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<ul class="summary-list"><li>This year, the world made several major achievements in the race to space. </li><li>They included SpaceX sending its most powerful rocket to space and India reaching the moon. </li></ul>Every year, space agencies and private companies move closer to making us a multi-planetary species, breaking barriers along the way.This year was no exception. 2023 saw groundbreaking rocket launches, unprecedented lunar missions, and remarkable scientific discoveries.Ahead of the new year, here's everything you need to know to catch up.<h2>1. SpaceX's Starship soared toward space twice – and blew up both times</h2><div type="image" title="starship rocket launching" height="1596" width="2842" msid="106403268" hostid="261" sizebytes="146050"></div>One of the most long-awaited spaceflight events of the decade took place in 2023, after SpaceX launched its gargantuan Starship mega-rocket in its fully-stacked form for the first time.Starship is the most powerful rocket ever built. Standing at almost 400ft, it is designed to be a workhorse to ferry humans and cargo to and from Mars. It could also play a crucial role in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-starship-launch-crucial-nasa-moon-return-sls-2023-3">NASA's return to the moon</a>.Elon Musk's SpaceX had previously shown it could fly the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-spacex-starship-rocket-exploded-five-times-2023-4">Starship spaceship</a> on its own. But the company had never attempted to launch it on top of its Super Heavy booster — a necessary step to bring the spaceship to outer space.That seal was broken this year, twice. The fully stacked mega-rocket took its maiden flight on April 21.The flight, in some measure, was a success. The rocket cleared the launchpad and flew for a few minutes. But it eventually burst into flames after tumbling out of control. It later came to light that Starship's powerful engines had also <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starship-rocket-crater-concrete-launchpad-upon-liftoff-2023-4">blown a crater</a> in its concrete launchpad.Undeterred, SpaceX modified the rocket and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starship-launch-rocket-blows-up-explosion-elon-musk-mars-2023-11?r=US&amp;IR=T">flew again</a> on November 18. This time, the spacecraft successfully separated and flew into space, though it burst again within <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starship-launch-rocket-blows-up-explosion-elon-musk-mars-2023-11?r=US&amp;IR=T">seconds of reaching its apex</a>.<h2>2. Private space companies made waves</h2><div type="image" title="A photomontage shows Terran 1 ready to launch on its launchpad next to a picture of the rocket's trajectory after launch." height="1000" width="2000" msid="106403270" hostid="261" sizebytes="73662"></div>It was a big year for other spaceflight companies as well.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/relativity-space-3d-printed-rocket-mars-musk-spacex-bezos-launch-2023-3?r=US&amp;IR=T">Relativity Space</a> showed the capability of its monstrous 3D printers by launching and flying a rocket that was made of 85% printed materials. Terran 1 successfully separated from its first stage but didn't quite make it to orbit.The company now aims to develop an even bigger rocket, called Terran R, in a bid to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.relativityspace.com/press-release/2022/7/19/impulse-space-and-relativity-space-announce-first-commercial-mission-to-mars">beat Musk to Mars</a>. While Relativity will keep pushing its rocket development, its main purpose is to demonstrate the power of its 3D printers, which could one day be used to create custom equipment for Martian settlers, the company CEO Tim Ellis previously told Business Insider.Meanwhile, Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin got a much-needed vote of confidence from NASA. In May, it became the second private company, after SpaceX, to land the agency's coveted contract to develop tech to land astronauts on the moon. The company was awarded $3.4 billion.The firm was also awarded the Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE) NASA contract, which means New Glenn, a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle in development by Blue Origin, could fly a research payload to Mars on its first flight.SpaceX also beat a record that it had set only last year.By October, the company had launched 74 orbital missions, up from its previous record of 62 in 2022.The firm aims to launch 100 flights by the end of 2023, Bill Gerstenmaier, a senior SpaceX official, said on October 18 during a hearing of the U.S. Senate's Subcommittee on Space and Science, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.space.com/spacex-launch-144-missions-2024">per Space.com.</a>He added that next year it would aim for 12 flights per month, or a mission every three days or less, per Space.com.<h2>3. China got serious about the moon</h2>China once again demonstrated its precise spaceflight engineering capabilities, reporting it had reached orbit with a rocket fueled<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-beats-spacex-blue-origin-orbit-methane-rocket-2023-7?r=US&amp;IR=T"> with methalox,</a> a composite liquid fuel of methane and oxygen, in July.In doing so, the country beat several US companies trying to get methalox-fueled rockets to orbit, including SpaceX and Blue Origin.<div type="image" title="Chinese LandSpace's Zhuque-2 rocket is seen on its launchpad at night" height="1290" width="2000" msid="106403271" hostid="261" sizebytes="104158"></div>The country this year continued to set aggressive timelines for its space program, announcing it could <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-to-build-moon-station-five-years-lunar-soil-bricks-2023-4?r=US&amp;IR=T">build a space station</a> on the moon within five years, and put boots on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-moon-mission-astronauts-by-2030-2023-5?r=US&amp;IR=T">lunar soil by 2030.</a><h2>4. Russia fell behind on its lunar ambitions</h2>Meanwhile, Russia's lunar aspirations were dealt a blow this year.Roscosmos attempted to beat nations like China, the USA, Japan, and India by aiming to be the first to land a robotic mission near the south pole of the moon, a strategically important site for upcoming lunar missions.The nation was attempting to revive its long-dormant lunar program, which hadn't landed on the moon <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-russia-falling-behind-us-china-in-moon-space-race-2023-9?r=US&amp;IR=T">since the collapse of the Soviet Union</a>.But after a successful launch in August, Roscosmos's Luna-25 probe broke contact with Earth and spun out of control before <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-attempt-land-moon-ends-in-disaster-luna-25-2023-8?r=US&amp;IR=T">crashing into the moon.</a><h2>5. Where Russia failed, India thrived — a step that puts them in pole position in the space race</h2>India surprised the world in August when it became <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-india-attempt-first-ever-moon-landing-2023-8?r=US&amp;IR=T">the first nation</a> to land a spacecraft near the south pole of the moon, and only the fourth country to ever land on the moon.Chandrayaan-3's dog-sized rover, released by the spacecraft a few days after it landed, collected crucial information about the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-vikram-lunar-lander-moon-discoveries-2023-9?r=US&amp;IR=T">lunar soil</a> before shutting down in September.<div type="image" title="image of the lander on the moon" height="1024" width="1024" msid="106403273" hostid="261" sizebytes="123486"></div>"It definitely puts them on the international stage as an emerging space power," Robert Braun, head of space exploration at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, previously told Business Insider.<h2>6. Europe tried to catch up</h2>The UK attempted the first launch from British soil from its new <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-orbit-uk-space-launch-fail-rocket-mission-spaceport-photos-2023-1">Spaceport Cornwall</a> in Newquay in January. But celebrations were cut short when Virgin Orbit's rocket failed to reach orbit. This was a blow to the spaceport as Virgin Orbit, its only listed customer, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-orbit-bankruptcy-protection-richard-branson-space-launch-funding-2023-4">closed down shortly after.</a>This misfire is a symptom of a bigger issue at stake. The European Space Agency's (ESA's) independent access to space has been <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ft.com/content/14b060df-4cfc-4494-a3d2-2af57dc6fa2a">shrinking steadily</a>.ESA has been facing fire for the delay in its heavy-lift <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ft.com/content/55619674-9ca3-478f-9c5a-d3a7525ccac7">Ariane 6 development</a> and the recent failures of its newest rocket, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.space.com/vega-c-failure-rocket-nozzle-flaw-investigation-report">Vega-C</a>. This has left the European agency in an "acute launcher crisis" after the retirement of Ariane 5 in July, ESA head Josef Aschbacher <a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/holistic-approach-launchers-exploration-europe-josef-aschbacher/">said</a>.The UK's newly-developed spaceports are part of a bigger push to expand commercial launching capability in the area. European countries have been investing in building continental spaceports to complement ESA's launchpad in French Guiana. The first EU mainland spaceport was inaugurated in Sweden's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.space.com/first-european-mainland-orbital-spaceport-swedish-rocket-range">Arctic Circle</a> in January. An orbital spaceport was opened in <a target="_blank" href="https://spacenews.com/norway-opens-andoya-spaceport/">Andøya, Norway</a>, in November.In announcing the Swedish spaceport, EU president <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pressclub.be/press-releases/speech-by-president-von-der-leyen-at-the-inauguration-of-the-esrange-spaceport/">Ursula van der Leyen</a> foreshadowed a "change to the way we 'do space' in Europe," promising more support for small space firms and private investors.Europe's private spaceflight ambitions did get a welcome boost in October when the bloc's first fully private rocket, a single-stage rocket called Miura-1 designed by Spanish firm PLDSpace, took its first flight.The rocket failed to reach orbit but provided precious data that the firm hopes will help them push the development of its two-stage reusable rocket Muira-5, which could launch as early as 2025, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.space.com/pld-space-first-launch-miura-1-rocket">Space.com reported.</a>

