreak. <div type="image" title="cure9" msid="74967004" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;People outside tThe swine flu (H1N1) isolation ward of the Ahmedabad Civil Hospital in Ahmedabad on 07,February,2015&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> As of April 2, there are around 50 <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/how-to-enroll-in-a-clinical-trial-for-a-malaria-drug-that-could-help-treat-the-coronavirus-or-stop-you-from-catching-it/articleshow/74903005.cms">vaccine candidates</a> under developement, and a few initiated <a href="https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus-landscape-ncov.pdf">phase-1 trials</a> of human testing — including CanSino Biological Inc and Beijing Institute of Biotechnology — according to data collected by the <a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/2020-04/Covid19%20Tracker%20NEW4-2-20-final.pdf">Milken Institute.</a> Other biotechnology companies like Moderna and Inovio Pharmaceuticals have funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). IBM’s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/the-worlds-fastest-supercomputer-joins-the-battle-against-coronavirus-to-find-cure/articleshow/74725396.cms">supercomputer</a> is also on the job using resources provided by Hewlett Packard (HP), Amazon, Microsoft and Google to try and speed up the hunt for a cure. <div type="image" title="cure4" msid="74967065" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;IKDRC Hospital stamping Corona checking sticker on patients at the Civil Hospital Compound in Ahmedabad &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> However, there’s still a possibility that none of vaccines prove safe or, even effective, on humans. A study of the success rate of clinical development between 2006 to 2015 found that moving from Phase I to a successful Phase III was around 11.5%. Using what we already know to create a treatment Doctors are now using existing viral treatments to treat Coronavirus patients. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/could-a-malaria-pill-from-the-1940s-treat-the-coronavirus-early-results-for-chloroquine-have-caught-the-eyes-of-doctors-analysts-and-even-elon-musk/articleshow/74698558.cms">Chloroquine</a>, which has proven as an effective method of treating malaria, has shown positive results in China during preliminary trials. “We have a combination of anti-retrovirals that are being used. We also have another drug called <keyword id="8775508" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="remdesivir">remdesivir</keyword> and we’re looking at data,” said Sibal. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/we-dont-have-any-good-treatments-for-the-novel-coronavirus-right-now-but-scientists-are-racing-to-change-that/articleshow/74431738.cms">Remdesivir</a> is front runner with studies showing that it could keep the infection from replicating itself once a patient tests positive. Using that information, Phase III trials are being conducted in the US, China and Italy. <div type="image" title="cure5" msid="74967094" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;People lined up for Coronavirus testing in Beleghata&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> WHO’s multi-country trial called ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/the-world-health-organization-is-launching-a-multi-country-solidarity-trial-to-fight-the-coronavirus-and-the-us-and-uk-are-not-involved/articleshow/74701557.cms">Solidarity</a>’ with participation from 10 countries is using a combination of these drugs to try and devise a treatment. Another method of treatment that has proven effective is passive antibody therapy. Plasma in the blood of patients who have recovered from the infection can be used to boost the immunity of patients who are currently infected. The positive aspect in all of this is that medicine has come a long way. “In the olden days, it would take you years to even think about a candidate vaccine and now it was done in a few weeks,” said Sibal. Currently, there are over 2,000 active cases in India with 156 patients who have recovered and 56 have died. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/whether-india-will-extend-its-coronavirus-lockdown-will-be-decided-by-next-week-say-experts/articleshow/74960603.cms">Whether India will extend its Coronavirus lockdown will be decided by next week, say experts</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/why-india-cannot-replicate-singapore-and-south-korea-models-to-contain-the-coronavirus-pandemic/articleshow/74965781.cms">Coronavirus taskforce members explain why India cannot replicate Singapore and South Korea models to contain the pandemic</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/coronavirus-lockdown-changing-the-way-the-earth-vibrates-is-a-reminder-that-nobody-is-alone-during-the-pandemic/articleshow/74965089.cms">Coronavirus lockdown changing the way the Earth vibrates is a reminder that nobody is alone during the pandemic</a>

Coronavirus vaccine will take at least a year to make but that's not a reason to worry — as long as you stay away from 'WhatsApp university'

<div type="image" title="clown protesters in Chile" height="1000" width="2000" msid="75872002" hostid="261"></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Close to 800,000 people have created new brokerage accounts on 3 out of 4 of America's top brokerage platforms since the <keyword id="1754604" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus">coronavirus</keyword> pandemic hit the country.</li><li>That means tons of new people are playing the <keyword id="31671" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="markets">markets</keyword> at a time when things are so uncertain that hundreds of companies canceled their 2020 earnings guidance. There is no model that can predict what's about to happen to the economy or the market.</li><li>That means tons of new people desperate for a coronavirus <keyword id="24209" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine">vaccine</keyword> are now betting on potential treatments and cures. Just this week the market handed billions to 2 companies that made headlines without showing any real data. </li><li>This is very stupid, and people are going to get played.</li></ul>There are a lot of words people who watch the markets use to describe it's conditions. Sometimes it's choppy, other times it's swooning. Right now the condition of the market is stupid.A perfect storm of events has gathered to create this condition of stupidity, and each event contributes in its own special way. They are all related, of course, to the most important thing in our world at the moment — the coronavirus pandemic.Thanks to the coronavirus millions of Americans are bored at home, some without a job. And as a result, according to the <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/4be0d6d3-ccab-48df-83e4-0b726273ccac">Financial Times</a>, 780,000 of these bored people have created accounts with the three of the four largest brokerages in the US — Charles Schwab, ETrade and Interactive Brokers.This herd of newbies has charged into the market at a time of incredible uncertainty. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/graphics/how-coronavirus-spread-through-corporate-america/">Hundreds of companies in the S&amp;P 1500</a> have withdrawn their revenue guidance for the year 2020, leaving these new investors with little to go on in the way of forward-looking statements.We know the second quarter will look much, much uglier than the first, but anyone who thinks they know how ugly is trying to call the score of a game before it's over and after the rules of the game have been completely changed.You will not find a genius on Wall Street, in the Federal Reserve, or at NASA who can call what is about to happen in the <keyword id="6357440" type="DEFINITION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Stock-Market">stock market</keyword>. So no matter how smart your friend with the new trading account thinks they are, tell them (gently) that they cannot call it either.<h2>We're all too emotional to trade drugs right now</h2>Trading is hard, anyone will tell you, and it is in large part a mind game. To get it right you have to understand your emotions and your biases. This is why there is a whole cottage industry of psychiatrist trading coaches. At this precise moment almost every human being has an innate bias toward finding a coronavirus vaccine or treatment. The market is reflecting the depth of emotion behind that bias in its wild fluctuations whenever there is even the slightest news about about a vaccine breakthrough.Over the last few days we've seen two companies make coronavirus-curing headlines without even remotely having the data to back it up. The most impactful headlines were about <keyword id="4912868" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="moderna">Moderna</keyword>, a company that claimed its <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/18/early-data-show-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-generates-immune-response/">vaccine was getting a positive immune</a> response in human trials on Monday morning.The market lost it's mind on that news. The company's <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/19/moderna-carries-a-big-boy-market-valuation-now-so-it-shouldnt-act-like-a-biotech-penny-stock/">stock jumped 26%</a>. Moderna's CEO, Stephane Blancel, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-zwecJ9qxk">did a victory lap interview</a> for a credulous Joe Kernan on CNBC. Literally overnight the company raised $1.4 billion. The whole market rallied. It was a true Cinderella story.It took a full 24 hours before the market actually read Moderna's clinical trial, which cited COVID-19 antibodies forming in only eight subjects. The market also noticed that the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which was partnering with the company, did not release an endorsement of the company's findings as it usually does.Once the market digested all of that Moderna's stock fell over 10% and the market went with it. No one did their homework, and no one has since apologized. Welcome to Wall Street. The market didn't learn its lesson either. On Wednesday <a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/inovios-stock-gains-on-early-data-testing-its-covid-19-vaccine-in-animals-2020-05-20">Inovio Pharmaceuticals</a> announced that its COVID-19 vaccine was producing positive results in animals and that it expected data in the coming weeks. The stock jumped over 8%.The pharmaceutical industry was already opaque and scammy. Now suddenly everyone in the stock market is invested in a specific outcome from the sector. They want to be the person who scores big on a life saving treatment. In fact, they'll be afraid to miss out opportunities. I have an extremely active subconscious, and I could not have dreamt a more perfect condition for separating investors from their money if I tried.<h2>Making bottles and models</h2>Wall Street, of course, is beside itself trying to grasp on to something through this uncertainty. It is already a culture where original thinking can be frowned upon (it might upset your boss or your client); where every assumption is based on an old model; and where everyone is cribbing off of each other's work.There is no model for the economic reopening from coronavirus, and the closest possible model we have — <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> — is flawed. And it's not just flawed because the numbers China has provided the world about its experience with coronavirus are extremely dubious, it's flawed because the US is simply not going to get off the mat like China did. Our economies are too different.Some of Wall Street understands this and some of it doesn't. In the column of people who get it you may place Chief China Economist Robin Xing and Chief Cross-Asset Strategist Andrew Sheets at Morgan Stanley. <a href="https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/thoughts-on-the-market-special-episode?subscribed=true&amp;dis=em_2020520_wm_5ideasarticle&amp;et_mid=152741&amp;et_mkid=561bf286dcc04bc26d767e49200b57227e49200b5722">In a short podcast for investors</a> Xing explained what China watchers already know — China's economic rebound has been led by manufacturing and industrial sectors. The country's service sector, especially when it comes to transportation and leisure, is still pretty dormant. Consumption is low as the economic deep freeze of hard lockdown hit households and small and medium sized businesses (much of China's private sector) the hardest. That is bad news for the US. Most of our economy is made of small- and medium-sized businesses in the service sector. Consumption is what we do. Manufacturing makes up such a small part of this picture that last year was the worst year for the sector since the financial crisis, and the US economy hummed right along, shrugging it off.Manufacturing will not lead America out of this economic malaise, it simply isn't big enough. The coronavirus has hit our economy exactly where it counts, in services. The China model isn't going to work here.In sum, what we have in the market is an unholy mess. We have bored, unseasoned, emotionally conflicted investors playing around in a murky pool where one of the most opaque sectors has the ability to make the biggest waves. It's very stupid — people are going to drown.Read the original article on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/perfect-storm-of-stupid-in-stock-market-right-now-2020-5">Business Insider</a>

