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It didn't take long for Donald Trump to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lindsey-graham-says-trump-stop-attacking-harris-over-race-2024-8">play the race card</a> on Kamala Harris. Only days after she became her party's presumptive nominee for president, Trump declared that her racial identity was nothing but an act. "I didn't know she was Black until a number of years ago, when she happened to turn Black, and now she wants to be known as Black," he <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-kamala-harris-turned-black-nabj-interview-2024-7">told the National Association of Black Journalists</a>. "So, I don't know, is she Indian or is she Black?"Racist? Sure. But on a deeper level, Trump was calling into question the vice president's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-complains-kamala-harris-calls-him-felon-court-docs-2024-8">authenticity and truthfulness</a>. In this construction, Harris is a phony — someone who uses her race for personal gain. To Trump, the way she <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-life-and-career-of-kamala-harris-bidens-vp-pick-2020-8">presents herself through multiple lenses</a> — the Indian and Jamaican ancestry of her parents, her upbringing in California, her education at a historically Black university — is just some DEI grift.Nicole Holliday knew this was going to happen. A sociolinguist at UC Berkeley, Holliday specializes in how people construct their social identities through the way they speak. She had studied the way Barack Obama crafted his biracial image through political speech, and when Harris ran for president in 2020 Holliday understood that she presented a persona unlike any other candidate. Years before the MAGA knives came out for Harris, Holliday set out to study how the vice president speaks — and what her linguistic patterns reveal about her racial identity.Like anyone, Harris' speech patterns and pronunciation come from where she spent her formative years and who she spent them with. Harris is a self-described "daughter of Oakland, California" who grew up in the Bay Area, spent time in Montreal, and went to college at Howard University. That's a familiar American story, but it means Harris exhibits a combination of a California accent and what linguists like Holliday often refer to as African American English.To study Harris' pitch, Holliday collected <a target="_blank" href="https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2022/holliday22_speechprosody.pdf">audio clips from debates during the 2020 primaries</a>. The results were revealing. When Harris criticized her future running mate Joe Biden for his positions on school integration and busing, for instance, she famously ended an anecdote about a little girl who had benefited from those policies by saying "that little girl was me." On the word that, Harris' pitch had a noticeable fall, followed by a rise. That low-to-high shift, in linguistic notation, is called an L+H* pitch accent. And it has different meanings in African American English versus the Mainstream US English more likely spoken by white folks. (Don't @ me: These are the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0047404500020893/type/journal_article">terms linguists use</a>.)"White people only have that when they're doing contrastive things," Holliday explains. "You get this L+H* when they're trying to correct you. But Black speakers across the United States just put it all over the place. It doesn't mean contrast." So when white people unfamiliar with African American English hear that rise and fall, they think the speaker is being kind of argumentative. "The rises and falls happen in places that are unexpected for your average white listener," Holliday says, "so they try to make sense of it using the way they would talk." How "Black" Harris sounds, in other words, is in the ear of the beholder.Another element of Harris' accent that gets heard differently is called a "phrase-initial falsetto" — a little squeak she often uses at the beginning of a sentence. When that sentence starts with I, something self-referential, it can sound to folks unfamiliar with Black speaking patterns as if Harris is contradicting them: "No! You're not the one. I am." But that, Holliday says, is not what Harris is doing. What she's actually doing, in a completely authentic way, is what Trump accuses her of faking — she's speaking in the Black linguistic patterns she grew up around. Holliday's data, in fact, shows that Black women have a much wider pitch and frequency range than other folks — particularly in emotionally charged situations.This, in linguistic terms, may be where Trump's audience finds justification for the idea that Harris is "crazy." "People are hearing her do these things that could be described as emphatic to an average white listener," Holliday says. "And if they're overlaying racist ideologies on top of that, that's where you get to 'unhinged.'"Those pitch variations Holliday studied are very hard to fake; Meryl Streep wins Oscars for a reason. Which is why Holliday deployed a novel methodology to analyze Harris's speech pattern. In 2022, she compared the way Harris talks to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2022/holliday22_speechprosody.pdf">audio clips of the comedian Maya Rudolph</a> doing her <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-maya-rudolph-snl-memes-reactions-2024-7">impression of Harris</a> on "Saturday Night Live." What, Holliday wondered, could we learn from Rudolph's spot-on mimicry?The comparison is particularly apt. A lot of research on African American English focuses on younger people, or poorer ones. But not only is Rudolph a gifted impressionist, she's also a demographic match for Harris. As Holliday notes, the two women are roughly the same age, and both have one Black and one non-Black parent.In clip after clip, Holliday found, Rudolph nailed Harris' speech pattern, but exaggerated it for comic effect. Her low-to-high rise on the that in "I was that girl" is peakier, for instance. In her "I'm also America's cool aunt" joke, she hits the phrase-initial falsetto on the I'm, and the L+H* accent on America's. Just about anything Harris does, Rudolph does, too, but more so. Rudolph actually does the falsetto thing twice as often as Harris, Holliday found.Holliday also delved into the diverse influences that shaped Harris' accent. She didn't study the Indian features of Harris' vocal patterns, because she felt the Asian American community surrounding Harris as a child was too small to have much of a linguistic impact. But to look for signs of Harris' Californian upbringing, as well as her time at Howard, Holliday studied <a target="_blank" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article-abstract/99/2/135/382797/Complex-Variation-in-the-Construction-of-a">thousands of individual phrases she used</a> in the 2020 debates. In many cases, she found that Harris has a classic California Vowel Shift — when she makes an "oo" sound and "oa" sound, like in "cool" and "goat," they're produced more forward in the mouth, in linguistic parlance.In other areas, Harris deviates from the California Vowel Shift. Many Californians, for example, pronounce the words "cot" and "caught" the same, as homonyms. Harris does not. Neither does she pronounce "pin" and "pen" the same — what's known among linguists as an African American Vowel Shift. In fact, when Holliday went looking for 28 standard features of African American English in Harris' syntax — stuff like substituting ain't for have not, or saying finna for I'm fixing to — Harris didn't do any of it. In other words, you can take the girl out of California, but you can't take the California out of the girl.Holliday found that Harris does use some features of African American English. She'll leave out the copula, the to-be verb, in front of the vernacular words gotta and gonna. ("Dude gotta go," referring to Trump, was a catchphrase for a while.) And she occasionally says I'mma, as in "I'mma let you finish." But here's where the roots of Harris' identity are harder to parse, because those elements of African American English are also <a target="_blank" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1525/jlin.2003.13.2.211">spread through general pop culture</a>. So what part of Harris' heritage or history is she drawing on when she uses those constructions?Holliday thinks those usages are "camouflaged" — recognized as informal political speech by all audiences, but also coded as a signal of shared identity for Black audiences. Like every politician, Harris wants to connect to as many audiences as possible. That's how you get votes."Every politician throughout history does it," Holiday says. "The fact that people have different styles is not an indication of inauthenticity. The issue is that when people perceive it as inauthentic, then that can be politically damaging. When your styles are scrutinized by the entire country — including people who are not doing it in good faith — that is another layer."And therein lies the real rub. As a multiethnic woman, Harris is facing an assault on her identity unlike any other presidential nominee in history. When Trump and his surrogates describe her as an undeserving "DEI hire," and use her speech patterns to mock her as inauthentic, they're taking an age-old tradition of race-baiting to a whole new level. Holliday's work puts the lie to Trump's warped and pernicious ideas about what makes us who we are."We become ourselves in the space we inhabit," Holliday says. "I don't think Harris is inauthentic. I think she's just inhabited a lot of spaces."<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/author/adam-rogers">Adam Rogers</a> is a senior correspondent at Business Insider.

What Maya Rudolph's impression reveals about Kamala Harris

<ul class="summary-list"><li>On Sunday, a <keyword id="23461" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Virginia">Virginia</keyword> man drove his truck into a crowd of anti-racism <keyword id="44000" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="protesters">protesters</keyword>.</li><li>The suspect, <keyword id="9374478" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="harry-h-rogers">Harry H. Rogers</keyword>, injured one protester, whose wounds are not serious. </li><li>Rogers has been charged with assault and battery, attempted malicious wounding, and felony vandalism.</li><li>Shannon Taylor, Henrico County prosecutor, said he's a leader of the <keyword id="93329" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Ku-Klux-Klan">Ku Klux Klan</keyword>, citing his own admission and social media posts.</li></ul>The man who drove into a crowd of Black Lives Matter protesters near <keyword id="110472" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Richmond">Richmond</keyword>, Virginia, on Sunday is a leader of the Ku Klux Klan, prosecutors say.Harry H. Rogers, 36, barreled down a street in Lakeside, just north of Richmond, in his blue pick-up truck at around 6 p.m., revving his engine before plowing into protesters, <a href="https://twitter.com/ShannonTaylorVA/status/1270019013851189248">said Shannon Taylor</a>, Henrico County prosecutor, in a statement. "The accused, by his own admission and by a cursory glance at social media, is an admitted leader of the Ku Klux Klan and a propagandist for Confederate ideology," <a href="https://twitter.com/ShannonTaylorVA/status/1270019013851189248/photo/1">Taylor said in a statement</a>. "We are investigating whether hate crimes charges are appropriate."The attack injured one protester, whose wounds are not serious. Rogers is being held without bond and faces charges of assault and battery, attempted malicious wounding, and felony vandalism.Membership for the KKK, America's most notorious racist group, has dwindled over the past several decades, <a href="https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/assets/pdf/combating-hate/tattered-robes-state-of-kkk-2016.pdf">according to the Anti-Defamation League</a>. But the group's violent influence has been supplanted by other white-supremacist groups. From 1999 through 2019, the number of American hate groups more than doubled, <a href="https://www.splcenter.org/news/2020/03/18/year-hate-and-extremism-2019">according to the Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.The SCLP found that the number of hate groups has risen by 55% since 2017, the year when James Field drove his car into a group of counter-protesters at the infamous Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. The 22-year old Field, a white supremacist, was sentenced to life in prison <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/28/us/james-fields-sentencing.html">for killing Heather Heyer</a>, 32, and injuring dozens. Rogers also participated in that protest, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/08/klan-leader-charged-harry-rogers-virginia">according to The Guardian</a>.As demonstrations surge across the country in solidarity with <keyword id="9295731" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="george-floyd">George Floyd</keyword>, who was killed by police in late May, protesters are facing violence from citizens <a href="https://www.insider.com/george-floyd-protests-police-violence-reform-change-2020-6">and police officers</a> alike.The same night that Rogers attacked protesters in Virginia, a man in Seattle, Washington, drove his car through a barricade before jumping out, <a href="https://twitter.com/koush/status/1269834357021130753">pistol in hand</a>. He shot and injured one protester, a black man. Officers later charged a man named Nikolas Fernandez for the <keyword id="39494" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Crime">crime</keyword>, and <a href="https://www.insider.com/george-floyd-protests-police-violence-reform-change-2020-6">prosecutors are expected to charge him with assault</a>.Early on Sunday morning, days after Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan put <a href="https://www.insider.com/city-police-departments-ban-chokeholds-other-deadly-force-options-2020-6">a month-long ban</a> on police's use of tear gas against protesters, Seattle police were firing tear gas into crowds, <a href="https://twitter.com/chaseburnsy/status/1269890809991589890">video footage shows</a>.In late May, as protests erupted in New York City, police officers <a href="https://twitter.com/PMBreakingNews/status/1266900412721967104?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1266900412721967104&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insider.com%2Fnypd-officer-pulls-gun-on-protesters-de-blasio-criticizes-him-2020-620-6">drove two cruisers</a> into a crowd of protesters. The next day, an NYPD officer <a href="https://www.insider.com/nypd-officer-pulls-gun-on-protesters-de-blasio-criticizes-him-2020-6">unholstered his handgun</a> and aimed it at protesters. <ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/cuomo-falsely-claims-nypd-hasnt-attacked-protesters-with-batons-2020-6">New York Gov. Cuomo falsely said NYPD officers hadn't hit peaceful protesters with batons. Here are the videos.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/philadelphia-police-officer-protester-police-union-honored-him-2020-6">A Philadelphia police officer smacked a protester in the head with a metal baton. His police union is selling T-shirts defending him.</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/city-police-departments-ban-chokeholds-other-deadly-force-options-2020-6">Police departments across the country are banning chokeholds and other 'deadly force' techniques in the wake of George Floyd's killing</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/united-nations-experts-slam-racial-terror-lynchings-united-states-2020-6">UN experts slam 'modern-day racial terror lynchings' in the United States, demand immediate reform</a></li></ul>

