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<ul><li>A map on <keyword id="71187" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</keyword> showing Aksai Chin as a part of China has caught the eye of the Indian government.</li><li>The country’s IT Secretary has reportedly written to the company asking them to take down the map else it could lead to the online encyclopedia being blocked in India under Section 69A of the Information Technology (IT) Act. </li><li>The map can be found on Wikipedia’s page outlining Bhutan-India relations. </li></ul>After Twitter, the Indian government has now trained its guns on Wikipedia for how its territory is represented on maps. It has asked the online encyclopedia to take down a map that shows the disputed territory of Aksai Chin as a part of China. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="78805315" title="Twitter CEO is facing fire from India after a map showed Jammu and Kashmir as part of China" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> The map in question can be found on Wikipedia’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations">Bhutan-India relations</a> page as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations#/media/File:India_Bhutan_Locator.png">lead image. </a> Sources told the <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delete-map-that-shows-aksai-chin-as-part-of-china-india-tells-wikipedia/story-TCT6rUz89TU2wrN8k7HwOL.html">Hindustan Times</a> that since the map violates the territorial integrity of India, it could lead to Wikipedia being blocked in the country under section 69A of the Information Technology (IT) Act if the error isn’t fixed. “The secretary has satisfied himself that the map has been wrongly depicted,” they said. Business Insider has reached out to the Wikimedia Foundation but has not received a response at the time of writing the article. India’s online territorial disputes As India defends its borders on the ground against China, it has also been more sensitive about how its territory is represented online. In September earlier this year, India’s IT secretary Ajay Sawhney <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/twitter-ceo-is-facing-fire-from-india-after-a-map-showed-jammu-and-kashmir-as-part-of-china/articleshow/78805315.cms">wrote to Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey</a>, reprimanding him for showing Jammu and Kashmir as a part of China. The issue came to light when security analyst Nitin A Gokhale went live on Twitter from Leh and the broadcast was geo-tagged as coming from China rather than from India. In the letter, Sawhney asserted that any attempt to disrespect India’s sovereignty and integrity, which includes how its territory is shown on maps, is “totally unacceptable,” and “unlawful.” The difference between Twitter and Wikipedia is that geotagging locations is something that Twitter can directly control, whereas the content on Wikipedia is compiled by volunteers. In fact, the image has been on Wikipedia for over a decade, since 26 May 2008. The site may not be a social networking platform, but most of its entries are user-generated and cross-checked within the volunteer community. The government has not yet issued a deadline for when the map should be taken down, but it was still live on the website at the time of writing this article. If it is not removed in a ‘timely fashion’ the government could invoke section 69A to block access to the website in India or even go as far as to initiate action under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which can result in the imprisonment. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/geo-tagged-bottles-in-the-ganges-river-show-how-plastic-pollution-can-travel-thousands-of-kilometres-in-just-a-few-months/articleshow/79540173.cms">Geo-tagged bottles in the Ganges river show how plastic pollution can travel thousands of kilometres in just a few months</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/trump-h1-b-visa-restrictions-scrapped-by-us-court-spells-good-news-for-indian-and-american-it-companies-alike/articleshow/79531053.cms">Trump's H-1B visa restrictions scrapped by US court spells good news for Indian and American IT companies alike</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/indias-three-main-surveillance-projects-natgrid-cms-and-netra-have-been-directed-to-stop-collecting-data-citing-breach-of-privacy/articleshow/79529256.cms">India's three main surveillance projects NATGRID, CMS and NETRA have been directed to stop collecting data citing breach of privacy</a>

India may reportedly block Wikipedia if the site doesn't delete the map showing Aksai Chin as a part of China

<keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword> will face a tsunami of chronic diseases such as cancer due to globalization, a growing economy, an ageing population and changing lifestyle, warns a leading oncologist, making it imperative for the nation to embrace technology-driven medical techniques to prevent health catastrophes in an effective manner. Cancer vaccines for prevention and treatment, expansion of Artificial Intelligence &amp; data <keyword id="50691" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="digital" source="Orion">digital</keyword> technology, and cancer diagnosis from liquid biopsies are among the six trends that will reshape cancer care in this century, says Dr <keyword id="3385356" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="jame-abraham" source="Orion">Jame Abraham</keyword>, Chairman of the Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, <keyword id="861951" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="cleveland-clinic" source="Orion">Cleveland Clinic</keyword>, Ohio, USA. The other three trends are the use of genomic profiling, the evolution of gene editing technologies and the next generation of immunotherapies and <keyword id="6358816" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="car" source="Orion">CAR</keyword> T cell therapies, Abraham points out in an article in Manorama Year Book 2023. "Digital technology, information technology and telehealth will narrow the gap between patients and specialists. This will also potentially enhance the availability of experts' care in remote parts of our country, including rural settings where the majority of our population lives." India's biggest challenge will be how to make it affordable and accessible for millions of its people when these technologies continue to revolutionize cancer care, notes <keyword id="14437578" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="dr-abraham" source="Orion">Dr Abraham</keyword>. "Due to globalisation, growing economy, ageing population and changing lifestyle, India will face a tsunami of chronic diseases such as cancer," the oncologist warns. As per the Globocan estimates, the cancer burden worldwide is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47 per cent rise from 2020, due to demographic changes. This may escalate by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. An estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths were reported across the world in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer while lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18 per cent), followed by colorectal (9.4 per cent), liver (8.3 per cent), stomach (7.7 per cent), and female breast (6.9 per cent) cancers, reveals the report. Dr Abraham holds that cancer vaccines are an exciting research area having the potential to immunize people against various cancers. Researchers have developed amazingly successful mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. The fact is that mRNA-based cancer treatment vaccines have been tested in small trials for more than a decade, with some promising early results. "Currently at Cleveland Clinic, our team is doing a clinical trial testing cancer vaccine in high-risk breast cancer," he says. Highlighting the role of cutting-edge technologies, he says computers using Artificial Intelligence (AI) can recognize variations in patterns from normal to abnormal in the biopsy, much more accurately than the human eye. These technologies will demand radiologists and pathologists to be more efficient and accurate. Genetic profiling or testing at an early age to detect the abnormal gene can find breast and colon cancers in their earliest stage. "In a futuristic society, genomic testing will be widely used, like monitoring blood pressure or cholesterol, to identify high risks and find targeted treatments to kill cancer cells specifically. Doing testing in the population or high-risk individuals will allow doctors to intervene before cancer happens," he says. Noting that scans, mammograms, colonoscopies or a pap smear are currently used for cancer diagnosis, the doctor says by the time the tumour is detected, it can be too late. "Hence, the treatment needs to be very aggressive. The emerging liquid biopsy technologies will help detect cancer from a drop of blood before it can be detected by a scan or it manifests as a lump or ulceration." Genome or gene editing is an area of research seeking to modify the genes of living organisms and use them to treat genetic or acquired diseases. Gene therapy holds promise for treating cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes, haemophilia, sickle cell disease, and AIDS. Another trend in cancer treatment is immunotherapies, which, in combination with chemotherapy, have resulted in the complete disappearance of tumors in several cases. It is now a standard treatment currently in many parts of the world. Scientists are also using CAR T cell therapy, in which T cells are isolated from a patient's blood and modified in the laboratory to specifically attack cancer cells. Dr Abraham has a word of caution, too. "When we develop novel technologies to prevent and treat cancer, we can't take our focus on cancer prevention. The most common causes of cancers are still tobacco, alcohol, diet and infections. Policies for tobacco and alcohol control have to be a national priority," he says. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/online-sources-such-as-wikipedia-not-completely-dependable-can-promote-misleading-information-sc/articleshow/97083084.cms">Online sources such as Wikipedia not completely dependable, can promote misleading information: SC</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/360-one-takes-controlling-stake-in-mumbai-angels-two-new-funds-announced/articleshow/97083831.cms">360 ONE takes controlling stake in Mumbai Angels; two new funds announced</a>

India to face 'tsunami' of chronic diseases like cancer: US-based oncologist

<ul><li>YouTube has a new ‘Hoax Alert’ feature that informs users of misinformation when they search for sensitive topics on the video streaming site. </li><li>Most recently, India-Pakistan tensions have led to fake videos being uploaded under categories like the ‘CCTV footage of the Pulwama terror attack’.</li><li>The feature will also roll out in other countries soon, but YouTube has not specified the timeline.</li></ul>The recent <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-revokes-most-favoured-nation-status-to-pakistan-after-pulwama-attack/articleshow/68004958.cms">conflict</a> between India and Pakistan had led to a flood of misinformation on social platforms — and YouTube is working on a fix. India, home to 41.2 million active monthly users, is the first country to test the new fact checking feature. Called the ‘Hoax Alert’, the feature shows information panels above search results when people look for topics that are “prone to misinformation” <a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/youtube-debunk-information-panels-india">according</a> to the YouTube spokesperson. Just to be clear, the fact checking feature doesn’t flag individual videos — so, videos that contain misinformation will still be present in the search results. But, the information panel serves as disclaimer warning around sensitive topics according to the company. India-Pakistan misinformation In an example to show how misinformation is spreading on the platform, a spokesperson from YouTube cited what happens when you search for ‘CCTV footage of the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/pulwama-attack-on-crpf-in-kashmir-condemned-by-pm-modi/articleshow/67997003.cms">Pulwama terror attack</a>’. 
	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <div type="image" title="youtubescreenshot" msid="68318082" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;YouTube&amp;#39;s new fact checking feature, &amp;#39;Hoax Alert&amp;#39;, flags misinformation on the video-streaming platform&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>



















