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<ul><li>The <keyword id="401917" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="India-China-border">India China border</keyword> row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15. </li><li>The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector. </li><li>This week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. </li></ul>The India China border row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15⁠ ⁠— despite assurances of de-escalation from both sides⁠— in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh, near the Line of Actual Control. India inherited the disputed border with China during British colonial rule. The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector, which is largely an uninhabitable region. Every week, Business Insider collates interesting books to read, giving an outlook on career and professional growth, setbacks and opportunities. However, this week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. Here are some of those books. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/India-China-Relations-Border-Issues/dp/8130911957">India China Relations: The Border Issues and Beyond</a> Written by Mohan Guruswamy and Zorawar Singh Daulet, the book outlines the Indian China border dispute from a ‘conflict resolution’ perspective. It entails the details about the areas of Himalayas that separate north-east India from Tibet. In the 1950s, China said that it would occupy Tibet but India refused to acknowledge that and sent a letter negotiating the matter. The former Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru then wrote a memorandum on revision of the maps of India — to show defined boundaries. Later, India agreed on China taking over Tibet. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-nepal-india-Triangle-Dark-Indo-nepal-Relations/dp/1984528904/ref=sr_1_8?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-8">China-Nepal-India Triangle: The Dark Side of Indo-Nepal Relations </a> Written by Shiva Hari Dahal, China-Nepal-India Triangle talks about the less explored side of the India-Nepal relations. That includes the triangular region between China, India and Nepal. The book analyses the history of these nations through the lens of colonialism, dependency, democratic peace, and governmentalism. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Relations-Geo-political-Competition-Understanding/dp/3030444244/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-5">China-India Relations: Geo-political Competition, Economic Cooperation, Cultural Exchange and Business Ties</a> This book is written by Young Chan Kim and focuses on the relations between India and China with regard to the present business ties and competition. It also talks about the geo-political factors, such as religion that play a major role in shaping bilateral relations. It compares the networks of the two countries beyond just the border dispute. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fateful-Triangle-Shaped-U-S-India-Relations-ebook/dp/B07N8DRSQC/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-1">Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold War</a> Written by Tanvi Madan, this book narrates how China shaped the India -US relations during the cold war. The US developed a separate relationship with the two Asian countries — India and China. The author argues the historical perspective of China’s influence globally and India US relations and their diplomatic history. <a href="https://www.amazon.in/India-China-Relations-Future-Perspectives/dp/9381411158">India China Relations: Future Perspectives</a> Authored by BR Deepak and DP Tripathi, the book outlines the history of cultural and material exchanges between India and China during the 20th century. In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi’s China visit led to the diplomatic relations between the two nations. The book is a collection of 18 researches by Indian and Chinese scholars and diplomats talking about the ‘multi-layered’ relationship with regard to 1950s ‘hindi cheeni bhai bhai’, the border dispute, defense and economic ties etc.

Here are the five books that will help you decode the India China relations — beyond just the border dispute

India has changed the Rules of Engagement (RoE) across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) after a barbaric attack was carried out by the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) troops on Indian soldiers in Galwan Valley in eastern Ladakh, killing 20 Indian soldiers. In the violent clash that took place on the night of June 15, China took 10 <keyword id="6354416" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Army">Indian Army</keyword> men, including officers, into custody and released them after three days. Sources said that Indian soldiers did not use weapons when the PLA troops attacked them. They were not allowed to do so as per the orders from their seniors and the confidence building measures pacts with China. As per the new Rules of Engagement, commanders deployed at LAC can give soldiers "complete freedom of action" to handle situations at the tactical level. The commanders can now use firearms and have full authority to respond to extraordinary situations using all resources at their disposal. Earlier, these were not part of the Rules of Engagements across the LAC. In a statement issued during an all-party meet on Friday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi had said that India would respond firmly to any attempt to transgress the LAC. "In fact, he specifically emphasised that in contrast to the past neglect of such challenges, Indian forces now decisively counter any violation of LAC (‘unhe rokte hain, unhe tokte hain')," a statement issued by the PMO stated. The words of Prime Minister -- "those who tried to transgress our land were taught a befitting lesson by our brave sons of soil" -- succinctly summed up the ethos and the values of the armed forces. Modi further emphasised, "I want to assure you that our armed forces will leave no stone unturned to protect our borders." Many people questioned why soldiers did not use firearms or why they went unarmed. To this, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that Indian Army troops, who were attacked and suffered fatal casualties on Monday night, were carrying weapons, however, they did not fire. He said, "All troops on border duty always carry arms, especially when leaving the post. Those in Galwan on June 15 did so. Long-standing practice (as per 1996 an2005 agreements) not to use firearms during faceoffs." Sources said Indian Army troopers were outnumbered by 1:5 ratio when they came under attack from the PLA soldiers at patrolling point 14 in along the LAC in eastern Ladakh. PLA troopers "savagely attacked" Indian Army personnel, according to sources in the government with knowledge of the details of the June 15 clash. "The numbers were stacked up against the Indian Army troopers. Yet, the Indian side decided to fight the PLA troopers. The Indian soldiers were outnumbered 1:5 by the Chinese troopers," the sources said. China is also said to have used thermal imaging drones to trace the Indian Army soldiers scattered on the treacherous terrain before brutally attacking them. "It was the deadliest attack carried on Indian Army personnel by the Chinese military personnel in our memory," the government sources said. "We were outnumbered," admitted an Indian Army officer, talking about the clash that reportedly went on for six to seven hours. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/indian-army-on-india-china-war-in-galwan-valley-soldiers-killed/articleshow/76402297.cms">‘Serious clashes’ between India and China⁠ in Galwan Valley — India says 'Chinese troops had planned this escalation'</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-hits-back-at-china-over-galwan-valley-claims/articleshow/76483301.cms">India’s hits back at China over Galwan Valley claim calling it 'exaggerated and untenable'</a>