From Elon Musk's giant Starship rocket to India's spectacular moon landing, 2023 was an epic year in space

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A TikToker called a women-only carriage in Japan akin to "segregation" and filmed himself entering it.</li><li>Viewers accused him of being disrespectful and said the cars were meant to provide a safe space.</li></ul>The internet is calling a TikToker "disrespectful" and "rude" after he filmed himself entering a women-only train carriage in Japan and compared it to gender-based segregation that countries like Saudi Arabia mandate. On September 5, the Australian creator Turan Spidey, who has 354,000 followers on his vlog channel @shearingshedvlogs, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@shearingshedvlogs/video/7275272476416838914?embed_source=121355058%2C121351166%2C121331973%2C120811592%2C120810756%3Bnull%3Bembed_blank&amp;refer=embed&amp;referer_url=www.insider.com%2Fpost%2Fpreview%3Fpost_id%3D650351ae74fcf693ad3730be%26snapshot_id%3D65035e7277744faa55cbf1ae%26mode%3Ddesktop%26svapi&amp;referer_video_id=7275272476416838914" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shared the video</a> with a caption saying a women-only space is the "last thing" he expected to see "in such a free country like Japan.""Reminds me of something I would see in a country with strict segregation rules," he added, alluding in his video to the Arab country.Users were quick to point out that these carriages in Japan are <a href="https://isshinternational.org/9256/viewpoint/women-only-train-cars-sidestep-the-root-issue-of-gender-inequality/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">meant to serve</a> as safe zones where women could feel more protected from harassment. In Spidey's clip, which has been viewed over 2.4 million times, he filmed himself walking into the women-only carriage to seemingly snark at the idea. "I am the women inspector, checking there's only women on this carriage," he said, pointing his camera at the rows of women passengers. His video has been flooded with negative comments. People are calling him "obnoxious" and saying he was doing the exact thing these carriages were designed to prevent: making women uncomfortable. "It's for women's safety," one comment with over 21,000 likes says. "You literally made the whole train uncomfortable by not following the rules written IN HUGE LETTERS."Multiple top comments also noted that people like him are the reason these gendered trains exist. Women-only carriages have been operating in Japan since 2005 (<a href="https://isshinternational.org/9256/viewpoint/women-only-train-cars-sidestep-the-root-issue-of-gender-inequality/">an early version</a> of the concept dates as far back as 1912, but those were later replaced by priority seats). The idea was launched after women reported a record high number of touching and sexual harassment incidents on public transit the previous year, <a href="https://jobsinjapan.com/living-in-japan-guide/the-history-of-the-woman-only-train-carriages-in-japan/">according to Jobs In Japan</a>. However, only some of Japan's trains offer these specialized carriages; one of the busiest lines introduced them earlier this year, <a href="https://japantoday.com/category/national/one-of-tokyo%E2%80%99s-busiest-subway-lines-is-adding-women-only-cars" target="_blank" rel="noopener">per Japan Today</a>.TikTok users said Spidey "embarrassed" himself by dismissing or being uninformed about these social implications. Some especially infuriated viewers urged him to leave the country or said they hoped he'd be deported. Spidey did not return Insider's request for comment.In addition to comments, some TikTokers made their own videos stitching and responding to his in an effort to better educate the public about Japan's gendered trains. "They're segregated because they're allowing there to be a space for women to be able to be away from men," the user <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@torigrier.4/video/7276486223454113067">@torigrier.4 said in a response video last week</a>. "They created that space for their safety, and instead of respecting that, you decided to violate that."The user added that he "scared" those women and said she believed he entered the carriage out of entitlement. Spidey has been accused of being disrespectful in his other travel vlogs, like one from Saturday where <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@shearingshedvlogs/video/7276695276583243010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">he filmed a street performance</a> in Japan that had a no-filming sign.Japan is not the only country to have implemented women-only train cars as a protective measure against potential unwanted attention from men. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/15/world/cairo-journal-for-women-only-a-train-car-safe-from-men.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Cairo Metro</a> in Egypt and <a href="https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/rio-launches-women-only-carriages-1.234417" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Rio de Janeiro Metro</a> in Brazil offer similar transportation asylums, as well as train networks in India, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

