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India's journey through space missions and milestones

<ul><li>Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is ready to share India's space technology with the rest of the world — but only with 'friendly countries'. </li><li>India is known for its pocket friendly missions like its most recent mission to the moon — Chandrayaan 2. </li><li>India is also trying to break into the space launch market with ISRO first fully commercial launch exclusively for foreign satellites pegged to launch later this month. </li></ul>The Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is ready to share India's budget space technology with the rest of the world — but only to 'friendly' countries. "I am happy to state that India would be happy to help other friendly countries develop land restoration strategies through cost-effective satellite and space technology," stated Modi during the United Nations Conference of the Parties (<a href="https://www.unccd.int/conventionconference-parties-cop/cop14-2-13-september-new-delhi-india">UN-COP</a>) 14 to combat desertification. India's most recent mission to moon, Chandrayaan 2, cost ₹10 billion ($140 million). It's lauded for being cheaper than the budget of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-cheaper-than-avengers-endgame-what-the-foreign-press-says/articleshow/70208309.cms">Avengers: Endgame.</a> India's Mars Orbiter Mission (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-4-years-in-pictures/articleshow/65972664.cms">MOM</a>) — also called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/akshay-kumars-mission-mangal-could-miss-facts-about-mangalyaan/articleshow/70498232.cms">Mangalyaan</a> — also impressed the world by reaching the Red Planet on a budget of ₹4.5 billion ($74 million). Even the upcoming <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-first-manned-mission-to-space-may-have-women-too/articleshow/67486206.cms">Gaganyaan mission</a>, which is India's first attempt to send astronauts into space, has expected to cost less than ₹100 billion ($1.43 billion). The price of keeping costs down India's exploration of space might be considered <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">budget friendly but it comes at a price.</a> These missions are mostly undertaken to demonstrate India's technological prowess. Other space agencies around the world, like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), spend a lot more on their voyages into outer space — and have a lot more to gain as well. ESA's missions are categorised from Class A to D, depending on the priority of the mission, its national significance, the mission's lifetime and how much it's going to cost. The longer the mission, the more expensive it likely will be. Capturing the launch market It's not only India's missions into space that are pocket friendly, but also their launch technology. Later this month on 16 September 2019, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) plans to conduct its first ever commercial launch catering exclusively to foreign satellites. It will be launching two British satellites — Novasar and S1-4 — aboard its PSLV C-42 rocket from the launch pad in Sriharikota. "Subsequent two PSLV mission will also carry foreign satellites. However those missions will be on sharing mode (also carrying Indian payloads)," ISRO Chairman K Sivan told <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-rocket-solely-for-foreign-satellites-in-september/articleshow/65061764.cms">Times of India</a>. As of now, NASA dominates the commercial satellite launch market. India's apex space agency has only managed to muster 0.6% share of the market pegged at ₹36 billion. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">India's low cost space missions come at a price</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms">India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/5-Surprising-Things-That-Cost-More-Than-Indias-Historic-Mission-To-Mars/articleshow/43332986.cms">5 Surprising Things That Cost More Than India's Historic Mission To Mars</a>

Modi offers India's cost-effective technology but only to 'friendly' nations

(Photo Courtesy : <keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">isro</keyword>.gov.in) <ul><li>India may be able to accomplish its mission of sending an astronaut into space under ‘<keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword>’ by 2021. </li><li>India’s space agency, the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> will send two unmanned flights before the first manned mission. </li><li>It is also working on successfully completing 10 satellite missions before January 2019. </li></ul>India may soon be able to <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indias-first-manned-space-mission-to-send-3-persons/articleshow/65576098.cms">send a crew of three astronauts</a> into space for five to seven days on an ambitious manned space exploration mission. After successfully launching <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-successfully-launches-communication-satellite-gsat-29-using-its-heaviest-rocket/articleshow/66623518.cms">GSAT-29,</a> India’s space agency is now planning to begin space exploration through its first manned mission -- ‘Gaganyaan’. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working aggressively towards achieving this milestone of sending a team of astronauts into space by 2021. In order to accomplish this, it will first send one of the two ‘unmanned’ space vehicles under the programme by December, 2020,<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-dec-2020isro-chief-k-sivan/articleshow/66623343.cms"> reported </a>Economic Times citing the space agency's chief K Sivan. ISRO will assess the various parameters for India’s first manned mission through these space flights. Additionally, the space agency is aiming to launch six satellites and four space vehicles by January 2019, reported <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-lines-up-10-missions-before-jan-2019/articleshow/66624616.cms">Economic Times</a>. India has made huge leaps in satellite and space research in recent years compared to its modest start in 1960s, <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-successfully-launches-104-satellites-single-flight">sending 104 satellites</a> in a single flight in 2017 and joining an elite group of nations with advanced space technologies. In his <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-launch-first-manned-space-mission-by-2022-pm-modi/articleshow/65410373.cms">speech</a> on India’s independence day this year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India will make an effort to send a human into space by 2022 onboard ‘Ganganyaan’. However, India will have to bear a hefty cost to achieve this. Indian government have estimated the total cost of ‘Gaganyaan’ to be less than $1.43 billion, reported <a href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-space/india-says-manned-space-mission-to-cost-1-4-billion-idINKCN1LD1J8">Reuters</a>. Although, the budget is lower in comparison to United States and China who worked on similar project but it is slightly higher than <a href="https://qz.com/india/1423840/inside-gaganyaan-isros-mission-to-put-an-indian-in-space/">ISRO’s annual budget</a> of $1.1 billion (for 2018). The Indian government expects that its recent satellite missions -- including those done on behalf of foreign governments will help to fund country’s space programme which has a total budget of $4 billion.