It's a perfect storm of stupid in the stock market right now

By Shakoor Rather(Eds: Recasting overnight story) New Delhi, Apr 16 () Six Indian companies are working on a vaccine for COVID-19, joining global efforts to find a quick preventive for the deadly infection spreading rapidly across the world, says a top Indian scientist.Nearly 70 'vaccine candidates' are being tested and at least three have moved to the human clinical trial stage, but a vaccine for the novel coronavirus is unlikely to be ready for mass use before 2021. As COVID-19 infects more than 1.9 million in the world and claims 1,26,000 lives, Indian scientists are also part of the global fight against the disease. "While Zydus Cadila is working on two vaccines, Serum Institute, Biological E, Bharat Biotech, Indian Immunologicals, and Mynvax are developing one vaccine each," Gagandeep Kang, executive director of the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, told .Kang is also vice chair of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which noted in a recent study that the "global vaccine R&amp;D effort in response to the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in terms of scale and speed". But it is a complicated process with many stages of testing and many challenges, explained experts. A vaccine for the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, may not take 10 years that other vaccines do but it could be at least a year before it is proven safe, effective, and made widely available, they said."Vaccine development is a lengthy process which often takes years, with many challenges," said E. Sreekumar, chief scientific officer at the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) in Kerala. "Generally, vaccines take several months to pass the different stages of testing, and then approvals also take time. For COVID-19, we don't expect a vaccine to come in this year," agreed Rakesh Mishra, director of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad. Vaccine testing typically begins with animal and lab testing before going on to different stages of human testing. "The human testing phase is composed of many phases," Sreekumar told . "Phase one trials are small-scale, usually involving few participants, to assess whether the vaccine is safe for humans. Phase two trials often involve several hundred subjects, and mainly evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine against the disease," he said. The final phase involves thousands of people to further assess the efficacy of the vaccine over a defined period of time, and can last several months, Sreekumar said. "That is why we don't see a vaccine coming in at least a year from now." Even after the vaccine is ready, he explained, there are a lot of challenges, including whether the vaccine is effective in all populations, and if it can be used for different strains of the novel coronavirus, which might start mutating as time passes."There are lots of vaccines which are being tested for COVID-19, some of which are in the stage 1 clinical trial," Mishra added. "But we still don't know how fast they will proceed towards a vaccine and they can take several months to reach any point," he said. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), three vaccine candidates are in the clinical testing phase, meaning they are able to be tested on humans, while nearly 70 are in the preclinical phase -- either in lab testing, or animal studies. Though Kang named six companies, the WHO has listed only Zydus Cadila and Serum Institute from India as among the global firms working on a COVID-19 vaccine. As of April 8, 2020, said CEPI, the global COVID-19 vaccine R&amp;D landscape includes 115 vaccine candidates, of which 78 are confirmed as active and 37 are unconfirmed. Of the 78 confirmed active projects, 73 are currently at exploratory or preclinical stages, noted the CEPI team in an analysis published in the journal Nature reviews drug Discovery last week. The most advanced candidates have recently moved into clinical development, including mRNA-1273 from US-based biotechnology company Moderna, Ad5-nCoV from Chinese biopharma company CanSino Biologicals, and INO-4800 from American pharmaceuticals company Inovio.Others in this list include LV-SMENP-DC and pathogen-specific aAPC from Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute in China.Numerous other vaccine developers have indicated plans to initiate human testing in 2020, the CEPI scientists said.Experts believe the genome sequencing of the new coronavirus provided by scientists in China shows it shares 79 per cent of the same genetic material as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 50 per cent of the same material as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), a species of coronavirus which infects humans, bats, and camels. This allows developers to use groundwork already created in research for vaccines for those viruses. Australia's national science agency CSIRO announced earlier this month that it has begun preclinical tests of a vaccine developed by Oxford University in the UK. A striking feature of the vaccine development landscape for COVID-19 is the range of technology platforms being evaluated, including nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), virus-like particle, live weakened virus, and inactivated virus approaches. The CEPI noted that many of these platforms are not currently the basis for licensed vaccines, but experience in fields such as oncology is encouraging developers to exploit the opportunities that next-generation approaches offer for increased speed of development and manufacture. SAR MIN DVDV