 The search results include a bomb explosion in Syria that is trying to assert itself as an attack on the Indian paramilitary forces. And, this isn’t the first time that YouTube has problems with the spread of misinformation in India. Last year, when a famous bollywood celebrity passed away, fake news monopolised YouTube’s ‘Trending’ section. So much so that the company eventually had to bring is manual oversight to fix the problem. Since the problem of misinformation is bigger in India that in the US, the video streaming platform is bringing in around half a dozen fact-checking services to help out with the effort. In the US, YouTube as only managed to link Wikipedia excerpts to conspiracy theory videos so far — in an attempt to ensure that viewers are better informed. Other countries around the world will eventually get the feature as well, but YouTube hasn’t rolled out a precise timeline for when that will happen yet. Even in India, it’s only active for a select few users until it has worked out the kinks for a complete launch. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/youtube-says-its-purged-over-400-channels-and-millions-of-videos-in-response-to-rising-concerns-about-child-exploitation/articleshow/68101030.cms">YouTube says it's purged over 400 channels and millions of videos in response to rising concerns about child exploitation</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/youtube-will-combat-fake-news-and-conspiracy-theories-by-highlighting-reputable-news-sources-when-big-news-breaks/articleshow/64924811.cms">YouTube will combat fake news and conspiracy theories by highlighting reputable news sources when big news breaks</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/one-viral-thread-shows-how-quickly-youtubes-recommendations-steer-people-to-conspiracy-theories-and-false-information/articleshow/65726427.cms">One viral thread shows how quickly YouTube's recommendations steer people to conspiracy theories and false information</a>

India is the first country where YouTube is trying to fact check videos

<keyword id="988973" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="extreme-weather">Extreme Weather</keyword> wreaks havoc and <keyword id="1209735" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Disaster-preparedness">disaster preparedness</keyword> of the extreme kind can only lessen the losses but cannot entirely leash them. A new research report compiled by the UK-based <keyword id="459969" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Overseas-Development-Institute">Overseas Development Institute</keyword> suggests that by 2030, up to a third of a billion people could be living in the 49 countries most exposed to the full range of <keyword id="1187439" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="natural-hazards">natural hazards</keyword> and <keyword id="1713913" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Climate-Extremes">climate extremes</keyword>. So adequate measures must be taken now to control the impact of Extreme Weather occurrences (<keyword id="43950" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="storm">storm</keyword>, <keyword id="46472" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="drought">drought</keyword>, <keyword id="6369083" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Flood">flood</keyword>, <keyword id="6362774" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="earthquake">earthquake</keyword>, etc.) or it is bound to hurt the economies and will push people back into poverty. Although an emerging market nation, <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> has long struggled to cope with <keyword id="55531" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Disaster-management">disaster management</keyword>. As the country encounters the second <keyword id="6386783" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Cyclone">cyclone</keyword> attack in six weeks, here is a quick look at the natural hazards that struck India throughout the year, leading to massive destruction and huge losses. 
Main image: Wikipedia 
 
<keyword id="1945034" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Cyclone-Helen">Cyclone Helen</keyword> The severe cyclonic storm hit the coastal parts of <keyword id="37102" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Andhra-Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</keyword> only a couple of days ago, killing at least 6 people. Around 21,000 people were evacuated from low-lying areas as <keyword id="45172" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="heavy-rain">heavy rain</keyword> lashed the <keyword id="482064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="coastal-districts">coastal districts</keyword> and strong gales reached the speed of 100-120 kmph. Storm and <keyword id="13195" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Rain">rain</keyword> caused massive damage to <keyword id="18620" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="crops">crops</keyword> and coconut plantations spread over 1.69 lakh hectares. 
Image: ddinews.gov.in 
 
 
 
Super-Cyclone Phailin One of the most powerful tropical <keyword id="42569" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="cyclones">cyclones</keyword>, Phailin hit India’s east coast in October and was expected to cause massive death and destruction. Strong winds went up to a speed of 220 kmph as it struck the shores of <keyword id="6357961" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Odisha">Odisha</keyword> and Andhra Pradesh. However, early warnings and the mass evacuation of nearly 900,000 people limited the <keyword id="6397442" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="death-toll">death toll</keyword> to 30-50. A quarter million houses were razed though, and over 860,000 hectares of cropland was destroyed. The overall damage amounted to about $150 million. 
Image: Indiatimes 
 
 
 
The <keyword id="1713585" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Himalayan-tsunami">Himalayan tsunami</keyword> <keyword id="173656" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</keyword> town in the state of <keyword id="44522" type="CITY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</keyword> was literally washed out when massive flash floods and landslides hit the valley in June this year. About 33 cm of rain fell during a cloudburst and a lake above the 8th century <keyword id="1674376" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Kedarnath-temple">Kedarnath Temple</keyword> burst, sending a deluge of water down the valley. Over 110,000 stranded pilgrims were rescued and the actual death toll could be close to 10,000 while 20,000 hectares of <keyword id="6491949" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="agricultural-land">agricultural land</keyword> was severely damaged in the deluge. According to a <keyword id="29740" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Bloomberg">Bloomberg</keyword> report based on a document from AON Benfield, economic losses due to the floods in India (mostly Uttarakhand) could be $1.1 billion and insured costs around half a million. 
Image: Indiatimes 
 
 
 
<keyword id="1672039" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Cyclone-Mahasen">Cyclone Mahasen</keyword> The first among the three cyclones to have crossed the <keyword id="960263" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Indian-coast">Indian coast</keyword> this year. The south-westerly monsoon started with this <keyword id="385066" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="tropical-storm">tropical storm</keyword> in May and affected six countries in South and <keyword id="366595" type="COMPANY" weightage="100" keywordseo="South-East-Asia">South-east Asia</keyword>. Cyclone Mahasen moved up from the southern <keyword id="55869" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Bay-of-Bengal">Bay of Bengal</keyword> and finally hit Bangladesh, but its effects could be felt in southern, eastern and north-eastern parts of India. Heavy rain lashed Meghalaya as it crossed into neighbouring Bangladesh while severe storms in Andhra Pradesh caused eight deaths and also flooded 739 hectares of farmland. In the coastal districts of Odisha, there were scattered but powerful storms, producing winds up to 72 kmph. Malkangiri saw the heaviest rainfall at 48 mm. 
Image: earthobservatory.nasa.gov

