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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Artificial intelligence is unlikely to destroy jobs, per the International Labour Organization.</li><li>However, in high-income countries, 21 million jobs held by women have the potential to be automated.</li></ul>Amid <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-jobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends-2023-02">growing fears across sectors of being replaced by AI</a>, a <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_890740/lang--en/index.htm">new study by the International Labour Organization, or ILO, published on Monday</a> finds admin workers and women face a greater risk of their jobs being replaced by the tech.The effects of automation are "highly gendered, with more than double the share of women potentially affected by automation," per the study.In high-income countries, 7.8% of jobs held by women have the potential to be automated — which the ILO estimates to be around 21 million jobs.In contrast, 2.9% of jobs in high-income countries held by men — or around 9 million jobs — face the potential of being automated, as shown in the graf below.<div type="image" title="International Labour Organization graph on jobs with automation potential" height="1158" width="1718" msid="102926117" hostid="261" sizebytes="63754"></div>Clerical support workers also face the greatest risk of being affected by AI. About a quarter of clerical workers' tasks face a high exposure to generative AI, and 58% of their tasks face a medium exposure to the technology.The study listed jobs such as typists, travel consultants, scribes, contact center information clerks, bank tellers, and survey and market research interviewers that could eventually be automated.In general, however, most workers' tasks are not majorly at risk from AI, the study found.For example, the study found that only 4% of service and sales workers' tasks face high exposure to generative AI, and 18% of their tasks face medium exposure. "Therefore, the greatest impact of this technology is likely to not be job destruction but rather the potential changes to the quality of jobs, notably work intensity and autonomy," wrote the study.The study used GPT-4, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gpt4-openai-chatgpt-everything-you-need-to-know-4-2023-3">the large language model behind ChatGPT</a>, to predict how jobs might be automated.The authors also noted that AI's "socioeconomic impacts will largely depend on how its diffusion is managed" and the costs to affected workers could be "brutal."This study adds to past research on how AI could disrupt jobs.A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-automation-destroy-white-collar-jobs-careers-2023-7">July study by McKinsey also found that generative AI could benefit white collar in the long run</a> instead of replacing them, while <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/generative-ai-chatpgt-300-million-full-time-jobs-goldman-sachs-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a Goldman Sachs </a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/generative-ai-chatpgt-300-million-full-time-jobs-goldman-sachs-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/generative-ai-chatpgt-300-million-full-time-jobs-goldman-sachs-2023-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> in March</a> found that administrative staff were at particular risk from the technology.

About 21 million jobs held by women and 9 million jobs held by men could be replaced by AI: ILO

Reduced working hours and more flexible working time arrangements, such as those used during the Covid-19 crisis, can bring benefits for economies, businesses and workers, such as greater productivity and improved work-life balance, a new report released by the <keyword id="240184" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="international-labour-organization" source="Orion">International Labour Organization</keyword> (<keyword id="6456249" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="ilo" source="Orion">ILO</keyword>) released. The report, titled '<keyword id="15995305" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="working-time-and-work-life-balance-around" source="Orion">Working Time and Work-Life Balance Around</keyword> the World', is the first of its kind. It provides a comprehensive review of both main aspects of working time -- working hours and working time arrangements -- and their effects on workers' work-life balance, reports Xinhua news agency. According to the report, a substantial portion of the global workforce is now working either long or short hours when compared to a standard eight-hour day or 40-hour working week. More than one-third of all workers are regularly working more than 48 hours per week, while a fifth of the global workforce is working short hours of less than 35 hours per week. The Covid-19 crisis measures yielded powerful new evidence that giving workers more flexibility in how, where and when they work can be positive both for them and for business, for example by improving productivity, the report said. Inclusive short-time work schemes with the highest possible allowances not only maintain employment but also sustain purchasing power and create the possibility of cushioning the effects of economic crises, the report emphasized, adding that public policy responses are needed to promote reductions in hours of work in many countries to promote both a healthy work-life balance and improved productivity. "There is a substantial amount of evidence that work-life balance policies provide significant benefits to enterprises, supporting the argument that such policies are a 'win-win' for both employers and employees," the report stated. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/air-india-issues-show-cause-notices-de-rosters-4-cabin-crew-1-pilot/articleshow/96812818.cms">Air India issues show cause notices, de-rosters 4 cabin crew, 1 pilot</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/this-startup-is-using-abandoned-gas-pipelines-from-1800s-to-ease-telecom-traffic-via-network-as-a-service/articleshow/96809621.cms">This startup is using abandoned gas pipelines from 1800s to ease telecom traffic via network as a service</a>