A man filmed himself entering a women-only train carriage in Japan, sparking backlash and a discourse about the difference between 'segregation' and safe spaces

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Japan successfully landed a spacecraft on the moon for the first time in the nation's history.</li><li>But the spacecraft isn't generating solar energy to power is suite of scientific instruments.</li></ul>On Friday, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency announced that its SLIM spacecraft had successfully <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moon-missions-why-astronauts-have-not-returned-2018-7">landed on the moon</a>.It's a momentous day for the nation as the landing marks the first time Japan has ever softly touched down on the lunar surface.The feat makes Japan the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jaxas-slim-spacecraft-japan-first-moon-landing-attempt-2023-12">third nation to land on the moon</a> in the 21st century, behind China and India, and the fifth nation to ever do so.But the spacecraft isn't generating solar power. It's running on batteries, which are rapidly depleting and only have a few hours left of life, JAXA said in a <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/JAXA_en/status/1748345554655228118">press conference</a> following the touchdown.So JAXA is racing against the clock, trying to extract as much data from the spacecraft as possible before the batteries run out.The spacecraft snapped pictures of the lunar surface as it descended, which JAXA hopes to beam back to Earth. The agency also hopes to obtain data on what happened during the descent to assess the spacecraft's status.<h2>The mission isn't over yet</h2><div type="image" title="Photo of Shioli crater taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter." height="3000" width="3000" msid="106998451" hostid="261" sizebytes="628492"></div>SLIM, short for "Smart Lander for Investigating Moon," was scheduled to touch down near a small impact crater, called Shioli crater, on the near side of the moon — the side that faces Earth.It has a suite of scientific instruments and two tiny rovers. But many of these instruments may go unused if the spacecraft can't generate solar energy to power them.It's unclear why the solar cells on SLIM aren't working. One reason could be that they are angled in the wrong direction, Hitoshi Kuninaka, the head of JAXA's space lab, said during the press conference.If that's the case, then there's still a possibility that, as the moon moves through space, the angle of the sun will change and could strike the panels, powering them up, Kuninaka added.JAXA said the solar cell issue doesn't mean the end of the mission but that it needs to reassess the state of the spacecraft to determine its next steps.Even though the mission didn't go exactly according to plan, Kuninaka said that JAXA considers it a success since the spacecraft successfully touched down on the moon.

Japan has landed a spacecraft on the moon for the first time, but the mission didn't go exactly according to plan