Six Indian companies working on vaccine for COVID-19

Alex Brandon/APAnthony Fauci<ul class="summary-list"><li>Dr. Anthony Fauci said that the United States might never get entirely back to where it was before the novel coronavirus outbreak, especially without a vaccine.</li><li>"If you want to get back to pre-coronavirus, that might not ever happen in the sense that the threat is there," Fauci said, expressing optimism that new therapies and a vaccine will help the US recover. </li><li>Fauci said that with "the therapies that will be coming online, and the fact that I feel confident that over a period of time we will get a good vaccine, that we will never have to get back to where we are right now." </li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>In a Monday press briefing of the White House Coronavirus task force, Dr. Anthony Fauci said that the United States might never get entirely back to where it was before the novel coronavirus outbreak, especially without a vaccine and effective treatments. As of Monday, there are currently over 364,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, in the United States, with over 9,600 deaths, <a href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6">according to data collected by Johns Hopkins University.</a>Both economic activity and life as normal have come to a grinding halt across the country. <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-which-states-stay-at-home-order-trnd/index.html">Forty-four states have issued some form of a stay-at-home order</a> temporarily closing down non-essential businesses and telling citizens to practice social distancing and stay at home as much as possible to mitigate the spread. And while some states have shown encouraging signs that widespread social distancing is working to slow the progression of the disease, US officials warn that social distancing and other mitigation measures remain crucial to help flatten the curve of the rate of cases.Fauci, the Director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the nation's top infectious disease expert, At the briefing, ABC News Correspondent Jon Karl said, "you said you wanted to get back to normal as soon as possible," asking, "Will we truly get back to normal in this country before there's an actual vaccine that's available to everybody, and how do you start lifting the restrictions without a vaccine?""If 'back to normal' means acting like there never was a coronavirus problem, I don't think that's going to happen until we do have a situation where you can completely protect the population," Dr. Fauci said. "But when we say getting back to normal, we mean something very different from what we're going through right now. Because right now, we're in a very intense mitigation.""When we get back to normal, we will go back to the point where we can function as a society. But you're absolutely right. If you want to get back to pre-coronavirus, that might not ever happen in the sense that the threat is there," Fauci continued. "But I believe that with the therapies that will be coming online, and the fact that I feel confident that over a period of time we will get a good vaccine, that we will never have to get back to where we are right now." Fauci emphasized that "you never even think about claiming victory prematurely." However, he said that New York <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/too-early-to-tell-new-york-decline-coronavirus-deaths-cuomo-2020-4">reporting a leveling off in hospitalizations</a> and an increase in daily hospital discharges proves that mitigatory measures like social distancing are working, with Fauci encouraging states to "keep it up." There are currently <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-repurposed-drugs-to-watch-hydroxychloroquine-remdesivir-2020-3">several clinical trials</a> underway testing both therapies to treat COVID-19 patients and possible vaccines that could protect against contracting the disease. On Monday, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inovio-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-starts-in-philadelphia-kansas-city-2020-4">Inovio Pharmaceuticals began clinical trials</a> located in both Philadelphia and Kansas City in an experimental coronavirus vaccine effort backed by the Gates Foundation. And other trials are testing the effectiveness of drugs, including <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/roche-actemra-coronavirus-trial-begins-en">the anti-arthritis drug Actemra</a> and the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-repurposed-drugs-to-watch-hydroxychloroquine-remdesivir-2020-3">malaria drug hydroxychloroquine</a> as therapies for COVID-19. But <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/top-highlights-of-dr-anthony-fauci-congressional-testimony-2020-3">in March 11 testimony before the House Oversight Committee,</a> Fauci said that while researchers are working incredibly fast to develop a vaccine across multiple trials in different stages, he estimated that a "deployable vaccine" would not be available for at least another year to a year in a half. "Getting it into [a phase one clinical trial] in a matter of months is the quickest that anyone has ever done literally in the history of vaccinology. But the process of developing a vaccine is one that is not that quick. It will bring us three or four months down the pike, and then you go into an important phase called phase two to determine if it works," he continued. "That will take at least another eight months or so." Do you have a personal experience with the coronavirus you'd like to share? Or a tip on how your town or community is handling the pandemic? Please email <a href="mailto:covidtips@businessinsider.com">covidtips@businessinsider.com</a> and tell us your story.And get the latest <a href="/coronavirus-business-impact">coronavirus analysis and research</a> from Business Insider Intelligence on how COVID-19 is impacting businesses. <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-coronavirus-contradicting-public-health-officials-2020-3">6 times Trump contradicted public officials about the coronavirus pandemic</a></h3>

Dr. Fauci says America getting back to normal and where it was before the coronavirus crisis 'might not ever happen' without a vaccine