The man who drove his truck into a crowd of Black Lives Matter protesters in Virginia is a leader of the Ku Klux Klan, prosecutor says

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Donald Trump proposed mass deportation to lower housing costs and boost job opportunities.</li><li>Democrats argue deportations harm businesses, separate families, and displace millions.</li></ul>The <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deportation-immigration-policy-election-housing-home-prices-construction-costs-2024-10">mass deportation</a> of people living in the US illegally has been one of the cornerstones of the Republican presidential ticket leading up to the November election.In speeches, former president <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/housing-affordability-supply-impact-presidential-election-scenarios-homebuyers-harris-trump-2024-10">Donald Trump</a> has suggested that deportations could lower housing prices and give legal residents, especially Black and Hispanic Americans, more job opportunities. His supporters say allowing migrants to enter the country and live and work illegally places a long-term burden on the economy."We're going to have the largest deportation in the history of our country," Trump <a target="_blank" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-vows-mass-deportation-migrants-springfield-dismisses-threats/story?id=113661663">said in September</a> while taking reporter questions in Los Angeles. "And we're going to start with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/springfield-ohio-town-center-baseless-trump-pet-eating-claims-tensions-2024-9">Springfield</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2024/09/13/aurora-tren-de-aragua-donald-trump-venezuela-immigration/">Aurora</a>," he added, referring to the Ohio and Colorado cities where debates around immigration have been particularly tense.Many Democrats say <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-mass-deportation-immigraiton-plan-federal-reserve-inflation-2024-9">mass deportations</a> would hurt businesses and employment opportunities for all Americans, in addition to separating families and displacing millions of people. It's especially salient in the crucial southern border swing state of Arizona."We all remember what they did to tear families apart, and now they have pledged to carry out the largest deportation — a mass deportation — in American history," Vice President Kamala Harris said at a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFCjE-73yUw">September conference</a>. "Imagine what that would look like and what that would be. How is that going to happen? Massive raids? Massive detention camps?"Current <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/texas-latinos-shifting-right-trump-harris-gop-democrats-starr-county-2024-10">immigration</a> policy already supports deporting large numbers of unauthorized residents. The Biden administration has deported over <a target="_blank" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/biden-deportation-record">1.1 million</a> people from 2021 to February 2024, and Vice President Kamala Harris has supported <a target="_blank" href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2024/trump-vs-harris-immigration-future-policy-proposals">higher standards</a> for asylum eligibility.Deportations would likely continue under Harris' administration, but Trump's proposals would be an order of magnitude greater and perhaps the most consequential outcome of his second term.A September <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/09/09/issues-and-the-2024-election/">Pew Research Center poll</a> found that immigration is a key issue for more than half of Americans as they cast their ballots. To untangle the data and campaign rhetoric and understand the effects of mass deportation on the economy, Business Insider reviewed research and spoke with over a dozen experts, politicians, local advocacy organizations, and immigrants.<h2 id="460770c2-debc-4bb0-921f-c9c4040c1f7b">2 cities in Arizona show the crux of the economic debate</h2>Immigrants, both authorized and unauthorized, make up nearly 13% of Arizona's population, one of the highest in the country, the nonpartisan think tank <a target="_blank" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/AZ">Migration Policy Institute</a> estimates. Pew Research Center estimates <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.kjzz.org/kjzz-news/2024-07-30/report-undocumented-migrants-make-up-3-5-of-arizonas-population">as many as 250,000</a> Arizona residents could be deported under Trump's plan.Some of those deportees could be from Yuma, Arizona, a city near the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-arizona-mexico-border-security-immigration-trump-election-2024-9">US-Mexico border</a>. Its mayor, Douglas Nicholls, told BI that upticks in illegal immigration have strained the city's resources and infrastructure.Nicholls, a Republican, plans to vote for Trump and wants the next president to focus on more funding and staffing for the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency. He said the US needs to prioritize immediate processing for those seeking asylum, improve technology along the border, and expedite removal processes."We're not equipped as a community to handle large amounts of people coming through without resources," Nicholls said. "We don't have a homeless shelter focused on migrants. Our homeless shelter is focused on pretty much residents, and it's pretty busy at that already."When it comes to mass deportations, he said the town's main industry, agriculture, wouldn't suffer too much because employers use legal paths to work authorization, like H-2A or green-card programs, to recruit labor. He said that migrants tend to pass through Yuma before moving on.Tucson's mayor, Regina Romero, said the story is different in Arizona's second-most populous city. She told BI that a mass deportation would devastate the agriculture, construction, and hospitality industries.Romero, a Democrat who endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris, said immigrants living in the country illegally "pay <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rich-life-insurance-estate-taxes-ilit-2024-9">taxes</a> and have billions of dollars worth of spending power."Instead of deportation, Romero said she wants the federal government to add more judges and staff to shorten asylum-application wait times and invest more in infrastructure at ports of entry."For many decades, Tucson has known how to help immigrant refugee and asylum-seeking populations connect to whomever they need to connect to," Romero said. "We know how to do it."<h2 id="797f992d-38a7-4c54-a0ef-9b344070016b">The national economic impact of mass deportations</h2>Removing the <a target="_blank" href="https://cmsny.org/us-undocumented-population-increased-in-july-2023-warren-090624/#:~:text=The%20total%20undocumented%20population%20increased,to%2010%20million%20in%202020.">estimated</a> 11.7 million unauthorized immigrants from the US would reshape the labor market, cost an enormous amount, strain government services, and affect economic growth and inflation for a decade or more.<h3 id="91aa708f-8270-476a-97e4-7e553eda3734">Employment and the labor market</h3>The Trump campaign and its allies have argued that deportations could open more employment opportunities for Americans.Immigrants are "going to be attacking — and they already are — Black population jobs, the Hispanic population jobs, and they're attacking union jobs, too," Trump said at an October rally in Reading, Pennsylvania.Immigrants account for a third of workers in jobs paying under $30,000 a year, the conservative think tank American Compass <a target="_blank" href="https://americancompass.org/a-guide-to-labor-supply/">said</a>. Duncan Braid, its coalition director, told BI that competition from those immigrants hurts lower-income Americans. He said while mass deportations may cost the government a lot of money, its role is to protect the Constitution and its citizens."We currently have a situation where there is sort of an unlimited number of lower-skilled people coming into this country, and them competing directly with other low-skilled Americans already here would necessarily, just based on very basic theory, suppress their wages," Braid said.Recent research suggests the opposite. A <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w32389">working paper by economists</a> at the University of California, Davis, found that increases in immigration can boost native employment."We really don't see much evidence of substitution between unauthorized immigrants and US-born people at all," <a target="_blank" href="https://www.brookings.edu/people/chloe-east/">Chloe East</a>, a fellow at the Brookings Institution, said. "That's partly because the jobs that unauthorized immigrants are willing to take are lower-paying, are more dangerous, and are less desirable for other reasons."<h3 id="dd881018-1654-4a0f-89bc-4814c3eb733e">How much a mass deportation would cost the government</h3>The Trump campaign has talked little about how mass deportations could be implemented and on what scale. While in the White House, Trump carried out about <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/biden-deportation-record">1.5 million</a> deportations and made similar promises about mass deportation but was met with various legal challenges. At a campaign rally on October 11 in Aurora, Colorado, Trump pledged to use a 1798 law to deport suspected members of cartels and gangs.To carry out what he called "the largest domestic deportation operation in American history," Trump plans to bolster ICE raids by reassigning federal agents and recruiting from local police forces and says he'll order the construction of new detention camps for people waiting for their cases to be processed, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html">The New York Times reported</a>.That would be an expensive undertaking. Using Census Bureau data, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/mass-deportation">American Immigration Council</a> estimated it would cost the federal government over $315 billion, including hiring up to 409,000 new government employees.In addition to labor market disruptions, economists also say the country would lose tax revenue. Unauthorized immigrants paid $96.7 billion in federal, state, and local taxes — about $8,889 per person — in 2022, the <a target="_blank" href="https://itep.org/undocumented-immigrants-taxes-2024/">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a> said. In 2022, unauthorized immigrants paid about $704 million in state and local taxes in Arizona alone.Supporters of deportation argue that the loss of tax revenue would be offset by savings on reduced services for immigrants. A study from the conservative <a target="_blank" href="https://manhattan.institute/article/the-lifetime-fiscal-impact-of-immigrants">Manhattan Institute</a> estimated that while older and less-educated immigrants, on average, receive more in federal benefits than they pay in taxes, higher-educated young immigrants are taxed more than they get back over their lifetime.The Trump campaign has made a similar argument, saying that welfare programs, taxpayer-subsidized health insurance, transportation costs through FEMA, and education expenses for immigrants ultimately cost taxpayers billions of dollars."The real economic crisis is the $182 billion American tax dollars spent each year to cover the costs of 20 million illegal immigrants that have flooded our communities thanks to Kamala Harris' wide-open border policies," Taylor Rogers, an RNC spokesperson, said in a statement to Business Insider."President Trump's mass deportation of illegal immigrants will not only make our communities safer but will save Americans from footing the bill for years to come," Rogers added.<h3 id="636206ff-627e-4eb3-9f7e-3ba104a3e936">Economic growth and inflation</h3>Mass deportations could have consequences for economic growth as a whole. The Trump campaign hasn't addressed overall growth and inflation concerns but has said deportations would help reduce demand in the housing market.On a more macro scale, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economics/2024/mass-deportations-would-harm-us-economy">Peterson Institute</a> for International Economics said gross domestic product could fall 1.2% below baseline by 2028 if 1.3 million people are deported, while inflation could climb 0.5 percentage points above current estimates by 2026. In a more extreme scenario where 8.4 million people are deported, GDP could fall by 7.4% and inflation could climb 3.5 percentage points above baseline by the end of the decade.The American Immigration Council has a similarly negative view of the economic impact. It estimated that the US could lose between 4.2% and 6.8% in GDP if about 11 million people are deported."It would be very easy for an average American to see the impact of this policy in their daily life," Marcus Noland, the executive vice president and director of studies at the Peterson Institute, said.

