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For most of us, <keyword id="6546574" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="octopus" source="Orion">octopus</keyword> mating is the kind of thing you'd bury deep beneath the incognito tab of your browser history. But for a crack team of researchers studying Antarctic <keyword id="1583699" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ice-melt" source="Orion">ice melt</keyword>, it's a subject they can't get enough of – and not for the reasons you might think! Under the icy grip of <keyword id="19945467" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="antarctica" source="keywords">Antarctica</keyword>, where sunlight struggles to penetrate and temperatures plummet well below zero, thrives a fascinating creature: the <keyword id="19945468" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="turquet" source="Orion">Turquet</keyword>'s octopus. Its DNA, a tangled tale of past dalliances and daring encounters, holds the key to understanding a continent's precarious future. This half-foot wonder lays only a handful of oversized eggs on the seabed, investing heavily in their survival and growth. Coupled with the region's unpredictable currents, this means the species rarely strays far from its familiar haunts, dotting the icy landscape around Antarctica. Scientists, like modern-day octopus whisperers, have cracked the genetic code of these eight-legged time capsules. By studying the DNA of separate populations, they stumbled upon a remarkable truth: around 125,000 years ago, when Earth enjoyed a warmth akin to today, an ice-free corridor snaked across Antarctica. Through this watery highway, Turquet's octopuses embarked on scandalous intermingling with distant cousins they'd barely met before, their genes weaving a tapestry of shared ancestry. But before you start daydreaming about octopus rom-coms, this revelation throws up a chilling concern. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) melted during a period similar to our current climate, it suggests its future stability is worryingly fragile. Studies show that a potential WAIS collapse could unleash a torrent of meltwater, raising sea levels by a staggering 3.3 to 5 metres. The study also uncovers a double whammy – two distinct periods of WAIS collapse, one in the mid-Pliocene and another during the Last Interglacial, a warm spell eerily similar to our own. This chilling coincidence serves as a stark reminder: the ice sheet has buckled before, and it could well do so again. The consequences of a WAIS collapse are nothing short of catastrophic. Coastal cities housing millions worldwide would be submerged, ecosystems shattered, and the map of our planet forever altered. The fate of the WAIS hangs in the balance, and the time to act is now – not just for ourselves, but for the octopuses, the penguins, the seals, and all the creatures who call Antarctica home.

Octopus DNA gives scientists a glimpse into Antarctica's ancient past, and a possible highly unstable future

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A new innovation could help prevent ice cream from becoming a puddle at room temperature.</li><li>Compounds called polyphenols, found in green tea and berries, can help stabilize the ice cream.</li></ul>Sloppy sundaes and drippy cones could become a thing of the past as the wonders of science have uncovered a way to make <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-trader-joes-ice-cream-frozen-treats-review-photos">ice cream</a> nearly melt-proof.The innovation comes from (where else?) the Dairy State, specifically the University of Wisconsin-Madison.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/black-tea-health-benefits-daily-drinking-linked-longer-life-study-2022-8">Plant-based compounds called polyphenols</a> are the secret to keeping frozen treats from turning into puddles, according to Cameron Wicks, a PhD student in the university's food science department who's behind the project."Adding polyphenols to ice cream can create a product that holds its shape for over four hours at room temperature. That's pretty close to a no-melt ice cream," Wicks said in a university press release.<div type="image" title="ice cream" height="1414" width="2121" msid="111496606" hostid="261" sizebytes="76974"></div>Although they don't prevent the ice from actually melting, polyphenols added to ice cream interact with fats and proteins in the cream to thicken the mixture. As a result, the confection is able to hold its shape longer at room temperature and stave off a sticky mess.The effect is similar to stabilizers already used to make ice cream easier to transport.But polyphenols could be a more natural alternative, Wicks said. The compounds are found in tea and berries and are even linked to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cardiologist-snacks-avoid-better-heart-health-what-to-eat-instead-2024-7">benefits like a healthier heart</a>.However, you may have to wait a bit longer for the ice cream of the future.More research is needed to find the precise amount of polyphenols to keep ice cream stable without affecting its flavor so you can have a less messy, but still delicious, treat."Ice cream is such a complex system," Wicks said in the press release. "Being able to understand all of the science behind it, you can make food items better, more sustainable, and you can make better systems that feed the world."