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Japan is weeks from attempting to land its SLIM spacecraft on the moon.</li><li>If SLIM succeeds, it will become the first Japanese spacecraft to land on the moon.</li></ul>On Monday, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency <a target="_blank" href="https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231225-1_e.html">announced </a>its SLIM moon lander had reached a crucial milestone in its historic mission: The spacecraft started to orbit the moon.Over the next several weeks, SLIM — short for Smart Lander for Investigating Moon — will tighten its orbit, inching closer to the lunar surface.Then, on January 19, 2024, the nation is scheduled to attempt what only a couple of other nations have achieved before it.Japan will try to land SLIM on the lunar surface, solidifying the country's place in the history books as the third country to softly land on the moon in the 21st century. The other two countries are <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-landed-change-spacecraft-moon-rock-lunar-samples-2020-12">China</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-india-attempt-first-ever-moon-landing-2023-8">India</a>.<div type="image" title="Illustration of how JAXA's SLIM spacecraft will attempt to land on the moon." height="640" width="1712" msid="106330955" hostid="261" sizebytes="57894"></div>When it comes to the modern moon race, the US is lagging, so far.<h2>Japan's historic moon mission</h2>If Japan succeeds in January, SLIM will become the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/japanese-company-ispace-fears-moon-probe-crash-landed-2023-4">first Japanese spacecraft</a> in history to softly land on the moon.Japan has sent a couple of impactors and orbiters to the moon in the past, but this is the first time the nation has sent a landing module with rover-like probes to explore the lunar surface in unprecedented detail.<div type="image" title="Photo of Shioli crater taken by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter." height="3000" width="3000" msid="106330956" hostid="261" sizebytes="628492"></div>You heard that right, probes — plural. SLIM is carrying two small probes on board. If all goes according to plan, they'll deploy from the landing module after touchdown to explore the surface beyond the landing point.One probe uses a hopping mechanism and the other is sphere-like and changes shape to move around, per <a target="_blank" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/japan-moon-lander-enters-lunar-orbit/7412248.html">VOA news</a>.<div type="image" title="Illustration of Japan's SLIM rover-like probes on the lunar surface." height="436" width="648" msid="106330957" hostid="261" sizebytes="46316"></div>What makes this mission even more historic is the pinpoint landing Japan wants to achieve.The spacecraft is targeting an impact crater on the moon called Shioli crater, and Japan plans to land SLIM to within 328 feet of its target. That's an "unprecedentedly high-precision landing," JAXA, <a target="_blank" href="https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2023/12/20231205-1_e.html">Japan's space agency, said</a> earlier this month.For comparison, NASA's Apollo 17 module landed over 80 miles from its target, and India's Chandrayaan-3 lander had a target window over 3.8 square miles.It's missions like Japan's SLIM, India's Chandrayaan-3, and China's Chang'e's 3, 4, and 5, that are pushing the boundaries of what landing on the moon looks like in the 21st century.That leaves the US toward the back end of the pack.<h2>The US hasn't landed anything on the moon since 1972</h2><div type="image" title="Photo of Eugene Cernan on the Moon during the Apollo 17 mission." height="1763" width="2127" msid="106330958" hostid="261" sizebytes="338878"></div>The last time the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moon-missions-why-astronauts-have-not-returned-2018-7">US landed something on lunar grounds</a> was Apollo 17 astronauts Harrison Schmitt — the first scientist on the moon — and Eugene Cernan — the last man to walk on the moon.In the decades since <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/where-nasa-crashed-ladee-into-moon-2014-10">NASA has crashed some spacecraft</a> into the lunar surface and sent others into lunar orbit.But when it comes to landing on the moon and exploring its surface in unprecedented detail — NASA has left that for other space agencies to handle, at least for now.To be fair, it's not like NASA isn't making giant strides in space exploration. Over the decades, NASA has <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-landing-nasa-perseverance-rover-touches-down-in-jezero-crater-2021-2">landed more rovers on Mars</a> than what India and China have landed on the moon, combined.Moreover, NASA aims to catch up to other countries in the modern moon race in a big way very soon.NASA's Artemis program plans to land the first humans near the moon's south pole in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-iii/">2025</a> and achieve sustainable lunar exploration by the mid- to late-2020s.<div type="image" title="four astronauts in orange spacesuits pose for portrait" height="2000" width="2000" msid="106330959" hostid="261" sizebytes="290222"></div>But NASA's Artemis program has already been delayed for multiple reasons, many related to the additional complexities and costs that come with crewed missions.Meanwhile, the main theme emerging from the modern moon race recently is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-india-moon-landing-cost-cheap-compared-to-nasa-russia-2023-8">building on a budget</a>. Both Japan and India focused on building small, lightweight spacecraft to help keep costs low.Japan's SLIM weighs 1,540 pounds (with fuel) and cost about <a target="_blank" href="https://www.planetary.org/space-missions/slim-japans-precision-lunar-lander">$120 million</a> to develop. India's Chandrayaan-3 lander weighed nearly <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/key-facts-about-indias-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-2023-08-21/">3,750 pounds</a> and cost an estimated <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chandrayaan-3-punches-home-indias-lead-budget-space-flights-2023-08-24/">$75 million</a>.Will the US catch up, or will budgetary constraints, politics, and technical issues continue to hold the nation back?

Japan is close to becoming the 3rd nation to land on the moon in the 21st century. The US isn't one of them.

Mumbai, Of the 111 lunar missions in the last seven decades, 62 were successful, 41 failed and eight achieved partial success, according to the US space agency <keyword id="18017957" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="NASAs-database-on-Moon" source="Orion">NASA's database on Moon</keyword> missions. India on Friday launched its third mission to the Moon, <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword>, with an aim to soft land on the surface of Earth's only natural satellite. A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve the rare feat after the United States, China and the erstwhile USSR. According to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the technically challenging soft landing on the lunar surface, which Chandrayaan-2 could not achieve, has been planned for 5.47 pm on August 23. Former <keyword id="648399" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO-chairman-G-Madhavan-Nair" source="Orion">ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair</keyword> said the success rate of lunar missions is nearly 50 per cent because of the uncertainties when the rockets leave Earth's gravitational field. "The influence of other planets, from the Sun, is quite a bit. A lot of radiation conditions exist in space and this leaves some equipment or components prone to failure. In India's both missions (Chandrayaan 1 and 2), we have precisely reached the moon's orbit," Nair told PTI on Friday. From 1958 to 2023, India as well as the US, the USSR (now Russia), Japan, the European Union, China and Israel have launched different lunar missions - from orbiters, landers and flyby (orbiting the Moon, landing on the Moon and flying by the Moon), as per the data. The first mission to the Moon - Pioneer 0 - was launched by the US on August 17, 1958, though it was unsuccessful. Six more missions were launched by the USSR and the US in the same year, but all failed. Luna 1, launched by the USSR on January 2, 1959, achieved partial success. It was also the first 'Moon flyby' mission. The Ranger 7 mission launched in July 1964 by the US was the first to take close-up pictures of the Moon. The first lunar soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface came from Luna 9, launched by the USSR in January 1966. Five months later, in May 1966, the US successfully launched a similar mission named Surveyor-1. The Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 was the landmark expedition through which humans stepped onto the lunar surface for the first time. The three-crewed mission was headed by Neil Amstrong. From 1958 to 1979, only the US and the USSR launched Moon missions. In these 21 years, the two countries launched 90 such space expeditions. There was a lull in the decade that followed with no lunar missions from 1980-89. Japan, the European Union, China, India and Israel were late entrants. Japan launched Hiten, an orbiter mission in January 1990. This was also Japan's first Moon mission. After that, in September 2007, Japan launched Selene, another orbiter mission. There were six lunar missions from 2000-2009 - Europe (Smart-1), Japan (Selene), China (Chang'e 1), India (Chandrayaan-1) and the US (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCCROSS). Since 1990, the US, Japan, India, the European Union, China and Israel have collectively launched 21 lunar missions.