Arizona is the epicenter of the debate over how Trump's mass deportation plan would hit the economy

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<ul class="summary-list"><li>President Donald Trump ordered the building of a "National Garden of American Heroes" with statues of an eclectic range of people.</li><li>The list includes Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the basketball player Kobe Bryant, and the "Jeopardy" host Alex Trebek.</li><li>Read the full list of Trump's picks below.</li></ul>President Donald Trump ordered the building of a "National Garden of American Heroes" with statues of people including Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the basketball player Kobe Bryant, and the "Jeopardy" host Alex Trebek.Trump issued <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-building-national-garden-american-heroes/">an executive order</a> on Monday, the penultimate full day of his presidency, directing the construction of a statue garden "to reflect the awesome splendor of our country's timeless exceptionalism."Trump <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-announced-national-garden-of-american-heroes-2020-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">first proposed the garden</a> last July at Mount Rushmore amid a heated debate about <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/confederate-monuments-spark-controversy-2017-8">removing Confederate monuments and statues</a>.He <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-plays-race-card-and-culture-war-against-biden-2020-7?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">claimed the US was threatened</a> by a "left-wing cultural revolution" and suggested activists were seeking to "tear down every statue."The executive order issued Monday did not specify a location for the garden but listed over 200 "American heroes" to commemorate. The president said it was "America's answer to this reckless attempt to erase our heroes, values, and entire way of life."The list included the sports stars Muhammad Ali and Herb Brooks, the singer Whitney Houston, the actors Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman, and dozens of historical figures such as Christopher Columbus.There were also aviation pioneers, writers, inventors, musicians, military veterans, industrialists, and former presidents."The gates of a beautiful new garden will soon open to the public where the legends of America's past will be remembered," the executive order said. "The National Garden will be built to reflect the awesome splendor of our country's timeless exceptionalism. It will be a place where citizens, young and old, can renew their vision of greatness."The garden appears unlikely to be built, given that Trump issued the order during his last week in office and that President-elect Joe Biden has promised to spend his first days in the White House reversing Trump's signature policies.<h2>Read Trump's full list of 'American heroes'</h2><div type="image" title="Trump " height="1000" width="2000" msid="80350013" hostid="261"></div><ul><li>Ansel Adams</li><li>John Adams</li><li>Samuel Adams</li><li>Muhammad Ali</li><li>Luis Walter Alvarez</li><li>Susan B. Anthony</li><li>Hannah Arendt</li><li>Louis Armstrong</li><li>Neil Armstrong</li><li>Crispus Attucks</li><li>John James Audubon</li><li>Lauren Bacall</li><li>Clara Barton</li><li>Todd Beamer</li><li>Alexander Graham Bell</li><li>Roy Benavidez</li><li>Ingrid Bergman</li><li>Irving Berlin</li><li>Humphrey Bogart</li><li>Daniel Boone</li><li>Norman Borlaug</li><li>William Bradford</li><li>Herb Brooks</li><li>Kobe Bryant</li><li>William F. Buckley Jr.</li><li>Sitting Bull</li><li>Frank Capra</li><li>Andrew Carnegie</li><li>Charles Carroll</li><li>John Carroll</li><li>George Washington Carver</li><li>Johnny Cash</li><li>Joshua Chamberlain</li><li>Whittaker Chambers</li><li>Johnny "Appleseed" Chapman</li><li>Ray Charles</li><li>Julia Child</li><li>Gordon Chung-Hoon</li><li>William Clark</li><li>Henry Clay</li><li>Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)</li><li>Roberto Clemente</li><li>Grover Cleveland</li><li>Red Cloud</li><li>William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody</li><li>Nat King Cole</li><li>Samuel Colt</li><li>Christopher Columbus</li><li>Calvin Coolidge</li><li>James Fenimore Cooper</li><li>Davy Crockett</li><li>Benjamin O. Davis Jr.</li><li>Miles Davis</li><li>Dorothy Day</li><li>Joseph H. De Castro</li><li>Emily Dickinson</li><li>Walt Disney</li><li>William "Wild Bill" Donovan</li><li>Jimmy Doolittle</li><li>Desmond Doss</li><li>Frederick Douglass</li><li>Herbert Henry Dow</li><li>Katharine Drexel</li><li>Peter Drucker</li><li>Amelia Earhart</li><li>Thomas Edison</li><li>Jonathan Edwards</li><li>Albert Einstein</li><li>Dwight D. Eisenhower</li><li>Duke Ellington</li><li>Ralph Waldo Emerson</li><li>Medgar Evers</li><li>David Farragut</li><li>The Marquis de La Fayette</li><li>Mary Fields</li><li>Henry Ford</li><li>George Fox</li><li>Aretha Franklin</li><li>Benjamin Franklin</li><li>Milton Friedman</li><li>Robert Frost</li><li>Gabby Gabreski</li><li>Bernardo de Gálvez</li><li>Lou Gehrig</li><li>Theodor Seuss Geisel</li><li>Cass Gilbert</li><li>Ruth Bader Ginsburg</li><li>John Glenn</li><li>Barry Goldwater</li><li>Samuel Gompers</li><li>Alexander Goode</li><li>Carl Gorman</li><li>Billy Graham</li><li>Ulysses S. Grant</li><li>Nellie Gray</li><li>Nathanael Greene</li><li>Woody Guthrie</li><li>Nathan Hale</li><li>William Frederick "Bull" Halsey Jr.</li><li>Alexander Hamilton</li><li>Ira Hayes</li><li>Hans Christian Heg</li><li>Ernest Hemingway</li><li>Patrick Henry</li><li>Charlton Heston</li><li>Alfred Hitchcock</li><li>Billie Holiday</li><li>Bob Hope</li><li>Johns Hopkins</li><li>Grace Hopper</li><li>Sam Houston</li><li>Whitney Houston</li><li>Julia Ward Howe</li><li>Edwin Hubble</li><li>Daniel Inouye</li><li>Andrew Jackson</li><li>Robert H. Jackson</li><li>Mary Jackson</li><li>John Jay</li><li>Thomas Jefferson</li><li>Steve Jobs</li><li>Katherine Johnson</li><li>Barbara Jordan</li><li>Chief Joseph</li><li>Elia Kazan</li><li>Helen Keller</li><li>John F. Kennedy</li><li>Francis Scott Key</li><li>Coretta Scott King</li><li>Martin Luther King Jr.</li><li>Russell Kirk</li><li>Jeane Kirkpatrick</li><li>Henry Knox</li><li>Tadeusz Kościuszko</li><li>Harper Lee</li><li>Pierre Charles L'Enfant</li><li>Meriwether Lewis</li><li>Abraham Lincoln</li><li>Vince Lombardi</li><li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</li><li>Clare Boothe Luce</li><li>Douglas MacArthur</li><li>Dolley Madison</li><li>James Madison</li><li>George Marshall</li><li>Thurgood Marshall</li><li>William Mayo</li><li>Christa McAuliffe</li><li>William McKinley</li><li>Louise McManus</li><li>Herman Melville</li><li>Thomas Merton</li><li>George P. Mitchell</li><li>Maria Mitchell</li><li>William "Billy" Mitchell</li><li>Samuel Morse</li><li>Lucretia Mott</li><li>John Muir</li><li>Audie Murphy</li><li>Edward Murrow</li><li>John Neumann</li><li>Annie Oakley</li><li>Jesse Owens</li><li>Rosa Parks</li><li>George S. Patton Jr.</li><li>Charles Willson Peale</li><li>William Penn</li><li>Oliver Hazard Perry</li><li>John J. Pershing</li><li>Edgar Allan Poe</li><li>Clark Poling</li><li>John Russell Pope</li><li>Elvis Presley</li><li>Jeannette Rankin</li><li>Ronald Reagan</li><li>Walter Reed</li><li>William Rehnquist</li><li>Paul Revere</li><li>Henry Hobson Richardson</li><li>Hyman Rickover</li><li>Sally Ride</li><li>Matthew Ridgway</li><li>Jackie Robinson</li><li>Norman Rockwell</li><li>Caesar Rodney</li><li>Eleanor Roosevelt</li><li>Franklin D. Roosevelt</li><li>Theodore Roosevelt</li><li>Betsy Ross</li><li>Babe Ruth</li><li>Sacagawea</li><li>Jonas Salk</li><li>John Singer Sargent</li><li>Antonin Scalia</li><li>Norman Schwarzkopf</li><li>Junípero Serra</li><li>Elizabeth Ann Seton</li><li>Robert Gould Shaw</li><li>Fulton Sheen</li><li>Alan Shepard</li><li>Frank Sinatra</li><li>Margaret Chase Smith</li><li>Bessie Smith</li><li>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</li><li>Jimmy Stewart</li><li>Harriet Beecher Stowe</li><li>Gilbert Stuart</li><li>Anne Sullivan</li><li>William Howard Taft</li><li>Maria Tallchief</li><li>Maxwell Taylor</li><li>Tecumseh</li><li>Kateri Tekakwitha</li><li>Shirley Temple</li><li>Nikola Tesla</li><li>Jefferson Thomas</li><li>Henry David Thoreau</li><li>Jim Thorpe</li><li>Augustus Tolton</li><li>Alex Trebek</li><li>Harry S. Truman</li><li>Sojourner Truth</li><li>Harriet Tubman</li><li>Dorothy Vaughan</li><li>C. T. Vivian</li><li>John von Neumann</li><li>Thomas Ustick Walter</li><li>Sam Walton</li><li>Booker T. Washington</li><li>George Washington</li><li>John Washington</li><li>John Wayne</li><li>Ida B. Wells-Barnett</li><li>Phillis Wheatley</li><li>Walt Whitman</li><li>Laura Ingalls Wilder</li><li>Roger Williams</li><li>John Winthrop</li><li>Frank Lloyd Wright</li><li>Orville Wright</li><li>Wilbur Wright</li><li>Alvin C. York</li><li>Cy Young</li><li>Lorenzo de Zavala</li></ul>