Government allows soldiers to use firearms across LAC in extraordinary situations

As anti-China sentiments grow in India after the ban on 59 apps and a public boycott of Chinese-made goods, <keyword id="10591" type="CITY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Samsung">Samsung</keyword> Electronics is expected to increase its presence in the Indian smartphone market, industry analysts have said. The fluid market situation offers new opportunities for various smartphone makers, especially the non-Chinese ones, to realign their strategies and regain the lost market share in the face of fierce Chinese competition. 'Shipments of consumer goods that are against public sentiment will face difficulties. As Chinese smartphone makers are expected to suffer sales decline in India, Samsung is expected to take advantage of it,' Yonhap news agency quoted Lee Chang-min, an analyst at KB Securities, as saying. According to market tracker Counterpoint Research, four of the top five smartphone brands in the Indian smartphone market were from China in the first quarter of the year, with Samsung being the only non-Chinese company. Xiaomi led the way with 30 per cent, followed by its Chinese compatriot Vivo with 17 per cent. Realme and Oppo were ranked fourth and fifth in the Indian smartphone market with a share of 14 percent and 12 percent, respectively. Samsung came in third on the list with a 16 per cent market share, Counterpoint Research data showed. Analysts said the upbeat performance in India could push up Samsung's overall mobile business. 'For Samsung, India is a market that the company cannot give up,' said Roh Kyoung-tak, an analyst at Eugene Investment &amp; Securities. 'Samsung's long-term business strategy must have a plan for the Indian market'. In the first quarter (January-March) this year, Samsung's shipments were driven by its upgraded A and M series (A51, A20s, A30s, and M30s). According to Counterpoint Research, Samsung managed to hold third position in Q1 2020 due to launches across several price tiers, especially in the affordable premium segment (S10 Lite, Note 10 Lite). Tarun Pathak, Associate Director, Counterpoint Research, said that consumer sentiments are running high and a section of users will look for alternatives, benefitting global and Indian brands. The industry watchers said the second-quarter performance of Samsung's mobile business unit may not be worse than expected due to the economic reopening of major markets from end-May, though an earnings decline appears inevitable. Samsung will release the Galaxy Note 20 series and the Galaxy Fold 2 foldable smartphone next month to drive its handset sales in the second half of the year. According to Prabhu Ram, Head-Industry Intelligence Group, CyberMedia Research (CMR), for players like Samsung to succeed, they would need to build meaningful value propositions for consumers, both in terms of specs and pricing. 'Affordability will continue to be a major theme this year and brands will need to dovetail their offerings accordingly,' Ram told IANS.

Anti-China sentiment will help Samsung boost sales in India, say analysts

The world's three largest arms importers - India, China, and Pakistan - all share borders with one another, some of which are in dispute. These disagreements have occasionally led to armed conflict, like the ongoing dispute over the status of Kashmir, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War">1962 Sino-Indian war</a>.
These disputes, and a host of other regional factors, are fueling the world's biggest conventional arms race.<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image">Jeremy BenderThe crosshatched sections on the map denote border disputes.</div></div>
India is currently the world's largest arms importer. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, its weapons imports <a href="http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/2014/AT_march_2014">rose by 111%</a> between the 2004-2008 and the 2009-2013 periods.
From 2009 to 2013, India accounted for 14% of all international arms imports. 
India's weapons imports are almost three times larger than that of its neighbors and rivals, Pakistan and China. China and Pakistan each account for an additional <a href="http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf">5% of global arms imports</a>. Notably, Pakistan receives 54% of its arms from China. 
<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image">Screenshot/<a href="http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1403.pdf">books.sipri.org</a></div></div>
India likely feels the need to arm itself in light of some of the long-simmering tensions it shares with its neighbors. India and Pakistan have taken steps to increase dialogue in recent years. But they have been at each other's throats for almost <a href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html">their entire history</a> as independent nations over the undecided status of Kashmir. The unsettled border has played a large part in the three wars India and Pakistan have so far fought. Subsets of the Pakistani government also <a href="http://www.propublica.org/topic/mumbai-terror-attacks/">support militants</a> who have launched terrorist attacks inside of India, like the deadly <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/27/world/asia/27mumbai.html?pagewanted=all">2008 assault</a> on Mumbai.
India's relationship with China is also rocky. The two fought a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War">brief border war</a> in 1962 that China decisively won. Despite the outcome, the two countries continue to lay <a href="http://inef.uni-due.de/cms/files/report107.pdf">competing claims</a> over the Indian Himalayan province of Arunachal Pradesh, which China calls South Tibet. 
India and China are perhaps natural rivals - emerging superpowers that are right on each other's doorsteps. But India feels specifically threatened by a growing Chinese military presence throughout the Indian Ocean region. China has invested in military installations in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. Indian General Deepak Kapoor, a former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, has <a href="http://www.sipri.org/media/blogs/eps-blog/china-india-and-the-three-cs">referred to these installations</a> as China's "string of pearls" surrounding India. 
India receives 75% of its arms imports from Russia. These imports in the 2009 to 2013 period have included a nuclear-powered submarine, 90 Su-30 MKI combat aircraft, an aircraft carrier, and 27 MiG-29K jets for use on that aircraft carrier. India is also a partner in Russia's development of a fifth-generation aircraft, <a href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-indians-hate-their-new-russian-made-stealth-fighter-d89b9ce721de">the T-50</a>.