Flexible working hours can benefit productivity, work-life balance: ILO

In its latest report, the Geneva-based <keyword id="240184" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="international-labour-organization" source="Orion">International Labour Organization</keyword> (<keyword id="6456249" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="ilo" source="Orion">ILO</keyword>) said that 50 million people were living in <keyword id="1978296" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="modern-slavery" source="Orion">modern slavery</keyword> in 2021. According to the latest report by the UN agency titled, 'Global Estimates of Modern Slavery', 28 million of these people were in forced labour and 22 million were trapped in forced marriage. The number of people in modern slavery has risen significantly in the last five years -- 10 million more people were in modern slavery in 2021 compared to 2016 global estimates. Women and children remain disproportionately vulnerable, says the report. Modern slavery occurs in almost every country in the world, and cuts across ethnic, cultural and religious lines. More than half (52 per cent) of all forced labour and a quarter of all forced marriages can be found in upper-middle income or high-income countries. Regarding forced labour, most cases (86 per cent) are found in the private sector. According to the report, forced labour in sectors other than commercial sexual exploitation accounts for 63 per cent of all forced labour, while forced commercial sexual exploitation represents 23 per cent of all forced labour. Almost four out of five of those in forced commercial sexual exploitation are women or girls. State-imposed forced labour accounts for 14 per cent of people in forced labour. Almost one in eight of all those in forced labour are children (3.3 million). More than half of these are in commercial sexual exploitation. The report says that an estimated 22 million people were living in forced marriage on any given day in 2021 -- an increase of 6.6 million since the 2016 global estimates. "It is shocking that the situation of modern slavery is not improving. Nothing can justify the persistence of this fundamental abuse of human rights," said ILO Director-General, <keyword id="1074528" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="guy-ryder" source="Orion">Guy Ryder</keyword>. <keyword id="6669543" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="antonio-vitorino" source="Orion">Antonio Vitorino</keyword>, IOM Director-General, said: "This report underscores the urgency of ensuring that all migration is safe, orderly, and regular. Reducing the vulnerability of migrants to forced labour and trafficking in persons depends first and foremost on national policy and legal frameworks that respect, protect, and fulfil the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, and potential migrants, at all stages of the migration process, regardless of their migration status." SEE ALSO : <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/retail-inflation-is-high-due-to-food-prices-and-an-adverse-base-effect-says-fin-min/articleshow/94167561.cms">Retail inflation is high due to food prices and an adverse base effect says Fin Min</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/a-fire-at-an-ev-showroom-has-killed-8-several-injured-while-trying-to-escape/articleshow/94167880.cms">A fire at an EV showroom has killed 8, several injured while trying to escape</a>

50 million people worldwide in modern slavery: ILO

More than one in five people (almost 23 per cent) in employment worldwide have experienced <keyword id="15709508" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="violence-and-harassment-at-work" source="Orion">violence and harassment at work</keyword>, whether physical, psychological or sexual, according to a recent survey conducted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its partners. The survey, titled 'Experiences of Violence and Harassment at Work: A global first survey', published on Monday, found that only half of victims worldwide had disclosed their experiences to someone else, and often only after they had suffered more than one form of violence and harassment, reports Xinhua news agency. The most common reasons given for non-disclosure were "waste of time" and "fear for their reputation", the survey found, adding that women were more likely to share their experiences than men (60.7 per cent compared to 50.1 per cent). Globally, 17.9 per cent of employed men and women said they had experienced psychological violence and harassment in their working life, and 8.5 per cent had faced physical violence and harassment, with more men than women experiencing this. According to the survey, 6.3 per cent of the respondents reported facing sexual violence and harassment, with women being particularly exposed. The groups that the survey found most likely to be affected by different types of violence and harassment included youth, migrant workers, and salaried women and men. Young women were twice as likely as young men to have faced sexual violence and harassment, and migrant women were almost twice as likely as non-migrant women to report sexual violence and harassment. More than three out of five victims said they had experienced violence and harassment at work multiple times, and for the majority, the most recent incident took place within the last five years. The ILO recommends that countries extend and update mechanisms to effectively prevent and manage violence and harassment in the world of work, increase awareness in this regard, and at the same time enhance the capacity of institutions at all levels to deliver effective prevention, remediation and support, to build people's trust in justice and ensure victims are supported. The survey is based on interviews conducted in 2021 with nearly 75,000 employed individuals aged 15 years or older in 121 countries and territories. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/most-valuable-companies-with-least-number-of-employees-as-per-the-hurun-report/slidelist/96006513.cms">‘Most valuable companies’ with least number of employees, as per the Hurun report</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/all-except-three-indian-sectoral-indices-have-outperformed-their-us-counterparts-in-2022-so-far/articleshow/96004159.cms">All except three Indian sectoral indices have outperformed their US counterparts in 2022 so far</a>

More than one in five people experience violence and harassment at work: ILO

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Working 55 hours or more a week was linked to 745,000 deaths from strokes and <keyword id="22908" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="heart-disease">heart disease</keyword> in 2016, a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021002208">WHO report said</a>. </li><li>More than 70% of people <keyword id="6366244" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="who">who</keyword> died were men, middle-aged and older, and from South East Asia or Western Pacific regions.</li><li>The <keyword id="8763838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covid-19">COVID-19</keyword> pandemic is accelerating the trend towards working longer hours, the WHO said. </li></ul>Long working hours contributed to 745,000 deaths globally in 2016, a 29% increase since 2000, according to a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021002208">joint study</a> by the <keyword id="43588" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="World-Health-Organization">World Health Organization</keyword> (WHO) and <keyword id="240184" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="International-Labour-Organization">International Labour Organization</keyword>.The study found that working 55 hours or more a week was linked to a <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/long-working-hours-are-killer-who-study-shows-2021-05-17/">35% increase in the risk of stroke and 17% higher risk of deadly heart disease</a>, compared to working a 35 to 40-hour week. Researchers took data from more than <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2021-long-working-hours-increasing-deaths-from-heart-disease-and-stroke-who-ilo">2,300 surveys conducted between 1970 to 2018</a> to estimate the proportion of people exposed to long working hours in different countries, and combined this with meta analyses showing the relative risk of developing heart disease and <keyword id="25191" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Stroke">stroke</keyword>.The total number of deaths attributable to longer working hours were then calculated using the <a href="https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/">WHO Global Health Estimates data</a>, which recorded causes of death among the global population between 2000 and 2016.Deaths related to longer working hours usually occurred later in life, sometimes decades after people had retired, researchers said.Nearly three quarters of people who died were men who were middle-aged and older. People living in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, a region that includes China, Japan and Australia, were the most at risk of dying from heart disease and stroke associated with working long hours, researchers said.The WHO said that <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2021-long-working-hours-increasing-deaths-from-heart-disease-and-stroke-who-ilo">9% of the world work long hours</a>, and that the COVID-19 pandemic was "accelerating developments" towards longer working hours."Teleworking has become the norm in many industries, often blurring the boundaries between home and work," Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO director-general, said <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2021-long-working-hours-increasing-deaths-from-heart-disease-and-stroke-who-ilo">in a statement</a>. "In addition, many businesses have been forced to scale back or shut down operations to save money, and people who are still on the payroll end up working longer hours."