Trump's picks for his 'National Garden of American Heroes' include Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Kobe Bryant, and a quiz-show host

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">David McNew/ReutersA passing surfer is reflected on the window as voters cast their ballots from inside a beach front polling place in the Los Angeles County lifeguard station in Hermosa Beach, California November 2, 2010.</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>California has moved its presidential primary up from June to March, which could prove to be one of the most decisive factors in the 2020 election. </li><li>Historically, early primary states have had a huge say in the presidential nominees for both major parties so candidates focused much of their energy on campaigning there. </li><li>In the past, California's late primary meant voters in the country's most populous state didn't have much of an influence on the presidential nominating process. </li><li>California's secretary of state said the earlier primary is already driving candidates to shift focus toward the West. </li><li><a href="https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/CA-D">California sends more delegates to vote in the presidential nominating process</a> at the Democratic National Convention than any other state, so the early primary means candidates can't afford to ignore it. </li></ul>One of the biggest moments in the 2020 presidential election may have happened back in September 2017.That's when then-Governor Jerry Brown of California signed legislation permanently moving the state's presidential primary from June to March. The move was designed to give a state that's <a href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/ca">home to nearly 40 million people</a> a far greater role in the presidential nomination process, and it could have a major affect on where and how candidates focus their energy not only in 2020 but all future presidential elections. California Secretary State Alex Padilla said that early primary states are "always meaningful as a sort of test for presidential candidates" and he feels strongly that by moving up its presidential primary his state has sent a clear message to candidates that "if you want to be an effective leader of the United States you can't do so without respecting California." <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Justin Sullivan/Getty ImagesCalifornia Secretary of State Alex Padilla.</div></div></div><h2>'An early primary will allow California voters to have a significant say'</h2>"California is the most populous state in the nation, we're the <a href="https://wallethub.com/edu/most-least-diverse-states-in-america/38262/">most diverse state in the nation</a>, we represent the largest economy of any state in the nation by far, and an early primary will allow California voters to have a significant say in determining nominees for president of the United States," Padilla told INSIDER.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cory-booker-kicked-off-2020-campaign-calling-for-legal-marijuana-2019-2">Cory Booker kicked off his 2020 presidential campaign by calling for legal marijuana</a>By the time California's primary took place in June 2016, there was virtually no doubt that Donald Trump would be the GOP presidential nominee. It was also becoming quite clear that Hillary Clinton would ultimately defeat Bernie Sanders in their heated battle for the Democratic nomination.This is precisely why California decided to move the primary up to March 3, or Super Tuesday, the day most states traditionally hold their primaries after the early nominating contests in Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina.<h2>'A political world unto itself'</h2>History tells us that early primary states are extremely important for anyone vying for the nominations of both major parties. With the exception of former President Bill Clinton in 1992, in the past four decades no candidate was won the Republican or Democratic nomination <a href="https://www.npr.org/2016/01/31/465016222/how-predictive-are-iowa-and-new-hampshire">without winning either Iowa or New Hampshire. </a>In 2020, California could be just as decisive for Democrats as these two states.California is far more representative of the overall US population than states like Iowa and New Hampshire, which are both small and overwhelmingly white.Moreover, California sends more delegates to vote in presidential nominating process at the Democratic National Convention than any other state. There are<a href="https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/CA-D"> nearly 500 delegates</a> up for grabs in the western state. Comparatively, other large states like <a href="https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/FL-D">Florida</a> and <a href="https://www.thegreenpapers.com/P20/NY-D">New York</a> both have fewer than 300 total delegates. As Padilla put it, "California, by virtue of its size and the number of voters here is almost a political world unto itself in the national political map."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Getty ImagesLos Angeles, California</div></div></div>Accordingly, California leaders hope that moving the primary up will pressure candidates to pay more attention to the western state and its voters, given presidential hopefuls have typically dedicated much of their energy to gaining a lead via early primary states - particularly Iowa and New Hampshire. "Candidates for president are not strangers to California; they're not shy about coming to California to raise money," Padilla said. "Voting early in the primary season will force candidates for president to have to come earn California votes, not just ask for contributions.""We're looking forward to that engagement between candidates and voters ... in a way that hasn't been done in the past," Padilla added. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Elijah Nouvelage/ReutersSupporters cheer while listening to Sen. Kamala Harris speak at the launch of her campaign for President of the United States at a rally at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in her hometown of Oakland, California, U.S., January 27, 2019.</div></div></div><h2>The 'California bump'</h2>California voters will also be able to <a href="https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/upcoming-elections/presidential-primary-election-march-3-2020/key-dates-deadlines-march-3-2020/">begin sending mail-in ballots on February 3</a> - a month before the primary - which is the same day as the Iowa caucus. Padilla said there's "no doubt" there will be an increase in voter turnout next March after a historic number of Californians headed to the polls in November's midterm elections. The early primary date and flexible voting options in the delegate-rich state could see candidates place more stock in focusing on issues that voters in California care about, such as immigration and climate change. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Monica Almeida/ReutersDemonstrators protest in front of the Metropolitan Detention Center, Federal Bureau of Prisons, during a national day of action called "Keep Families Together" against the Trump administration's 'Zero Tolerance' policy in Los Angeles, California, U.S. June 30, 2018.</div></div></div>"Every race is a little bit different," Padilla said. "Just as candidates for president look for either an Iowa bump or a New Hampshire bump, they're going to be equally looking for a California bump in momentum. That's great for California voters and the issues that matter to us." <h2>Candidates are already shifting focus to the West</h2>California is an <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/10/democrats-california-2020-1157788">expensive state in which to campaign</a>, so candidates with larger pockets are more likely to focus energy there. The fact that it's so much bigger than other states also means candidates have a much broader audience to appeal to, which can prove challenging. Padilla, who's also a former state senator with roughly two decades of experience in California <keyword id="6358883" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="politics">politics</keyword>, said he's already seen a shift in behavior from candidates as a result of the earlier primary date.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/2020-democratic-candidates-high-school-college-grad-school-2019-1">Here's what the 2020 Democratic presidential contenders looked like in their school-age days</a>He said several Democratic candidates have "had higher profile events or or speaking opportunities in state, whether they been declared candidates or rumored to soon be declared candidates.""You do hear the chatter in the political consultant class of who's been reached out to by whom," Padilla added. Indeed, as the 2020 race heats up and more Democrats hop in the ring, California already seems to be at the forefront of a number of candidate's minds. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">REUTERS/Elijah NouvelageU.S. Senator Kamala Harris launches her campaign for President of the United States at a rally at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in her hometown of Oakland, California, U.S., January 27, 2019.</div></div></div>Democratic Sen. Kamala Harris of California, the state's former attorney general, kicked off her campaign with a massive rally in her hometown of Oakland, California, in late January. Roughly 20,000 people were in attendance.With strong roots in California, Harris could have a big advantage over the growing field of Democratic contenders, but there have also been many examples of presidential candidates losing the primaries in their home states - such as Republican Sen. Marco Rubio <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/03/15/marco-rubio-florida-primary-election-2016/81805834/">losing in Florida in 2016.</a> Democratic Rep. Eric Swalwell, who represents California's 15th congressional district and is <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/eric-swalwell-where-he-stands-on-key-issues-for-2020-presidential-race.html">considering running in 2020</a>, seems to recognize the value of having an earlier primary in his state, but also isn't discounting the importance of campaigning nationwide. "It's great for California - as our most populous and diverse state, and as the world's fifth-largest - to have a stronger voice in the primary process, but it's not really a factor as I near my decision about whether to run for President in 2020," Swalwell told INSIDER. "If I run, I'm running for all Americans and seeking all Americans' support."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Fox News/YouTubeDemocratic Rep. Eric Swalwell.</div></div></div>Meanwhile, Democratic Sen. Cory Booker of New Jersey launched his bid for president on February 1 and has <a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/427994-booker-hires-gavin-newsoms-2018-campaign-manager-to-run-2020-bid">tapped </a><a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/427994-booker-hires-gavin-newsoms-2018-campaign-manager-to-run-2020-bid">Addisu Demissie as his campaign manager</a>.Demissie, who recently led Gavin Newsom to victory in California's 2018 gubernatorial race, has a proven record of success in the Golden State, as well as experience in presidential campaigns after serving in a key role on Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign team. Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts also <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/02/elizabeth-warren-2020-campaign-1144279">reportedly plans to visit California</a> as part of a cross-country tour of early primary states, now that she's formally launched her presidential campaign. This could be the start of a massive shift in candidate behavior, in which more and more contenders focus on the West in future elections. "With California coming on early, I think the West is more important than ever," former Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2019/02/02/democratic-primary-watchers-look-west/90BBHafbeTyQvdRAFrM2GK/story.html">recently told The Boston Globe.</a><h2>'We're going to be a force for years to come'</h2>California also held its presidential primary earlier in 2008, moving it up to February.That year, the state saw its highest level of voter turnout for a primary election <a href="https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2008-primary/06_historical_voter_reg_primary_feb08.pdf">(57.7%)</a> since 1980.But that election was a one-off, and all of the other regularly scheduled primaries - for congress, state legislature etc. - remained in June. As Sam Mahood, press secretary for Padilla, told INSIDER, "This isn't a one-off move up the primary, we've moved up the primary permanently so we're going to be a force for years to come."Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/everyone-who-is-running-for-president-in-2020-2019-1">Here's everyone who has officially announced they are running for president in 2020</a>"Unlike 2008, this time around we've moved ALL regularly scheduled primaries up to March," Mahoon added, meaning there are also important down-ballot races for Californians to vote on in next year's primary. What could also change the game in California in 2020 is the level of enthusiasm for early voting.In the 2008 California presidential primary, <a href="https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2008-primary/06_historical_voter_reg_primary_feb08.pdf">roughly 40% of voters</a> sent in their ballots by mail. This seemed to limit the California primary's impact that year versus earlier contests in other states like Iowa and New Hampshire, despite the size of its electorate. Comparatively, Padilla said that "for the last several election cycles ... it's been more than 60% of people who choose to vote by mail." California midterm voter turnout in 2018 was over 64%, the highest percentage since 1982, and roughly 65% of voters sent in their ballots by mail. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Mike Blake/ReutersMail-in ballots for the upcoming congressional election in Orange County wait to be inspected by election workers at the Orange County Registrar of Voters in Santa Ana, California, U.S. October 30, 2018.</div></div></div><h2>'I think an early primary is ... good for the policy and direction of our nation'</h2>The major political parties in the US have strict rules surrounding the nominating process for president. In light of this, whenever big states move up their primaries it has the potential to cause backlash among party leaders. In 2008, for example, when Florida and Michigan moved up their presidential primaries without the Democratic National Committee's (DNC) permission, their delegates were <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/us/politics/01rules.html">given just half a vote each</a> at the party's national convention as punishment. For the same reason, the Republican Party <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/06/florida.michigan/">issued a similar punishment</a> for delegates to its national convention from Florida and Michigan that year. With that said, California has not broken any rules by permanently setting an earlier primary date in this instance, given it falls in line with Super Tuesday and primaries in most other states. But the <keyword id="6355005" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="news">news</keyword> of the California primary being moved up permanently might spark concerns among some it will give an outsized influence to a coastal state, as well as a disproportionate advantage to candidates with lots of money.But Padilla dismissed such fears, noting that he's often heard similar concerns about smaller states like Iowa and New Hampshire having so much sway over presidential nominees in such a large, diverse country. "I think an early primary is not just good for California, I genuinely believe it's good for the policy and direction of our nation," Padilla said."California has prided itself in being a policy leader on a lot of fronts and for a lot of years," he added. "We look forward to continuing to be a driver of policy and the economy for the country." <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/roger-stone-donald-trump-richard-nixon-2017-2">Roger Stone explains what Trump has in common with Richard Nixon</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