The World's Three Largest Arms Importers All Border One Another

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A hand-to-hand skirmish high in the Himalayas this month was the deadliest border clash between <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> and <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> in decades.</li><li>The two sides are working to ease tensions, but the showdown still has the potential to spark a broader war between two of the world's largest and well-equipped militaries — here's how those two forces stack up.</li></ul>A medieval-style brawl between Chinese and Indian soldiers on their border in <keyword id="26604" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="ladakh">Ladakh</keyword> this month turned a usually bloodless dispute into a potential cause for war between the world's two most populous countries.The brawl lasted six hours and killed 20 Indian soldiers. Chinese officials have not said how many of their soldiers were killed or wounded but have <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/jun/22/china-finally-admits-it-lost-less-than-20-soldiers-in-clash-with-india-2159915.html?fbclid=IwAR0pxiHVF-AmAV6iaEW9FKvYDeTejMoMMoSvrvLBvosmhH5R2sFX4svchig">admitted</a> to losing "less than 20" troops after India reportedly handed over 16 bodies.The clash is the biggest development in a standoff that began in early May and was the first time <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/forgotten-in-fog-of-war-the-last-firing-on-the-india-china-border/article31827344.ece">since 1975</a> that the two nuclear-armed nations shed blood over their decades-long <keyword id="6417196" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="border-dispute">border dispute</keyword>.Both sides are <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/indian-and-chinese-military-agree-to-disengage-on-disputed-himalayan-border-idUSKBN23U115" target="_blank" rel="noopener">working to ease tensions</a> in the region, but the days since, both have deployed hundreds of thousands of soldiers. India and China have also <a href="https://www.opindia.com/2020/06/while-china-builds-new-fortifications-india-moves-its-jets-and-helicopters-to-forward-bases-along-lac-report/">moved</a> advanced air assets to forward operating bases in the region and begun building new fortifications.<h2>The world's 2 biggest militaries</h2><div type="image" title="Indian army soldiers" height="982" width="1500" msid="76580460" hostid="261"></div>China and India today are giants.The two countries together <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/health/india-china-world-population-intl-hnk/index.html#:~:text=China%2520and%2520India%2520currently%2520account,and%2520India%2520to%25201.3%2520billion.&amp;text=That%2520would%2520put%2520China's%2520population,1.5%2520billion%2520forecast%2520for%2520India.dia.">account</a> for about 37% of the world's population and are the second- and fifth-largest <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-5-largest-economies-in-the-world-and-their-growth-in-2020-2020-01-22">economies</a>, respectively. They are also the second- and third-largest <a href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/global-military-expenditure-sees-largest-annual-increase-decade-says-sipri-reaching-1917-billion">spenders</a> on defense and are <a href="https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp">ranked</a> fourth and fifth on the Global Firepower Index, which ranks potential military strength.China and India also have the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/militaries-most-active-duty-soldiers-troops-2018-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">two largest active-duty armies</a>, China with about 2.1 million active servicemen and India with roughly 1.4 million.<h2>China has a technological advantage</h2><div type="image" title="China army base Himalayas" height="1729" width="2500" msid="76580464" hostid="261"></div>On the whole, China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) is widely seen as more technologically advanced than India's military.In China's arsenal are stealth fighters, a larger number of nuclear submarines, more military <a href="https://ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database">satellites</a>, and a wider array of modern vehicles and small arms.Some of those weapon systems were built with places like the Himalayas in mind, such as the <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/type-15-meet-tank-china-could-use-fight-india%25E2%2580%2594or-launch-amphibious-invasion-119781">Type 15</a> light tank and a new 155 mm vehicle-mounted howitzer; both were <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EueZdJW_DM">recently featured</a> in televised drills in Tibet.<div type="image" title="China Chinese troops soldiers Tibet training" height="1809" width="2500" msid="76580474" hostid="261"></div>This technology gap "owes primarily to the fact that the Chinese have invested more resources into modernizing their military for a long time at a sustained and high level," Timothy Heath, a senior international and defense researcher at the Rand Corporation, told Insider.The PLA has gone through a massive modernization and restructuring effort since the 1990s, which has been one of the biggest priorities for its leaders, <a href="https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/ChinaPerspectives-10.pdf/">especially</a> President Xi Jinping.China has also shifted from buying advanced equipment from foreign suppliers to being able to produce its own domestic designs.<div type="image" title="India border soldier troops Himalayas" height="1667" width="2500" msid="76580482" hostid="261"></div>Conversely, India has had to rely on foreign suppliers for advanced equipment, and its domestic industries have not been able to produce the type of equipment in the numbers needed to rival China.Until recently, India had not been able to invest the amount of money in defense that countries like China, Russia, and the US do because of its smaller economy. India also needs to send resources to address more immediate threats."Part of the issue with India is that their security problem is much more fragmented," Heath said, noting India's long-time fight with insurgents and the constant challenge from Pakistan.<h2>The technology gap is smaller the Himalayas</h2><div type="image" title="Indian fighter jet Himalayas Ladakh" height="1667" width="2500" msid="76580492" hostid="261"></div>But none of this means that the <a href="https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/india-china-postures/China%2520India%2520Postures.pdf">outcome is preordained</a>. While the PLA has more advanced equipment, most of its best assets and units are focused in eastern and southern China, poised to face off against the US, Japan, or Taiwan.A war with India would be fought largely in the tough, mountainous terrain of the Himalayas, landscape that is radically different from what most of the PLA is trained to deal with. Moreover, India's military is a <a href="https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/imbalance-of-power">capable and well-equipped force</a>.In particular, the Indian Air Force's (IAF) Su-30MKI all-weather multirole air-superiority fighter is regarded as superior to the Chinese J-8, J-11, and Su-27 fighters stationed in the region.<div type="image" title="India Chinook helicopter Himalayas Ladakh" height="1666" width="2500" msid="76580501" hostid="261"></div>The IAF also has a number of US-made Apache attack helicopters and Chinook heavy-lift helicopters already deployed, and unlike the Chinese pilots, they have more dedicated experience flying in the region's <a href="https://www.drivespark.com/off-beat/why-planes-dont-fly-over-himayalas-tibet/articlecontent-pf84128-025108.html">very difficult conditions</a>.Further, India has more advanced air assets already in the region and closer to potential conflict zones, whereas China's air bases are fewer and further inland.India is also expecting its order of S-400 air-defense systems from Russia this fall. This will free up more IAF aircraft for ground-attack roles.