How India is inching a step closer to its mission of sending an astronaut into space by 2022

<ul><li>India is lauded for bringing about cost-effective space exploration globally. </li><li>But, most of India’s missions, like Mangalyaan and the upcoming Gaganyaan, are technology demonstrators rather than long term voyages to collect data. </li><li>Bringing the Space Activities Bill to fruition to allow for private participation might be one way that India can plan for longer and more indulgent space missions. </li></ul>India is globally touted for its cost effective space missions. <keyword id="45499" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan">Chandrayaan</keyword> 2, for example, is revered for being cheaper than producing <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-cheaper-than-avengers-endgame-what-the-foreign-press-says/articleshow/70208309.cms">Avengers: Endgame</a>. Mangalyaan is celebrated as the <a href="https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/09/23/how-india-mounted-the-worlds-cheapest-mission-to-mars/">most affordable</a> mission to Mars in the world. But there’s a catch. Cutting down on costs for space exploration means that India is able to collect less data and its missions are quick. "There are many factors. The entire cycle, the entire process of building a space mission is compromised," Chaitanya Giri, a fellow for space and ocean studies at Gateway House — a think tank focussing of India’s global relations — told Business Insider India. Shorter timelines "So, we’re not investing in these missions as long duration missions. So, if you look at the European Space Agency (<a href="https://m.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/How_a_mission_is_chosen">ESA</a>), for instance, classifies its space missions into three categories — the S class, the M class and the L class (small, medium and large class)," explains Giri. The National Aeronautics and Space Agency (<a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20180007026.pdf">NASA</a>) also classifies its missions from Class A to D depending on the priority of the mission, its national significance, the mission’s lifetime and how much it’s going to cost. "For instance, there are a few American missions that have been going on for over a decade. And, that takes a lot of money," Giri adds. In India, on the other hand, most of the projects have very short timelines. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/after-mangalyaan-india-wants-to-be-the-first-to-explore-the-dark-side-of-the-moon/articleshow/64793523.cms">Mangalyaan</a> was sanctioned and deployed within a span of two years. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/how-india-is-inching-a-step-closer-to-its-mission-of-sending-an-astronaut-into-space-by-2022/articleshow/66632355.cms">Gangayaan</a> was announced in 2018 and has plans to get astronauts off the ground by 2021. Even <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-were-the-challenges-with-chandrayaan-1/articleshow/70202192.cms">Chandrayaan 1</a>, India’s mission to the moon that led to the discovery of water was announced in 2003 and launched by 2008. It was planned that the mission would operate for 2 years, but communication with the probe was lost after 10 months. MAVEN vs MOM The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/mars-orbiter-mission-completes-4-years-in-pictures/articleshow/65972664.cms">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>, or Mangalyaan, was sanctioned in 2011 and launched a mere two years later in 2013 on a budget of $74 million. NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, on the other hand, cost $671 million and launched a little later in 2013. Explaining the difference between the Mars missions, Giri states, "MOM, when it was launched, was touted as a technology demonstrator mission. We had never gone to Mars before, so the prerogative was to reach there and take those sojourn of months and do some basic science. Secondly, we went there on a PSLV rocket. PSLV can only carry a spacecraft, that’s at most, 1.5 tonnes." "And, if you look in comparison, the MAVEN was much heavier. MAVEN was laden a lot of diverse instruments and we were carrying only 5 instruments. So, we can’t really expect much science from those five instruments," Giri adds. More money more power India’s smaller budgets aren’t a matter of choice but necessity. ESA and NASA aren’t exclusively dependent on government spending — they nurture the private space industrial sector as well. In India, private participation in what is largely considered to be ISRO’s domain, is absent. And, one of the things standing in the way is the Space Activities Bill. "Space Activities Bill has not been discussed in the Parliament. The first version was tabled but it was never taken up. There needs to be some consensus within the space industrial sector in India. If there is unity among them, then things might proceed," says Giri. The government is reportedly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-space-activities-bill-addresses-damage-in-outer-space/articleshow/69960212.cms">processing the bill</a> to align its liabilities in outer space with international standards. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms">India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-is-spending-1-4-billion-on-a-space-trip-and-there-are-bigger-plans-involved/articleshow/65591318.cms">India is spending $1.4 billion on a space trip and there are bigger plans involved</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/union-budget-2019-isros-new-commerical-arm-is-new-space-india-limited/articleshow/70086097.cms">India forms a new space company to sell ISRO’s space technology products</a>