California moved up its presidential primary and it could be the biggest factor in 2020 and beyond

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>President Donald Trump is delivering the 2019 State of the Union address at 9 p.m. on Tuesday night.&#xa0;</li><li>Trump is set to cover an array of issues in the address, which almost didn't happen, including immigration, abortion, health care, and foreign policy.&#xa0;</li><li>Rising star Stacey Abrams will deliver the Democratic Party's response to Trump's address.&#xa0;</li></ul>President Donald Trump's 2019 State of the Union address is on Tuesday night.There's been a great deal of drama surrounding the address in which Trump is expected to outline his agenda for the year, while also touting what he feels his administration has accomplished thus far.Trump heads into the address with a lot up in the air on multiple major issues - most notably immigration, US troop withdrawals from Syria and Afghanistan, and denuclearization negotiations with North Korea.The theme of Trump's address is reportedly "CHOOSING GREATNESS."&#xa0;<h2>The address almost didn't happen</h2>In recent weeks it wasn't clear if Trump would deliver the address as he quarreled with Democrats over funding for a wall he wishes to build along the US-Mexico border.The border wall fight and broader debate over how the US should address undocumented immigration catalyzed the longest government shutdown in the country's history, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/government-shutdown-trump-democrats-gop-three-week-funding-bill-deal-2019-1">culminating in late January.</a>Amid the shutdown, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi disinvited Trump from delivering the State of the Union. The address is traditionally given to a joint session of Congress in the House chamber, over which the Speaker has control.Trump's address was originally set to occur on January 29 until Pelosi effectively cancelled it. The move was viewed by Republicans as a petty political slight, but Pelosi justified it by citing security concerns linked to the shutdown.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pelosi-trump-state-of-the-union-address-february-5-2019-1">Pelosi invites Trump to give State of the Union address on February 5 after canceling original date</a>During the back and forth over the address, Trump cancelled a government trip of Pelosi's to Afghanistan.But facing growing criticism and pressure, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/government-shutdown-trump-democrats-gop-three-week-funding-bill-deal-2019-1">Trump effectively ended the shutdown on January 25</a> by agreeing to a deal that temporarily funded the government - but didn't provide funding for his wall. Some conservatives seemed to feel Trump had capitulated to Democrats by agreeing to a deal without border wall funding, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ann-coulter-slams-trump-on-bill-maher-over-government-shutdown-bill-2019-1">and he's since faced criticism</a> on that front from erstwhile Trump-supporting right-wing commentators like Ann Coulter.&#xa0;<h2>Immigration and foreign policy are set to dominate Trump's speech&#xa0;</h2>The wall was one of Trump's biggest campaign promises and he seems determined to deliver it by any means necessary.Trump has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/national-emergency-to-build-the-border-wall-what-would-happen-2019-1">threatened to declare a national emergency</a> to obtain the necessary funds, which would be highly controversial and likely face opposition in the courts. However, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-05/trump-said-to-decide-not-to-declare-emergency-in-state-of-union">Bloomberg reports</a> the president will not call for a state of emergency during the State of the Union address.&#xa0;The president may offer a definitive plan on immigration and the border wall, or he could use the national stage to pressure Democrats to give into his demands.Trump will also reportedly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-planning-to-slam-abortion-in-state-of-the-union-speech-2019-2">focus heavily on the issue of abortion.</a>The president is seemingly looking to capitalize on an incendiary debate over late-term abortions that started in Virginia and was quickly signal-boosted by conservatives nationwide. Trump has pegged himself as a fervently pro-life president, nominating two Supreme Court justices with similar views.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-planning-to-slam-abortion-in-state-of-the-union-speech-2019-2">Trump is planning to slam abortion in his State of the Union speech, fanning the flames of the culture wars</a>The president also has much to discuss regarding withdrawing US troops from Syria and Afghanistan. Trump hastily announced his intention to pull out all of the 2,000 troops in Syria and roughly half of the approximately 14,000 troops in Afghanistan late last year. But there's not been much movement on this as Trump has faced widespread criticism, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-slam-trumps-syria-retreat-after-isis-claimed-attack-2019-1">including from top Republicans in Congress</a>, over these plans.There are broad concerns withdrawing US troops from Syria will open the door for ISIS to make a major comeback. Trump has in recent weeks falsely claimed ISIS is defeated, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-blames-media-for-intelligence-assessment-2019-1">publicly feuding with his intel chiefs</a> who've contradicted him on this and an array of other issues.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>The president on Tuesday night will also likely discuss his <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-meet-with-north-koreas-kim-jong-un-in-february-2019-1">impending meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.</a> The summit will mark the second time the two leaders have met to hold talks on the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.North Korea in June pledged to work toward denuclearization but intelligence suggests there hasn't been much progress on this front, and there are doubts Pyongyang will ever truly get rid of its nukes. The second meeting is set to occur sometime in February.&#xa0;According to reports, Trump will also take some time to discuss health care and trade during Tuesday's speech.&#xa0;<h2>Trump's special guests emphasize his immigration agenda</h2>Trump has <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/special-guests-president-trumps-second-state-union-address/">invited a number of special guests to the address</a>, including family members of people killed by undocumented immigrants.The president has attempted to portray undocumented immigrants as a violent threat to the US, despite <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-depiction-of-illegal-immigrants-contradicted-by-statistics-2018-11">data that shows native-born Americans are more likely to commit violent crimes.</a> Some of Trump's other guests also have backgrounds that are linked to his immigration agenda.&#xa0;Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-depiction-of-illegal-immigrants-contradicted-by-statistics-2018-11">Trump cherry-picks examples of violent illegal immigrants to stir up his base, but the statistics tell a different story</a>The president has also invited Matthew Charles, who was recently freed from prison under the First Step Act, a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill Trump signed and supported.&#xa0;Additionally, Trump has invited survivors of the mass shooting at a Pittsburgh synagogue in October 2018.&#xa0;A boy named Joshua Trump, who has reportedly been bullied over his last name, will also be in attendance under the president and first lady Melania Trump's invitation.<h2>Democrats' special guests mark their anti-Trump agenda</h2>A number of Democrats have invited special guests to make points about their anti-Trump agenda, including some 2020 contenders.Democratic Sen. Kamala Harris has invited an air traffic controller who was furloughed during the government shutdown and <a href="https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a26132607/senator-kamala-harris-state-of-the-union-trisha-pesiri-dybvik/">lost her home during a 2017 wildfire in California</a>. Trump has in recent months made controversial remarks on wildfires in California and has <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/11/politics/california-wildfires-trump-tweets/index.html">been accused of being insensitive to those affected</a>.&#xa0;<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>In a similar move seemingly meant to be a jab at Trump, Democratic Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand invited Navy Lt. Cmdr. Blake Dremann, a transgender service member affected by the president's ban on transgender people in the US military.&#xa0;Meanwhile, Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez invited an activist who famously shouted at former Republican Sen. Jeff Flake amid the chaotic confirmation hearings for Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh.&#xa0;<h2>Rising star Stacey Abrams will deliver the Democratic response</h2>Following Trump's speech, Stacey Abrams will deliver the Democratic response, marking <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/29/politics/stacey-abrams-democratic-response-state-of-the-union/index.html">the first time in US history a black woman has done so.</a>Abrams gained a national profile in a heated gubernatorial race this past November. She narrowly lost under chaotic circumstances, including allegations of voter suppression against her Republican opponent Brian Kemp.&#xa0;Sen. Bernie Sanders, who is reportedly poised to join the pack of 2020 contenders in the near future, will<a href="https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/428430-bernie-sanders-to-deliver-his-own-state-of-the-union-response"> also offer a response to Trump's speech on Tuesday.</a><div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/roger-stone-donald-trump-richard-nixon-2017-2">Roger Stone explains what Trump has in common with Richard Nixon</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