<h2>India's army is modernizing</h2><div type="image" title="India Brahmos cruise missile" height="920" width="1400" msid="76580514" hostid="261"></div>India's army is going through a modernization process. It's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkxWgZZlHeU">replacing</a> its domestically made INSAS rifle and AK-47s with the modern AK-203 and SIG 716 assault rifles. It is also replacing the World War II-era Sterling submachine gun with Caracal CAR 816s and for the first time introducing dedicated sniper rifles like the Barret M95 and Scorpio TGT.In February, the army <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-us-sign-contract-for-additional-apache-attack-choppers/articleshow/74299279.cms">signed</a> a contract for six US-made Apache helicopter gunships and is expected to soon order a number of Indian-made HAL light combat helicopters, which are designed to operate in the Himalayas.When it comes to armor, India's T-90 and T-72 tanks should also be worthy adversaries to China's Type 99 and Type 96 tanks.India also has the Brahmos ram-jet supersonic cruise missile. Developed in a joint venture between India and Russia, it is capable of reaching Mach 3, making it one of the fastest missiles in the world. It can be launched from ground and naval launchers and was recently <a href="https://swarajyamag.com/insta/amid-mounting-tensions-with-china-iafs-brahmos-a-supersonic-cruise-missile-is-now-ready-for-combat-use">approved</a> for use by the Indian Air Force.<h2>Experience is a factor</h2><div type="image" title="Indian soldiers troops Himalayas Ladakh" height="1666" width="2500" msid="76580525" hostid="261"></div>The Indian army also has an edge in experience. India has fought numerous wars with Pakistan, most recently the Kargil War in 1999. It has also fought decades-long insurgencies in Jammu and Kashmir and was involved in the Sri Lankan Civil War.One Chinese analyst <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-has-largest-most-experienced-mountain-army-in-the-world-says-chinese-military-expert/story-4eR8hDrrshV7j59OHvfIYO.html">acknowledged</a> that India is "the world's largest and experienced country with plateau and mountain troops."Conversely, China has not fought a major war with anyone since its brief war with Vietnam in 1979 and has used <a href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/what-motivates-chinese-peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping missions</a> as a way for its troops to gain experience.<div type="image" title="China Chinese troops soldiers Tibet training" height="1833" width="2500" msid="76580537" hostid="261"></div>However, as Heath <a href="https://www.rand.org/blog/2018/11/chinas-military-has-no-combat-experience-does-it-matter.html">points out</a>, "combat experience does not automatically translate into military advantage."In particular, the Chinese "are in a better position to concentrate and mass force than the Indians," Heath says. "It doesn't matter how good and experienced your troops are if you're outnumbered 10 to one."Moreover, China's ability to move forces means it may be able to quickly redeploy some of its best equipment and assets, like stealth fighters and ballistic-missile systems.<h2>A naval confrontation</h2><div type="image" title="Chinese China navy submarine" height="920" width="1400" msid="76580546" hostid="261"></div>While China and India don't share a maritime border, they both have vested interests in the Indian Ocean, particularly in the Strait of Malacca, the shipping channel that connects the Indian and Pacific oceans.The vast majority of China's oil imports flow through that strait, as does a large percentage of global trade.China is <a href="https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2019/08/26/the-malacca-dilemma-a-hindrance-to-chinese-ambitions-in-the-21st-century/">keenly aware</a> of its importance and is determined strengthen its presence in the Indian Ocean. China has established <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-troops-to-overseas-base-operational-security-concerns-for-us-2017-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a naval base in Djibouti</a>, may be <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/06/02/chinas-new-high-security-compound-in-pakistan-may-indicate-naval-plans/#7c1ce8631020">building</a> another in Pakistan, and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/asia/china-sri-lanka-port.html">controls</a> a port in Sri Lanka.The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has benefited greatly from investment and reforms. It is now one of the <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/navy-ships/a27532437/china-now-has-more-warships-than-the-us/">largest and strongest</a> navies in the world and has advanced vessels like nuclear-powered ballistic-missile submarines, guided-missile frigates and destroyers, and two aircraft carriers with more on the way.<div type="image" title="India navy Kalvari submarine" height="667" width="1000" msid="76580556" hostid="261"></div>India too has advanced naval assets and <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/indian-navy-to-build-24-submarines-including-six-nuclear-warships/story/392809.html">plans</a> to build more. It currently has one active aircraft carrier with another expected to start sea trials next year and has a number of advanced frigates and submarines, including two nuclear ones.But the Indian Navy is still outclassed. China's Southern Theater Command alone has more diesel-electric attack submarines and guided-missile frigates than the entire Indian fleet.However, India has the same advantage that China enjoys in the East China Sea: proximity to its mainland. Any fight with the PLAN would likely be in India's backyard, which means it can use land-based aircraft and coastal defenses against PLAN ships.<h2>Ballistic and nuclear missiles</h2><div type="image" title="India missile" height="1454" width="2200" msid="76580563" hostid="261"></div>The biggest fear, of course, is that any conflict between China and India will turn nuclear. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute <a href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2020/nuclear-weapon-modernization-continues-outlook-arms-control-bleak-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now">estimates</a> that China has 320 nuclear warheads while India has 150.Though China has more advanced delivery systems and warheads, the proximity of the two countries means that even conventional missiles and aircraft could still deliver massive destruction to Chinese and Indian cities.However, most observers don't believe that a conflict stemming from current border disputes will lead to nuclear war. Both countries have a "no first use" policy, meaning they will only use nuclear weapons in response to a nuclear attack.<div type="image" title="China soldiers India border guard" height="1094" width="2300" msid="76580571" hostid="261"></div>The mass use of ballistic missiles also runs the risk of unintended escalation and prolonging conflict, as they would likely only create stretches of no man's land.The disputes in question may not be seen as worth such destruction. As Heath put it: "risking such massive losses over a barren and desolate stretch of land up in the mountains — it's hard to see how that would be justified."Any war between China and India, then, will most likely see troops attempting to take and hold land in the harsh Himalayas, where air support will be limited, and Indian efforts to fend Chinese ships off of its mainland.