How Extreme Weather Is Battering India This Year

<keyword id="10387" type="CITY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Microsoft">Microsoft</keyword> is cutting corners in its mobile segment. The company would <keyword id="56411" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="layoff">layoff</keyword> around 7,800 employees globally. The company said it will restructure its phone hardware business “to better focus and align resources”. Its India born CEO Satya Nadella wrote to employees warning he’ll “make some tough choices in areas where things are not working and solve hard problems in ways that drive customer value.” 
 
While industry experts aren’t surprised as the company has been hinting at cost-cutting for quite a while, naïve onlookers are shocked by the numbers. At a time when one of the top companies in the world suffers such a setback, Business Insider compiles a list of some of the largest layoffs in history. Observe the India connection and prepare to be scandalized. 
 
IBM 
 
Number: 60,000 
Date: July 1993 
 
In 1993, when IBM was in deep trouble, one of the best executive of all time Louis V. Gerstner Jr. decided to join as the new CEO. It was also the year of a blood bath of layoffs with the firm deciding to slash 60,000 workers from their payrolls. After Gerstner cut the company to half its size, IBM reportedly saved $4 billion a year. Tell that to the ones who got the pink slips. 
 
Sears Roebuck &amp; Co. 
 
(Image credit: Wikipedia) 
Number: 50,000 
Date: January 1993 
 
Sears and Kmart kept on cutting jobs for several years. This was before they finally merged in 2005 and saved $500 million a year. The largest of Sears’ layoffs was in 1993 when it asked 50,000 people to go home. Kmart was not far behind. It slashed 35,000 jobs in 2003 as it was about to go bankrupt. 
 
Citigroup 
 
Number: 50,000 
Data: November 2008 
 
Citigroup’s cost cutting was a measure to save it from the worldwide credit crunch of 2008. Citi had acquired $20 billion in TARP funds to survive the worst. However, even that turned out to be a paltry amount to pay for the company’s hefty bills. Another India born CEO Vikram Pandit thought the only way stem losses was to cut down on the3,52,000 strong workforce. 
 
US Army 
 
Number: 50,000 
Date: September 2011 
 The only government organization in the list. It is among the largest <keyword id="30690" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Job-cuts">job cuts</keyword> from any government department, and the numbers speak for themselves. As you read this, the Army is planning to slash another 40,000 soldiers from its ranks over the next two years. This is likely to affect every wing of the world’s strongest military, both on domestic and international duties. 
 
General Motors 
 
Number: 47,000 
Date: February 2009 
 General Motors laid off 47,000 in 2009 in a bid to compensate for its revenue drop. This was when car sales were affected by the 2008 <keyword id="6357558" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="80" keywordseo="Recession">recession</keyword>, and the American automotive manufacter was facing stiff competition from Japanese and Korean rivals. Even employees from its esteemed Hummer division were showed the way home. 
 
(Image credit: Indiatimes)