745,000 deaths a year can be linked to long working weeks of 55 hours or more, a WHO study suggests

<ul><li><keyword id="6360042" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="working">Working</keyword> from <keyword id="6363870" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="home">home</keyword> has become the new normal in almost every industry, blurring the lines between home and work.</li><li>A joint analysis by <keyword id="43588" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="World-Health-Organization">World Health Organization</keyword> (WHO) and <keyword id="240184" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="International-Labour-Organization">International Labour Organization</keyword> (<keyword id="6456249" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="ilo">ILO</keyword>) shines a spotlight on the trend towards increased working hours which could lead to serious repercussions.</li><li>Business Insider spoke to a few employees working in some big corporations. Many of them seem to be disgruntled by the current work-from-home practices.</li></ul>This COVID-19 pandemic has obviously changed the mode of working in every sector across the globe. Working from home has become the new normal in almost every industry, blurring the lines between home and work. A joint analysis by World Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) shines a spotlight on the trend towards increased working hours which could lead to serious repercussions. The analysis reveals that working 55 or more hours per week can be associated with 35% higher risk of getting a stroke and 17% higher risk of dying from ischemic heart disease, compared to working for 35-40 hours per week. WHO and ILO estimates that in 2016, around 3,98,000 people succumbed to a stroke and around 3,47,000 people died due to <keyword id="24480" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="heart-diseases">heart diseases</keyword>, who worked at least 55 hours a week. The number of people working for longer hours are increasing and it stands, currently, at 9% of the total population globally, putting more people at risk of work-related disability and early death, says the joint report. Business Insider spoke to a few employees working in some big corporations. Many of them seem to be disgruntled by the current work-from-home practices. “Productivity is at the headmost because you’re not working at the office, you tend to stretch and managers expect you to work for more hours,” said one of the employees working in consultancy firm KPMG. Working long hours has become a new trend and managers expect their employees to sit for longer hours. “Due to the pandemic, our laptops never shut down, we have no fixed timings and we’re often under stringent deadlines,” said another employee working in an accounting firm in Gurugram. Employees are often burdened with work load which gives them no option but to sit for longer hours in order to meet the deadlines. No job is worth the risk of a stroke and heart diseases, said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director general of WHO. It’s high time for all employees, employers and the government to wake up and accept the fact that working for longer hours can lead to serious health risks and even premature death. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/how-to-use-oxygen-concentrator-at-home/articleshow/82705333.cms">COVID-19: Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use an oxygen concentrator at home</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/telecom/news/check-out-airtel-and-reliance-jio-low-cost-plans-free-recharge-packs-and-covid-benefits/articleshow/82703621.cms">Airtel, Reliance Jio announce free recharge packs and benefits for subscribers – check out which telco has the best offers</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/cryptocurrency/news/elon-musk-hints-that-tesla-may-dump-its-billion-dollar-bitcoin-investment/articleshow/82699553.cms">Elon Musk hints that Tesla may dump its billion dollar Bitcoin investment — here’s why his tweets have so much power</a>

WHO and ILO warn people not to work long hours as it increases the risk of heart diseases and stroke