India and China's deadliest border clash in decades risks war between nuclear-armed rivals — here's how the world's 2 largest militaries stack up

The negatives of <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>-China relationship are known to the world, but now it seems that both the countries are making an attempt to improve its ties with India, and here is how. 
 <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="20" keywordseo="China">China</keyword> has inaugurated a new land crossing into <keyword id="6364076" type="COUNTRY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Tibet">Tibet</keyword> to help Indian pilgrims who want to visit the world’s holiest spots in both Hinduism and Buddhism. 
 
As per an Economic Times report, the first tourist group from India has already entered Tibet via a Himalayan pass mid-morning for the 12-day trip to Mount Kailash. 
 The opening of the pass was agreed upon last year, when Chinese president <keyword id="191809" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Xi-Jinping">Xi Jinping</keyword> had visited India and signed the pact for improving ties between the two countries. 
 
China and India have growing commercial links and long historical ties, but their recent history has been overshadowed by suspicion and are yet to sort out a festering border dispute. But now, after an year, it is good to see both two countries making an attempt to resolve their border issues. 
 
Image: Economic Times

China is ‘religious’ly making an attempt to improve its ties with India

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The disputed borderlands between <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>, <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="China">China</keyword>, and <keyword id="3001" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Pakistan">Pakistan</keyword> are increasingly becoming a flashpoint for conflict.</li><li>The world can't ignore these growing challenges, and while the international community should look to help manage the situation, direct US involvement is probably not the best way forward, writes Abby Pokraka, a program coordinator for the Center for Arms-Control and Non-Proliferation.</li></ul>For decades, India and Pakistan have clashed over <keyword id="6354495" type="LOCATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="kashmir">Kashmir</keyword>, the mountainous region both countries claim. But to make matters more complicated, China has a stake in the area, too. The Aksai Chin region — located between Kashmir and Tibet — is under Chinese control and has been a source of conflict between India and China since 1962.The borderlands between these three nuclear-armed states is increasingly a flashpoint for conflict. The international community ignores these growing challenges at its peril and should be looking for ways to help manage potential crises in the region.And while the United States can play a role, in this particular instance, direct US involvement is probably not the best way forward.<div type="image" title="Kashmiri women walk past an Indian security personnel during restrictions after the scrapping of the special constitutional status for Kashmir by the government, in Srinagar, August 11, 2019. REUTERS/Danish Siddiqui" height="2333" width="3500" msid="78409592" hostid="261"></div>The Kashmir region has been disputed since British India was <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1947.stm">partitioned</a> into India and Pakistan in 1947. The first Indo-Pakistani war began after armed Pakistani tribesmen invaded Kashmir. The ceasefire agreement on January 1, 1949 established the Line of Control (LoC) — the de facto border between Indian-controlled and Pakistani-controlled Kashmir.The second Indo-Pakistani war took place in <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war">August 1965</a> after a series of clashes across the LoC, with a third war starting when Pakistan erupted in civil war in 1971.Tensions only escalated when India became a nuclear power in 1974 and Pakistan in 1998. Conflict across the LoC continues today, with the most recent clash occurring in February 2019. It was the deadliest altercation in three decades, with <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/pulwama-attack">40 members</a> of India's police force killed.India and China have a similarly violent history over the Line of Actual Control, which divides Chinese-controlled territory from Indian-controlled territory high up in the Himalayas. After the 1962 Sino-Indian War, an uneasy truce was established, but regular conflicts create a simmering tension between the two countries.The Indian government <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/chinese-troops-had-dismantled-bunkers-on-indian-side-of-line-of-actual-control-in-august-2011-160035-2013-04-25">claims</a> that Chinese troops cross the LAC multiple times a year, leading to increased volatility between the nations. Chinese forces killed <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/world/asia/india-china-border.html">20 Indian</a> soldiers in hand-to-hand combat along the border in June.