What to expect in Trump's State of the Union, which almost didn't happen

Fact-checking the final Trump-Biden debate

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image">Courtesy of Richard Morita, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Library.Roger Revelle and others on the 1950 "Mid-Pac" expedition</div></div></div>Oceanography in the mid-20th century was "one of the greatest periods of exploration of the earth ... Every time you went to sea, you made unexpected discoveries. It was revolutionary. Nothing that we expected was true. Everything we didn't expect was true."
This striking declaration comes from Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy's chief oceanographer during World War II and the man responsible for transforming the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California into a major research institution, leading major expeditions to the Mid- and South-Pacific in 1950 and 1952 (as quoted in Daniel Yergin's "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Quest-Energy-Security-Remaking/dp/0143121944">The Quest: Energy, Security and the Remaking of the Modern World</a>").
What oceanographers realized was that the deep-sea floor was not a flat and featureless plan but rather a dynamic landscape with vast mountain ranges, deep basins, and long trenches. Although this understanding had been developing for centuries, the real breakthroughs came after World War II.
There was the discovery of vast, underwater mountains ranges, <a href="http://platetectonics.pwnet.org/story_tectonics/theory/seafloor_spreading.htm">as noted by the U.S. Geological Survey</a>:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif">en.wikipedia.org</a>World distribution of mid-oceanic ridges</div></div></div>
In the 1950s oceanic explorations greatly expanded. Data gathered by oceanographers from many countries led to the discovery of a great mountain range on the ocean floor virtually encircling the Earth.
Known as the global mid-ocean ridge, this immense submarine mountain chain more than 50,000 kilometers long and in places more that 800 kilometers across zigzags between the continents winding its way around the globe like a seam on a baseball. Though hidden beneath the ocean surface, the global mid-ocean system is the most prominent topographic feature on the surface of the planet.
Other discoveries included unexpected heat flowing from the sea floor, <a href="http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/hist/gc29s5.pdf">as noted by Elizabeth Noble Shor in a history of Scripps during this period</a>:
The results from the first measurements of heat flow through the sea floor were among several surprises gathered on the first major Scripps expedition, Midpac, in 1950: the temperature gradient was very similar to that measured on lean, whereas it had been expected to be considerably less. "The only adequate source of heat that has been suggested is radioactivity within the earth," noted Bullard, and oceanic basalts are considerably less radioactive than continental rocks. The source of heat, therefore, must be deeper within the earth, presumably beneath the Mohorovicic discontinuity.
They also discovered unexpected magnetic patterns on the sea floor, per Shor:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/index.html">Courtesy of Richard Y. Morita, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Library.</a></div></div></div>
The chart of magnetic intensities from the Pioneer survey startled geologists. Before them lay evidence of great north-south lineations and a single right-lateral offset of 155 kilometers along the Murray fracture zone off southern California. The survey was "the first attempt to make a detailed magnetic map of an extensive area of the oceans," said Bullard and Mason. "The results are of exceptional interest in that they reveal major structural trends of which there is little or no indication in the topography, and they provide evidence for unsuspected horizontal displacements along some of the faults of the north-east Pacific greater than any that have so far been observed over the continents."
From these and other breakthroughs came a radical re-understanding of plate tectonics, per USGS:
In 1961, scientists began to theorize that mid-ocean ridges mark structurally weak zones where the ocean floor was being ripped in two lengthwise along the ridge crest. New magma from deep with the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust. ...
[H]ow could new crust be made and continuously added along the ridges without increasing the size of the Earth? The question intrigued Harry H. Hess, a Princeton University geologist, and Robert S. Dietz, a scientist with the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Dietz and Hess coined the expression seafloor spreading. They understood the broad implications of this phenomenon. If the Earth's crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, it must be shrinking elsewhere. Hess suggested that the new oceanic crust continuously moves away from the ridges' conveyor belt-like motion. Millions of years later, the oceanic crust descends into oceanic trenches. As old crust was consumed in the trenches, new magma rose and erupted along the spreading ridges to form new crust. In effect, the ocean basics were perpetually being "recycled" with the creation of new crust and the destruction of old oceanic lithosphere occurring simultaneously. According to Hess, the Atlantic was expanding and the Pacific shrinking.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><a href="http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/biogr/Barr_Venturesome_Voyages.pdf">From "The Venturesome Voyage of Scripps into the South Pacific Ocean 1950 and 1952," Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Library.</a></div></div></div>
The continents, which are lighter than the ocean crust, glide over the surface of the Earth in response to the expansion and contraction along oceanic ridges. They are carried along as the ocean floor spreads from the ridges.
A better understanding of the oceans, which cover 71% of Earth's surface, as well as the tectonic processes that shape our planet would prove useful in many fields. Perhaps most importantly, it began to unlock <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/rising-sea-level-maps-from-1980-2014-5">the study of climate change</a> and the role that humans would play by <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-each-economic-sector-is-destroying-the-world-2014-4">increasing the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere</a>, what Revelle called, "a large scale geophysical experiment of a kind that could not have happened in the past nor be reproduced in the future."
Not only were these discoveries incredibly important, but being an oceanographer in this heady climate sounds fun, too.
That much is obvious in an <a href="http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/biogr/Barr_Venturesome_Voyages.pdf">account by Edward S. Barr </a>of how after his junior year of high school in San Diego he convinced Revelle to take him on the 1950 MidPac expedition as a $75-a-month lab assistant, and how they traveled to Honolulu, the Marshall Islands, the Kwajalein Atoll, and deep into the South Pacific, with prolific discoveries and adventure all the way.
One photo included in the memoir, which shows Barr using a fathometer echo sounder on August 31, 1950, is labeled: "Discovering the MidPac Mountain Range on my watch!"
Here's a map of the mountain range they discovered:
<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image">Courtesy of Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Library.</div></div></div>

When Oceanographers First Explored The Bottom Of The Sea In The 1950s, They Were Blown Away