Think Microsoft’s layoff figures are big? Look at history and think again

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">wikipedia commons</div></div></div>Shortly after the end of World War II, the scientists who developed the atomic bombs dropped on Japan tried to envision the kind of nuclear event that could lead to the destruction of not just cities, but the entire world.A declassified <a href="https://ia802303.us.archive.org/26/items/ManhattanDistrictHistory/MDH-B8V02P01-LosAlamos-Technical.pdf" target="_blank">document</a> shared by nuclear historian Alex Wellerstein gives the verdict that scientists at the Los Alamos laboratory and test site reached in 1945. They found that "it would require only in the neighborhood of 10 to 100 Supers of this type" to put the human race in peril.They reached this conclusion at a very early point in the development of nuclear weapons, before highly destructive multi-stage or thermonuclear devices had been built. But the scientists had an idea of the technology's grim potential. "The 'Super' they had in mind was what we would now call a hydrogen bomb," Wellerstein wrote in an email to Business Insider.At the time, the scientists speculated they could make a bomb with as much deuterium - a nuclear variant of hydrogen - as they liked to give the weapon an explosive yield between 10 and 100 megatons (or millions of tons' worth of TNT).For perspective, the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had a yield of around 15 kilotons, or 0.015 megatons. These theorized bombs were several orders of magnitude more powerful than those that wrought destruction on Japan earlier that year. The apocalypse brought on by these 10-100 super bombs wouldn't be all fire and brimstone. The scientists posited that "the most world-wide destruction could come from radioactive poisons" unleashed on the Earth's atmosphere by the bombs' weaponized uranium. Radiation exposure leads to skyrocketing rates of cancer, birth defects, and genetic anomalies.The Los Alamos scientists understood the threat that airborne radiation would pose in the event of nuclear war. "Atmospheric poisoning is basically making it so that the background level of radioactivity would be greatly increased, to the point that it would interfere with human life (e.g. cancers and birth defects) and reproduction (e.g. genetic anomalies)," says Wellerstein. "So they are imagining a scenario in which radioactive byproducts have gotten into the atmosphere and are spreading everywhere." Wellerstein says that this fear of widespread nuclear fallout was hardly irrational and that concerns over the atmospheric effects of nuclear detonations were "one of the reasons that we stopped testing nuclear weapons aboveground in 1963, as part of the Limited Test Ban Treaty."Taking both of the estimated scales to the extreme - 100 superbombs yielding 100 megatons of fission each - would result in a total yield of 10,000 megatons. As Wellerstein notes, that's the same amount of fission that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_SUNSHINE" target="_blank">Project SUNSHINE</a> determined was enough to "raise the background radioactivity to highly dangerous levels" in a 1953 study.That degree of nuclear power - though not necessarily accompanied by the radioactive component critical to meeting the fears documented here - rested in the hands of both the US and Russia during the Cold War.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Desmond Boylan/ReutersA deactivated Soviet-era SS-4 medium range nuclear capable ballistic missile displayed at La Cabana fortress in Havana, on Oct. 13, 2012.</div></div></div>In recent decades the total yield of US and Russian nuclear weapons has fallen, such that "the threat of over-irradiating the planet is probably not a real one, even with a full nuclear exchange," Wellerstein wrote. "A bigger concern is the amount of carbon that would be thrown up in even a limited nuclear exchange (say, between India and Pakistan), which could have detrimental global effects on the climate."Back in 1945 the Pentagon had <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-pentagon-estimated-204-atomic-bombs-could-destroy-the-soviets-2014-10" target="_blank">speculated</a> that it would take a few hundred atomic bombs to subdue Russia.That thought experiment had a strategic bent. But the 1945 estimate seems to have advised caution in the new, uncertain nuclear age.The scientific push to learn more about the destructive weapons that were so hastily researched and used in the 1940s resulted in important insights as to the consequence of their use. Nuclear weapons aren't just horrific on the intended, local scale. They can carry consequences on the planet's ability to foster human life, whether that's by contributing to the greenhouse effect or irradiating it beyond habitability. These warnings aside, US did end up detonating a "super bomb" in above-ground tests. The US detonated a 15 megaton device in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo" target="_blank">infamous Castle Bravo test in 1954</a>. And the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/today-is-the-53rd-anniversary-of-tzar-bomba-2014-10" target="_blank">Soviet Union's Tsar Bomba</a>, detonated in 1961, had as much as a 58 megaton yield.An earlier version of this article was written by <a href="https://twitter.com/ScribblerSounds" target="_blank">Pierre Bienaimé</a>.

Here's how many 'super nukes' American scientists thought it would take to destroy the world in 1945

The platform will enable the <keyword id="6355100" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Indian-Navy">Indian navy</keyword> to move from sea denial to sea control. 
 The new aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya will be commissioned into the <keyword id="1938977" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Indian-Navy-in-Russia">Indian Navy in Russia</keyword> by <keyword id="6366153" type="POSITION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Defence-Minister">defence minister</keyword> AK Anthony on November 16. 
 Displacing 44,500 tonnes, it is the largest ship ever owned by the Indian <keyword id="42407" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Navy">navy</keyword>. It has a ski jump for take-offs and arrested landing by wires that latch onto the aircraft on the deck. The ship carries about 8,000 tonnes of fuel and can sail up to 14,000 km at one go. 
 With this ship, the Indian navy gets <keyword id="819291" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="40" keywordseo="one-step">one step</keyword> closer to its dream of operating a blue-water fleet. This follows the classical doctrine of maritime power or sea control – first articulated by <keyword id="1411" type="POSITION" weightage="40" keywordseo="captain">Captain</keyword> Alfred Thayer Mahan in the 1890s. 
 
Only navies with aircraft carriers and nuclear-powered submarines can claim sea control, and India has both. In contrast, navies without such capacity can, at best, exercise sea denial. It is very simple to comprehend – it is essentially offence versus defence. 
 
Indian Navy now has an air force of its own. 
The ship has a balance of 30 fighters including 20 brand new MiG-29Ks. It also has 10 Kamov 28 and 31 early-warning and anti-submarine helicopters. This gives the Indian navy a massive outreach. The MiG-29K is an all-weather, carrier-based multi-role fighter aircraft with a range of 2,000 km. It can fly at up to 2,200 km per hour. The MiG-29K carries a 30 mm cannon and advanced laser-guided and electro-optical bombs, as well as anti-ship and air-to-air missiles. Similarly, the Kamov is the world’s best anti-submarine and early-warning helicopter. 
 
No smooth sailing for this ship – the seas were rough all along. The ship was originally called Admiral Gorshkov and served the <keyword id="46942" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Russian-Navy">Russian navy</keyword> not as an aircraft carrier but as a nuclear missile cruiser. It was retired when the erstwhile USSR collapsed and <keyword id="6358826" type="COUNTRY" weightage="80" keywordseo="Russia">Russia</keyword> could not afford it. But that was a long time ago. 
 
To transform a missile cruiser into an aircraft carrier has never been done before. From removing its missiles and widening its deck to adding a ski jump for shorter take-off – this ship has seen quite a transformation. 
 