<div type="image" title="Indian soldiers troops Himalayas Ladakh" height="1666" width="2500" msid="78409594" hostid="261"></div>This was the deadliest confrontation between the two nations in four decades, and negotiations <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/02/asia/india-china-himalayas-border-intl-hnk/index.html">did not</a> diffuse the situation. Tempers flared again when China and India <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/02/asia/india-china-himalayas-border-intl-hnk/index.html">accused</a> each other of illegally trespassing on the other's side and firing warning shots in early September, which would be the<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/world/asia/india-china-border.html"> first time guns were used</a> amid tensions. Little has been done to resolve any of this.China was drawn into a dispute between India and Pakistan when India revoked Kashmir's <a href="https://lite.cnn.com/en/article/h_e57b0ab399a59b28e5373e2fd0890cfa">autonomy</a> in August 2019 and wanted to <a href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2251770/kashmirs-role-boiling-china-india-tensions">incorporate</a> parts of "Xinjiang and Tibet into its Ladakh union territory," which China believes violates its dominion due to its occupation of Tibet. It appears that over the last year the situation in Kashmir has not gotten better."Mass <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/05/india-revoked-kashmirs-autonomy-year-ago-what-has-happened-since-then/">disenfranchisement</a> of Kashmiri Muslims, deteriorating security, economic backsliding and a contentious political agenda" negatively contributes to the tension between India and Pakistan, exacerbating the historical friction in the region.It seems clear that after decades of poor relations, the tensions in this part of the world may reach a <a href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2251770/kashmirs-role-boiling-china-india-tensions">boiling point</a>.<div type="image" title="india kashmir.JPG" height="1373" width="2000" msid="78409596" hostid="261"></div>Finding a solution to these half-century conflicts seems daunting, but it is necessary. While many nations have fought throughout history, a conflict between nuclear-armed states carries an unbearable risk of escalation.To start, these countries can take small steps to stabilize the security of the region and pave the way for better relations. Starting a dialogue, bilateral or trilateral, can improve communication in the longer term, which can help reduce the likelihood of conflict.Establishing crisis communications was an important step the United States and the Soviet Union took in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and de-escalation practices the two countries implemented in the early 1960s remained in place through the end of the Cold War.A third party could help facilitate regional discussions. Given its history in the region, the United States might have seemed like a good option for such facilitation, but that is not the case at this time.The Trump administration's <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-prime-minister-khan-islamic-republic-pakistan-bilateral-meeting/">offer</a> to mediate negotiations between India and Pakistan in July 2019 was generally ignored. Beyond that, the administration's own growing Cold War posture towards Beijung has deteriorated whatever diplomatic leverage it might have had in this situation. This week, President Trump took aim at China before the United Nations, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/22/world/americas/UN-Trump-Xi-China-coronavirus.html">blaming it for the global COVID pandemic</a>.At this point, there is no reason China would see the United States as a desirable mediator for any regional conflict.<div type="image" title="Narendra Modi and Xi Jinping" height="2522" width="4800" msid="78409600" hostid="261"></div>Moreover, it may not be America's responsibility to step into the void. Perhaps there is an opportunity for other nations to take that lead. China and India both have substantial trade relationships with <a href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/russia-hopes-sco-may-facilitate-indo-pak-talks-too-138273">Russia</a>, which may be willing to moderate discussions.Of course, Russia's own differences with China might complicate such an effort. The United Kingdom has made efforts in recent years to better its relationship with <a href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/research-policy-insight/insight-articles/india-and-uk-2050-vision">India</a> and <a href="https://nation.com.pk/10-Sep-2020/pakistan-uk-vow-to-enhance-relations">Pakistan</a>, putting London in the position to be a potential mediator. The Gulf states, with the help of the United States, have <a href="https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/us-gulf-countries-helped-ease-india-pakistan-tensions">diffused</a> tensions between India and Pakistan in the past, so perhaps they could offer further assistance.In the meantime, friction among China, India, and Pakistan continues to grow. The only way to diffuse the tension and prevent destructive escalation is through diplomacy.Other countries need to step up and work to reduce the hostilities. Make no mistake, a large-scale, regional conflict among nuclear-armed states would have global consequences.

Tensions between 3 nuclear-armed powers are rising toward the boiling point

The <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/The-South-China-Sea-is-now-a-core-interest-of-Beijing-and-thats-a-problem-for-its-neighbors/articleshow/47917992.cms">South China Sea</a> (SCS) award by the <keyword id="2933693" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="United-Nations-tribunal">United Nations tribunal</keyword> has rubbished China's historical claims regarding the "nine-dash line", and this could mean well for India. 
 