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Roger Marshutz/Courtesy of Estee Stanley"The King" Elvis Presley is regarded as one of the most significant culture icons of the 20th century. To this day, he is the best-selling solo artist in the history of recorded music.</div></div></div>What exactly do we mean when we call someone "cool?" Most would struggle to describe it, but just about everyone knows "cool" when they see it. It is a distinctly American invention that finds its roots in African-American culture, Jazz, and the multitude of icons that the American fame machine has produced. 
A new exhibition and book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/American-Cool-Joel-Dinerstein/dp/3791353497">"American Cool,"</a> currently on display at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington D.C., traces the origins of "cool." It also includes a look at the 100 "coolest" Americans of all time.
To decide who made the list, curators Frank H. Goodyear III, the co-director of the Bowndown College Museum of Art, and Joel Dinerstein, the director of the American Studies program at Tulane University, engaged in a vigorous debate based on four criteria. 
Dinerstein explained to PBS Newshour: "First <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/art/kerouac-cobain-and-the-photos-that-define-american-cool/?utm_source=facebook&amp;utm_medium=pbsofficial&amp;utm_campaign=newshour">an originality of artistic vision as established through a signature style</a>, which is to say their artistic vision cannot be separate from their personality. Second, that in a given historical moment, they were perceived as a cultural rebel. Third, that they have high profile recognition. Fourth, that they have a recognized cultural legacy."
While the usual suspects are featured, including James Dean, Jimi Hendrix, and Hunter S. Thompson, there are many less obvious faces on the "cool" list as well. All are, however, what Dinerstein calls,"the successful rebels of American culture."
The National Portrait Gallery shared a selection of the portraits with us here, but you <a href="http://www.amazon.com/American-Cool-Joel-Dinerstein/dp/3791353497">can see the entire collection in the book</a> or <a href="http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/cool/">at the gallery until September 7th</a>.
<h3>Long Island-native Walt Whitman was a poet, essayist, and journalist, best known for his seminal poetry collection "Leaves of Grass" (1855), which was criticized for its overt sexuality.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Samuel Hollyer/Smithsonian's National Portrait GalleryWalt Whitman</div></div></div>Frederick Douglass was an African-American orator, writer, statesman, and activist. After escaping from slavery in 1838, Douglass wrote a landmark autobiography of his experience and became a leader of the abolitionist movement.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution;Frederick Douglass, 1856.</div></div></div>Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke was one of the most influential jazz soloists of the 1920s. At the time of his death from alcoholism at 28, Beiderbecke was little known outside of the jazz community. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers UniversityBix Beiderbecke, 1920.</div></div></div>Nicknamed "the Empress of the Blues," Bessie Smith was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often considered the greatest singer of the era.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Carl Van Vechten Trust/Smithsonian's National Portrait GalleryBessie Smith, 1936.</div></div></div>Billie Holiday was a jazz singer and songwriter, whose style was inspired by jazz instrumentalists. She worked with many of the titans of early jazz, including Count Basie, Artie Shaw, and Louis Armstrong.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Bob WilloughbyBillie Holiday, 1951.</div></div></div>Though born in Britain, Audrey Hepburn made her mark on American culture as a film, TV, and Broadway icon during Hollywood's "Golden Age," with the films "Breakfast At Tiffany's" (1961) and "My Fair Lady" (1964).<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Philippe Halsman ArchiveAudrey Hepburn, 1955.</div></div></div>Hailing from Hoboken, New Jersey, Frank Sinatra was one of the most influential and best-selling entertainers of all time.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Herman Leonard Photography LLCFrank Sinatra, 1956.</div></div></div>Humphrey Bogart was named in 1999 by the American Film Institute as the greatest male star in the history of film. He appeared in such iconic movies as "Casablanca" (1942), "The Big Sleep" (1946), "The Maltese Falcon" (1941), and "Sabrina" (1954).<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">© Philippe Halsman ArchiveHumphrey Bogart, 1944.</div></div></div>Lauren Bacall is a film and stage actress most famous during Hollywood's "Golden Age." She often appeared alongside Humphrey Bogart and was a mainstay in the film noir genre, often playing the "femme fatale" role.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Alfred Eisenstaedt. Courtesy of the Time Life Collection.Lauren Bacall, 1949.</div></div></div>Considered by many to be the greatest actor of all time, Marlon Brando achieved acclaim for playing the role of Stanley Kowalski in the play "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951) and later for his roles in "On The Waterfront" (1954), "The Godfather" (1972), and "Apocalypse Now" (1979).<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Philippe Halsman ArchiveMarlon Brando, 1950.</div></div></div>James Dean is best known as an icon of teen disillusionment, which he exhibited prominently in the film "Rebel Without A Cause" (1955). He died in a car accident at 24.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Roy SchattJames Dean, 1954.</div></div></div>Mississippi-born Muddy Waters is considered the "father of modern Chicago blues" and is credited with influencing some of the biggest acts of the 1960s and 1970s, including The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, AC/DC, and Led Zeppelin.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Charles H. Stewart/National Portrait GalleryMuddy Waters, 1960.</div></div></div>Miles Davis was a jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Davis revolutionized jazz in the '50s, '60s, and '70s, pioneering the jazz fusion, jazz-rock, and jazz-funk genres.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">© Aram AvakianMiles Davis, 1955.</div></div></div>Actor Steve McQueen has been called "the King of Cool" for his anti-hero persona and his many popular iconic movies, such as "The Great Escape" (1963) and "The Thomas Crown Affair" (1968).<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">William Claxton Estate, courtesy Fahey/Klein Gallery, Los AngelesSteve McQueen, 1962.</div></div></div>Hailing from Seattle, Washington, Jimi Hendrix was called "arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music," by the Rock And Roll Hall of Fame.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Paul McCartney/Photographer Linda McCartneyJimi Hendrix, 1967.</div></div></div>Joan Didion is a writer and essayist best known for her documentation of the tumultuous American culture in the 1960s.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Julian Wasser/Courtesy of Craig Krull Gallery, Santa MonicaJoan Didion, 1970.</div></div></div>Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist that first achieved recognition as a graffiti artist on the Lower East Side during the late 1970s. He died of a heroin overdose at 27.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Dmitri KasterineJean-Michel Basquiat, 1986</div></div></div>Scottish-born David Byrne is a founding member of American new wave band Talking Heads, one of the most popular and influential bands of the 1980s.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Marcia ResnickDavid Byrne, 1981.</div></div></div>Debbie Harry is a singer-songwriter, most famous for being the lead singer of the punk rock and new wave band Blondie.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation/Courtesy of Smithsonian Institution National Portriat Gallery.Deborah Harry, 1978.</div></div></div>One of the most influential pop stars of the last 30 years, Madonnna broke through in the early '80s with her debut single "Everybody" and later with "Like A Virgin."<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Copyright Kate SimonMadonna, 1983.</div></div></div>Kurt Cobain was the lead singer and guitarist of grunge band Nirvana. Cobain struggled with heroin addiction and depression through much of his life, eventually committing suicide at 27 in 1994.<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Mark SeligerKurt Cobain, 1993.</div></div></div>Tony "The Birdman" Hawk is a former professional skateboarder, widely considered to be one of the most influential pioneers of skateboarding. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Martin Schoeller/Courtesy of the Artist and Hasted Kraeutler, NYCTony Hawk, 1999.</div></div></div>Puerto Rican actor Benicio del Toro has appeared in numerous cult films including "The Usual Suspects" (1995), "Fear And Loathing In Las Vegas" (1998), "Snatch" (2000), and "Sin City" (2005).<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Cass BirdBenecio del Toro, 2008.</div></div></div></h3>