But that has also transformed the cost. It was originally billed at $750 million, but the final cost was over $2.3 billion. It is also five years late in getting operational. To make things worse, there was a fire after a boiler burst and wrecked a large part of the ship, which had to be remade piece by piece. 
 
However, almost everything on this ship, save the hull, is brand new. The entire wiring was changed and the deck was widened with new angles. And that’s no mean achievement. 
 
The ship sailed continuously for 100 days to prove itself and this happened after being docked for, hold your breath, 17 years! 
 
One of the MiG-29Ks also crashed while testing. Russians said it was pilot’s error and India took their word for it. 
 
It will take 4 more years for this aircraft carrier to be fully operational. Systems for its air defence are not yet on board. Incidentally, these defend the aircraft from cruise missiles. So wait till 2017 for it to do its job properly. 
 
That’s not unusual as no one gives you an aircraft carrier off the shelf. India’s special relationship with Russia counts and this aircraft carrier will serve the navy for at least 25 years. 
 The experience gained at the Sevmash shipyard while this ship was built will be of enormous help to India’s own aircraft carrier programme. Also INS Vikrant, an <keyword id="6500558" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="40" keywordseo="Indigenous">indigenous</keyword> carrier, was launched on August 12 this year. Therefore, within 5 years, India hopes to operate two carrier battle groups. 
 
Meanwhile, China has got its own second hand carrier from <keyword id="6355101" type="COUNTRY" weightage="40" keywordseo="Ukraine">Ukraine</keyword>. 
China has recently made a giant sea stride. It has completely refurbished a second hand carrier that displaces 65,000 tonnes and has a ski jump, just like the Indian carrier. Originally, this aircraft carrier was to be sold as junk by Ukraine, but China finally bought it. Its air wing includes Chinese J15 carrier-borne fighter bombers and anti-submarine helicopters such as the Kamovs that are also used by the Indian navy. 
 
However, India has an advantage over China. Having an aircraft carrier and making it a fully operational battle group are two different things. India has operated battle groups for over 40 years now and has deployed them in real wars. A fully operational Chinese aircraft carrier battle group is at least 10 years into the future. 
 
Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

This Is Why The New
Aircraft Carrier INS Vikramaditya Is Important For The Indian Navy

Shortly after the end of World War II, the scientists who developed the atomic bombs dropped on Japan tried to envision the kind of nuclear event that could lead to the destruction of not just cities, but the entire world.
A recently declassified <a href="https://ia802303.us.archive.org/26/items/ManhattanDistrictHistory/MDH-B8V02P01-LosAlamos-Technical.pdf">document</a> shared by nuclear historian Alex Wellerstein gives the verdict that scientists at the Los Alamos laboratory and test site reached in 1945. They found that "it would require only in the neighborhood of 10 to 100 Supers of this type" to put the human race in peril.
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
In 1945, the Los Alamos scientists concluded it would only take between 10 and 100 "Super" bombs to end the world. <a href="http://t.co/01I8ypmIP0">pic.twitter.com/01I8ypmIP0</a>
- Alex Wellerstein (@wellerstein) <a href="https://twitter.com/wellerstein/status/544584712896131072">December 15, 2014</a>
</blockquote>
They reached this conclusion at a very early point in the development of nuclear weapons, before highly destructive multi-stage or thermonuclear devices had been built. But the scientists had an idea of the technology's grim potential.&#xa0;"The 'Super' they had in mind was what we would now call a hydrogen bomb," Wellerstein wrote in an email to Business Insider.
At the time, the scientists speculated they could make a bomb with as much deuterium - a molecular variant of hydrogen - as they liked to give the weapon an explosive yield between 10 and 100 megatons (or millions of tons' worth of TNT).
For perspective, the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had a yield of around 15 kilotons, or 0.015% of a megaton.&#xa0;These theorized bombs were several orders of magnitude more powerful than those that wrought destruction on Japan earlier that year.&#xa0;
The apocalypse brought on by these 10-100 super bombs wouldn't be all fire and brimstone. The scientists posited that "the most world-wide destruction could come from radioactive poisons" unleashed on the Earth's atmosphere by the bombs' weaponized uranium.&#xa0;Radiation exposure leads to skyrocketing rates of cancer, birth defects, and genetic anomalies.
The Los Alamos scientists understood the threat that airborne radiation would pose in the event of nuclear war. "Atmospheric poisoning is basically making it so that the background level of radioactivity would be greatly increased, to the point that it would interfere with human life (e.g. cancers and birth defects) and reproduction (e.g. genetic anomalies)," says Wellerstein. "So they are imagining a scenario in which radioactive byproducts have gotten into the atmosphere and are spreading everywhere."&#xa0;
Wellerstein says that this fear of widespread nuclear fallout was hardly irrational and that concerns over the atmospheric effects of nuclear detonations were "one of the reasons that we stopped testing nuclear weapons aboveground in 1963, as part of the Limited Test Ban Treaty."
Taking both of the estimated scales to the extreme - 100 superbombs yielding 100 megatons of fission each - would result in a total yield of 10,000 megatons. As Wellerstein notes, that's the same amount of fission that&#xa0;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_SUNSHINE">Project SUNSHINE</a>&#xa0;determined was enough to &#xa0;"raise the background radioactivity to highly dangerous levels"&#xa0;in a 1953 study.
That degree of nuclear power - though not necessarily accompanied by the radioactive component critical to meeting the fears documents here - rested in the hands of both the US and Russia during the Cold War.
In recent decades the total yield of US and Russian nuclear weapons has fallen, such that "the threat of over-irradiating the planet is probably not a real one, even with a full nuclear exchange," Wellerstein wrote.&#xa0;"A bigger concern is the amount of carbon that would be thrown up in even a limited nuclear exchange (say, between India and Pakistan), which could have detrimental global effects on the climate."
Back in 1945 the Pentagon had&#xa0;<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-pentagon-estimated-204-atomic-bombs-could-destroy-the-soviets-2014-10">speculated</a> that it would take a few hundred atomic bombs to subdue Russia.
That thought experiment had a strategic bent. But the 1945 estimate seems to have advised caution in the new, &#xa0;uncertain nuclear age.
The scientific push to learn more about the destructive weapons that were so hastily researched and used in the 1940s resulted in important insights as to the consequence of their use. Nuclear weapons aren't just horrific on the intended, local scale. They can carry consequences on the planet's ability to foster human life, whether that's by contributing to the greenhouse effect or irradiating it beyond habitability.&#xa0;
These warnings aside, US did end up detonating a "super bomb" in above-ground tests. The US detonated a 15 megaton device in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo">infamous Castle Bravo test in 1954</a>. And the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/today-is-the-53rd-anniversary-of-tzar-bomba-2014-10">Soviet Union's Tsar Bomba</a>, detonated in 1961, had as much as a 58 megaton yield.