Scientists invented 'no melt' ice cream that holds its shape for 4 hours, but you can't eat it yet

<ul class="summary-list"><li>'Free Solo' climber Alex Honnold witnessed the effects of climate change throughout his career.</li><li>He's seen glaciers and ice features melt away in Patagonia and Alaska.</li></ul>In 2023, world-famous climbers Alex Honnold (of "<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/free-solo-documentary-directors-interview-filming-alex-honnold-el-capitan-climb-without-rope-2018-9">Free Solo</a>" fame) and Tommy Caldwell tackled the Devils Thumb, a hazardous mountain in southeastern <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/living-in-alaska-pros-cons-outdoors-no-sunlight-cheap-rent-2023-12">Alaska</a>.Before their ascent, Honnold and Caldwell hiked to the mountain's base, tripping over piles of boulders. The path didn't always look so treacherous."What used to be relatively benign snowfields have melted down into shattered glaciers and exposed rock," Honnold, 39, says in "The Devil's Climb," a new documentary about the journey.<div type="image" title="Alex Honnold climbing the Devils Thumb." height="4032" width="6048" msid="114222330" hostid="261" sizebytes="1838584"></div>Honnold told Business Insider that the mountain changed significantly over the past decade, which made planning the climb more challenging."A lot of the photos were from 2014 or 2016, and in just the span of seven or eight years, the mountain had melted out like a ton," he said. In particular, the northwest face had a different terrain. "It was a different mountain, which kind of changed our climbing experience."Throughout his climbing career, Honnold has witnessed similarly stark <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/climate-change">environmental changes</a>. It inspired him to start the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.honnoldfoundation.org/">Honnold Foundation</a> in 2012, a non-profit that builds renewable energy resources around the world."It makes it easy to talk about climate change to people because you see it with your own eyes," he said.<h2 id="fd331123-0e91-4e8f-9bfe-849404bb66b5">He's seen 'dramatic' landscape changes on his climbs</h2>Honnold and Caldwell previously planned an ice climb in <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hiking-patagonia-argentina-trekking-poles-would-have-helped-2023-12">Patagonia, Argentina</a>. But once they got to the area, they learned the ice feature had fallen down the year before."It was just gone and would probably never re-form again," Honnold said, noting that it takes hundreds of years for snow to compress back into an ice wall.<div type="image" title="An aerial view of Alex Honnold and Tommy Caldwell climbing the Devils Thumb." height="3158" width="4218" msid="114222329" hostid="261" sizebytes="2452676"></div>In that same area, he's seen a glacial lake extend "double the distance" due to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glaciers-and-climate/glacier-recession/shrinking-patagonian-glaciers/">receding glaciers</a>. "Year over year, you see the glaciers move so much that it changes the way in which you can hike into the mountains," he said. "It's really dramatic."<h2 id="9bb67b3f-b0d3-4dae-9638-074269667801">His foundation focuses on communities</h2>In 2023, the Honnold Foundation helped launch the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/clean-energy/puerto-ricos-first-community-led-microgrid-is-ready-to-launch">first community-led microgrid project</a> in Puerto Rico. Comprised of rooftop solar panels, it was intended to be a solution to the island's electricity shortage after Hurricane Maria in 2017.Honnold said the foundation's projects focus on helping communities because "there's no real point in solving environmental issues if you're not also improving human living conditions."The organization has also installed <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-passive-income-side-hustle-selling-electricity-neighbors-solar-panels-2023-12">solar panels</a> in US cities like Detroit and Memphis to help families reduce their electricity bills.<h2 id="b287c5aa-8aa7-44c3-adb4-ce155363d449">He mentions climate change at corporate events</h2>In a recent interview on the <a target="_blank" href="https://youtu.be/Hw2y6OWcqZc?si=kjl0Pc30kH2ZRGWm&amp;t=2242">"Rich Roll" podcast</a>, adventure journalist Adam Skolnick shared an anecdote about how Honnold raises money for his foundation by <a target="_blank" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/do-good-climbers-make-good-capitalists">hosting climbing and outdoor events</a> with top business leaders where he mentions the impacts of climate change.Skolnick said that Honnold will "scold them for their environmental issues and implore them to do good and do better," before taking them on excursions.While Honnold said said while he rarely leads events this way, climate change conversations come up a lot in his career "because as a climber, you see it so acutely.""I fundraise for the foundation really in any way that I can," Honnold said. "I'm happy to take money from anybody if it means supporting community solar around the world.""The Devil's Climb" premieres October 17 at 9pm EST on National Geographic and streams the next day on Disney+ and Hulu.

'Free Solo' climber Alex Honnold often sees melted glaciers on his climbs. It's changed the course of his career.