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A new <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_755875?lang=en">report</a> from the <keyword id="240184" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="International-Labour-Organization">International Labour Organization</keyword> details worse-than-expected damage in the global <keyword id="409455" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="labor-market">labor market</keyword> and forecasts pain lasting through the fourth-quarter of 2020.</li><li>The <keyword id="6355833" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="united-nations">United Nations</keyword> agency expects working-hour losses to remain elevated through the third quarter at 12.1%, or 345 million full-time-equivalent jobs.</li><li>Global labor income is expected to shrink over the first three quarters of 2020 by 10.7%, or $3.5 trillion, the <keyword id="6456249" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ilo">ILO</keyword> added.</li><li>The bulk of the fallout landed among middle-income nations, the agency said.</li><li>The ILO projected fourth-quarter working-hour losses to reach 8.6%, up from the previous estimate of 4.9%.</li></ul>The coronavirus's labor-market hit has mostly been quantified by the amount of jobs lost and a rising <keyword id="6358907" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="unemployment">unemployment</keyword> rate. The International Labour Organization — a United Nations agency — now projects the pandemic erased roughly $3.5 trillion in worker income year-to-date.The agency laid out its latest reading of the global labor market in a Wednesday <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_755875?lang=en">report</a>, highlighting lasting pain in the workforce while other economic indicators return to pre-pandemic highs.Working-hour losses are expected to remain elevated through the third quarter at 12.1%, or 345 million full-time-equivalent jobs, the ILO said. Those losses signal a global drop in labor income of 10.7% over the first three quarters of 2020 compared to the year-ago period.Second-quarter working-time losses landed above estimates. While the agency expected losses to reach 14%, or 400 million FTE jobs, Wednesday's report pegs the total at 17.3%, or 495 million FTE jobs.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trading-strategy-fx-legend-randy-mckay-7-rules-made-millions-2020-9">Legendary trader Randy McKay turned $2,000 into $70,000 in just 7 months. Here are the 7 trading rules that contributed to his multi-year run of million dollar-plus returns.</a>Labor income losses were highest in middle-income countries, the agency said. Lower-middle-income countries saw losses reach 15.1%, while upper-middle-income countries' losses hit 11.4%. To be sure, ILO's tally of wages lost doesn't include income regained from government support measures, such as the US's expansion of unemployment benefits. The agency estimates that increases to stimulus spending by 1% of gross domestic product would've shaved 0.8 percentage points from working-hour losses.Had no stimulus been passed, global working-hour losses could've rocketed as high as 28% in the second quarter, ILO added.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/investing-advice-stocks-to-buy-amid-sell-off-morgan-stanley-2020-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Buy these 15 stocks right now before they rally higher, says the Morgan Stanley equity chief who nailed his call for a short-term market meltdown</a>A global stimulus gap is also dragging lower- and middle-income nations' economies at a disproportionate rate, according to the report. ILO estimates that such countries need to pass another $982 billion in relief spending to match the aid seen in high-income nations. The stimulus gap is just 1% of the total value of stimulus packages passed by high-income countries, the agency noted.ILO's fourth-quarter outlook doesn't leave much room for optimism. ILO estimated working-hour losses to total 8.6% from the year-ago period, or roughly 245 million FTE jobs. That's up from a previous estimate of 4.9%, or 140 million FTE jobs.The worsening outlook comes as Congress all but entirely gives up on passing new stimulus. Democrats and Republicans failed to reach a compromise through September as both parties stood apart on bill sizing and program allocations. Senate Republicans' push to confirm a new Supreme Court justice also overshadowed plans to pass new fiscal relief.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stocks-to-buy-on-the-dip-3-companies-marc-chaikin-2020-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Wall Street expert explains why the market's ongoing turbulence could end within 2 weeks — and pinpoints 3 stocks to grab cheaper now as big investors buy the dip</a>

Coronavirus fallout has erased $3.5 trillion in workforce income, UN agency says

<keyword id="9990214" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="global-labour-income">Global labour income</keyword> is estimated to have declined by 10.7 per cent or USD 3.5 trillion in the first three quarters of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, <keyword id="9300814" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-international-labour-organization">the International Labour Organization</keyword> (ILO) said on Wednesday. "The devastating losses in working hours caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have brought a 'massive' drop in <keyword id="1181915" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="labour-income">labour income</keyword> for workers around the world," the ILO said in its latest assessment of the effects of the pandemic on the world of work. <keyword id="9990215" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Global-labour">Global labour</keyword> income is estimated to have declined by 10.7 per cent or USD 3.5 trillion in the first three quarters of 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. This figure excludes the income support provided through government measures. The ILO said the biggest drop was in the lower-middle income countries, where the <keyword id="6356897" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="labour">labour</keyword> income losses reached 15.1 per cent, with the Americas being the hardest hit region at 12.1 per cent. The ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work sixth edition also estimates that global working hour losses in the first nine months of 2020 have been "considerably larger" than previously estimated. The revised estimate of the global working time lost in the second quarter of this year (compared to Q4 2019) is for 17.3 per cent, equivalent to 495 million full time equivalent (FTE) jobs. The working-hour losses are expected to remain high in the third quarter of 2020, at 12.1 per cent or 345 million FTE jobs. The outlook for Q4 has worsened significantly since the last ILO Monitor was issued. Under the ILO's baseline scenario, global working-hour losses are now projected to amount to 8.6 per cent in the fourth quarter of 2020 (compared to Q4 2019), which corresponds to 245 million FTE jobs. This is an increase from the ILO's previous estimate of 4.9 per cent or 140 million FTE jobs. The ILO said a reason for the estimated increases in working-hour losses is that workers in developing and emerging economies, especially those in informal employment, have been much more affected than by past crises. It also notes that the drop in employment is more attributable to inactivity than unemployment, with important policy implications. "While many stringent workplace closures have been relaxed, there are significant variations between regions. 94 per cent of workers are still in countries with some sort of workplace restrictions and 32 per cent are in countries with closures for all but essential workplaces," the agency said. Workers in developing nations had also seen their income drop by more than 15 per cent, ILO Director-General Guy Ryder told journalists in Geneva. "On top of this, these are the places where there are the weakest social protection systems, so there are very few resources or protections for working people to fall back upon," he said. "If you look at it regionally, the Americas were worst-affected, with losses of 12.1 per cent." Ryder said while the governments of richer countries had shored up their economies with hundreds of billions of dollars, poorer nations had been unable to do the same. Without such fiscal stimulus, working hours losses would have been 28 per cent between April and June, instead of 17.3 per cent, he added. In order for developing countries to reach the same ratio of stimulus to working hours lost as in high-income countries, they would need to inject a further USD 982 billion (USD 45 billion in low-income countries and USD 937 billion in lower-middle income countries). The stimulus gap for low-income countries amounts to less than one per cent of the total value of the fiscal stimulus packages announced by high-income countries. This huge "fiscal stimulus gap" is even more worrying in the light of the social protection deficits in many developing countries. Moreover, some of these countries have also had to redirect public spending from other objectives in order to mitigate the labour market impact of the crisis, the ILO said. "Just as we need to redouble our efforts to beat the virus, so we need to act urgently and at scale to overcome its economic, social and employment impacts. That includes sustaining support for jobs, businesses and incomes," Ryder said. "As the <keyword id="6355833" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="united-nations">United Nations</keyword> General Assembly gathers in New York, there is a pressing need for the international community to set out a global strategy for recovery through dialogue, cooperation and solidarity. No group, country or region can beat this crisis alone," he added. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/yes-bank-is-hiring-again-for-the-coming-year-after-workforce-shrinks-by-1000-since-march/articleshow/78287419.cms">EXCLUSIVE: YES Bank's workforce shrank by 1,000 employees since March but now it's hiring again for the coming year</a>