The long-standing India-China territorial dispute in Arunachal Pradesh could finally be solved thanks to this verdict, and looks like the judgment would be in the favour of India. 
 
For a long time now, China has been claiming Arunachal, particularly Tawang, as southern <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/China-operationalises-biggest-dam-on-Brahmaputra-in-Tibet/articleshow/49337198.cms">Tibet</a>, giving birth to the border conflict between the neighbouring nations. 
 
Also read: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/China-rejects-US-advise-to-follow-Indias-example-over-South-China-Sea-row/articleshow/53195953.cms">China rejects US advise to follow India's example over South China Sea row</a> 
 
However, when the United Nations tribunal came out with the SCS award, it indisputably rubbished Chinese claims on the famed "nine-dash line". 
 
"The tribunal concluded that, to the extent China had historic (sic) rights to resources in the waters of the South China Sea, such rights were extinguished to the extent they were incompatible with the exclusive economic zones provided for in the (UN) convention... Tribunal concluded that there was no legal basis for China to claim historic (sic) rights to resources within the sea areas falling within the 'nine-dash line'," said the verdict. 
 
Also read: ​<a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/PoK-and-Arunachal-as-disputed-territories/articleshow/52129850.cms">Showing PoK and Arunachal as disputed territories will land you in jail for 7 years</a> 
 
<a href="http://russiancouncil.ru/common/upload/chinaindia3.jpg">Image source</a>

South China Sea verdict could rule Sino-India Arunachal dispute in India's favour

As China's commitment for disengagement at the border in Eastern Ladakh remains unsatisfactory, India has directed its armed forces to prepare for a long haul, sources said on Tuesday. The revelation came during a review meeting on Tuesday afternoon in the South Block as deliberation took place over the fifth round of Corps Commander level talks. The members of the China Study Group along with Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar met to discuss the results of dialogue during the fifth round of Corps Commander level talks. Sources said that Chinese disengagement plan at <keyword id="1255425" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pangong-Lake">Pangong Lake</keyword> and Depsang remains "unsatisfactory". It was also decided that there was no question of diluting India's stand. "Future strategies for disengagement at the border to be chalked out and till then forces have been told to plan for a long haul," said a source privy to the meeting. It was also discussed that Beijing has started troop and material build-up in depth areas across the 3,488-km Line of Actual Control (LAC). The fifth round of talks took place between the 14 Corps commander Lt General Harinder Singh and South Xinjiang Military District chief Major General Liu Lin at Moldo on August 2 and it lasted for 10 hours. India found that the Chinese side has started the build-up in three sectors of the LAC -- western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). Intelligence agencies also alerted that China has also mobilised soldiers near Uttarakhand's Lipulekh Pass, a tri-junction between India, Nepal and China situated atop the Kalapani Valley. India had urged China to remove forces from Pangong Lake and Gogra where disengagement has not taken place. At Pangong Lake, China has strengthened their positions between Finger-5 and 8, and India is to take up this move very strongly. The mountain spurs jutting into the lake are referred to as Fingers in military parlance. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has refused to pull back eastwards from the 8-km stretch it has occupied from Finger-4 to Finger-8 by building scores of new fortifications there since early May. The Chinese troops are also in Depsang which continues to block Indian soldiers from going to their traditional patrolling in the region. The Depsang Plains, a table-top plateau to the north of Galwan, remains a major hotspot due to its strategic location providing access to the logistical hub and airstrip at Daulat Beg Oldie and the critical Karakoram Pass in the north. Since the PLA troops are not moving back as per consensus, the <keyword id="6354416" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Army">Indian Army</keyword> has kicked off the massive logistical exercise for advance winter stocking with rations, specialised clothing, prefabricated shelters, Arctic tents and other equipment to maintain. India has deployed over 35,000 troops in Ladakh. China is not complying with the roadmap for a complete pullback that was drawn out during the Corps Commander level meet on July 14. Till now two rounds of deliberations have taken at Moldo (China) and two in Chushul (India). The countries are locked in a three-month-long stand-off at multiple points, hitherto unprecedented along the border. China had changed the status quo on the LAC at various places, moving inside the Indian territories. India has objected to it and is taking up the matter with China at all levels. The troop disengagement happened only at patrolling point-14 in Galwan Valley, the site of the June 15 clashes, and patrolling point-15 in Hot Springs. On June 15, as many as 20 Indian soldiers and an unknown number of Chinese soldiers were killed in a violent clash in the Galwan Valley. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/indian-army-is-loading-supplies-in-ladakh-fearing-the-worst-for-india-china-border-issue/articleshow/77122683.cms">India is loading up supplies in Ladakh fearing the worst as the Chinese army drags its feet on its way back</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/tinder-bumble-and-ok-cupid-banned-by-indian-army-to-keep-soldiers-from-being-honey-trapped/articleshow/76866610.cms">What is a honey trap ⁠— the reason why the Indian Army banned Tinder, Bumble, and OK Cupid</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/fresh-negotiations-between-military-commanders-from-india-and-china-starts-today-to-end-friction-in-ladakh/articleshow/77311439.cms">Fresh negotiations between military commanders from India and China starts today to end friction in Ladakh</a>