More than 27 per cent of the identified glacial lakes in the Himalayas have notably expanded since 1984 and 130 of those are in India, <keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword> said on Monday. In a statement, the space agency said long-term <keyword id="20423869" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="satellite-imagery" source="keywords">satellite imagery</keyword> covering the catchments of Indian Himalayan river basins from 1984 to 2023 indicates significant changes in glacial lakes. "Of the 2,431 lakes larger than 10 hectares identified during 2016-17, 676 glacial lakes have notably expanded since 1984," it said. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said 601 of the 676 lakes have expanded more than twice while 10 lakes have grown between 1.5 to two times and 65 lakes 1.5 times. It said 130 of the 676 lakes are situated within India, with 65, seven, and 58 located in the Indus, Ganga and the Brahmaputra river basins, respectively. An elevation-based analysis revealed that 314 lakes are located in the 4,000-5,000-metre range and 296 above 5,000 metres. The glacial lakes are categorised based on their formation process into four broad categories -- moraine-dammed (water dammed by moraine), ice-dammed (water dammed by ice), erosion (water dammed in depressions formed by erosion), and other glacial lakes. Among the 676 expanding lakes, the majority are moraine-dammed (307), followed by erosion (265), other (96), and ice-dammed (eight) glacial lakes. ISRO highlighted long-term changes in the Ghepang Ghat glacial lake (in the Indus basin) at an elevation of 4,068 metre in <keyword id="19905191" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="himachal-pradesh" source="keywords">Himachal Pradesh</keyword>, showing a 178 per cent increase in size from 36.49 hectares to 101.30 hectares between 1989 and 2022. The rate of increase is about 1.96 hectares per year. In October, at least 40 people were killed and 76 went missing in Sikkim after the South Lhonak Lake -- a glacial lake situated in the state's northwest at 17,000 feet -- burst due to incessant rains. The Himalayas, often referred to as the Third Pole because of the extensive glaciers and snow cover, are highly sensitive to changes in the global climate -- both in terms of their physical characteristics and their societal impacts. Research conducted worldwide has consistently shown that glaciers across the globe have been experiencing unprecedented rates of retreat and thinning due to human-caused climate change. This retreat leads to the formation of new lakes and the enlargement of existing ones in the <keyword id="20128077" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Himalayan-region" source="keywords">Himalayan region</keyword>. These bodies of water, created by the melting of glaciers, are known as glacial lakes and play a crucial role as freshwater sources for rivers in the Himalayan region. However, these also pose significant risks such as Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), which can have devastating consequences for communities downstream. GLOFs occur when glacial lakes release large volumes of meltwater due to the failure of natural dams, such as those made of moraine or ice, resulting in sudden and severe flooding downstream. These dam failures can be triggered by various factors, including avalanches of ice or rock, extreme weather events, and other environmental factors. Monitoring and studying the occurrence and expansion of glacial lakes in the Himalayan region is challenging due to inaccessible and rugged terrain. Satellite remote sensing technology proves to be an excellent tool for inventory and monitoring due to its wide coverage and revisit capability. Assessing long-term changes in glacial lakes is crucial for understanding glacier retreat rates, assessing GLOF risks, and gaining insights into climate change impacts, ISRO said.

Satellite monitoring shows large expansion in 27% identified glacial lakes in Himalayas: ISRO

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Around 10,000 penguin chicks died after an ice bed they lived on broke apart, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66492767">the BBC said.</a></li><li>The emperor penguin chicks, who had not yet developed waterproof feathers, died last October. </li></ul>Around 10,000 penguin chicks who had not yet developed waterproof feathers died after an ice bed beneath them melted and broke apart, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66492767">the BBC reported</a> on Thursday.The emperor penguin chicks most likely drowned or froze to death after the incident, which occurred in late 2022 in an area off the Antarctic Peninsula, called the Bellingshausen Sea, the outlet said, citing a study published on Wednesday in <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=99d8236e11c212f24947bcfd6d1470537227f6e4edc52145d38b914c6d8d01d2&amp;postID=64e864a823f4ecc1488f2f53&amp;postSlug=10000-baby-penguins-died-after-ice-bed-melted-broke-antarctic-2023-8&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs43247-023-00927-x">the peer-reviewed journal "Communications Earth &amp; Environment."</a>The study shows that the chicks were among four of five colonies that suffered a "catastrophic breeding failure" in the area late last year.Emperor penguins depend on the sea ice for breeding, foraging, and raising their young, the research said. But their habitat is shrinking due to "large-scale contractions in sea ice extent," the study added."Emperors depend on sea ice for their breeding cycle; it's the stable platform they use to bring up their young. But if that ice is not as extensive as it should be or breaks up faster, these birds are in trouble," Dr. Peter Fretwell, from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), who helped conduct the research, told the BBC."There is hope: we can cut our carbon emissions that are causing the warming. But if we don't we will drive these iconic, beautiful birds to the verge of extinction," he added. <div type="image" title="smyley island empo" height="1384" width="1846" msid="103061632" hostid="261"></div>Satellite images examined by the researchers show the colony of penguins disappearing over just a matter of weeks.An image taken on October 28 last year still shows the colony living on the ice bed. But only two months later, in December 2022, the colony appears to have vanished as bits of ice float in the sea.The research follows projections by scientists that more than 90% of emperor penguins will be all but extinct by the end of this century amid an ever-warming world. Over the past seven years, sea ice around Antarctica has decreased significantly, the research said. By the end of December 2022, sea ice extent was the lowest experienced in the 45-year satellite record.