Here's How Many 'Super Nukes' American Scientists Thought It Would Take To Destroy The World In 1945

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="REUTERS/Suzanne Plunkett" title_caption="David Whitney of Aberdeen, Scotland, plays the bagpipes near Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5411922d69beddb07b25dd36-960/bagpiper.jpg"></a>REUTERS/Suzanne PlunkettDavid Whitney of Aberdeen, Scotland, plays the bagpipes near Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament</div></div></div>
With a vote on whether Scotland should declare itself an independent nation only eight days away, now is a good time to reflect on how we arrived at this point. Both sides will be using all the emotive imagery at their disposal as the campaigns enter the final stretch. So it is helpful to separate fact from fiction.
Some things that the Scottish independence referendum aren't about:
<h3>Braveheart</h3>
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image"><a title_source="littlebitofbass.tumblr.com" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/54116c8c6bb3f7b10625dd35-960/giphy-7.gif"></a><a href="http://littlebitofbass.tumblr.com">littlebitofbass.tumblr.com</a></div></div></div>
The First Scottish War of Independence, popularized by Mel Gibson in the film Braveheart, is probably the first image that springs to mind when people think about Scottish nationalism. However, the current debate over sovereignty has little in common with the state of affairs in the 13th century.
Though it may be tempting to imagine the cause of Scottish nationalism simmering for generations under the yoke of British oppression before bursting forth in the modern day, the events of the intervening centuries warn against such a simplistic reading. While the proximate cause of hostilities in the First Scottish War of Independence included an ill-conceived invasion of the country by an English King looking to assert his authority, the vote today is set against the backdrop of over three centuries of (reasonably) amicable relations between the two countries.
Indeed the wars that are likely to bear most heavily on the results are those between 1914-1918 and 1939-1945. As <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8MmTTP2WWw">this gentleman illustrates</a>, support for the Union is strongest among the over-50s in Scotland in large part because either they fought, or are the children or grandchildren of those who fought together, with the rest of the U.K. in the two World Wars. Their vote could prove critical if the vote is as close as the polls suggest.
<h3>The 1707 Act of Union</h3>
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_left click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Wikipedia" title_caption="Scotland's planned Caledonia colony." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/541076b469bedd4f76c92c1a-960/darien-colony.png"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darien_scheme#mediaviewer/File:Darien_colony.png">Wikipedia</a>Scotland's planned Caledonia colony.</div></div></div>
Although Scottish poet Robert Burns's claim that "We are bought and sold for English gold. Such a parcel of rogues in a nation" remains popular among some nationalists, the Act of Union owed as much to calamity as coercion. What drew the two nations together was in large part the failure of <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/union_and_jacobites/the_darien_scheme/">the Darien Scheme</a>, where Scotland had attempted to emulate the trading success of the <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/176643/East-India-Company">English East India Company</a> by establishing a colony called "Caledonia" in what is now Panama.
The scheme was heavily backed by Scottish nobility, and its failure, due to poor planning, disease and misfortune, wiped out the equivalent to 50% of Scottish GDP, causing a financial crisis. Their perilous position as well as the promise of Scottish access to English trade routes provided a base of support for a union of the two nations - although there remained a large faction resolutely opposed. The treaty was finally signed in January of 1707 by 110 votes to 69.
While contemporary Scottish nationalists may claim affinity with the 69 dissenters, the fact that the union held firm speaks to its success in gaining general acceptance. Historians will no doubt see it as somewhat ironic that the legacy of a financial crisis brought the two nations together, and the fallout from another threatens to drive them apart.
And what the vote really is about:
<h3>Scots really do want to give a kick to the "effing Tories"</h3>
After the Conservatives swept to power in 1979 the reforms they undertook to increase the competitiveness of the British economy put them on a direct collision course with the labor union movement. The two came into direct conflict during the 1984-5 miners' strike where police were sent in to put down the pickets of workers fighting to preserve a coal industry that was under threat of closure across Britain.
Scottish miners were heavily involved in the dispute, joining their English and Welsh peers on the picket lines in huge numbers. If the strike was a galvanizing moment for the miners, its ultimate failure checked the progress of the labor union movement and sent it into decline.
What had brought people together from all sides of Britain descended into general antipathy for the Westminster government and a tangle of local grievances. As Tolstoy reminds us in Anna Karenina, "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way."