Global labour income estimated to have declined by $3.5 trillion in first 3 quarters of 2020, says ILO

New Delhi, Apr 7 () The COVID-19 crisis has the potential to push around 40 crore informal sector workers in India deeper into poverty, with the lockdown and other containment measures affecting jobs and earnings, an International Labour Organisation (ILO) report said on Tuesday. India has imposed a three-week lockdown till April 14 to contain the pandemic. As per ILO, India is among the countries less equipped to handle the situation. "COVID-19 is already affecting tens of millions of informal workers. In India, Nigeria and Brazil, the number of workers in the informal economy affected by the lockdown and other containment measures is substantial," the ILO report released in Geneva said. "In India, with a share of almost 90 per cent of people working in the informal economy, about 400 million workers in the informal economy are at risk of falling deeper into poverty during the crisis. "Current lockdown measures in India, which are at the high end of the University of Oxford's COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index, have impacted these workers significantly, forcing many of them to return to rural areas," it said. The report further said countries experiencing fragility, protracted conflict, recurrent natural disasters or forced displacement will face a multiple burden due to the pandemic. "They are less equipped to prepare for and respond to COVID-19 as access to basic services, especially health and sanitation, is limited; decent work, social protection and safety at work are not a given; their institutions are weak; and social dialogue is impaired or absent," it added. The ILO also noted that the pandemic is having a catastrophic effect on working hours and earnings globally. The new ILO report highlights some of the worst affected sectors and regions, and outlines policies to mitigate the crisis. It found that the crisis is expected to wipe out 6.7 per cent of working hours globally in the second quarter of 2020 -- equivalent to 195 million full-time workers. Large reductions are foreseen in the Arab states, (8.1 per cent, equivalent to 5 million full-time workers), Europe, (7.8 per cent, or 12 million full-time workers) and Asia and the Pacific (7.2 per cent, 125 million full-time workers). Huge losses are expected across different income groups but especially in upper-middle income countries (7 per cent, 100 million full-time workers). This far exceeds the effects of the 2008-9 financial crisis. The sectors most at risk include accommodation and food services, manufacturing, retail, and business and administrative activities. The eventual increase in global unemployment during 2020 will depend substantially on future developments and policy measures. There is a high risk that the end-of-year figure will be significantly higher than the initial ILO projection of 25 million, it said. More than four out of five people (81 per cent) in the global workforce of 3.3 billion are currently affected by full or partial workplace closures. "Workers and businesses are facing catastrophe, in both developed and developing economies," ILO Director-General Guy Ryder said. "We have to move fast, decisively, and together. The right, urgent, measures, could make the difference between survival and collapse." The 'ILO Monitor 2nd edition: COVID-19 and the world of work', which describes COVID-19 as "the worst global crisis since World War II", updates an ILO research note published on March 18. The updated version includes sectoral and regional information on the effects of the pandemic. According to the new study, 1.25 billion workers are employed in the sectors identified as being at high risk of "drastic and devastating" increases in layoffs and reductions in wages and working hours. Many are in low-paid, low-skilled jobs, where a sudden loss of income is devastating. Looked at regionally, the proportion of workers in these "at risk" sectors varies from 41 per cent in the Americas to 26 per cent in Asia and the Pacific. Other regions, particularly Africa, have higher levels of informality, which combined with a lack of social protection, high population density and weak capacity, pose severe health and economic challenges for governments, the report cautions. Worldwide, two billion people work in the informal sector (mostly in emerging and developing economies) and are particularly at risk. Large-scale, integrated, policy measures are needed, focusing on four pillars -- supporting enterprises, employment and incomes; stimulating the economy and jobs; protecting workers in the workplace; and, using social dialogue between government, workers and employers to find solutions, the study says. "This is the greatest test for international cooperation in more than 75 years," said Ryder. "If one country fails, then we all fail. We must find solutions that help all segments of our global society, particularly those that are most vulnerable or least able to help themselves. "The choices we make today will directly affect the way this crisis unfolds and so the lives of billions of people," he added. KKS ABMABM

COVID-19 crisis can push 40 cr informal sector workers in India deeper into poverty: ILO