Around 10,000 penguin chicks died when the Antarctic ice they lived on melted &mdash; they were still too young to survive in the icy water

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="12329412" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nepal" source="Orion">Nepal</keyword>'s base camp on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mount-everest-stories-from-climbers-2019-6">Mount Everest</a> is being moved further down the mountain, due to <keyword id="11896311" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change" source="Orion">climate change</keyword>.</li><li>The site is located on top of the thinning Khumbu Glacier, which has become hazardous for climbers.</li></ul>In order to ascend <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mount-everest-death-zone-first-hand-account-2017-9">Mount Everest</a>, climbers have to pass through one of two starting points. But the southern site in Nepal — the most popular starting point to summit the world's tallest mountain — is located on top of a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-ice-shelf-will-shatter-scientists-say-2021-12">thinning glacier</a> that's becoming increasingly unsafe amid climate change.As ice on the glacier close to the base camp slowly melts, Nepal is preparing to move the campsite down the mountain. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-impacts-to-last-millennia-ipcc-report-2021-8">Glaciers and ice sheets are melting</a> at accelerated rates because of human-caused climate change: As temperatures rise, the glacier on the world's highest mountain, like other <keyword id="12737246" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="glaciers" source="Orion">glaciers</keyword> around the world, is retreating rapidly."We are now preparing for the relocation and we will soon begin consultation with all stakeholders," Taranath Adhikari, director general of Nepal's tourism department, told the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61828753">BBC</a>. "It is basically about adapting to the changes we are seeing at the base camp and it has become essential for the sustainability of the mountaineering business itself."The potential relocation follows recommendations from a committee set up by the government, which oversees mountaineering at Everest. A <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4327/warm_ice_in_worlds_highest_glacier">2018 study</a> found that the Khumbu Glacier close to the base camp was thinning at a rate of 1 meter — or 3 feet — per year. Now, according to Nepalese authorities, it's unsafe. Where the base camp currently stands, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mount-everest-expeditions-climbing-companies-6-2019">mountain climbers</a> contend with cracks on the ice, erosion, and growing streams of water due to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/thwaites-glacier-melting-doomsday-sea-level-rise-2020-9">ice melt</a>. "We see increased rock falls and movement of meltwater on the surface of the glaciers that can be hazardous," Scott Watson, a researcher at the University of Leeds, told the <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61828753">BBC</a>. <div type="image" title=": A line of trekkers walk through fresh snow beside the Khumbu Glacier, near the base of Mount Everest and Everest Base Camp in the Solu-Khumbu region of Nepal, February 13, 2015" height="3330" width="4440" msid="92373242" hostid="261" sizebytes="1465608"></div>The sheer number of people passing through the camp, and the footprints, debris, and waste left on the mountain are a concern. The camp is used by around 1,500 climbers every year. People urinating at the camp, to the tune of 4,000 liters of pee every day during in peak season, along with runoff from kerosene and other waste products, also impact the glacier. The base camp currently sits at an altitude of 5,364 meters (17,600 feet) above the mountain's snowline. Plans could shift it as much as 400 meters (1,310 feet) lower, to an ice-free area. A final decision has not been made, nor has a new base been identified, according to Nepalese authorities. Once plans are finalized, the relocation could come as soon as 2024.