Indian Army plans for the long haul as talks with China remain unsatisfactory

<ul><li>India and China have agreed to resolve the border dispute along <keyword id="9262087" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-line-of-actual-control">the Line of Actual Control</keyword> (LAC) through bilateral means. </li><li>The both sides held talks between senior level military officers on Saturday, June 6.</li><li>The negotiations took place at the Border Personnel Meeting Point in Maldo on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control in Chushul sector. </li></ul>Indian and Chinese military commanders agreed to peacefully resolve the <keyword id="9359015" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="current-border-issue">current border issue</keyword> in <keyword id="2572623" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="eastern-Ladakh">eastern Ladakh</keyword> in accordance with <keyword id="1103429" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="bilateral-pacts">bilateral pacts</keyword> as well as the agreement reached between leadership of the two countries, <keyword id="9284269" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-external-affairs-ministry">the External Affairs Ministry</keyword> said on Sunday. The two sides held high-level military talks on Saturday in an attempt to resolve the month-long bitter standoff in mountainous eastern Ladakh. "Both sides agreed to peacefully resolve the situation in the border areas in accordance with various bilateral agreements and keeping in view the agreement between the leaders that peace and tranquillity in the India-China border regions is essential for the overall development of bilateral relations, the MEA said in a brief statement. The military talks took place at the Border Personnel Meeting Point in Maldo on the Chinese side of the Line of Actual Control in Chushul sector. "Both sides also noted that this year marked the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries and agreed that an early resolution would contribute to the further development of the relationship," the MEA said. "Accordingly, the two sides will continue the military and diplomatic engagements to resolve the situation and to ensure peace and tranquillity in the border areas," it said. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/china-is-a-bully-says-us-representative-on-india-china-border-issue/articleshow/76147159.cms">China is a ‘bully’ says US Representative on India-China border issue</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/experts-believe-that-the-india-china-border-dispute-is-unlikely-to-turn-into-another-war-like-the-one-in-1962/articleshow/76128454.cms">India and China are testing each other at the Ladakh border— but it won’t be another war like in 1962, according to experts</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-china-border-dispute-beijing-sends-more-troops/articleshow/76060995.cms">China is reportedly adding troops on the Ladakh border⁠ and India is matching up to it</a>

India-China border dispute to be resolved through talks, says MEA

Top Indian and Chinese military commanders will meet on Monday at Moldo to discuss the <keyword id="6417196" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="border-dispute">border dispute</keyword>, especially in the <keyword id="1255425" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pangong-Lake">Pangong Lake</keyword> area, in eastern Ladakh, sources said. This would be the sixth meeting between two military commanders in the last four months. This time, a senior Ministry of External Affairs official -- Joint Secretary, East Asia, Navin Srivastava -- will be joining the Indian delegation. The delegation, headed by 14 Corps commander Lt Gen Harinder Singh, would also include two Major Generals - <keyword id="9971996" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="major-gen-abhijit-bapat">Major Gen Abhijit Bapat</keyword>, and Major <keyword id="9971995" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gen-padam-shekhawat">Gen Padam Shekhawat</keyword> - apart from Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Inspector General Deepam Seth and four brigadiers. In August, during the fifth round of Corps Commander level discussions - between Lt Gen Singh and South Xinjiang Military District chief, Major Gen Liu Lin, both the representatives deliberated upon the prevailing situation in Pangong Lake, the biggest flashpoint in the standoff. "The meeting of these two military leaders will start at 9 a.m.," said a source, adding that the two commanders met for the first time on June 6 when China had agreed to withdraw their forces from all the places which India had raised objections to. But then a barbaric attack at patrolling point 14 in Galwan Valley on June 15 was carried out by Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) in which 20 Indian soldiers and unknown number of Chinese soldiers were killed. The clash occurred at the south bank of Galwan river, which flows in an east-west direction before its confluence with Shyok river. There were the first fatalities faced by the Indian Army in a clash with the PLA since 1975 when an Indian patrol was ambushed by Chinese troops in Arunachal Pradesh. Now the delegates are meeting to discuss the de-escalation at Pangong Lake where both sides' troops are at rifle range at four locations - three on the southern bank and one on the northern. "At these places, troops are just a few hundred metres away," the source added. On the north bank, the troops are in an eyeball-to-eyeball situation between Finger 3 and Finger 4 -- the military term for mountain spurs jutting into the lake -- where warning shots were fired in the air by both the armies. On the south bank, the two sides' troops are a few metres away at Spanggur Gap, Mukhpari, and Rezang La. China first made provocative military moves and thereafter, India too deployed troops at these locations. At these two places, both the countries' troops have fired warning shots to stop intimidate each other. PLA troops made movements to occupy the area between Finger 3 and 4 earlier this month which led to firing of around 200 shots in the air. The north bank of the lake is divided into 8 fingers that are contested by both sides. India claims the Line of Actual Control is at Finger 8 and had been holding on to area till Finger 4 but in a clear alteration of status quo, the Chinese have been camping at Finger 4 and have set up fortifications between Finger 5 and 8. India and China are engaged in a four-month-long standoff at the LAC in eastern Ladakh. Despite several levels of dialogue, there has not been any breakthrough and the deadlock continues. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/latest-updates-on-india-china-border-issue/articleshow/78162853.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Chinese air drills in Lhasa, Chinese propaganda against Rajnath Singh and other latest updates on the India-China border issue</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/telecom/news/airtel-seems-to-be-sticking-to-its-strengths-while-its-shareholders-want-jio-like-fireworks/articleshow/78222570.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Airtel seems to be sticking to its strengths while its shareholders want Jio-like fireworks</a>

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