India’s low cost space missions come at a price

​10 missions before Chandrayaan-3 that define mankind’s quest to explore the moon ​

President Droupadi Murmu, on Friday visited an exhibition to showcase space technologies and achievements, at Bharat Mandapam, on the maiden <keyword id="22301946" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="National-Space-Day" source="keywords">National Space Day</keyword>. Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh and <keyword id="19915124" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="ISRO" meta.hostid="153" meta.entityid="ISRO">ISRO</keyword> Chairman S Somanath were also present. <keyword id="19939985" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="President-Murmu" source="keywords">President Murmu</keyword> extended her greetings on the occasion of the first National Space Day and welcomed the decision to celebrate Space Day on the day <keyword id="19990220" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan" source="keywords">Chandrayaan</keyword> landed on the <keyword id="19899207" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="moon" source="keywords">Moon</keyword>. "It was a glorious moment for all the Indians when ISRO's Chandrayaan landed on the moon. I saw the live telecast of that moment, I was so proud that day like other Indians. To celebrate National Space Day on this occasion is a commendable step. I congratulate all of you on the first National Space Day. ISRO has achieved many feats since its inception". She also expressed her happiness with the student's participation in the event "Happy to see students' participation in this event." Highlighting the significance of <keyword id="19929542" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-exploration" source="keywords">space exploration</keyword>, she added "Space exploration has extended human's ability and help complete the imagination of humankind. Space exploration is exciting and challenging at the same time. Health, transportation, environment, energy, security and information technology are benefitted due to the growth in the <keyword id="20242397" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-sector" source="keywords">space sector</keyword>". The president termed the growth of the ISRO as extraordinary, "The growth of <keyword id="19895063" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="India" source="keywords">India</keyword>'s space sector is extraordinary, be it Mangalyan mission that was accomplished through minimum resources or launching more than 100 satellites at a time. we have achieved many such feats". She also praised the introduction of private players in the space sector in the country, "Introducing of the private sector in Indian has led to the formation of many <keyword id="22829456" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-start-ups" source="keywords">space start-ups</keyword> in India. This has allowed the youths of India to explore the space sector". Expressing her happiness about ISRO's plan to make <keyword id="20793131" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-mission" source="keywords">space mission</keyword> debris-free she said "I am happy that India is moving towards making India's space mission debris-free by 2030". India celebrated its first-ever National Space Day on Friday on the theme "Touching Lives While Touching the Moon: India's Space Saga". On 23 August 2023, India achieved a historic milestone when the Chandrayaan-3 lander completed a soft landing on the moon. This remarkable accomplishment made India the 4th country to accomplish this feat and the 1st to land on the lunar South Pole. In recognition of this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has declared August 23 as National Space Day.

"A glorious moment for all Indians when Chandrayaan landed on moon" says President Murmu on National Space Day