Nepal is planning to move its Everest base camp because of rapidly thinning glaciers and erosion from climbers

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Matthew Beem is a YouTuber known for building large props and objects in his videos. </li><li>His most recent YouTube upload shows him breaking a record for the world's largest ice cream cone. </li></ul>YouTube star Matthew Beem, who is known for building large objects and props in his videos, has now broken a world record with his craft, having put together the world's largest ice cream cone. Beem, who has 4.1 million subscribers, has previously made <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JAp3MbfgtM&amp;t=18s" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Minecraft</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WgYO1J2EwE" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">models</a>, a giant <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvPRQxSyZ4k" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">toilet seat</a>, and huge <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_a4K0rM-Bs&amp;t=510s" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">boxing gloves</a> in his YouTube videos. He has also partnered with prominent YouTube creators on these projects, even making <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra0r7bUtSrc" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">a version of the doll from the Netflix show "Squid Game"</a> for a collaboration with the platform's biggest name, MrBeast.On June 14, Beem uploaded a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40JAEwcSJpQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener">video</a> titled, "I Made The World's Largest Ice Cream Cone!" in which he said that he and his team were attempting to build a cone that was over 10 feet tall to beat the <a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2015/7/ice-cream-company-scoops-world-record-with-three-metres-tall-cone-389070" target="_blank" rel="noopener">previous record</a> that was set in 2015, according to Guinness World Records.The YouTuber and his team got to work on the project by making a large metal frame to support the cone, building a compartment inside that was filled with dry ice to keep the ice cream colder for longer, and using a waffle maker to make pieces of the cone that they stuck together using chocolate. <div type="image" title="Picture of the YouTuber putting the cone together." height="4640" width="6186" msid="101049196" hostid="261"></div>Beem partnered with the US snack company <a href="https://www.muddybites.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MuddyBites</a>, who he said he consulted with on a chocolate recipe, as well as on other logistics, to complete the project. Throughout the video, Beem said he and his team encountered several issues while trying to break the world record. They initially struggled to make their pieces of waffle stick to their chocolate cone, and then when they drove from the site where they built the cone to the event where the world record would be checked, they noticed that a number of waffle pieces had fallen off the structure and needed to be stuck back on. As Beem and his teammates began filling the cone with ice cream, hoping that the finished structure would be over 10 feet tall, some of the soft serve ice cream began to melt and fell to the ground, due to the warm weather conditions at the event. "It's melting so quick," one bystander at the event observed. When the YouTuber and his team had finished working on the project, they filmed a representative from the <a href="https://www.worldrecordacademy.org/2023/6/worlds-largest-ice-cream-cone-world-record-in-englewood-colorado-423247" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Record Academy</a> measuring the cone, determining that Beem had broken the record by producing a structure that was 11 feet tall. A representative for MuddyBites told Insider that the YouTuber used 100 pounds of waffle cone, 300 pounds of chocolate, and over 1,000 pounds of vanilla ice cream to break the record. In a statement given to Insider, Beem said that breaking the world record required "extensive planning" and determination from his team, saying, "There were moments where I really thought this cone wouldn't make the almost two-hour drive from where it was originally built to our measurement site, but because my team is so amazing we were able to maintain its integrity and continue the build the day of."Commenters under the video said they admired the YouTuber for the huge amount of effort it seems he puts into making his videos about building large objects. "I love the creativity and originality of this video, it's so refreshing to see something new on YouTube," one commenter wrote. <a href="https://www.insider.com/who-is-matthew-beem-youtuber-recreated-mrbeast-squid-game-statue-2022-6#more-recently-beem-has-developed-a-niche-in-building-large-props-for-other-youtubers-in-videos-10">Beem previously told Insider that</a> he has been making content across various YouTube channels for over a decade, but his current main channel suddenly started to blow up in 2021, after he made a custom car for MrBeast, who is currently the most-followed individual YouTuber in the world. At the time, Beem had 19,000 subscribers, but later that year, he gained 1.2 million followers over a six-month period, according to analytics tracker <a href="https://socialblade.com/youtube/c/mbeem10/monthly" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">SocialBlade.</a><a href="https://www.insider.com/culture">For more stories like this, check out coverage from Insider's Digital Culture team here.</a>

YouTube star Matthew Beem just built the world's largest ice cream cone, using 1,000 pounds of ice cream that literally melted as he put it together