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Drugmakers are working on vaccines to counter the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-virus-everything-we-know-deadly-2019-ncov-wuhan-spread-2020-1">spreading Wuhan coronavirus</a>. But it will take years to fully test the injections, experts told Business Insider.</li><li>The research still holds great value for public health, as another coronavirus outbreak is likely to happen in the future. </li><li>"It will be folly to think that this won't happen again," said <a href="https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/poland-gregory-a-m-d/bio-00078220">Dr. Gregory Poland</a>, director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research Group. "It absolutely will, and history has shown that to be the case."</li><li>Previous efforts to make vaccines for similar outbreaks didn't progress beyond early studies focused on safety. It remains to be seen if new nonprofits focused on vaccines can bring development efforts to completion in this case.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>As drugmakers race to come up with vaccines to halt the deadly Wuhan coronavirus outbreak, their efforts are likely to come up against the same challenges that have hindered previous searches. Chief among them: a coronavirus vaccine will most likely take years of development and testing before it can reach a large population, experts told Business Insider. That means that any vaccine is likely to play a limited role in this outbreak, even as urgency builds to address a virus that has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-virus-everything-we-know-deadly-2019-ncov-wuhan-spread-2020-1">killed at least 600 people and sickened more than 31,500</a>."When people get up there and say we are going to have a vaccine in months, it is misleading," Dr. Gregory Poland, the director of the Mayo Clinic's Vaccine Research group, said in an interview. "That is not going to happen in the US."Poland, who works on vaccine development, said it can cost roughly $1 billion for a vaccine to be approved in the US. It will likely take years for a coronavirus vaccine to progress through the multiple stages of human testing required to assess a vaccine's safety and effectiveness, he said.Academics have <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24160863">struggled to definitively pin down</a> the typical R&amp;D cost for vaccines. Estimates have ranged from <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12477303">as low as $200 million</a> to <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/24/health/without-lucrative-market-potential-ebola-vaccine-was-shelved-for-years.html">as high as $1.5 billion</a>. Despite that variance, there's consensus it is a costly and timely endeavor to undertake.Pharmaceutical and biotech companies like Johnson &amp; Johnson, Moderna, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals have <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-treatments-vaccine-jj-regeneron-gilead-2020-2">risen to the challenge</a>, unveiling in recent weeks plans to find a vaccine.<h2>Research on a coronavirus vaccine has a lot of value for public health, but it won't yield a quick cure</h2>The research holds immense public health value, experts said, and could help fight the next outbreak. In the short term, some drugmakers are looking into <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-treatments-hiv-drugs-remdesivir-2020-2">testing approved medicines for HIV or hepatitis against the virus</a>.The fact that vaccine research may only pay dividends years down the road creates a substantial challenge.Pharmaceutical companies will have to commit large amounts of money to research that may fall short, or that might only yield a vaccine after the current outbreak has ended. Governments and nonprofit groups open their wallets when outbreaks dominate headlines, but that funding has historically withered when attention dies down.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-treatments-vaccine-jj-regeneron-gilead-2020-2">Drugmakers are dusting off their Ebola playbooks as they race to develop coronavirus treatments and vaccines. Here's how 5 top firms are tackling a contagion that's already killed 400.</a>That's what happened in previous coronavirus outbreaks, including SARS in 2002-2003 and MERS in 2012. In those cases, vaccine candidates haven't yet progressed beyond early safety testing in people, though researchers are still working on a MERS shot.Ebola proved the exception, with vaccine efforts restarted in earnest around the 2014 outbreak, building off of decades of prior research.Ongoing Ebola outbreaks, including a 2018 resurgence in Africa, kept a sense of urgency, and the first Ebola vaccine was approved in December 2019. Reaching that point required several years of testing in thousands of people by Merck, one of the world's largest drugmakers.<h2>The timeline for a vaccine will be measured in years, not months</h2>Vaccine development experts said it will take years to validate a potential vaccine's safety and effectiveness - likely not in time to counter this virus's spread."I would be extremely happy to be wrong, but I don't really see how a vaccine can get put together in time to help out with the likely course of this current outbreak," Derek Lowe, author of the industry blog <a href="https://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/">In The Pipeline</a> who has more than 30 years of experience in drug discovery, said in an interview.There have been great improvements over the past few years to create vaccines from scratch more quickly, said Dr. Stanley Plotkin, who has been involved in vaccine research since 1958 and played a big role in developing the rubella vaccine in the 1960s.Despite those advances, the process still takes years, Plotkin, now an emeritus professor at the University of Pennsylvania, said in an interview."For a new coronavirus vaccine to be available for large populations, I would say it's a matter of two years minimum," he said.US health officials have put forward a speedy timeline, but it represents just the first steps of drug development. <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director">Dr. Anthony Fauci</a>, director of the National Institutes of Health's infectious disease unit, said Friday the agency plans to start testing Moderna's potential vaccine in people within the next next two and a half months, barring any setbacks.Shares in the biotech climbed more than 15% Friday after Fauci said there have yet to be any "glitches" in using Moderna's platform.These first human trials focus on the vaccine's safety, testing different doses, often in healthy volunteers. "In less than a year, I'm hopeful we can get at least that piece of the answer," said <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/people/view/maria-bottazzi-ph-d/b1628c2c-ffed-11e2-be68-080027880ca6">Elena Maria Bottazzi</a>, co-director of the Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development.After that, the next round of testing will select a few doses to test in several hundred people.That tees up late-stage testing, the most challenging stage of drug development. Mayo Clinic's Poland said it typically requires tens of thousands of patients and hundreds of millions of dollars to run the final phase of testing to make sure a vaccine works and monitor its side effects."This will be a good test of how rapidly we can make progress with a protective vaccine," Plotkin said.<h2>'It will be folly to think that this won't happen again'</h2>Despite the multiyear process of testing, the work still holds public health value even if this outbreak subsides before a vaccine is prepared. As the third major outbreak of a coronavirus in the past 20 years, joining SARS and MERS, experts said it's only a matter of time until the next one."It will be folly to think that this won't happen again," Poland said. "It absolutely will, and history has shown that to be the case."From here, the outbreak can go in two directions, Poland said. It could dwindle out like SARS did or evolve into a full-blown pandemic. <h2>Vaccine investment dries up once epidemics fall out of the news</h2>When thinking back to the previous SARS, MERS and Zika outbreaks, the world's responses have repeatedly fallen victim to a short attention span."A big problem in emerging pathogen vaccine development is it's in the news, it's a big issue, governments respond by throwing money on the table," Poland said. "That disappears once it's not in the news anymore."Structural problems have created this cycle. Drugmakers are for-profit companies with limited money, and these outbreaks carry uncertainty on when they will recur. Additionally, these infections often strike developing countries, where it can be more difficult to make money from vaccine sales.Plotkin and two other medical experts <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1506820?articleTools=true">called in 2015 for a global vaccine development fund</a> to fix what they called a "crisis" in vaccine development.A version of that launched in 2017, called the <a href="https://cepi.net/">Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations</a>. CEPI for short, the group is backed by governments as well as the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, The Wellcome Trust, and the World Economic Forum.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccines-for-wuhan-china-cornonavirus-moderna-inovio-cepi-2020-1">A coalition backed by Bill Gates is funding biotechs that are scrambling to develop vaccines for the deadly Wuhan coronavirus</a>Its effectiveness is playing out in real time with the coronavirus. Last month, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccines-for-wuhan-china-cornonavirus-moderna-inovio-cepi-2020-1">the group awarded initial funding</a> for three vaccine efforts, and there is an open call for more applications.The World Health Organization also <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/06-02-2020-who-to-accelerate-research-and-innovation-for-new-coronavirus">announced Thursday</a> a February 11-12 meeting of scientists, public health agencies, and funders to accelerate the work being done for a vaccine, along with other medicines and diagnostics.In the case of Bottazzi, she was involved in developing a SARS vaccine candidate. Funding eventually dried up as the outbreak dwindled. If there had been sustained funding to keep on with development, she said we would have been better prepared for this outbreak."We've gone through at least three rounds of these epidemics - SARS, MERS and this one," Bottazzi said. "I really hope the community learns the lesson: do not leave things halfway."<ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-treatments-vaccine-jj-regeneron-gilead-2020-2">Drugmakers are dusting off their Ebola playbooks as they race to develop coronavirus treatments and vaccines. Here's how 5 top firms are tackling a contagion that's already killed 400.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-whistleblower-doctor-li-wenliang-in-critical-condition-2020-2">Whistleblower doctor Li Wenliang, who was censored after sounding the alarm about the coronavirus, has died in Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-us-cases-health-risk-2020-1">The US has confirmed 12 cases of the coronavirus across 6 states. Here's what we know about all the US patients.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccines-for-wuhan-china-cornonavirus-moderna-inovio-cepi-2020-1">A coalition backed by Bill Gates is funding biotechs that are scrambling to develop vaccines for the deadly Wuhan coronavirus</a></li><li>Have you been personally affected by the coronavirus epidemic? Is your city or community on the front lines of this disease? We want to hear your story. Please email <a href="mailto:adunn@businessinsider.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">adunn@businessinsider.com</a>.</li></ul>

It could take years and cost $1 billion to make a vaccine for the Wuhan coronavirus. But top scientists told us the work could still help halt future outbreaks.