<ul><li><keyword id="7940647" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="mission-mangalyaan">Mission Mangalyaan</keyword> is commended for being the cheapest ever <keyword id="452868" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mission-to-Mars">mission to Mars</keyword>, which was successful on a budget of ₹4.5 billion. </li><li>Its cost was less than the budget of the upcoming movie based on the event, <keyword id="1961443" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="mission-mangal">Mission Mangal</keyword> which was produced for ₹5 billion. </li><li>But its limited budget meant that it was only a technology demonstration mission for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) rather than one focused on collecting scientific data. </li></ul>The upcoming Bollywood movie, Mission Mangal, set to release on August 15th celebrates India's successful maiden mission to Mars — Mangalyaan. An ensemble cast consisting of <keyword id="2823" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Akshay-Kumar">Akshay Kumar</keyword>, Vidya Balan and Sharman Joshi all star in a movie that showcases India's space mission. <div type="image" title="66816772_10156986660608283_8557114509213302784_n_edited" msid="70498336" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Cast of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Mission Mangal &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Mission Mangalyaan, or the Mars Orbiter Mission (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/India-Is-Pioneering-The-Low-Cost-Mission-To-Mars/articleshow/25239899.cms">MOM</a>), is <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/Mangalyaan-Makes-Its-Way-To-Times-Best-Inventions-of-2014-List/articleshow/45260385.cms">lauded</a> for being the cheapest ever mission to Mars which a budget of ₹4.5 billion (₹450 crore). It's also how India came to be the fourth country to land on Mars and the first one to do it successfully on its first attempt. <div type="image" title="mars1_edited" msid="70498480" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan captures its first image of Mars taken from a height of 7300 km&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Ironically Mission Mangal's <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-mission-mangal-my-film-2-0-had-a-budget-of-500-crore-india-s-mars-mission-cost-less-than-that/story-bQBoxtyvC1ewHgJXNRhYFN.html">budget</a> is more than that of the actual Mars mission at ₹5 billion (₹500 crore), according to Kumar. But unlike the movie, the story of Mangalyaan doesn't quite end happily ever after. Defying the odds Mission Mangal's trailer shows that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had proposed a budget ₹8 billion (₹ 800 crore) to launch Mangalyaan but were only allotted a little more than half that amount for the project. <div type="image" title="mom_edited" msid="70498449" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;First image of the Earth by MCC of Mars Orbiter Spacecraft taken on Nov 19, 2013&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 Innovation and jugaad (cheap quick fix solutions to problems) did help turn the mission. This is in spite of the fact that its ‘chances of success were less than 1%'. And, while Mission Mangal seems to highlight the obstacles that India had to overcome in order to launch Mangalyaan — it could fail to illustrate the fact that it came at a cost. Cost of science In the movie, the project team worries about getting the payloads aboard the rocket. In typical movie fashion, the narrative seems to be skewed towards how they finally managed to ‘fix' it. In reality, ISRO had to drastically cut down on the instruments it had planned to send to Mars because it lacked a rocket with the requisite capacity. Technology like the ‘<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-most-powerful-launcher-will-carry-chandrayaan-2-on-moon-mission/articleshow/70202043.cms">Bahubali</a>' GSLV-Mark III heavy launch vehicle which recently launched the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/heres-why-chandrayaan-2-is-landmark-moon-mission-for-india/articleshow/69842571.cms">Chandrayaan 2</a> mission into space wasn't available back in 2013. Instead, India used its lighter PSLV XL launch vehicle — originally built for the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-were-the-challenges-with-chandrayaan-1/articleshow/70202192.cms">Chandrayaan 1</a> and the largest available rocket at the time — to reach Mars. <div type="image" title="pslv-c25-23 (1)_edited" msid="70498392" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan&amp;#39;s PSLV XL C25 rocket taking off in 2013&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 A smaller rocket also meant that it could only carry so much weight. Mangalyaan's payload was only 15 kilograms and it could only take five payloads along. And since ISRO only had 18 months to pull the mission together, the instruments were relatively simple, and could only send back to the most basic of information. <div type="image" title="mars06_edited" msid="70498540" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Mangalyaan&amp;#39;s spacecraft undergoing EMI/EMC test at ISITE ISAC Bangalore&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 To put it in perspective, US' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had five years to work on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (<keyword id="443648" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="MAVEN">MAVEN</keyword>) — which launched a mere 13 days after MOM. It had a capacity of 65 kilograms, carried eight payloads and cost a total of $671 million. And so, its contribution towards scientific advancement and the understanding of Mars was also much higher. Mangalyaan, on the other hand, the aim was just to get there. ISRO, in the past, stated that Mangalyaan was merely a technology demonstration mission to show India's capabilities in outer space technology. In that sense, it could be termed successful, yet its contribution to understanding the elusive planet, is quite less. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-low-cost-chandrayaan-and-mars-missions-come-at-a-price/articleshow/70226652.cms">India's low cost space missions come at a price</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isros-commercial-operations-clock-in-over-60-billion-in-revenue-but-leaves-private-players-out-of-the-equation/articleshow/70375311.cms">ISRO's commercial operations clock in over ₹60 billion in revenue but leaves private players out of the equation</a>