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Archeologists just found an arrow from the Stone Ages previously caught in ice.</li><li>The discovery predates other findings in the area by over 2,000 years. </li></ul>Archeologists in Norway were thrilled when they discovered a rare find in late August — a 4,000 year-old arrow from the Stone Age, previously frozen in ice.Archeologists from the group <a target="_blank" href="https://secretsoftheice.com/">Secrets of the Ice</a> — part of Norway's Department of Cultural Heritage — found the arrow on the side of Mount Lauvhøe, co-director Dr. Lars Holger Pilø told Insider.Lauvhøe is part of the Jotunheimen Mountains in Norway. In recent years, the ice around the mountain has melted more, exposing more ground to researchers. Pilø said the archeologists were last at the site in 2017 when there was less area to survey.Before this most recent arrow was found, Pilø said, the oldest arrows found in the ice dated from 500 to 1,700 years ago, during the Iron Age and the Middle Ages."This new find adds a lot more time depth to the site," said Pilø in an email. "The site of Lauvhøe is one out of 66 such ice sites in our county alone. We currently have more than 4,000 finds from the ice."According to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/09/06/1198032134/archeologists-norway-arrow-stoneage-4000-years-old">NPR</a>, the archeologists originally thought the arrow was from the Iron Age, but discovered it was much older after cleaning off the glacial silt.Likely, Pilø said, the arrow ended up in the ice while hunters were pursuing reindeer, which gathered near ice and snow on hot days to avoid botflies."The ancient hunters knew this and would have hunted the reindeer en route to and on the ice patch," said Pilø in an email. "Sometimes, when an arrow missed its target, it burrowed itself deep into the snow and was lost. Sad for the hunter but a bull's eye for archaeology!"Moving forward, archeologists will continue their search in the area, which remains fruitful."We have just found a horse bit and bridle, possibly from the Viking Age," Pilø said.

Melting ice in Norway revealed a 4,000-year-old arrow that was likely lost while ancient hunters targeted reindeer — but is now a 'bull's eye for archaeology'