By Shakoor Rather New Delhi, Apr 15 () Six Indian companies are working on a vaccine for COVID-19, joining the global race against time to find a preventive for the deadly infection spreading rapidly across the world, says a top Indian scientist.Nearly 70 'vaccine candidates' are being tested and at least three have moved to the human clinical trial stage, but a vaccine for the novel coronavirus is unlikely to be ready for mass use before 2021. As COVID-19 infects more than 1.9 million in the world and claims 1,26,000 lives, Indian scientists are also part of the global fight against the disease. "While Zydus Cadila is working on two vaccines, Serum Institute, Biological E, Bharat Biotech, Indian Immunologicals, and Mynvax are developing one vaccine each," Gagandeep Kang, executive director of the Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, told .Kang is also vice chair of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which noted in a recent study that the "global vaccine R&amp;D effort in response to the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented in terms of scale and speed". But it is a complicated process with many stages of testing and many challenges, explained experts. A vaccine for the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, may not take 10 years that other vaccines do but it could be at least a year before it is proven safe, effective, and made widely available, they said."Vaccine development is a lengthy process which often takes years, with many challenges," said E. Sreekumar, chief scientific officer at the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) in Kerala. "Generally, vaccines take several months to pass the different stages of testing, and then approvals also take time. For COVID-19, we don't expect a vaccine to come in this year," agreed Rakesh Mishra, director of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad. Vaccine testing typically begins with animal and lab testing before going on to different stages of human testing. "The human testing phase is composed of many phases," Sreekumar told . "Phase one trials are small-scale, usually involving few participants, to assess whether the vaccine is safe for humans. Phase two trials often involve several hundred subjects, and mainly evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine against the disease," he said. The final phase involves thousands of people to further assess the efficacy of the vaccine over a defined period of time, and can last several months, Sreekumar said. "That is why we don't see a vaccine coming in at least a year from now." Even after the vaccine is ready, he explained, there are a lot of challenges, including whether the vaccine is effective in all populations, and if it can be used for different strains of the novel coronavirus, which might start mutating as time passes."There are lots of vaccines which are being tested for COVID-19, some of which are in the stage 1 clinical trial," Mishra added. "But we still don't know how fast they will proceed towards a vaccine and they can take several months to reach any point," he said. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), three vaccine candidates are in the clinical testing phase, meaning they are able to be tested on humans, while nearly 70 are in the preclinical phase -- either in lab testing, or animal studies. Though Kang named six companies, the WHO has listed only Zydus Cadila and Serum Institute from India as among the global firms working on a COVID-19 vaccine. As of April 8, 2020, said CEPI, the global COVID-19 vaccine R&amp;D landscape includes 115 vaccine candidates, of which 78 are confirmed as active and 37 are unconfirmed. Of the 78 confirmed active projects, 73 are currently at exploratory or preclinical stages, noted the CEPI team in an analysis published in the journal Nature reviews drug Discovery last week. The most advanced candidates have recently moved into clinical development, including mRNA-1273 from US-based biotechnology company Moderna, Ad5-nCoV from Chinese biopharma company CanSino Biologicals, and INO-4800 from American pharmaceuticals company Inovio.Others in this list include LV-SMENP-DC and pathogen-specific aAPC from Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute in China.Numerous other vaccine developers have indicated plans to initiate human testing in 2020, the CEPI scientists said.Experts believe the genome sequencing of the new coronavirus provided by scientists in China shows it shares 79 per cent of the same genetic material as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 50 per cent of the same material as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), a species of coronavirus which infects humans, bats, and camels. This allows developers to use groundwork already created in research for vaccines for those viruses. Australia's national science agency CSIRO announced earlier this month that it has begun preclinical tests of a vaccine developed by Oxford University in the UK. A striking feature of the vaccine development landscape for COVID-19 is the range of technology platforms being evaluated, including nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), virus-like particle, live weakened virus, and inactivated virus approaches. The CEPI noted that many of these platforms are not currently the basis for licensed vaccines, but experience in fields such as oncology is encouraging developers to exploit the opportunities that next-generation approaches offer for increased speed of development and manufacture. It is conceivable that some vaccine platforms may be better suited to specific population subtypes such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, or immunocompromised patients, noted Sreekumar. The CEPI analysis shows most COVID-19 vaccine development activity is in North America, with 36 (46 per cent) developers of the confirmed active vaccine candidates compared with 14 ( per cent) in China, 14 (18 per cent) in Asia (excluding China) and Australia, and 14 (18 per cent) in Europe. "Given the imperative for speed, there is an indication that vaccine could be available under emergency use or similar protocols by early 2021," it said. This would represent a fundamental change from the traditional vaccine development pathway, which takes on an average over 10 years, even compared with the accelerated five-year timescale for development of the first Ebola vaccine, the organisation said."Although there is a lot of enthusiasm, but it will take its own course to bring out a vaccine for COVID-19," Mishra added. SAR MIN MINMIN

Six Indian companies working on COVID-19 vaccine, many challenges in finding a preventive: experts

<a href="https://www.reutersconnect.com/all?id=tag%3Areuters.com%2C2020%3Anewsml_RC2NPE97KX2Y&amp;share=true">P. Ravikumar/Reuters</a>Drugmakers have begun researching treatments and vaccines to stop the Wuhan coronavirus.<ul class="summary-list"><li>As the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-virus-everything-we-know-deadly-2019-ncov-wuhan-spread-2020-1">coronavirus outbreak has exploded</a> into a global public health emergency, leading drugmakers have begun researching treatments and vaccines to stop the virus. </li><li>In recent days, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences and Moderna have all announced efforts to combat the virus.</li><li>The virus's rapid spread has instilled urgency in development efforts, which are <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-long-to-make-vaccine-for-wuhan-china-coronavirus-timeline-2020-1">set to test how quickly these companies</a> can identify and mass-produce effective treatments. </li><li>Here's a rundown of these companies' approaches, which include repurposing existing drugs as well as creating new vaccines based on the genetic understanding of the novel virus.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>As the Wuhan coronavirus has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-virus-everything-we-know-deadly-2019-ncov-wuhan-spread-2020-1?r=US&amp;IR=T">rapidly spread to kill hundreds and infect thousands</a>, some of the world's leading drug developers have started working with US health authorities to research treatments. The companies - including Johnson &amp; Johnson, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and Gilead Sciences - are taking a range of approaches. Some are developing vaccines from scratch using info about the virus's genetic code. Others are testing existing drugs as near-term treatment options.While drug development is typically a multiyear process that faces significant hurdles, US health officials have been pushing speedy testing timelines. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institutes of Health's infectious disease center, said he hopes to start testing vaccine candidates in humans within the next three months.That urgency stems from an outbreak that was recently declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization. The coronavirus has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-virus-everything-we-know-deadly-2019-ncov-wuhan-spread-2020-1">infected more than 20,000 people and killed at least 426</a>, as it has spread to more than two dozen countries including the US. Here's how five leading drugmakers are attempting to fight the virus.