The truth of ISRO's Mangalyaan which Akshay Kumar's Mission Mangal could miss

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">NASA</div></div></div><keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> likes its stuff cheap.
Maker of the <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-11/tatas-nano-the-worlds-cheapest-car-is-sputtering">world's cheapest car</a> ($2600), <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/05/us-india-tablet-idUSTRE7940YV20111005">world's cheapest tablet</a> ($60) and even the <a href="http://phys.org/news/2011-07-india-tata-group-flat-pack-house.html">world's cheapest house</a> ($700), India is now launching the <a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/isros-mars-mission-the-cheapest/slideshow/24982329.cmshttp://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/isros-mars-mission-the-cheapest/slideshow/24982329.cms">world's cheapest mission to Mars</a>, which takes off this week.
The mission, launched by Indian space agency ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) will cost the Indian government just $80 million, which compares to NASA's $2.5 billion expenditure on the US' <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword> Curiosity project. 
The satellite is called Mangalyaan (Mars Vehicle), and will not touch down on the planet. It has been only been designed for orbit. 21 of the 51 global missions to Mars gave failed, including the one launched by China. 
But how has India managed to keep its costs so low? The answer, <a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/science-technology/why-isros-mars-mission-is-the-cheapest/save-time-money/slideshow/24982315.cms">according to the Economic Times, </a> is "frugal engineering," which has a few basic principles: to adapt existing technology as far as possible, minimize the number of physical models and optimize testing.
Unlike its European and US counterparts, ISRO has a much smaller budget and cannot afford to experiment and build iteratively. While NASA and the European Space Agency usually make three models of the spacecraft, ISRO modeled everything on software and physically built only the final model. 
This frugal approach does increase risks, which are evident from India's previous <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1341521/Boom-Indian-space-scientists-watch-horror-rocket-explodes-minutes-off.html">failed</a> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23751269">space missions</a>. Also, instead of flying directly, the 350-tonne rocket will orbit earth for <a href="http://phys.org/news/2013-11-india-mars-prestige-space-mission.html">nearly a month</a>, building up the necessary velocity to break free from the earth's gravitational pull. 
India's space mission has been criticized as being a waste of resources in a country where a huge proportion of the population still lives in poverty. However, defendants of the program have stated that the space program goes hand-in-hand with India's development goals. <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/29/india-is-going-to-mars-but-dont-call-it-a-space-race/">The Washington Post reports</a> Dean Cheng a scholar at the Heritage Foundation saying, "The country realized early on that satellites would enable health officials to practice medicine remotely, reaching inaccessible parts of the country. The same was true for remote education. ISRO's major focus, in other words, has been to use space research as a way to overcome the country's (still) steep economic obstacles."
The chairman of ISRO, K. Radhakrishnan, has defended the program saying that India's budget for space exploration is only <a href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/mars-is-part-of-indias-space-vision/article5254175.ece">0.34% of its annual budget</a>, of which 7% has been allocated to planetary exploration. He also believes that the mission will also have positive implications for the rest of the economy, and will help with cyclone forecasting. 
<div class="KonaFilter image-container click-to-enlarge"><div class="image"><a title_source="REUTERS GRAPHICS" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/5278328fecad04f3498b4571-960/screen%20shot%202013-11-04%20at%206.48.58%20pm.png"></a>REUTERS GRAPHICS</div></div>

India Is Pioneering The Low-Cost Mission To Mars

<ul><li><keyword id="63710" type="POSITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO-chief">ISRO chief</keyword> confirms that they want <keyword id="624" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Women">women</keyword> astronauts to be a part of the three member-crew </li><li><keyword id="6797456" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</keyword> will take off in December, 2021 </li><li>The Indian government had earlier approved a $1.4 billion budget for the same, which could make the mission the cheapest in history</li></ul>India is set to launch its first crewed <keyword id="139576" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-mission">space mission</keyword> – Gaganyaan – in December 2021 and <keyword id="6358064" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro">ISRO</keyword> chief <keyword id="2003919" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="K-Sivan">K Sivan</keyword> has announced that woman astronauts could be a part of the three-member team. In a press conference held in Bengaluru, the <a href="https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/article/isro-briefing-k-sivan-talks-about-chandrayaan-2-gaganyaan-and-other-key-projects-in-2019-for-the-indian-space-research-organisation-isro/345618">ISRO chief confirmed</a> the timeline for the space mission while adding that both men and women are being trained. However, while the initial part of the training will be done in <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/mission-gaganyaan-cabinet-approves-10-000-crore-budget-send-indians-to-space-2022-1418941-2018-12-28">India</a>, the advanced training will take place abroad. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had initially<a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FNpqM0Da1muJBPiDr9G5tN/Cabinet-approves-Rs-10000-crore-Gaganyaan-project.html"> announced Gaganyaan</a>, a seven-day low Earth orbit mission, as a part of his Independence Day speech. India also gave a go-ahead for a $1.4 billion budget to send three people into space for seven days. China’s space mission Shenzhou program had cost them $2.3 billion whereas US in 1969 had <a href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/india-to-send-three-person-crew-on-landmark-space-mission">reportedly</a> spent $110 billion in current values. With this move, India will become the fourth nation in the world to send humans to space, ranking right after US, Russia and China. It could possibly also be the cheapest space mission, with the entire project from technology development to flight hardware realization and infrastructure to be done within the approved budget. See Also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/2018-was-a-remarkable-year-for-indias-space-agency-isrohere-were-the-top-5-successful-missions/articleshow/67284873.cms">2018 was a remarkable year for India’s space agency ISRO—Here were the top 5 successful missions</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-space-agency-is-planning-a-massive-launch-of-over-30-satellites-this-week-including-one-capable-of-hyperspectral-imaging/articleshow/66811381.cms">India’s space agency is planning a massive launch of over 30 satellites this week, including one capable of ‘hyperspectral’ imaging</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-big-bird-india-marks-successful-launch-of-its-heaviest-satellite-gsat-11-onboard-space-vehicle-ariane-5/articleshow/66948736.cms">‘The Big Bird’: India marks successful launch of its heaviest satellite GSAT-11 onboard space vehicle Ariane-5</a>