<ul><li>According to the International Labour Organisation’s India Wage Report, the average annual wage growth from 1993-94 to 2011-12 was 3.7%, while <keyword id="35050" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="gdp">GDP</keyword> grew at a yearly rate of 7%. </li><li>By 2011-12, the overall daily wage in India was around ₹247, while casual workers, estimated to total 62% of the total workforce, only earned ₹143 a day. </li><li>It does bear mentioning, however, that the gender wage gap has decreased from 48% in 1993-94 to 34% in 2011-12. </li></ul>When India opened up its economy in 1991, the goal of the policy was clear: to accelerate <keyword id="47276" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Economic-growth">economic growth</keyword>. Two decades, later, it seems that India’s financial liberalisation - which comprised a surge in foreign investment, a reduction in tariffs and deregulation- has had its intended effect on India’s GDP and then some. However, a recent <a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-new_delhi/documents/publication/wcms_638305.pdf">report</a> by the International Labour Organisation shows that this growth hasn’t been inclusive, indicated by the fact that wage growth in India has significantly trailed economic growth from 1993-94 to 2011-12. Over the period in question, the average annual growth in <keyword id="6356975" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="wages">wages</keyword> was a mere 3.7% compared to the 7% average yearly growth in India’s GDP. On a cumulative basis, India’s GDP grew by four times in the last two decades, while real wages only doubled. Interestingly, most of the increase in wages came in the last 8 years. This sluggish wage growth has contributed to a rise in inequality and exacerbated the economic divide between rural and urban areas. The daily wage in urban centres in India is still double that of rural areas, indicating a lack of good-quality jobs in rural regions of the country. By 2011-12, the overall daily wage in India was around ₹247, while casual workers, estimated to total 62% of the total workforce, only earned ₹143 a day. Additionally, nearly half of India’s workforce is estimated to be employed in the agricultural sector, a sector that has consistently trailed others in terms of output growth and productivity. The report did show a few positive changes. Rural wages increased at a faster pace than urban wages. Additionally, wages for female workers also increased at a faster pace than wages for male workers. However, this is largely due to the fact that both rural wages and female wages had a low base from which to grow from. It does bear mentioning, however, that the gender wage gap has decreased from 48% in 1993-94 to 34% in 2011-12. The <keyword id="6456249" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="ilo">ILO</keyword> suggested a number of ways to reduce the level of wage inequality such as the continued revision of minimum wage laws, the improved collection of worker data by government agencies, the formalisation of the informal sector and the implementation of skilling programmes to improve labour flexibility and productivity.

India's wage growth significantly trails economic growth, says the ILO

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Extreme heat is making work more dangerous, and safeguards can't keep up, a labor report found.</li><li>The International Labour Organization found the Americas had a surge in heat-related work injuries.</li></ul>Extreme heat isn't just making it harder to enjoy summer vacation. It's also making work more dangerous than ever, a labor report found.The International Labour Organization reported that workers are increasingly exposed to extreme heat worldwide to the degree that occupational safety and health protections can't keep up. In addition to jeopardizing workers, the heat "undermines the resilience of economies," the agency said."While climate-related mitigation efforts will necessitate concerted action over time, workers are being injured and dying now, and therefore heat stress preventative measures should be implemented as a matter of urgency," the report found.Over 26 million people globally suffer from chronic kidney disease tied to occupational heat stress, and the vast majority of excessive heat exposure and heat-related injuries occur outside of a heatwave, the report said.The Americas have seen the highest and most rapid surge in occupational injuries from extreme heat, rising by over 33% since 2000, the report said. Meanwhile, workers in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the Arab states are most often exposed to excessive heat.The ILO urged countries to make sure laws about workers in excessive heat reflected the "intensifying climate change-related dangers many workers face daily."President Joe Biden's administration recently proposed the first national standards to protect <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bidens-heat-standards-workers-water-shade-rest-2024-7">American workers during excessive heat</a>. If approved, the standards could impact some 35 million workers in the construction, agriculture, delivery, and landscaping industries, as well as workers in factories and other businesses without air conditioning.It comes amid news that global warming and <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-global-warming-extreme-heat-inflation-global-economy-impact-2024-3">extreme heat could raise inflation</a>, including food inflation. One study found that extreme heat cost the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/extreme-heat-cost-the-global-economy-an-estimated-16-trillion-2023-8">global economy an average of $16 trillion</a> from 1993 to 2023.

Heat-related injuries to workers in the Americas have soared since 2000, study finds