<h2>Johnson &amp; Johnson is testing 5 ideas for a vaccine</h2>The largest healthcare company in the world is testing five ideas in hopes of finding an effective vaccine against the coronavirus, a leading R&amp;D executive <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/01/27/johnson-johnson-coronavirus-vaccine-potential-squawk-box.html">told CNBC</a> on January 27. "We are comfortable that we can create a vaccine and scale it up," said Paul Stoffels, chief scientific officer at Johnson &amp; Johnson, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/01/27/johnson-johnson-coronavirus-vaccine-potential-squawk-box.html">in a recent interview with CNBC</a>.The big pharma firm is not a stranger to developing vaccines for emerging crises. In the past, it has used its platforms to develop an investigational Ebola vaccine that has now been given to thousands of people in Africa, as well as vaccine candidates for HIV and respiratory synctial virus. Additionally, the company <a href="https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-launches-multi-pronged-response-to-coronavirus-global-public-health-threat">donated 350 boxes of Prezcobix</a>, its HIV therapy, to a range of Chinese hospitals and health officials. J&amp;J stated this stemmed from anecdotal accounts that a certain type of antiviral has worked against similar coronaviruses in the past, such as SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome.<h2>Regeneron is pursuing 2 routes to find a coronavirus treatment</h2>Regeneron and the US Department of Health and Human Services <a href="https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/regeneron-announces-expanded-collaboration-hhs-develop-antibody">on Tuesday expanded</a> an agreement to develop antibodies against leading public health threats to include the coronavirus. With that expansion, a biotech industry leader has started its efforts to counteract the virus, drawing similarities with its response to the Ebola crisis.In that case, Tarrytown, New York-based Regeneron worked with US health officials in developing a treatment that showed some success in countering Ebola.For this new coronavirus, Regeneron is exploring two routes, a company spokesperson told Business Insider on Tuesday.First, Regeneron researchers will seek to discover new antibodies against the disease. To speed up early testing, the biotech plans to test the drug candidates in genetically-engineered mice that have immune systems similar to people.This was how Regeneron approached Ebola. It took about six months to develop the new treatment and validate its effectiveness in animals, and then another six months to become ready for use in humans, a company spokesperson said.The second approach is to test existing antibodies against the virus, such as a previous treatment Regeneron developed for MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. This new virus has shown differences with MERS, so the likelihood of success on this front may not be particularly high, the spokesperson said.<h2>Gilead Sciences wants to repurpose an existing virus-fighting drug</h2>The California biotech Gilead is looking into <a href="https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/company-statements/gilead-sciences-statement-on-the-company-ongoing-response-to-the-2019-new-coronavirus">repurposing an antiviral drug</a> that was previously tested against Ebola. Over the weekend, Gilead started a randomized trial testing the drug remdesivir against a placebo in 270 patients with mild to moderate pneumonia associated with the coronavirus.While a single case <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191">reported in The New England Journal of Medicine</a> has stirred excitement about remdesivir's potential, SVB Leerink biotech analyst Geoffrey Porges cautioned against reading too much into one patient."It is complicated to ascribe efficacy to a single drug from one anecdotal report, especially given the complex disease course, potential for resolution on its own, and multiple other therapies on board. " Porges wrote in February 3 note to investors.Gilead <a href="https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/company-statements/gilead-sciences-statement-on-the-company-ongoing-response-to-the-2019-new-coronavirus">also said</a> the drug has shown activity in animals against similar viruses like MERS and SARS. <h2>GlaxoSmithKline is offering up tech to help others working on vaccines</h2>The British drugmaker isn't developing its own vaccine, but looking to support other efforts.GlaxoSmithKline <a href="https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/cepi-and-gsk-announce-collaboration-to-strengthen-the-global-effort-to-develop-a-vaccine-for-the-2019-ncov-virus/">said on February 3</a> it will supply some of its technology to aid other vaccine efforts, in coordination with the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, a group that's been backing efforts to find vaccines.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccines-for-wuhan-china-cornonavirus-moderna-inovio-cepi-2020-1">A coalition backed by Bill Gates is funding biotechs that are scrambling to develop vaccines for the deadly Wuhan coronavirus</a>In particular, GSK will offer up its pandemic vaccine adjuvant platform. Adjuvants are added to vaccines to boost immune responses and typically help build a stronger, longer-lasting effect. That can also allow less vaccine to be used per person, making doses available to more people, CEPI said. "Our adjuvant technology has previously been used successfully in the pandemic flu setting," said Thomas Breuer, the chief medical officer of GSK Vaccines. "It enables using only small quantities of the vaccine antigen which allows the production of more doses of the vaccine - a crucial advantage in a pandemic."<h2>Moderna is testing its new technology to quickly produce a vaccine</h2>While the rest of the drugmakers on this list have decades of experience getting drugs through testing and delivering them to patients, the buzzy biotech Moderna will be testing its new technology against this public health threat. The $7 billion biotech went public in 2018, based off the promises of its novel genetic approach to therapeutics.The platform, called messenger RNA, is now being used <a href="https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-funding-award-cepi-accelerate-development">to develop a vaccine candidate</a> with financial support from the NIH and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. The NIH will then lead the first in-human studies of the vaccine, primarily focused on safety and tolerability.The biotech believes its technology can accelerate the process and quickly produce a vaccine against the coronavirus."It's really a big step forward compared to traditional vaccines," Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vaccines-for-wuhan-china-cornonavirus-moderna-inovio-cepi-2020-1">told Business Insider</a>, adding drugmakers typically have to invent a manufacturing process almost from scratch for each vaccine.<h2>Lots of small biotechs say they're working on vaccines too, but they lack the resources of bigger firms</h2>With more than 500 publicly traded companies, the long tail of the biotech industry has also gotten involved in developing treatments against the coronavirus.These companies have yet to bring a drug to market and have significantly limited resources compared to industry-leading pharma and biotech companies, particularly in terms of their ability to run trials in lots of people or manufacture vaccines or drugs.In addition to Moderna, CEPI is also working with and awarded funding to vaccine development efforts by <a href="https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-to-fund-three-programmes-to-develop-vaccines-against-the-novel-coronavirus-ncov-2019/">Inovio</a>, a small Pennsylvania-based biotech, and <a href="https://www.curevac.com/news/curevac-and-cepi-extend-their-cooperation-to-develop-a-vaccine-against-coronavirus-ncov-2019">CureVac</a>, a German drug developer also looking at a messenger RNA therapeutic approach. CEPI is still seeking to fund more ideas, publishing <a href="https://cepi.net/news_cepi/cepi-launches-new-call-for-proposals-to-develop-vaccines-against-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/"> Monday a call for additional vaccine proposals</a> with a February 14 deadline.<a href="/intelligence/digital-health?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_subscription&amp;itm_content=health&amp;itm_campaign=digital-health"></a>Featured Digital Health Articles: - <a href="/telehealth-industry-explained">Telehealth Industry: Benefits, Services &amp; Examples</a> - <a href="/value-based-care-pay-for-performance-healthcare-model">Value-Based Care Model: Pay-for-Performance Healthcare</a> - <a href="/senior-care-market-trends">Senior Care &amp; Assisted Living Market Trends</a> - <a href="/wearable-technology-healthcare-medical-devices">Smart Medical Devices: Wearable Tech in Healthcare</a> - <a href="/artificial-intelligence-healthcare">AI in Healthcare</a> - <a href="/remote-patient-monitoring-industry-explained">Remote Patient Monitoring Industry: Devices &amp; Market Trends</a>