India's first ‘manned’ mission to space may have women too

The <keyword id="116095" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-space-research-organisation" source="Orion">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (<keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword>) on Tuesday successfully performed the third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) of the <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword> spacecraft. The next firing is planned for July 20 between 2 pm and 3 pm, the national space agency headquartered here said. "The third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network)/ISRO, Bengaluru," it said. The Chandrayaan-3 mission to the Moon was launched on July 14.

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO successfully completes third orbit-raising manoeuvre

<ul><li>India's upcoming mission to Moon, <keyword id="414120" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan 2</keyword>, is the the country's biggest space project yet costing ₹10 billion.</li><li>Chandrayaan-2 is India's second lunar visit but it still marks a lot of firsts for the country and the global community, like being the first country to make a soft landing on the Moon's South Pole.</li><li>It will also be the first time that a country will be exploring the Moon's potential for water.</li></ul>India's second lunar mission, Chandrayaan 2, set to take off today. It may be India's second trip to the Moon but it will be first time any country in the world will be landing on the Moon's South Pole. This is India's biggest project till date with the cost coming up to ₹10 billion and will mark many ‘firsts’ for the country’s apex space agency. Building on Chandrayaan 1's discovery of water is only one part of the Chandrayaan 2's goal on the moon. Since it will be privy to the Moon's craters in a region that's been frozen for millions of years at temperatures dipping below 270 degrees Celcius, the Indians Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is also hoping to look into other primary elements that may be present on the moon. India’s second lunar mission will be carrying 14 payloads abroad its 3 modules — the orbiter, the lander called Vikram and Pragyan, the rover. Together, the spacecraft will have a mass of 3.8 tonnes. Here are all the reasons why Chandrayaan-2 is a landmark mission for India: 1. Soft landing The last time around, during Chandrayaan-1, ISRO attempted a crash landing on the Moon. But, this time around it is choosing to opt for a soft landing, making it one of the most challenging tasks that ISRO at undertaken till date. 
 
 
 
 
 <div type="image" title="Bengaluru: ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2, India&amp;#39;s ..." msid="69843050" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>










 2. Women power The Chandrayaan-2 mission is also the first time that an ISRO mission is being led by two women — the project director, M Vanitha and the mission director, Ritu Karidhal. Vanitha was recommended to the position for her problem solving skills as well as her deft handling of the team. Karidhal, on the other hand, has already proved her competence as a member of India’s Mars mission. After many delays, India’s second lunar mission — Chandrayaan-2 — is set to take off from the Sriharikota launch pad on July 15 at 2:51am. But, just because India’s been to the Moon before doesn’t mean that the new mission isn’t a big deal. 3. Covering the Moon in India’s Asoka Chakra Pragyaan, the rover that will roam the surface of the Moon, is gonna tag the entire Moon with India’s Ashoka Chakra and the ISRO’s logo. As its wheels move across the lunar surface will imprint the move for a total of 500cms — the total distance that the rover can travel during the course of the mission. 
 
 
 
 
 <div type="image" title="Bengaluru: ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2, India&amp;#39;s ..." msid="69843107" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;ISRO personnel work on the orbiter vehicle of Chandrayaan-2&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>











 4. <keyword id="2179903" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Water-on-the-moon">Water on the Moon</keyword> The Chandrayaan 2 mission is also India’s chance to study water on the Moon, first discovered during the Chandrayaan 1 mission. This will be a first for the for the global scientific community and could provide solutions for sustaining human missions to the Moon like the one NASA has planned for 2024 called Artemis. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-india-moon-mission-14-high-tech-instruments-to-look-for-water/articleshow/69867398.cms">India’s second mission to the moon will use these 14 high-tech instruments to look for water</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayaan-2-why-indias-isro-is-going-to-the-moon/articleshow/69893150.cms">Chandrayaan 2 will give India bragging rights even if it doesn’t find water</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/chandrayan-2-lunar-mission-to-launch-in-july-by-isro/articleshow/69139095.cms">India’s second lunar mission pegged to launch in July</a>