Success rate of lunar missions is a little over 50% as per NASA database

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Intuitive Machines' uncrewed Odysseus moon landing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-ceo-safety-switch-almost-lost-odysseus-moon-landing-2024-2">almost failed due to a single safety switch</a>.</li><li>Other moon-landing attempts have crashed or burned due to leaky valves or software glitches.</li></ul><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-moon-landings-on-lunar-south-pole-crashed-2023-8">Landing on the moon is so difficult</a> that, until last year, only three nations had ever done it without crashing. Recently, India, Japan, and one private company — Intuitive Machines — have joined their ranks.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intuitive-machines-im-1-odysseus-moon-lunar-landing-mission-nasa-2024-2">Intuitive Machines' moon landing</a> on Thursday was particularly significant, returning the US to the lunar surface for the first time in nearly 52 years and softly landing the first commercial spacecraft on the moon.But the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-intuitive-machines-moon-landing-attempt-after-astrobotic-fail-2024-2">mission</a> narrowly avoided the same fate as several lunar-landing attempts before it: death by small engineering error.The Houston-based company's uncrewed Odysseus lander was almost lost to one of the tiniest possible mistakes. A safety switch that should have been switched off before <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vulcan-peregrine-us-mission-first-land-moon-astrobotic-human-remains-2024-1">launch</a> was left on instead, effectively disabling the navigation system that was supposed to guide the robot to a safe landing spot.<div type="image" title="fisheye view of lunar surface with moon lander legs in the foreground" height="800" width="600" msid="108055483" hostid="261" sizebytes="27018"></div>With less than two hours to go before landing, Intuitive Machines engineers frantically whipped up a new navigation system. They reprogrammed the spacecraft to instead use the laser technology from a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-made-oxygen-out-of-thin-air-on-mars-2023-9">NASA experiment</a> it was carrying to the moon. The experiment wasn't meant to land the spacecraft, but it worked in a pinch.At the last second, though, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-india-moon-landing-cost-cheap-compared-to-nasa-russia-2023-8">lander</a> tipped over and settled on its side. That seems to be unrelated to the errant safety switch.<div type="image" title="moon lander model small figurine laying sideways on a table propped on a small blue mini of itself with a torso in a suit in the background seated at the table with hands folded next to a microphone" height="712" width="1262" msid="108055484" hostid="261" sizebytes="22606"></div>"<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/william-shatner-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-spaceflight-funeral-2022-10">Spaceflight</a> is hard. A million things have to go right, and if one thing goes wrong, you can still have a failure," Trent Martin, vice president of space systems at Intuitive Machines, said in a NASA press briefing in January, weeks before Odysseus launched.Indeed, several robotic moon landing attempts have crashed or otherwise malfunctioned in the last few years. Overall, only about <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/success-rate-of-lunar-missions-is-a-little-over-50-as-per-nasa-database/articleshow/101774227.cms">50% of lunar landing missions succeed</a>.In each recent case, failure comes down to tiny engineering details — of a million steps, just one going wrong. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">Photos</a> from those missions show just how important the little things are in spaceflight.<h2>Astrobotic's lander may have succumbed to one leaky valve</h2>Sometimes all it takes to kill a moon landing is one small piece of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-delayed-nasa-launch-red-nail-polish-blocking-rocket-engines-2020-10">subpar hardware</a>.Just a month before Intuitive Machines triumphed, Astrobotic — another US company <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-lands-4-astronauts-for-nasa-spaceflight-record-2021-4">working with NASA</a> to reach the moon — failed.Just hours after launch, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astrobotic-moon-lander-leaking-fuel-after-launch-threatening-mission-2024-1">Astrobotic's Peregrine lander began leaking fuel</a>. When it beamed its first photo back to Earth, it showed the lander's insulation crumpling.<div type="image" title="Photo of dented Multi-Layer Insulation on board the Peregrine mission." height="1080" width="1920" msid="108055526" hostid="261" sizebytes="56992"></div>Astrobotic said the most likely cause was a valve failing to reseal in the fuel-tank system. That small failure was enough to drain the lander's fuel, cause the crumpling in the photo, and ultimately <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-astrobotic-peregrine-anomaly-sift-error-software-testing-2024-1">doom the mission</a>.Landing on the moon had become impossible, Astrobotic decided, so <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-moon-lander-peregrine-burn-up-earth-atmosphere-satellite-astrobotic-2024-1">Peregrine burned up in Earth's atmosphere</a> instead.<h2>3 moon crashes show how time is compressed in the final '15 minutes of terror'</h2>Especially in the final stages of descent, there is almost no room for error in a moon landing.That's what India learned from its first attempt to land on the moon, in 2019. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-india-israel-failed-moon-landings-failed-final-descent-2019-9">The Vikram lander crashed into the moon</a> because it slowed down more quickly than its braking system had been programmed to accommodate, <a target="_blank" href="https://spacenews.com/new-details-emerge-about-failed-lunar-landings/">SpaceNews</a> later reported.NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) later discovered Vikram's remains scattered across the lunar surface.<div type="image" title="lunar surface area with blue and green dots indicating vikram lander crash debris spread long over several kilometers" height="1041" width="1041" msid="108055527" hostid="261" sizebytes="227012"></div>In those final stages, a spacecraft is completely on its own. There is no time for mission operators to respond to fresh data from the spacecraft, write new commands, and beam them back to the moon."Time gets greatly compressed," Robert Braun, the space exploration lead at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, previously told Business Insider. "There's very little margin to try something again if it didn't happen as planned."That's why Kailasavadivoo Sivan, who was India's space program director at the time, has called this final phase "15 minutes of terror."Last year <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/japanese-company-ispace-fears-moon-probe-crash-landed-2023-4">Japanese company ispace also lost its moon lander</a> in those final stages, just a few miles above the lunar surface, due to a software glitch. LRO spotted that lander in pieces, too:<div type="image" title="gif flashing between before and after images of the lunar surface show the appearance of four spots of debris from a lunar lander crash" height="985" width="985" msid="108055528" hostid="261" sizebytes="47310"></div>"Once you initiate a landing sequence, you're committed. It's kind of like jumping out of a plane," Braun said. "Your parachute has to work."The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tardigrades-on-moon-spacecraft-beresheet-likely-still-alive-2019-8">Beresheet lander, by Israeli nonprofit SpaceIL</a>, also went into freefall during the critical final stages of its landing in 2019. One computer command led to a cascade of technical glitches that made its main engine fail. LRO spotted its wreckage, too:<div type="image" title="israel beresheet private moon lander crash site nasa lunar reconnaissance orbiter lro labeled" height="1207" width="1200" msid="108055529" hostid="261" sizebytes="189456"></div><h2>Japan's upside-down moon landing survived a major failure</h2>Japan's <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jaxas-slim-spacecraft-japan-first-moon-landing-attempt-2023-12">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM)</a> recently survived a big malfunction — with a twist.One of the lander's two main thrusters failed as it was descending, causing the spacecraft to tumble. It survived the chaotic fall, and managed to deploy the two tiny rovers it carried.But a photo from one of those rovers later revealed the lander had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/japan-moon-probe-landed-upside-down-still-works-2024-1">landed upside-down</a>.<div type="image" title="image taken by a Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) of a robotic moon rover called Smart Lander for Investigating Moon, or SLIM, on the moon." height="2252" width="3000" msid="108055530" hostid="261" sizebytes="322110"></div>That angled its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-insight-mars-lander-hibernating-so-batteries-dont-die-2021-4">solar panels</a> away from the sun, which has taken a toll on the spacecraft's energy generation and left it with too little battery power to operate for much of its mission.SLIM's case shows that sometimes extremely robust hardware and software engineering, plus a healthy dose of luck, can help a lander do its job despite an error or two.Similarly, Intuitive Machines' success on Thursday shows that small errors don't necessarily have to spell <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-voyager-spacecraft-where-still-contact-communication-end-soon-2024-1">the end of a mission</a>."Space is hard, and equipment doesn't always operate as expected," Braun told Business Insider after Odysseus landed. "In this case here, engineers on the ground came up with an ingenious way to keep the mission on track and actually accomplish the landing."