All coffee lovers know that there are stretches of the summer where the weather is too sweltering for hot coffee and it's time to turn to iced coffee. Hot coffee from even the <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/best-coffee-maker">best coffee maker</a> that is allowed to slowly cool to room temperatures turns stale, bitter, and sour. The key is to cool the coffee as quickly as possible, ideally while brewing.Known as Japanese-style iced coffee, this method of flash cooling helps to seal in all of the delicious flavors while avoiding the unpleasant bitter and sour notes that come from allowing the coffee to cool to room temperature over an extended time. Cold brew avoids this altogether by using cold water and a much longer brewing process.The great thing about iced coffee is that you don't need any new fancy equipment. Whatever brewing method you use at home can be used to make iced coffee. <h2>How to make cold brew coffee</h2><div type="image" title="A person pouring cold brew out of a glass pitcher into a clear glass mug" height="1423" width="1897" msid="103673001" hostid="261" sizebytes="113058"></div>Cold brew has become the most common style of iced coffee in both cafes and grocery stores. We know <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/how-to-make-cold-brew-coffee">how to make cold brew</a> that is sweet and rich straight or diluted with water, milk, or any milk substitute.It doesn't require any specialized equipment to make — though you can invest in the <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/best-cold-brew-coffee-maker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">best cold brew maker</a> if you make it often. Cold brew can be easily produced in large batches, which makes it perfect to serve at your summer barbecues. It can be kept in an air-tight container in the fridge for up to two weeks.<h3>Instructions</h3><ol><li>Grind your beans. Use a coarse grind to ensure easier filtration and less grit.</li><li>Add coffee to the brewing vessel. Put your ground coffee in your brewing vessel. Any large glass jar or pitcher with a lid works great. Use a ratio of one part coffee to eight parts water.</li><li>Cover with water. Cover the grounds with room temperature water.</li><li>Steep for 12 to 24 hours. The longer you steep, the stronger your coffee will be.</li><li>Filter the coffee. Filter using whatever coffee filters are available. If you don't have coffee filters, use a kitchen strainer and cheesecloth.</li><li>Dilute and serve. Cold brew is often so strong that it will need to be diluted with water or milk. Serve over ice.</li></ol>Quick tip: Iced coffee is usually too cold to properly dissolve sugar. To sweeten your cold brew, try making a <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/how-to-make-iced-coffee" target="_blank" rel="noopener">simple syrup</a> by dissolving granulated sugar in an equal portion of hot water and then adding that to your drink.<h2>How to make iced coffee with a drip coffee maker</h2><div type="image" title="A woman pouring coffee out of a pot into a travel mug" height="1414" width="1885" msid="103673002" hostid="261" sizebytes="82648"></div>Although manually brewing iced coffee gives you the most control and usually the best results, the <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/best-coffee-maker" target="_blank" rel="noopener">best coffee makers</a> are capable of making delicious iced coffee too.<h3>Instructions</h3><ol><li>Grind your coffee. Grind your coffee to the specifications of the manufacturer. Drip coffee makers usually require a medium coarseness.</li><li>Add water to the reservoir. Fill the coffee maker with half as much water as normally required.</li><li>Add ice to your carafe. Fill the carafe with ice equal to the amount of water added to the reservoir. As the coffee is brewed it will be properly diluted by the ice. Use a kitchen scale to match quantities of ice and water.</li><li>Run the coffee maker. Brew the coffee as you normally would.</li><li>Serve the iced coffee. By the time the brewing process is finished, the coffee will be cooled by the ice and ready to serve immediately.</li></ol><h2>How to make pour-over iced coffee</h2><div type="image" title="A chemex pour over coffee maker with ice in the base" height="1413" width="1885" msid="103673003" hostid="261" sizebytes="114346"></div>Whether you are using a <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?amazonTrackingID=biauto-61588-20&amp;h=4a6cfdbfc5c9001f9307167a559622e151c7623a082a99eb7c0eb5cdede479ae&amp;postID=628f975fa2374776c7e882cb&amp;postSlug=guides%2Fkitchen%2Fhow-to-make-iced-coffee&amp;site=in&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB0000YWF5E%2Fref%3Das_li_tl%3Fie%3DUTF8%26tag%3Dbihk_071621_how-to-make-iced-coffee-20%26camp%3D1789%26creative%3D9325%26linkCode%3Das2%26creativeASIN%3DB0000YWF5E%26linkId%3D39dd6b166586b57fed214afc5e6fa9ee" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow sponsored">Chemex</a>, <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?amazonTrackingID=biauto-61588-20&amp;h=708474a1cbb9821c5cd199183edbad59ddced74faad287dbeb38035491fcc835&amp;postID=628f975fa2374776c7e882cb&amp;postSlug=guides%2Fkitchen%2Fhow-to-make-iced-coffee&amp;site=in&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB000P4D5HG%2Fref%3Das_li_tl%3Fie%3DUTF8%26tag%3Dbihk_071621_how-to-make-iced-coffee-20%26camp%3D1789%26creative%3D9325%26linkCode%3Das2%26creativeASIN%3DB000P4D5HG%26linkId%3Dcd616c54370daf6f84bd6a6087131a1e" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener sponsored">Hario V60</a>, or <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?amazonTrackingID=biauto-61588-20&amp;h=75945acd98e9e27a1f80c430f203a5134fcd3352c9d1376403f41d4cfe374dd7&amp;postID=628f975fa2374776c7e882cb&amp;postSlug=guides%2Fkitchen%2Fhow-to-make-iced-coffee&amp;site=in&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB004W5JHXU%2Fref%3Das_li_tl%3Fie%3DUTF8%26tag%3Dbihk_071621_how-to-make-iced-coffee-20%26camp%3D1789%26creative%3D9325%26linkCode%3Das2%26creativeASIN%3DB004W5JHXU%26linkId%3Da15a4a00879a59ca4bcd8547f13f80c3" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow sponsored">Kalita Wave</a>, making iced coffee with a pour-over device is simple. Fill your brewing vessel with ice, then use half as much hot water when brewing. As the hot coffee hits the ice, it will melt and dilute the coffee, creating a well-balanced brew.With manual brewing like this, you can have control over every brewing variable, which means you can customize the coffee to perfectly suit your taste. It's also possible to brew in bigger batches with pour-over devices.