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="Twitter/@MrSammF" title_caption="An election leaflet for the Yes campaign." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/54106a76eab8ead16c0fb489-960/scots-independence-leaflet.jpg"></a><a href="https://twitter.com/MrSammF/status/508593150676725760">Twitter/@MrSammF</a>An election leaflet for the Yes campaign.</div></div></div>
This rumbling discontent resurfaced in 1989 when the Conservative government made a fateful decision to introduce the Poll Tax, a flat rate tax that ignored individuals' income, raised to pay for local government. Anyone who failed to pay the tax forfeited their right to vote. The poll tax was introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in the rest of the UK. The country erupted in protest at the perceived injustice, with many Scots believing they were being treated as guinea-pigs for the new tax.
After that, Scottish support for the Conservative Party matched the labor union movement in falling into inexorable decline. After having returned 22 Scottish Conservative MPs in the 1979 general election, the party lost over half of them through the 1980s. It now boasts only a single MP from the country. (There is a popular joke that Scotland has more pandas in Edinburgh zoo than Conservative MPs.)
Yet despite their unpopularity in Scotland, the Tories continue to enjoy a solid base of support across the rest of Britain and are the larger partner in the current Coalition government. The pro-independence campaign has played on this to suggest to Scottish voters that independence would mean chucking out the Tories for good.
For some Scots at least, that logic will be compelling.
<h3>The rise and rise of the Scottish National Party</h3>
The Scottish National Party (SNP) has had a rocky road to the referendum. Having been founded in 1934 from an amalgamation of the Scottish Party and the National Party of Scotland, the SNP had to wait over a decade to gain their first seat in parliament - before losing it two months later in a general election.
It was not until the 1970s that the party really began to hit its stride. The party won 11 seats in 1974 and looked set to continue to grow. However, a combination of a Conservative Party landslide victory in 1979 and the failure to convince 40% of Scots to vote Yes to a Scottish Assembly in the same year wiped the party out as an electoral force.
Despite its setbacks, the modern day party re-emerged from obscurity, re-invigorated in 1990 under the leadership of one Alex Salmond. Conscious of the successful "Tartan Tories" line of attack on the party by the left-wing Labour Party in previous years, Salmond moved to modernize the SNP positioning them as economically and socially progressive and pro-European.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_left click-to-enlarge"><div><div class="image on-image"><a title_source="REUTERS/Russell Cheyne" title_caption="Scotland's First Minister Alex Salmond (front C) poses with supporters of the 'Yes Campaign', in Edinburgh, Scotland September 9, 2014." class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/541037636bb3f7387a123b2c-960/scotland-salmond-yes-1.jpg"></a>REUTERS/Russell CheyneScotland's First Minister Alex Salmond (front C) poses with supporters of the 'Yes Campaign', in Edinburgh, Scotland September 9, 2014.</div></div></div>
The call for an independent Scotland, however, has remained its organizing principle.
After the Labour Party delivered on its campaign promise of a Scottish parliament in 1999, the SNP won 35 seats and sent six MPs to Westminster. That made it the largest opposition party, but was not enough to overturn Labour's majority in Scotland. They also suffered a shock with the resignation of Salmond as party leader the following year.
His equally surprising return as leader in 2004 marked a turnaround for the party, however, and it won its first majority in the 2007 Scottish election by a single seat. Although Labour were heavily favoured to overturn that in the 2011 election, the SNP managed to increase its share of the vote and secure another stunning victory.
A consistent theme in the SNP story is the repeated underestimation of their political acumen and their ability to last despite repeated setbacks and periods of severe internal divisions. They have thrived by fashioning themselves as the underdogs committed to getting the best deal for Scotland - and have succeeded in wresting powers away from Westminster using the threat of independence as a bargaining chip.
There is no doubt that the Scottish independence vote marks the highest stakes challenge yet. The outcome of the vote will decide Scotland's future for the next 100 years, and will see the realization or the destruction of the dream upon which the SNP was founded. As they learned after the 1979, a loss could throw the party into obscurity for years, decades or, perhaps, even longer.
For the SNP electoral machine to find itself in the unusual position of being the incumbent power in Edinburgh will require a new tack. Independence is no longer just an ace in Salmond's pocket, it's now the ship of state onto which they will have to set sail. Whether the Scottish people are ready to follow them onto it, sink or swim, remains highly uncertain.
But as has become the SNP way, the odds of a shock result on the 18th are narrowing.

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