Space photos from 5 recent moon-landing missions show how tiny engineering errors can cause big problems, like crashing or landing sideways

<keyword id="6354998" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="washington">Washington</keyword>, <keyword id="6360409" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> has approved two <keyword id="4114560" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="missions">missions</keyword> to explore the Sun and the <keyword id="6360115" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="system">system</keyword> that drives <keyword id="823889" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Space-Weather">space weather</keyword> near <keyword id="6359982" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="earth">Earth</keyword>. These two missions are Extreme Ultraviolet High-Throughput Spectroscopic Telescope Epsilon Mission, or EUVST, and the Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer, or EZIE. Together, NASA's contribution to the missions will help us understand the Sun and Earth as an interconnected system, the US space agency said on Tuesday. Understanding the physics that drive the solar wind and solar explosions -- including solar flares and coronal mass ejections -- could one day help scientists predict these events, which can impact human technology and explorers in space. "We are very pleased to add these new missions to the growing fleet of satellites that are studying our Sun-Earth system using an amazing array of unprecedented observational tools," Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for Science at NASA headquarters in Washington, said in a statement. The <keyword id="750760" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Japan-Aerospace-Exploration-Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</keyword> (JAXA) leads the Extreme Ultraviolet High-Throughput Spectroscopic Telescope (EUVST) Epsilon Mission (Solar-C EUVST Mission), along with other international partners. Targeted for launch in 2026, EUVST is a solar telescope that will study how the solar atmosphere releases solar wind and drives eruptions of solar material. These phenomena propagate out from the Sun and influence the space radiation environment throughout the solar system. NASA's hardware contributions to the mission include an intensified UV detector and support electronics, spectrograph components, a guide telescope, software, and a slit-jaw imaging system to provide context for the spectrographic measurement. The budget for NASA contributions to EUVST is $55 million. The Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer (EZIE) will study electric currents in Earth's atmosphere linking aurora to the Earth's magnetosphere -- one piece of Earth's complicated space weather system, which responds to solar activity and other factors. The Auroral Electrojet (AE) index is a common measure of geomagnetic activity levels, even though the details of the structure of these currents is not understood. EZIE will launch no earlier than June 2024, NASA said, adding that the total budget for the mission is $53.3 million. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/top-stocks-to-watch-sbi-hdfc-bank-wipro-ril-future-retail-tcs-jindal-stainless-upl-irctc-and-others/articleshow/80019871.cms">Top stocks to watch — SBI, HDFC Bank, Wipro, RIL, Future Retail, TCS, Jindal Stainless, UPL, IRCTC, and others</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/india-detects-14-new-cases-of-uk-covid-19-strain-putting-the-tally-at-20/articleshow/80020163.cms">India detects 14 new cases of UK COVID-19 strain, putting the tally at 20India detects 14 new cases of UK COVID-19 strain, putting the tally at 20</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/2021-could-finally-be-the-year-of-indias-tech-ipos-as-startups-like-zomato-delhivery-policybazaar-head-for-the-public-markets/slidelist/80019978.cms">2021 could finally be the year of India’s tech IPOs as startups like Zomato, Delhivery, Policybazaar head for the public markets</a>