<h3>Instructions</h3><ol><li>Know your brewing ratio. Hot pour-over usually requires a ratio of one part coffee to fifteen parts water. To ice the recipe you'll use about seven parts water, seven parts ice, to 1 part coffee. For a 16-ounce batch of iced coffee, you'd use roughly eight ounces hot water (237ml), one cup ice, and about 4 tablespoons (31.6g) of coffee.</li><li>Heat the water. Heat up your water to between 195 and 205 degrees Fahrenheit. </li><li>Grind the coffee. Most pour-over methods use a medium to fine coarseness. Use the amount of coffee you would normally brew with.</li><li>Wet the filter. Thoroughly soak the filter with hot water and allow it to drain. Pour out the water that has dripped into the carafe once it has run through the filter.</li><li>Add ice to the carafe. Put ice cubes in the carafe or the glass you are brewing into. Use an equal amount of ice as the water you're brewing with.</li><li>Put the grounds in the filter and bloom. Place the pour-over device over the carafe or glass and put the grounds in the filter. To bloom the grounds, pour a small amount of hot water over them and let it sit for 30 seconds. Blooming helps the coffee brew more evenly by soaking the grounds and releasing some of the gasses from the coffee that lead to bubbling.</li><li>Pour in the water. Pour the rest of the hot water over the grounds in a circular motion, making sure that the grounds are all soaked evenly. Be patient as the water filters through the grounds.</li><li>Discard the filter and grounds and serve. The ice will have melted, diluting the coffee and cooling it to serving temperature.</li></ol><h2>How to make iced coffee with a Keurig</h2><div type="image" title="A Keurig-style coffee maker with a white mug sitting in it and three coffee pods next to it" height="1414" width="1885" msid="103673004" hostid="261" sizebytes="64346"></div>Even the <a href="https://www.insider.com/guides/kitchen/best-keurig-coffee-maker">best Keurig coffee maker</a> doesn't allow for as much customization as some other options, but it can still be used to make iced coffee. Some of the new Keurigs have dedicated iced coffee settings. If you don't have that option, you can use the machine like normal, just put ice into the cup you are brewing into. The Keurig is a single-serve coffee maker, so if you're intending to make iced coffee for a group, the cold brew or pour-over methods will be better for a larger batch.<h3>Instructions</h3><ol><li>Prepare the Keurig coffee maker. Fill the reservoir with fresh water. Make sure the machine is plugged in and turn it on.</li><li>Place the K-Cup in the machine. Lift the handle to open the chamber. Put the K-Cup in and lower the handle to close. Use your favorite K-Cup; any coffee will work.</li><li>Put ice in your glass and place it below the spout. Make sure there is enough space in the glass so the coffee does not overflow.</li><li>Select brewing amount and brew. Choose between small, medium, or large if your model allows it, and press the corresponding button to begin brewing.</li><li>Serve and enjoy. The finished coffee should be nice and cold.</li></ol>Quick tip: Want stronger iced coffee? Leftover cold brew can be poured into an ice cube tray to make coffee ice cubes that keep your iced coffee from being diluted during the brewing process.<h2>How to make iced coffee with an Aeropress</h2><div type="image" title="A pair of hands making coffee using an Aeropress" height="1414" width="1885" msid="103673005" hostid="261" sizebytes="73184"></div>The <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?amazonTrackingID=biauto-61588-20&amp;h=dce0183c63ad10d7bdcce6fce642828ba1cf2225ec89e162511eb50e1adc6bc2&amp;postID=628f975fa2374776c7e882cb&amp;postSlug=guides%2Fkitchen%2Fhow-to-make-iced-coffee&amp;site=in&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB0047BIWSK%2Fref%3Das_li_tl%3Fie%3DUTF8%26tag%3Dbihk_071621_how-to-make-iced-coffee-20%26camp%3D1789%26creative%3D9325%26linkCode%3Das2%26creativeASIN%3DB0047BIWSK%26linkId%3D7603cea32a8074d06a9e9c8a0b186e00" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aeropress</a> is one of the most popular devices for manually brewing coffee on the market today. Like pour-over, it's a manual brewing system. The process is a bit unique, but the basics are essentially the same. These instructions are for making a single serving of iced coffee with the Aeropress using the standard Aeropress brewing method.<h3>Instructions</h3><ol><li>Heat the water. Heat up your water to between 195 and 205 degrees Fahrenheit. The Aeropress makes a more concentrated coffee, so you shouldn't have to adjust the amount of water you use.</li><li>Grind the coffee. For Aeropress, use a very fine grind, slightly coarser than an espresso grind.</li><li>Add ice to your cup. Fill your cup about halfway with ice. Make sure there is enough room in the glass so the coffee will not overflow.</li><li>Prepare the Aeropress. Wet the filter and attach it to the bottom of the chamber with the plastic cap. Put your grounds into the Aeropress and place it on top of your glass.</li><li>Bloom the grounds. Pour just enough hot water over the grounds to soak them and allow them to rest for about 30 seconds.</li><li>Add the water. Carefully pour in the rest of the hot water and gently stir, making sure the grounds are thoroughly soaked.</li><li>Press the coffee. Carefully place the plunger at the top of the Aeropress and slowly push down on it, pressing the coffee through the filter and onto the ice.</li><li>Serve. Remove the Aeropress from the cup. Adjust to taste. If necessary, dilute with more ice or milk.</li></ol><h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>You don't have to be an expert barista or have expensive equipment to enjoy great iced coffee. Most coffee lovers already have everything needed to make iced coffee and cold brew in their kitchen right now. With some simple tools and a bit of practice, anyone can master brewing iced coffee.

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