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Bhutanese workers face the world's longest workweek, averaging 54.4 hours.</li><li>Overwork is widespread in the Himalayan country, affecting 61% of its population.</li></ul>The picturesque <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bhutans-king-hikes-across-kingdom-oversee-pandemic-measures-2021-6">Kingdom of Bhutan,</a> nestled between China and India, is widely known for its unique approach to economic development — <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bhutan-happiness-technology-2018-8">prioritizing its Gross National Happiness over GDP.</a>In practice, though, many Bhutanese workers have little time left for the pursuit of happiness. The tiny country tops the ranking for the average number of hours worked in a week.According to the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/working-time/#">International Labour Organization</a>, Bhutanese employees work an average of 54.4 hours a week, far exceeding the 38-hour average in the US.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bhutan-running-secret-state-owned-bitcoin-mining-facilities-in-himalayas-2023-11">Bhutan</a> also has the world's largest share of employed people working more than 48 hours a week, the data said — the level the World Bank considers overwork.That covers 61% of Bhutan's workforce, the ILO said, compared to 13% in the US.<h2 id="73a73ebf-59fb-49d9-a4a4-c4467361d8e3">Long hours, little rest</h2>It might come as a surprise — the small Buddhist kingdom is often viewed as a tranquil paradise of mountains and temples.Bhutanese workers challenged that impression, telling Business Insider that they feel compelled to spend most of their waking hours on the job.According to the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099020724131525893/pdf/P1756461b8f00f0571abfe13c21a8e5a6d5.pdf">World Bank's report</a> on Bhutan's <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/labor-market">labor market,</a> published earlier this year, overwork is particularly prevalent in the country's private sector, especially in family businesses, construction, transportation, and hospitality.<div type="image" title="The statue of Buddha Dordenma, Thimphu, Kuenselphodrang, Bhutan" height="3508" width="4961" msid="114501160" hostid="261" sizebytes="1010498"></div>A couple of hours into working overtime, 22-year-old Ten Choezim joined a video call from the kitchen of the hotel where she works in Thimphu, the capital.Choezim and other workers in this article gave their real names but asked that their workplaces not be identified for fear of retaliation.She told Business Insider that working beyond her contracted 12-hour shift is normal for her. She often hits 16-hour days and regularly clocks in a 112-hour week, she said.Once, she said, she worked a 16-hour shift pattern for three weeks without a day off."I had aches, back pain, my legs were sore," she said. "Mentally, I couldn't speak well."Though she often feels exhausted by her work, Choezim saw few alternatives."After some time, I got used to it," she said, noting that she wouldn't be able to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/croatia-meet-millennials-living-with-parents-home-highest-rate-europe-2024-5">afford to live there</a> if she worked any less or left her job.<h2 id="f2bde1ed-5ca2-4427-9349-63462deb29fe">Many Bhutanese are leaving the country</h2>Although Choezim said she enjoys living in Bhutan, her <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/burnout-work-boss-left-office-on-stretcher-2024-4">intense workload</a> has made her consider leaving for better pay and working conditions."Our country is peaceful and all, but when it comes to work, it is heavy," she said.Her sisters have already joined the exodus of young Bhutanese, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moved-australia-after-divorce-abortion-burnout-happier-2024-9">moving to Australia</a>. She said she feels obliged to remain to care for their parents.In his <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://kuenselonline.com/migration-poses-an-existential-threat-pm/">State of the Nation</a> address in July, Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay said that about 64,000 people — around 9% of the country's population — have migrated, mainly to Australia.He described it as an "unprecedented existential crisis" that could hinder the country's development.<div type="image" title="Taktsang Goemba or Tigers nest monastery in Paro valley, Bhutan, Asia." height="4912" width="7360" msid="114501172" hostid="261" sizebytes="6413616"></div>Kalyani Honrao, an Asia analyst for the Economist Intelligence Unit, told Business Insider that Bhutan is caught in a vicious cycle.She said the mass departure of skilled workers created to a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-economy-outlook-ukraine-war-worker-shortage-population-brain-drain-2024-8">"brain drain,"</a> leaving employers unable to fill skilled vacancies.As a result, she said, the burden on those who remain increases, leading to them doing the "heavy lifting."Meanwhile, according to Honrao, there is a huge supply of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs, which makes workers easily replaceable. "People try to do their best to stay employed and accept overwork as normal," she said.<h2 id="624b16db-e773-48e9-b0e8-94d1eeeeae23">'It's just enough to sustain me and my family'</h2>According to the World Bank, the main reason given for overwork in Bhutan is that the job requires it. The second biggest reason is that workers need more money.For Namgyal Dorji Wangchuk, 43, both apply.He told BI he works up to 90 hours a week, including <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/companies-overtime-manager-study-great-resignation-federal-labor-standards-act-2023-2">unpaid overtime</a>, as a sales and marketing professional at a hotel.To supplement his income, he occasionally takes extra hours as a freelance consultant.His hotel job requires him to work six days a week, often with late-night shifts. It brings in about $361 a month.<div type="image" title="Monks carry a wooden box outside a Buddhist monastery in Dratshang, Bhutan, Sunday, April 21, 2013." height="2667" width="4000" msid="114501167" hostid="261" sizebytes="1204544"></div>"It is just enough to sustain me and my family," he said. It covers rent, bills, and some costs associated with raising two teen daughters. He said he has little, if anything, left to save.As a parent, he said, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/croatia-millennials-live-parents-30s-multigenerational-living-dubrovnik-housing-childcare-2024-5">balancing his demanding work schedule with family life</a> is a constant challenge.Most days, he's home too late to see his children before they fall asleep. "So, just once a week I get a good time with my family," he said. "Otherwise, mostly, I am mostly working."The long hours often leave him <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/conditions-symptoms/why-am-i-so-tired">feeling exhausted and irritable</a>, but he said they are necessary to provide for his kids.<h2 id="1a18368c-f300-4175-b716-975fbe02aeff">The reality of working in Bhutan</h2>Bhutan's innovative <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/welcome-to-bhutan-the-tiny-himalayan-kingdom-where-happiness-is-more-valuable-than-money/articleshow/51746194.cms">Gross National Happiness</a> index, introduced in the 1970s and enshrined as a national goal in the constitution, aims to take a holistic view of development.It values the population's well-being and happiness alongside, or even above, traditional economic indicators.In an <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-10-03/bhutans-prime-minister-we-have-to-ask-ourselves-why-we-want-economic-growth-it-has-to-be-ultimately-for-the-happiness-and-well-being-of-the-people.html">interview with the Spanish newspaper El País this month,</a> Prime Minister Tobgay said the framework takes into account measures like how the population uses their time, which he said is crucial to "find out whether it's balanced, if you're sleeping enough, how you manage work-life balance, etc."<div type="image" title="hutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay speaks to the media during a press conference at Government House." height="3004" width="4500" msid="114501164" hostid="261" sizebytes="733004"></div>Meanwhile, Bhutanese <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/employment-lawyer-explains-steps-return-to-office-mandate-accommodations-2024-9">employment laws</a> aim to codify these occupational standards by establishing an <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/8-hour-workday-may-be-5-hours-too-long-research-suggests-2017-9">eight-hour workday</a>, mandating <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/work-from-home-lunch-experts-broken-not-take-breaks-2024-9">rest breaks</a>, and entitling workers to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lawmakers-bigger-penalties-for-companies-withholding-overtime-tips-from-workers-2023-9">overtime pay</a> at a rate equal to or higher than their regular wages.But Honrao of the Economist Intelligence Unit said these labor laws are rarely enforced, and semi-skilled and unskilled workers tend to put up with violations for fear of losing their jobs.Bhutan's Department of Labour did not respond to repeated requests for comment from Business Insider.<h2 id="9dec697c-129a-4227-b134-8b213d2135a0">'A job is a job'</h2>Bikash Sharma, 46, is a supervisor at a company that exports construction materials near the Bhutan-India border.He told BI he usually works 12-hour days, six days a week, but is only paid for an eight-hour day."It's not fair enough, but what to do?" he said. "A job is a job, and you can't just get another job very easily."He added: "It's very difficult, but we have to feed ourselves and our family."Sharma said that sometimes he is so exhausted from work that he just wants to "run away somewhere and hide."However, despite these <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/quit-job-at-meta-bali-trip-moved-into-childhood-home-2024-8">fantasies of escaping</a>, he has no intention of leaving Bhutan.He said the kingdom's <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/asia-travel-warnings-us-state-department-advisories-2019-7">low crime rates,</a> absence of war, tranquility, and the comfort of being with his family surpass other considerations.<div type="image" title="Yaks grazing in a meadow, Wangdue Phodrang, Phobjikha Valley, Bhutan on April 20, 2024" height="3759" width="5315" msid="114501176" hostid="261" sizebytes="1874000"></div>Instead, Sharma is trying to embrace Bhutan's guiding philosophy — finding greater value in sources of joy other than the size of his bank balance."We are not very rich, " he said, but "we are happy."He added, "I do wish my standard of living were just a little bit better."