NASA green lights two new missions — one to explore the Sun and the other to analyse space weather around Earth for $50 million each

<ul><li>The European ‘RemoveDEBRIS’ experiment launched a harpoon that successfully captured space trash last Friday. </li><li>The mission, led by Guglielmo Aglietti, is the only one the world that focusing on cleaning up outer space. </li><li>But space debris isn’t only a problem for Europe but also other countries that are gearing up to launch more satellites into space.</li></ul>Space debris is a burgeoning concern in the face of <keyword id="435085" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="space-travel">space travel</keyword> but a European experiment led by a team of British engineers is on a mission to solve this crisis. The program, led by University of Surrey’s Guglielmo Aglietti, on Friday shot a harpoon at a satellite panel and hit the bulls eye — kind of like an outer space trash stick. The harpoon was fired from the RemoveDEBRIS satellite — meant to clean up junk that launched on board the SpaceX Falcon rocket in April last year. At 20 meters per second, it was successfully lodged into a previously set up piece of test debris. 
 
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 Aglietti <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/over-half-a-million-chunks-of-space-trash-could-jeopardize-space-travel-but-europe-has-a-plan-to-save-it/articleshow/66465698.cms">previously</a> told Business Insider that, “At the end of the day, the final goal is to be able to capture very large targets, so, possibly what one of the targets that has been mentioned, as a potential one, is an old satellite, Envisat, and it is maybe the size of a bus.” It’s not just about Europe The problem of space debris is that not only does it threaten space travel but also the orbits of telecommunications satellites. These satellites are the infrastructure behind making television, radio, phones and even the internet work — not to mention their importance in defence communications. And while Europe is cleaning up the mess, China <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612595/china-launched-more-rockets-into-orbit-in-2018-than-any-other-country/">launched</a> more rockets into orbit last year than any other country around the world. Russia and the United States follow closely, with the latter’s launches continuously increasing year-on-year. In fact, the United States and Russia are responsible for most of the space debris around Earth’s orbit right now. 
 
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 Even India is aggressively increasing its presence in space. 2018 was one of the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/2018-was-a-remarkable-year-for-indias-space-agency-isro-here-were-the-top-5-successful-missions/articleshow/67284873.cms">busiest</a> years for the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (ISRO) with over 15 missions and 150 satellite launches. India’s nodal space agency also set a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-india-plans-launch-of-hyperspectral-imaging-satellite-hysis-on-thursday/articleshow/66811381.cms">new record</a> for itself onboard the PSLV-C43 rocket by successfully launching 31 satellites all at once. India and Japan are <a href="https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-and-japan-to-work-together-in-fighting-the-serious-threat-of-space-debris/1431614/">considering</a> a joint venture to take on the problem that will be on the agenda in March during the first India-Japan Space Dialogue. While, every country recognises the threat of the space debris — not everyone is willing to shell out the money to clean it up. The current mission with Aglietti at the help was sponsored by the entire European community and cost $56.5 million. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-race-to-become-the-next-space-superpower-lands-china-on-the-dark-side-of-the-moon/articleshow/67364186.cms">The race to become the next space ‘superpower’ lands China on the ‘dark side’ of the moon</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/isro-nasa-just-spotted-a-black-hole-spinning-so-fast-that-it-could-be-making-space-itself-rotate/articleshow/66416605.cms">ISRO, NASA just spotted a black hole spinning so fast that it could be making space itself rotate</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/russia-to-help-india-with-its-first-manned-space-mission-may-train-astronauts-abroad-the-iss/articleshow/66086890.cms">Russia to help India with its first manned space mission, may train astronauts aboard the ISS</a>