India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records

<ul class="summary-list"><li>India's mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-2, is set to make a soft landing on the moon on Friday.</li><li>If successful India will become only the fourth country to make a successful landing on the moon, joining the US, China, and Russia. </li><li>The Chandrayaan-2, which means "moon-vehicle" in Sanskrit, has been completed on a relatively low budget compared to many space missions, costing around $140 million.</li><li>India faced criticism for its activities in space earlier in 2019, after it shot down a satellite, creating millions of pieces of space debris. NASA called the incident "unacceptable," saying the debris could threaten astronauts on the International Space Station.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories. </a></li></ul>India's mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-2, is due to touch down on the lunar surface in a soft landing Friday, making India just the fourth country to make a successful soft landing on the moon. The Chandrayaan-2, which means "moon-vehicle" in Sanskrit, will make a soft landing - which is characterized by landing with no damage or destruction to the landing - at some point Friday, if the mission is a success. In doing so it will join the US, China, and the Soviet Union in making a soft landing. Japan, Israel, and the European Space Agency have also made landings on the moon, but they have resulted in damage to the landing craft. Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-delays-lunar-chandrayaan-2-launch-due-to-technical-snag-2019-7?r=US&amp;IR=T">India postponed the launch of its $146 million lunar mission due to a 'technical snag'</a> India's mission has been completed on a relatively low budget compared to many space missions. According to <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/chandrayaan-2-mission-cost-india-rs-978-crore-avengers-endgame-film-made-rs-2443-crore/story/366550.html">Indian business news website Business Today</a> the entire mission cost the Indian government the equivalent of just $142 milion. The BBC cites <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49404019">a figure of $145 million.</a> <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/04/world/india-moon-lunar-chandrayaan-2-explainer-scn/index.html">CNN reported</a> that the mission's total cost is less than half that of the budget for 2019's Marvel blockbuster "Avengers: Endgame" which had an overall budget of $356 million. In total, India's space agency, the Indian Space Research Organisation has a budget of $1.8 billion this year, according to the Washington Post, which added that NASA's funding in 2019 is around $21.5 billion. Dr Chaitanya Giri, a fellow at Indian think tank Gateway House told CNN that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has managed to reduce its costs by utilizing in-house talent, shortening missions to just a few years and making use of space infrastructure previously put in place by the US. Read More: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-missile-shoots-down-satellite-space-debris-junk-risk-2019-3?r=US&amp;IR=T">India's anti-satellite missile test just moved humanity closer to a space-junk nightmare scenario.</a> The mission, if it goes to plan, will see a separate lander spacecraft, known as Vikram, land on the southern side of the moon, <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/launcher/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission">the ISRO said.</a> It will land around 375 kilometers from its South Pole, <a href="https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-2-moon-south-pole-landing-site.html">according to a report from Space.com.</a> Space.com's report said that the landing site could become "one of the most important places on the moon's surface." "This mission has proved beyond doubt, once again, that when it comes to attempting an endeavor in new age, cutting edge areas, with innovative zeal, our scientists are second to none," India's Prime Minister Narenda Modi said after the craft was launched in July, CNN reported. "They are the best ... they are world class," Modi said. Read More: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-space-junk-india-destroying-missile-threaten-international-space-station-terrible-thing-2019-4?r=US&amp;IR=T">'A terrible, terrible thing': NASA said India's satellite destruction created so much space junk it threatens the safety of the International Space Station.</a> In March, the ISRO sparked serious criticism from NASA when it <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/scientists-in-india-just-shot-down-a-low-orbit-satellite-in-space-2019-3?r=US&amp;IR=T">intentionally destroyed a satellite</a> with a missile. The satellite shattered to pieces, leaving debris large enough to pose a danger to the space station but not large enough to track, according to a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-space-junk-india-destroying-missile-threaten-international-space-station-terrible-thing-2019-4?r=US&amp;IR=T">report by Business Insider.</a> NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said the move was "unacceptable" and caused a threat to astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS).

India's $145 million lunar mission is set to make it just the 4th nation to make a soft landing on the moon, only months after NASA called its actions in space 'unacceptable'