Bhutan is known for prizing happiness. Its people also work longer than any other country.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Infosys founder N.R. Narayana Murthy said young Indians should work 70 hours a week.</li><li>He said they need to become "highly determined, extremely disciplined, and extremely hardworking."</li></ul>One of India's top business leaders said that young Indians need to grind out 70-hour workweeks if they want to see their country realize its economic potential. "My request is that our youngsters must say: 'This is my country. I want to work 70 hours a week," N.R. Narayana Murthy, the 77-year-old founder of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/unlike-tcs-infosys-wants-to-remain-flexible-on-wfh/articleshow/104375828.cms">information technology giant Infosys</a>, said in a recent <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ES8ZNSTswrs">interview</a> with former Infosys CFO T.V. Mohandas Pai.Murthy, who cofounded Infosys in 1981 and has a net worth of around $4.3 billion, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/nr-narayana-murthy/?sh=4033d4823e05">according</a> to Forbes, said that India has one of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wfh-work-from-home-decreases-productivity-18-percent-study-rto-2023-8">lowest productivity levels</a> in the world and that it was the responsibility of the country's youth to drive changes in its work culture.Around 66% per cent of India's population is under the age of 35, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/info/WCMS_175936/lang--en/index.htm">according</a> to figures from the International Labour Organization (ILO). "Our culture has to change to that of highly determined, extremely disciplined, and extremely hardworking people," Murthy told Pai.He added that it was an opportune time to "consolidate and accelerate" the country's economic progress because India was beginning to receive global recognition for its fast-growing economy, which is on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/india-us-economy-biggest-in-world-china-imports-2023-7#:~:text=India%20is%20on%20pace%20to,chance%20it%20squanders%20this%20promise&amp;text=India%20is%20expected%20to%20be,tariffs%2C%20and%20discouraging%20foreign%20investment.">pace to become the world's second-largest economy by 2075</a>. But Indians already work some of the longest hours of any nationality, averaging around 47.7 hours per week per employed person, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/working-time/#">ILO</a>. That puts India seventh in the global ranking, with only Qatar, Congo, Lesotho, Bhutan, Gambia, and the United Arab Emirates averaging more, per the ILO.Murthy's comments have thus stirred a debate on social media, with some saying that taking his advice <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/work-life-balance-job-satisfaction-burnout-great-resignation-office-return-2023-4">might backfire and lead to burnout</a>.In a post on X, formerly known as Twitter, tech entrepreneur Vishal Gondal wrote: "Respectfully, Narayana Murthy ji, while hard work is crucial, a 70-hr work week may risk burnout and stifle creativity.""Empowering minds, not exhausting them, fuels the innovation that places nations at the pinnacle of global advancement," he added. A 70-hour workweek could also pose <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/work-from-home-women-careers-jobs-pandemic-flexibility-gender-equality-2023-7">difficulties for working women</a>, many of whom also take on the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-much-time-men-women-spend-on-housework-caregiving-pew-2023-4#:~:text=Even%20when%20women%20earn%20the,their%20husbands%20are%2C%20on%20average.">bulk of household duties</a>.A time-use <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660028">survey</a> taken in 2019 found that Indian women spent around 299 minutes a day on housework and 134 minutes on caregiving duties, while men spent just 97 minutes carrying out household tasks and 76 minutes on caregiving."With this statement, Mr. Murthy is essentially pushing women out of the workplace," one woman said in an X <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/nuts2406/status/1717574024589705503">post</a>, adding that, "men are never going to share the load of housekeeping, caregiving and childrearing."

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COVID-19 crisis can push 40 cr informal sector workers in India deeper into poverty: ILO

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