How 5 top drugmakers are racing to develop cures and vaccines for the coronavirus that has killed more than 400 people and infected over 20,000

ReutersA health worker fills a syringe with Ebola vaccine.<ul class="summary-list"><li>The idea of having a coronavirus vaccine ready within 18 months has been widely accepted by many federal officials and lawmakers, as well as investors.</li><li>But one top Wall Street biotech analyst told Business Insider that he is "deeply skeptical" about this timeline.</li><li>SVB Leerink analyst Geoffrey Porges sees a less than 20% chance that we will have a widely available vaccine that is proven effective in 2021.</li><li>Porges said no one has given a detailed timeline that tackles all the testing, regulatory, and manufacturing challenges facing a vaccine candidate.</li><li>"No one's done all those pieces and then said 18 months," Porges said. "They've just effectively taken Tony Fauci's 'not for 18 months' and that's become gospel."</li><li>Porges has covered the industry for nearly two decades and previously worked in the vaccine business for one of the world's largest drugmakers.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>It'll likely take a vaccine for life to get back to 'normal' after the coronavirus pandemic.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-timeline-what-to-watch-leading-research-2020-3">Dozens of research programs</a> are now underway to develop a vaccine for this crisis. Vaccines have historically faced costly, multiyear development timelines, but there's widespread optimism that the urgency of this pandemic will speed up the process this time.Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has repeatedly stated it will take at least a year to 18 months to make a vaccine available."Ultimately, the answer is going to be a vaccine he <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0cYneu-hlc&amp;feature=youtu.be">said in a recent interview.</a> That timetable may sound cautious, but it's actually optimistic by historical standards. And one top Wall Street biotech analyst, who used to work in the vaccines business, is "deeply skeptical "of this 18-month timeline. Geoffrey Porges, an analyst at SVB Leerink, told Business Insider he predicts a less than 20% chance we have an effective, widely available vaccine in 2021. Porges has covered the biotech industry for 18 years for various research firms. Before that, he worked in the drug industry on vaccines, spending six years in the vaccine unit of Merck, one of the world's largest drugmakers. He also has a medical degree from the University of Sydney.Porges said no one has laid out a detailed timeline of all the testing, manufacturing, and regulatory hurdles that come before we can have a coronavirus vaccine that's widely available. "No one's done all those pieces and then said 18 months," Porges said. "They've just effectively taken Tony Fauci's 'not for 18 months' and that's become gospel.""There is now a gospel around vaccines that the market, the economy and policymakers are reliant on, and there is just no substance to it," he added.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wuhan-coronavirus-treatments-vaccine-jj-regeneron-gilead-2020-2">The US is sprinting to develop a coronavirus vaccine or treatment. Here's how 19 top drugmakers are racing to tackle the pandemic.</a>Other prominent leaders have echoed Fauci's timeline. Melinda Gates said <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/melinda-gates-coronavirus-interview-vaccine-timeline-2020-4">there's a "high likelihood"</a> that we have a vaccine in 18 months. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/13/coronavirus-cuomo-says-ultimate-resolution-will-be-vaccine-in-18-months.html">has also stated a vaccine is 18 months away</a>.But people with in-depth experience of developing vaccines are more skeptical of that timeline.Dr. Paul Offit, who helped invent the rotavirus vaccine, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/31/us/coronavirus-vaccine-timetable-concerns-experts-invs/index.html">told CNN</a> that timeline is "ridiculously optimistic." Peter Hotez, dean of Baylor University's National School of Tropical Medicine, <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/why-coronavirus-vaccine-could-take-way-longer-than-a-year/#close">told National Geographic</a> the 18-month timeline "would be absolutely unprecedented."<h2>We still don't know a lot about this virus, leaving vaccine developers to take 'shots in the dark'</h2>Porges predicted there is less than a 20% chance there is a widely available vaccine proven to be effective in 2021. Even by 2023, he estimates the likelihood of achieving that to a coin toss, or 50%.Vaccine efforts are like shots in the dark against this virus, he said, emphasizing how much we still don't know about this novel coronavirus.The critical unknowns are focused on the body's reaction to being infected with the virus. The body responds to the virus by making antibodies, which are proteins crafted to fight it off.Understanding how the body's immune system responds to the virus is important to the effort to craft a vaccine, because the vaccine will likely work by triggering these same immune responses, without causing an infection. If the virus doesn't trigger the production of long-lasting antibodies, it may be difficult to craft a vaccine, for example.We need to better understand how robust the immune response is, how protective it is against reinfection, and how long-lasting this protection is, Porges said."In the case of this coronavirus, the answer to all of those questions right now is we don't know," he said, adding that research is now "narrowing the bounds of uncertainty" on the answers.The immune response to the virus seems to track with the severity of the disease. As Porges put it simply, an emerging theory is that asymptomatic or mild cases of COVID-19 generate bad immunity, while severe disease brings good immunity.A <a href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047365v1">small study from China</a> found nearly one-third of people who recovered from mild infections had low or undetectable levels of antibodies. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/study-recovered-coronavirus-patients-antibodies-2020-4">About 6%</a> had no detectable antibodies in their systems. "The immune response to this virus is squishy," he said. "It's not robust."It's also unclear if having these antibodies even protects people. China and Japan have both reported COVID-19 patients that have been discharged after recovering and subsequently tested positive. A <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2764366?resultClick=1">recent overview in the Journal of the American Medical Association</a> said "the evidence on reinfection is evolving," cautioning those reports may be false positives.Finally, how long this antibody protection lasts may be the biggest black box for this virus. Porges put it bluntly: "We have no idea."Other coronaviruses have shown a wide range in lasting immunity. Seasonal coronaviruses, responsible for common colds, generate antibodies that bring immunity for months, instead of years. But the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak generated a durable immune response that lasted for years. "My instinct is it is likely to be durable if you've had significant infection," he said.<h2>An effective vaccine still faces a massive distribution challenge in addressing a pandemic</h2>ReutersA nurse fills a syringe with a vaccine before administering an injection at a children's clinic in KievLarge-scale clinical testing will figure out if a vaccine works. Typically, these trials take years, but researchers are now working to devise ways to shorten the process. Even if the testing determines a vaccine is safe and effective, the next problem is manufacturing enough product for a pandemic."The idea of producing billions is a challenge," said David Weiner, the director of the Wistar Institute's vaccine and immunotherapy center and a longtime vaccine developer. Weiner is a cofounder and board member of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, which is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inovio-coronavirus-vaccine-trial-starts-in-philadelphia-kansas-city-2020-4">now testing a coronavirus vaccine in humans</a>. He argued that mass manufacturing has to start being ramped up now to meet the 18-month timeline."If you want to have that possibility, then that production has to to be funded now," he said.That echoes what Bill Gates <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bill-gates-factories-7-different-vaccines-to-fight-coronavirus-2020-4">recently outlined</a>: the need to build manufacturing plants for multiple vaccine candidates, knowing several of those facilities likely won't be used. The sunk cost is worth it, Gates said, in order to be prepared.Gates' foundation is funding several vaccine efforts, including Inovio's. But it remains to be seen how these companies will raise the billions of dollars needed to all scale up manufacturing.<h2>It's possible that the coronavirus could be 'just too hard to vaccinate against'</h2>There are lots of diseases that take massive tolls on society and don't have vaccines. Many of them are RNA viruses, just like the novel coronavirus."It's not a foregone conclusion we will have an effective vaccine," Porges said, later adding that "each one of these vaccines is a shot in the dark." Weiner pointed out that other RNA viruses like HIV and Hepatitis C are extremely variable pathogens. In contrast, this coronavirus has been slow to mutate, increasing the chances we can come up with a workable vaccine, he said.There's also the potential that a vaccine doesn't prevent infections but could lower the risk of developing severe disease. This mixed efficacy would be similar to the flu vaccine. "If it doesn't prevent for infection, and it still prevents for serious disease, it's still very valuable," Johnson &amp; Johnson Chief Scientific Officer Paul Stoffels <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jj-coronavirus-vaccine-interview-timetable-testing-manufacturing-2020-3">said in a recent interview with Business Insider</a>.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/list-coronavirus-treatments-tested-in-clinical-trials-2020-4">Here are the 15 leading coronavirus treatments already being tested in COVID-19 patients, and the major trials now underway to see if they work</a> <h2>Vaccine data will start to trickle in, although Porges questions the significance</h2>Ted S. Warren/Associated PressA pharmacist gives Jennifer Haller, left, the first shot in the first-stage safety study clinical trial of a potential vaccine for COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, Monday, March 16, 2020, at the Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute in Seattle.Even with these challenges, vaccine efforts are moving ahead at record speed. The upstart biotech Moderna leads the early race, having started dosing healthy volunteers with an experimental vaccine about a month ago. Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-moderna-timeline-for-trials-emergency-use-2020-4">outlined a development strategy</a> to be prepared to deploy its vaccine in an emergency use situation this fall. Porges said he's skeptical of that timeline, particularly in the ability to generate convincing data by then on whether the vaccine works.Moderna plans to have safety data from its small initial study later this spring. That will help the company design a subsequent larger trial that would help show if the vaccine is activating people's immune systems.In that case, Porges wondered what it will mean if the mid-stage study shows the vaccine produced a level of neutralizing antibodies in people. Porges said we still don't know how well that correlates with protection."In the absence of that clinical correlation, if we release this into society and give it to thousands who are desperate, do they say, 'I'm protected?' he said. "Or do they just say 'I've got neutralizing antibody?' Until you establish a correlation between a level of antibody and clinical protection, you're just creating a mess." Some may wonder why all this matters, given the urgency of the pandemic. Why not just give people the best chance we have at protection? But the history of vaccines shows why the regulatory path is a long and difficult one. Vaccines face a particularly high safety bar because they're widely distributed to healthy people.Safety problems are littered through vaccine history. These are legitimate, unlike <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/study-shows-no-link-between-vaccines-and-autism-2019-3">the debunked theory of vaccines causing autism</a>, for instance, that have driven an anti-vaccine movement. In the 1950s, several thousand children were given a potential polio vaccine that <a href="https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/here-s-why-we-can-t-rush-covid-19-vaccine">accidentally contained the live virus, paralyzing some of the kids</a>. In the 1970s, a mass vaccination against the swine flu was stopped early, but not before <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/long-shadow-1976-swine-flu-vaccine-fiasco-180961994/">several hundred people developed a rare neurological disorder</a> called Guillain-Barre syndrome. Even in 2009, several European countries used an H1N1 flu vaccine that was later found <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/history/narcolepsy-flu.html">to increase the risk of narcolepsy</a>, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Rigorous clinical testing will help lower the risk of a similar situation happening with a coronavirus vaccine. But that testing requires time, which may stretch beyond an 18-month timeline.<a href="/intelligence/digital-health?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_subscription&amp;itm_content=health&amp;itm_campaign=digital-health"></a> Featured Health Articles: - <a href="/telehealth-industry-explained">Telehealth Industry Explained</a> - <a href="/value-based-care-pay-for-performance-healthcare-model">Value-Based Care Explained</a> - <a href="/senior-care-market-trends">Senior Care &amp; Assisted Living Market</a> - <a href="/wearable-technology-healthcare-medical-devices">Smart Medical Devices &amp; Wearable Tech</a> - <a href="/artificial-intelligence-healthcare">AI in Healthcare</a> - <a href="/remote-patient-monitoring-industry-explained">Remote Patient Monitoring Explained</a>- <a href="/ai-medical-diagnosis-report">AI in Medical Diagnosis Systems</a> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-development-timeline-moderna-2020-3">Drugmakers are developing coronavirus vaccines in record time - but it will still be months before one is available</a></h3>