In yet another lunar mission, India launches Chandrayaan-2, which will be vested with the task of exploring the darker side of the moon. Chandrayaan-2 is set to be launched on board the GSLV MK III from the Satish Dhawan Space Center located at Sriharikota, the flagship spaceport of India on July 15. Here are some unknown and interesting facts about Chandrayaan-2. Facts about the launch Chandrayaan-2 becomes the second lunar mission of India. Once the launch becomes successful, India will become the fourth country on the earth to achieve soft landing on the moon. Explore the southern polar region of the moon The sole objective of Chandrayaan is to explore the south-polar region of the moon, which has not been charted till date. The mission Chandrayaan-2 is expected to increase our understanding of the earth’s sole natural satellite. The discoveries that are possible through this mission is expected to benefit India in particular and the humanity at large. Advantages of sending Chandrayaan-2 to the moon Moon is the nearest space object to the earth. Moon can be used something like attest bed for the space launch and the knowledge gained out of Chandrayaan-2 mission can give enough insights on the deep-space missions India can attempt in the future to distant spatial bodies. Where it will land Chandrayaan-2 will try to soft-land the rover Pragyan and lander Vikram in a high plain region of the moon located in between two craters called as Manzinus C and Simpelius N at a latitude of 70 degrees south. Some special facts about Chandrayan-2 Chandrayaan-2 is the first ever space mission by any country to explore the south pole of the moon. Chandrayaan-2 is fully powered by home-grown technology. What the mission intends to do The mission forming part of Chandrayaan-2 will help the country and the humanity accumulate a better understanding of how the moon originated and evolved. The mission will perform some topographical studies in a detailed manner in addition to some mineralogical analysis, and a line of other kinds of experiments on the moon’s surface. Possibly, we could gain some valuable inputs on the kind of rocks found on the moon and the presence of water molecules in the moon’s surface. What is the implication of the mission for ISRO This mission will help the ISRO surpass the aspirations among the international community. The mission can also inspire a set of future scientists, explorers and engineers of extraordinary skills and talents. The entire mission will succeed in expanding India’s space footprint. Timeline of the mission Lander Vikram is scheduled to land on the South Pole of the moon on September 6, 2019. Following this, Rover will start doing some experiments on the moon’s surface for a period of 14 earth days or what is known as one lunar day. The mission of Orbiter will extend for a period of one year. Made in India GSLV MK III is the most powerful launcher India will be using for the mission Chandrayaan-2. This launcher is fully designed and manufactured in India.

Unknown Facts About Chandrayaan 2

<div class="KonaFilter image-container full"><div class="image">AP</div></div>Somehow, <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> plans to send a satellite to <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword> - already a difficult task with <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/indias-low-cost-mars-mission-2013-11">21 of 51 global missions to the red planet having failed</a> - for the<a href="http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-launch-mars-mission-20131104,0,3566545.story#axzz2jtgvTsc6"> incredibly low cost of $73 million</a>.
Let's compare this to some other space mission and some Hollywood space missions for perspective.
First, consider NASA's Maven satellite, which is due to launch later November and is broadly comparable in scope to India's mission. It <a href="http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303661404579175160183234906">costs $671 million</a>.
Second, NASA's more ambitious Mars Curiosity mission, launched in 2011 and <a href="http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-launch-mars-mission-20131104,0,3566545.story#axzz2jtgvTsc6">cost $2.5 billion</a>.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container full"><div class="image">Business Insider</div></div>India's mission certainly does seem like a bargain compared to NASA missions.
How does it compare to other expensive things? Well, as one <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/worldnews/comments/1pzziz/the_indian_mars_mission_cost_73_million_which_is/">Reddit user has pointed out</a>, it's less than the estimated budget ($105 million) for <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1454468/">critically acclaimed space film "Gravity</a>," released earlier this year:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container full"><div class="image">Business Insider</div></div>This may be a silly comparison, but it does make you wonder - why is India's mission so cheap?
For one thing, the mission is cutting corners, using existing technology as much as possible, and minimizing the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/indias-low-cost-mars-mission-2013-11">number of physical test models used by replacing them with computer simulations</a>. David Alexander, director of the Rice Space Institute, <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/11/04/243082266/why-indias-mars-mission-is-so-much-cheaper-than-nasas">told NPR that India's cheaper</a> labor costs may well also keep costs down too.
Is a cheap mission to Mars it a good investment?
A cheaper Mars mission is in many ways a riskier Mars mission, but so far India's done better than China and Russia's failed 2011 attempt, which suffered a number of problems after launch and <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/phobos-grunt-failed-russian-mars-probe-falls-earth/story?id=15366151">never made it beyond low Earth orbit</a>. There has, however, been some compelling criticism that India shouldn't be spending money on Mars when so many of its citizens live in poverty.
But remember, you have to put money in to get money out - Gravity turned a huge profit at the box office. Investing in things like space missions has in the past spurred innovation and created jobs.
India's Mars mission could very well crash and burn, but even if it makes it the return is unclear.

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You Searched For "india space missions" and got 14 results

India's journey through space missions and milestones

Kapil Yadav

Modi offers India's cost-effective technology but only to 'friendly' nations

Prabhjote Gill

How India is inching a step closer to its mission of sending an astronaut into space by 2022

BI India Bureau

India’s low cost space missions come at a price

Prabhjote Gill

​10 missions before Chandrayaan-3 that define mankind’s quest to explore the moon ​

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India's second moon mission Chandrayaan 2 that will cost ₹10 billion will break new records

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India's $145 million lunar mission is set to make it just the 4th nation to make a soft landing on the moon, only months after NASA called its actions in space 'unacceptable'

Sahar Esfandiari

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10 missions before Chandrayaan-3 that define mankind’s quest to explore the moon