Europe is setting an example on how to clean up outer space — using a harpoon

India's satellite based navigation and augmentation services sector appears headed for a higher growth trajectory with the proposed ignition of a policy push towards effective development, operation and maintenance of such systems. The <keyword id="245720" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Department-of-Space">Department of Space</keyword> (DoS) plans to devise a "comprehensive and substantive" national policy for satellite based navigation -- the <keyword id="11766871" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-satellite-navigation-policy-2021">Indian Satellite Navigation Policy - 2021</keyword> (SATNAV Policy - 2021). Its draft has now been hosted on the website of the <keyword id="116095" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (ISRO) for public consultation after which it would be placed before the <keyword id="6355512" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="union-cabinet">Union Cabinet</keyword> for final approval. It seeks to "Achieve self-reliance in satellite based navigation and augmentation services with emphasis on assuring availability &amp; quality, enhancing usage, working towards progressive evolution of the services and promoting research &amp; development". In the last few decades, there has been a phenomenal growth in the number of applications that rely on Position, Velocity and Time (PVT) services provided by space based navigation systems, it was noted. With the advent of information and mobile phone technology, crores of users across India rely heavily on PVT based applications in virtually every walk of life. <keyword id="6842771" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="global-navigation-satellite-systems">Global Navigation Satellite Systems</keyword> (GNSS) are space based navigation systems that provide navigation signals across the globe. Currently, there are four GNSS -- GPS from the USA; GLONASS from Russia; Galileo from European Union &amp; BeiDou from China -- offering PVT solution globally. In addition, there are two regional navigation satellite systems -- NavIC from India and QZSS from Japan offering navigation signals for the defined coverage area. The Navigation signals are offered free-to-air for a variety of applications ranging from air, space, maritime and land applications covering tracking, telematics, location based services (using cell phone and mobile devices), automotive, survey, mapping &amp; GIS and timing. GNSS also offer secured navigation signals exclusively for strategic applications of their respective countries as the free-to-air signals are susceptible to adversaries. There is a need for such secured services exclusively for the Indian strategic community also, according to the draft. The <keyword id="6377129" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="government-of-india">Government of India</keyword> has, therefore, established a resilient and independent system - Navigation with <keyword id="8829779" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-constellation">Indian Constellation</keyword> (NavIC) which is totally under its control. Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) augment navigation satellite constellations by providing integrity and correction information via geostationary satellites. WAAS of USA, EGNOS of European Union, SDCM of Russia, SNAS/BDSSBAS of China offer these services in their defined coverage area. Government of India has also established a similar SBAS system -- GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation-(GAGAN) for the Indian airspace. "Space based navigation /augmentation system is essentially a public good which has to be accessible to all users", the DoS said. "Such a national infrastructure can only be provided by the Government". Further, to strengthen Government's 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiative, it is essential to ensure continuity of NavIC and GAGAN services, upgrade the system considering the exponential technological advancements and also continue having the capability to operate in conjunction with other GNSS/SBAS, the draft said. So, it is pertinent to devise a comprehensive and substantive national policy for satellite based navigation. The objective of the policy is to ensure guaranteed and continuous availability of free-to-air navigation signals for civilian uses and secured navigation signals for strategic uses in the defined coverage area. Another goal is to ensure guaranteed and continuous availability of SBAS for aviation safety in the defined coverage area. There is also a need to work towards progressive evolution of navigation signals and expansion of coverage for enhanced use. Focus would also be on technology development for enhancing the navigation satellite systems, and working towards compatibility and interoperability of Indian satellite navigation and augmentation signals with other GNSS/SBAS signals. Another aim is to promote Indian industry and academia to carry out research and development activities in the field of satellite navigation based applications with emphasis on societal benefits. There is also a need to work towards facilitating global usage of Indian satellite navigation and augmentation systems, the DoS said in the draft. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/covid-19-cases-in-kerala-are-spiking-due-to-good-detection-better-reporting-and-early-easing-of-restrictions/articleshow/84942657.cms">COVID-19 cases in Kerala are spiking due to good detection, better reporting and early easing of restrictions</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/from-the-us-to-western-europe-to-new-zealand-natural-disasters-which-wreaked-havoc-in-the-last-6-months/slidelist/84940351.cms">From the US to Western Europe to New Zealand — natural disasters which wreaked havoc in the last 6 months</a>

Policy ignition: India's satellite navigation sector set for higher growth trajectory

<keyword id="6360409" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> has partnered with <keyword id="59844" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="European-Space-Agency">European Space Agency</keyword> (ESA) and <keyword id="750760" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Japan-Aerospace-Exploration-Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</keyword> (<keyword id="280363" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="JAXA">JAXA</keyword>) to unveil a global view of <keyword id="9427666" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="covid-19-impacts">Covid-19 impacts</keyword>. This dashboard of satellite data showing the impacts of the global response to the <keyword id="8829783" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="coronavirus-pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</keyword> on the environment and socioeconomic activity will be released on June 25, NASA said on Thursday. The "Covid-19 Earth Observation Dashboard" is a tri-agency collaboration that brings together current and historical satellite observations with analytical tools to create a user-friendly information resource for the public and researchers, NASA said. The dashboard tracks key indicators of changes in air and water quality, climate, economic activity, and agriculture. Through its Rapid Response and Novel Research in Earth Science (RRNES) initiative, NASA is providing funding for selected, rapid-turnaround projects that make innovative use of satellite data and other NASA resources to address the different environmental, economic and societal impacts of the pandemic. Some of these projects will explore the reasons behind uneven gains on urban air quality, impact of air pollution reduction on atmosphere and how air pollution affects water quality. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/this-international-yoga-day-beat-stress-and-join-the-virtual-challenges-and-yogacations-from-home/articleshow/76458556.cms">This International Yoga day, beat stress and join the virtual challenges and ‘Yogacations’ from home</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/heres-why-june-21-is-going-to-be-the-longest-day-of-the-year-in-india/articleshow/76456386.cms">Summer Solstice — Here’s why June 21 is going to be the longest day of the year in India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/dos-and-donts-during-solar-eclipse-surya-grahan/articleshow/76436997.cms">The do’s and don’ts of a Solar Eclipse — here what you need to know to protect yourself</a>

You Searched For "india japan space" and got 10 results

From Elon Musk's giant Starship rocket to India's spectacular moon landing, 2023 was an epic year in space

Marianne Guenot

A man filmed himself entering a women-only train carriage in Japan, sparking backlash and a discourse about the difference between 'segregation' and safe spaces

Kieran Press-Reynolds

Japan has landed a spacecraft on the moon for the first time, but the mission didn't go exactly according to plan

Jessica Orwig

Japan is close to becoming the 3rd nation to land on the moon in the 21st century. The US isn't one of them.

Jessica Orwig

Success rate of lunar missions is a little over 50% as per NASA database

PTI

Space photos from 5 recent moon-landing missions show how tiny engineering errors can cause big problems, like crashing or landing sideways

Morgan McFall-Johnsen

NASA green lights two new missions — one to explore the Sun and the other to analyse space weather around Earth for $50 million each

IANS

Europe is setting an example on how to clean up outer space — using a harpoon

Prabhjote Gill

Policy ignition: India's satellite navigation sector set for higher growth trajectory

PTI

NASA, Europe and Japan plan to unveil a 'Covid-19 Earth Observation Dashboard'

IANS

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