A top Wall Street analyst sees less than a 20% chance of having a widely available coronavirus vaccine in 2021 - he told us why he's 'deeply skeptical' of Anthony Fauci's 18-month timeline

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">AP/Felipe DanaA baby born with the birth defect microcephaly, caused by fetal transmission of the Zika virus.</div></div></div>For months now, the Zika virus has been making headlines.The mosquito-borne virus has been ravaging Latin America and the Caribbean for the past year, leading to a surge of babies born with birth defects. The virus is also projected to strike the US any day now. "It's going to be certain pockets of the United States, and it's going to be for a certain period of time, because of the seasonality of the mosquito," Dr. Amesh Adalja, senior associate at the UPMC Center for Health Security, told <keyword id="79969" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="insider">INSIDER</keyword>.With so much information out there about the virus, here's what you really need to know about Zika.<h2>Zika is transmitted by a mosquito that is local to certain US states in summer months.</h2>The virus has been making its way around Latin American and the Carribbean - striking Brazil the hardest - since May 2015.It is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which requires warm weather to survive. That's why it hasn't popped up in the US yet. But, officials expect it to enter the continental US soon.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Thomson ReutersZika is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito (pictured).</div></div></div>"Right now, there's no evidence of any local transmission or local circulation going on with Zika. However, I do believe we will start to see it in places like Key West and Texas. It's just a matter of time," Adalja said. But the continental US spread of the virus isn't expected to be widespread. Instead, the <a href="http://www.thisisinsider.com/where-cdc-is-doing-zika-prevention-in-us-2016-6">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> has said California, Texas, Florida, Hawaii, Arizona and Louisiana are the most at risk."It's not going to be on the scale of what's going on in Brazil," Adalja said.<h2>The virus poses the greatest threat to pregnant women and fetuses.</h2>When a pregnant woman is infected with Zika, the virus can spread to the fetus as well. If it does reach the fetus, the virus can disrupt the formation of the brain.<h2>It can lead to massive brain damage in babies.</h2>That can lead to a birth defect called microcephaly, in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and underdeveloped brains, among other issues."It's not just microcephaly - a lot of us are no longer calling it microcephaly, we're calling it fetal brain disruption sequence," Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, told INSIDER. Hotez explained that he believes microcephaly is just the tip of the iceberg.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Andre Penner/AP Children may face other neurological disorders from Zika exposure, an expert warned. Pictured here, a baby with microcephaly. </div></div></div>"We're just beginning now to study the clinical impact of the virus. There could be many other adverse neurological outcomes," Hotez said. <h2>In rare cases, the virus can paralyze adults.</h2>Experts say 80% of adults infected with Zika virus don't exhibit any symptoms, while 20% tend to demonstrate only <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/zika/symptoms/">mild symptoms</a>, including fever, rash and eye pain.However, the virus has also been linked to an autoimmune disorder called <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/gbs-qa.html">Guillain-Barré </a>(which causes temporary paralysis) and <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1602964">Meningoencephalitis</a>, inflammation of the brain and brain covering."Symptoms like Guillain-Barré and Meningoencephalitis are all rare complications, so you have to be on the alert for them," Adalja said.And so, for the most part, Zika isn't as much of a threat for adults who aren't expecting a child or trying to conceive. <h2>Men can transmit the virus to sexual partners.</h2>While initial Zika infection comes from a mosquito, the virus can also be transmitted <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/">sexually</a>, from an infected male to his sexual partner.According to the CDC, there have been known cases of transmission from infected men through vaginal, anal and oral (mouth-to-penis) sex without a condom, since the virus is believed to be transmitted through semen.Zika can live in semen <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/sexual-transmission.html">longer</a> than it lives in blood, but no one knows how long it can live in semen.That's why men who have been infected with Zika are urged to use condoms every time they have sex with a pregnant partner, to reduce the likelihood that the virus passes to the baby.<h2>Testing for the virus in fetuses can be tricky.</h2>Zika can be detected in adults through blood and urine tests, Dr. Komal Bajaj, an OB/GYN at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, told INSIDER.But the problem with that is, the virus only lasts in blood and urine for about a week. So, if a pregnant woman suspects she may have Zika, her fetus needs to be tested right away to determine if that is the case.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Leo Correa/AP ImagesThere are still a lot of unanswered questions about the virus.</div></div></div>However, in order for the fetus to be tested, the pregnant woman has to undergo amniocentesis, which uses an ultrasound to guide a needle into the uterus to extract amniotic fluid. But, the procedure cannot be performed until the 16th week of pregnancy, Bajaj explained. So, if a mother exhibits symptoms earlier on in her pregnancy, the fetus cannot be tested and the mother has to wait until around the 20th week of pregnancy before any potential microcephaly symptoms show up in an ultrasound."It's a very interesting balance between trying to get information but recognizing the limitation of the testing we already have available," Bajaj said.<h2>There is no vaccine yet.</h2>At the moment, there is no vaccine to protect people from Zika transmission.However, just days ago, U.S. health officials gave the<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-experimental-zika-vaccine-to-begin-human-testing-2016-6"> green light</a> for human testing of an experimental vaccine. Inovio Pharmaceuticals recently said it received clearance from the Food and Drug Administration to start on early-stage safety tests of a DNA-based vaccine.Otherwise, the National Institute of Health has stated that it expects to begin testing its own DNA-based vaccine by early fall.But even though these vaccines may be tested soon, there is still nothing that can currently protect people from the virus, aside from taking precautions to guard themselves from mosquito bites and sexual transmission.<h2>No one knows what impact Zika will have on the US quite yet.</h2>There have been no reports of locally transmitted Zika cases in the continental US yet. That either means the virus hasn't arrived yet, or it could potentially be starting to circulate undetected, according to Hotez."My concern is that Zika cases are here and people aren't really looking," Hotez said.So people in areas that are projected to have local Zika transmissions should keep an eye out for any potential Zika-related symptoms, the doctor noted.<h2>There is still so much we don't know - and that's why it's so terrifying.</h2>One of the biggest problems with Zika at the moment is that doctors just don't know what to expect. They don't know the degree to which it will strike the US, though they're able to predict where it could potentially hit based on previous mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue and chikungunya. And on top of that, they don't yet know the entire scope of the harm that Zika can cause on fetuses, children or even adults."The reason why people should care about Zika is that there's a lot that is unknown, but the fact that it has a propensity for the neurologic system leaves a lot of questions unanswered," Bajaj said. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chocolate-luge-dessert-from-union-fare-in-nyc-2016-6">An ingenious chef created a chocolate luge dessert</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="doaHB3MzE6J3dXtyx-g185LlEp0VdO6F" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

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