24 Iconic Portraits Of The Coolest Americans Ever

Steven Soderbergh is known for directing films like "Magic Mike," "Erin Brockovich," the star-studded <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Oceans-Trilogy-Eleven-Thirteen-Blu-ray/dp/B000W9DSVW" target="_blank">"Ocean's" franchise</a>, and <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001752/" target="_blank">many others.</a>
The 51-year-old&#xa0;director/writer/editor/camera operator also has a <a href="http://extension765.com/" target="_blank">personal website</a>, where he posts about "art, booze, swag, threads" and the "occasional drop of creative detritus from the closet/hard drive of The Artist Soon To Be Known As Steven Soderbergh."
In his <a href="http://extension765.com/sdr/22-seen-read-2014" target="_blank">latest post "Seen, Read"</a> from January 5th, Soderbergh lists every single movie, TV series, book, and play he saw or read last year. The complete list is an interesting look into the inspiration behind one of today's top directors.
<a href="http://collider.com/everything-steven-soderbergh-watched-in-2014/" target="_blank">Collider pointed out</a> a few especially interesting points on the list: "he saw 'Gone Girl' back in March (twice), he took in quite a bit of&#xa0;Stanley Kubrick&#xa0;over the year, he's a fan of 'The Americans'&#xa0;and 'Inside Amy Schumer,' and he opted to skip most of 2014's blockbuster fare...&#xa0;and he's already seen various cuts of '<a href="http://collider.com/tag/magic-mike-xxl" target="_blank">Magic Mike XXL</a>'&#xa0;(on which he acted as editor and cinematographer) five times."
Check out the full list below:&#xa0;
All caps, bold:&#xa0;MOVIE All caps: TV SERIES All italics:&#xa0;Book Quotation marks: "Play" Italics, Quotation marks:&#xa0;"Short Story"
&#xa0;01/01 TRUE DETECTIVE (2), MRS. FISHER'S MURDER MYSTERY
01/04&#xa0;Want Not, Jonathan Miles&#xa0;
01/05 "The Library"&#xa0;
01/11 HOUSE OF CARDS (5)
01/08 AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: THE POISONER'S HANDBOOK
01/12 GIRLS
01/13&#xa0;THE GREAT BEAUTY
&#xa0;01/16 30FOR30: THE PRICE OF GOLD
01/18 HOUSE OF CARDS (5)
01/19 HOUSE OF CARDS (2), GIRLS
&#xa0;01/21&#xa0;DAYS AND NIGHTS
01/23 HOUSE OF CARDS
01/26&#xa0;Cat Sense, John Bradshaw
01/27 THE KNICK (3)
01/28 THE KNICK (3)
01/29 THE KNICK (4)
01/30&#xa0;Roth Unbound, Claudia Pierpoint Roth
01/31 GIRLS
02/01&#xa0;Mad as Hell, Dave Itzkoff
02/02&#xa0;The Ask, Sam Lipsyte
02/04&#xa0;THE MONUMENTS MEN&#xa0;
02/08&#xa0;THE COUNSELOR&#xa0;
02/10 GIRLS
02/14&#xa0;ICE CASTLES
02/15&#xa0;NIGHT MOVES&#xa0;('75)
&#xa0;02/17 THE AFTER,&#xa0;ARLINGTON ROAD
02/18 TRUE DETECTIVE (3)
02/21&#xa0;BAD GRANDPA
02/22&#xa0;ROBBERY&#xa0;('67),&#xa0;THE SPLIT,&#xa0;FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT
02/26&#xa0;KID AUTO RACES IN VENICE,&#xa0;THE ROUNDERS&#xa0;
03/01 THE AMERICANS
03/02&#xa0;My Autobiography, Charlie Chaplin, GIRLS&#xa0;
03/03 MADNESS IN THE WHITE CITY
03/05 SILICON VALLEY, THE AMERICANS
03/07 Broken Bells at Webster Hall
&#xa0;03/09 GIRLS&#xa0;
03/12 THE AMERICANS
03/13&#xa0;TWA 800
03/14 SILICON VALLEY (2),&#xa0;NON-STOP
03/18&#xa0;JUGGERNAUT
03/19 THE AMERICANS&#xa0;
03/21 DOLL &amp; EM
03/22&#xa0;TAKE AWAY ONE
03/23&#xa0;GONE GIRL
03/25 "The Library"
03/26 "The Library", THE AMERICANS, DOLL &amp; EM
03/27 "The Library"&#xa0;
03/29 "The Library",&#xa0;GONE GIRL&#xa0;03/30 &#xa0;NOKAS, "The Library" (2)&#xa0;
03/31 &#xa0;AMERICAN GREED
04/01 "The Library", INSIDE AMY SCHUMER
04/02 "The Library", THE AMERICANS
04/03 "The Library"
04/04 &#xa0;HOKE
04/05 "The Library" (2),&#xa0;KLUTE&#xa0;
04/06 "The Library" (2), VEEP, DOLL &amp; EM (2)
04/08 "The Library", INSIDE AMY SCHUMER, DOLL &amp; EM
&#xa0;04/10 THE AMERICANS, DOLL &amp; EM
04/13 MAD MEN&#xa0;
04/14 VEEP
04/15 Opening night of "The Library"
04/16 INSIDE AMY SCHUMER,&#xa0;THE UNKNOWN KNOWN, THE AMERICANS,&#xa0;MY MAN GODFREY
04/18&#xa0;IT'S A MAD, MAD, MAD, MAD WORLD
04/19&#xa0;PROXY&#xa0;
04/20&#xa0;UNDER THE SKIN, MAD MEN, VEEP
04/22 INSIDE AMY SCHUMER04/23&#xa0;Free for All, Kenneth Turan and Joseph Papp, THE AMERICANS,&#xa0;2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY
04/25&#xa0;DIE HARD WITH VENGEANCE
04/27 VEEP, MAD MEN
04/28&#xa0;Tenth of December, George Saunders
04/28&#xa0;ROBBER, INSIDE AMY SCHUMER
04/29&#xa0;HIGH RISK
05/01&#xa0;RUNAWAY JURY
05/02&#xa0;PIONER
05/03&#xa0;THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY&#xa0;('42), BROOKLYN BOMBSHELLS VS. MANHATTAN MAYHEM
05/04&#xa0;WALK OF SHAME, MAD MEN, VEEP
05/05 LOUIE (2)
05/07&#xa0;Five Came Back, Mark Harris,&#xa0;MR. KNEFF&#xa0;
05/10 SILICON VALLEY (3), INSIDE AMY SCHUMER, THE AMERICANS&#xa0;
05/11 MAD MEN, VEEP&#xa0;05/12 LOUIE (2),&#xa0;FINDING VIVIAN MAIER
05/14 THE AMERICANS
&#xa0;05/15 KEY &amp; PEELE (3)
05/16&#xa0;THE DAY OF THE JACKAL
05/18&#xa0;A Spy Among Friends,&#xa0;Ben Macintyre
05/20 VEEP, INSIDE AMY SCHUMER, MAD MEN
05/21&#xa0;SORCERER, THE AMERICANS, LOUIE (2)
05/23 THE THICK OF IT (5)
05/24 THE THICK OF IT (7)&#xa0;
05/25&#xa0;Think Like a Freak, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, THE THICK OF IT (2), MAD MEN,&#xa0;CATCH-22&#xa0;
05/26&#xa0;POINT BLANK, THE THICK OF IT (4), LOUIE (2)
05/31&#xa0;IN THE LOOP
06/01&#xa0;No Place To Hide, Glenn Greenwald, W1A (4),&#xa0;THE SPY WHO CAME IN FROM THE COLD
06/02 VEEP, THE THICK OF IT, ARVINGERNE&#xa0;
06/03&#xa0;To Rise Again At A Decent Hour, Joshua Ferris, THE THICK OF IT, LOUIE, THE SLAP&#xa0;
06/04 INSIDE AMY SCHUMER, THE SLAP (3)
06/05 THE SLAP (2),&#xa0;STATE AND MAIN,&#xa0;SE7EN
06/06 ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK (2)
06/07&#xa0;The Goldfinch, Donna Tartt, THE SLAP (2)
06/08 VEEP (2)
06/09 LOUIE (3)
06/14&#xa0;Summer House with Swimming Pool, Herman Koch,&#xa0;TO CATCH A THIEF
06/15&#xa0;Killer of Demons, Christopher Yost and Scott Wegener,&#xa0;BLACK SUNDAY,&#xa0;DR. STRANGELOVE: OR, HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE BOMB
06/16 LOUIE (2)
06/20&#xa0;THE ARMSTRONG LIE
06/21&#xa0;THE CONVERSATION
06/22&#xa0;It Won't Always Be This Great, Peter Mehlman
06/23&#xa0;JAWS&#xa0;
06/26 ARVINGERNE (2)
06/29&#xa0;My Struggle: Book One, Karl Ove Gnausgaard, THE LEFTOVERS&#xa0;
06/30 OLIVE KITTERIDGE (4)
07/02&#xa0;My Struggle: Book Two, Karl Ove Gnausgaard, PORTLANDIA (2),&#xa0;THE PARALLAX VIEW
07/03&#xa0;I SMILE BACK,&#xa0;WHITEY: THE UNITED STATES VS. JAMES J. BULGER
07/04 ARVINGERNE (3)&#xa0;
07/05 ARVINGERNE, CODE BREAKERS,&#xa0;JAWS
07/06 ARVINGERNE (2)
07/07 ARVINGERNE (2)
&#xa0;07/11&#xa0;ALIEN
07/12&#xa0;My Struggle: Book Three, Karl Ove Gnausgaard,&#xa0;FILM SOCIALISME
07/13 KIM PHILBY: HIS MOST INTIMATE BETRAYAL (2)
07/15 COME TO PAPA (Largo)
07/16 RED OAKS
07/17&#xa0;The Last Magazine, Michael Hastings
07/18&#xa0;AMERICAN GRAFFITI
07/19&#xa0;THE OFFENSE
07/20&#xa0;THE SEDUCTION OF MIMI
07/21&#xa0;ALTERED STATES
07/22&#xa0;2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY
07/24&#xa0;HIS GIRL FRIDAY
07/25&#xa0;WORLD ON A WIRE
07/26&#xa0;BOYHOOD,&#xa0;THE PAPER CHASE
07/27&#xa0;THE RAIN PEOPLE,&#xa0;THE HAUNTING&#xa0;('63)
07/28&#xa0;PANIC ROOM
07/29&#xa0;The Rule of Nobody, Philip K. Howard
07/30&#xa0;APOCALYPSE NOW
07/31&#xa0;RED DESERT
08/01&#xa0;The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, Tom Rachman
08/02&#xa0;The Great Degeneration, Niall Ferguson, CUBS VS DODGERS
08/09&#xa0;THE ANDROMEDA STRAIN
08/10&#xa0;Yours in Haste and Adoration: The Selected Letters of Terry Southern, Nile Southern and Brooke Allen (galley)
08/11&#xa0;CITIZENFOUR
08/12&#xa0;PATHS OF GLORY
08/14&#xa0;SPARTACUS&#xa0;('60),&#xa0;DINER
08/16&#xa0;THE ARRANGEMENT, KATT WILLIAMS: PRICELESS: AFTERLIFE
08/17&#xa0;I Am Pilgrim, Terry Hayes
08/18 KATT WILLIAMS: KATTPOCALYPSE
08/19&#xa0;CITIZENFOUR, MYSTERY OF THE NAZCA LINES
08/21&#xa0;THE GODFATHER
08/23 CRIMES OF PASSION,&#xa0;THE KILLING
08/24&#xa0;THE GODFATHER PART II
08/25&#xa0;THE PARALLAX VIEW,&#xa0;CARNAL KNOWLEDGE
08/27&#xa0;NASHVILLE
08/30&#xa0;The Power of Noticing, Max. H. Bazerman
09/01&#xa0;MICHAEL CLAYTON
09/06&#xa0;RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK&#xa0;(B&amp;W)
09/07&#xa0;Proof: The Science of Booze, Adam Rogers, BOARDWALK EMPIRE
09/09 COME TO PAPA (Largo)
09/11&#xa0;RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK&#xa0;(B&amp;W)
09/12 BILL MAHER: LIVE FROM WASHINGTON, DC
09/21 BOARDWALK EMPIRE
09/20&#xa0;The Staying Guests, Sarah Waters
09/29 Begin principal photography on&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
10/02 BOARDWALK EMPIRE
10/11 BOARDWALK EMPIRE
11/05&#xa0;BEWARE MR. BAKER
11/06&#xa0;Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, John Berendt, BOARDWALK EMPIRE,&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
11/07 BOARDWALK EMPIRE (2)
11/08&#xa0;THE GALAPAGOS AFFAIR: WHEN SATAN CAME TO EDEN
11/09&#xa0;The Zone of Interest, Martin Amis, GETTING ON, THE COMEBACK,&#xa0;BIRDMAN, OR: THE UNEXPECTED VIRTUES OF IGNORANCE
11/10 AMERICAN GREED,&#xa0;LIFEBOAT
11/14&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
11/16 GETTING ON
11/18&#xa0;CASABLANCA
11/20&#xa0;WHIPLASH,&#xa0;CARNAL KNOWLEDGE
11/21&#xa0;THE LAST DETAIL
11/22&#xa0;THE GRADUATE
11/23 THE COMEBACK, GETTING ON
11/24&#xa0;COHERENCE
11/25&#xa0;HONEYMOON, HITLER'S RICHES
11/26 1864, VICIOUS (2), AMERICAN GREED, TRANSPARENT (3)
11/27 TRANSPARENT (6)
11/28&#xa0;&#xa0;THE BADADOOK,&#xa0;SUNSET BOULEVARD
11/30 &#xa0;MONA LISA IS MISSING, GETTING ON
12/01&#xa0;&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
12/03&#xa0;&#xa0;NIGHTCRAWLER
12/04&#xa0;&#xa0;IDA, PETER PAN LIVE!
12/06&#xa0;&#xa0;AMERICAN SNIPER
12/07&#xa0; BLACK MIRROR (2), GETTING ON
12/08&#xa0; BLACK MIRROR,&#xa0;FURY
12/09&#xa0;&#xa0;A MOST VIOLENT YEAR
12/10&#xa0;&#xa0;FOXCATCHER
12/13&#xa0; BLACK MIRROR (3), KEY AND PEELE
12/14&#xa0; GETTING ON
12/15&#xa0;&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
12/16&#xa0; BLACK MIRROR: WHITE CHRISTMAS
12/17&#xa0;&#xa0;UNBROKEN
12/18&#xa0;&#xa0;INHERENT VICE
12/20&#xa0; AMERICAN GREED (4)
12/23&#xa0;SELMA,&#xa0;2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY
12/24&#xa0;&#xa0;The Making of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, Piers Bizony,&#xa0;THE INTERVIEW,&#xa0;THE IPCRESS FILE
12/25&#xa0;Stuff Matters, Mark Miodownik, VICIOUS,&#xa0;FUNERAL IN BERLIN, UTOPIA (2)
12/26&#xa0;TOP FIVE,&#xa0;THE LAVENDER HILL MOB
12/27&#xa0;A Little Lumpen Novelita, Roberto Bolano,&#xa0;The Strange Library, Haruki Murakami
12/28&#xa0;MAGIC MIKE XXL
12/30&#xa0;THE RETURN OF W. DE RIJK
12/31&#xa0;The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher, Hilary Mantel,&#xa0;GASLIGHT&#xa0;('40)
VINYL
CHEMICAL CHORDS&#xa0; Stereolab
THE SPECIALS LIVE&#xa0; The Specials
THE SMITHS&#xa0; Strangeways Here We Come (2)
TRAFFIC&#xa0; John Barleycorn Must Die
THE KNACK&#xa0; Soundtrack&#xa0; John Barry
THE STRANGLERS&#xa0; Aural Sculpture
QUEENS OF THE STONE AGE&#xa0; Like Clockwork…
S/T&#xa0; St. Vincent
KIND OF BLUE&#xa0; Miles Davis
THE BEST OF AL GREEN&#xa0; Al Green
A CHARLIE BROWN CHRISTMAS&#xa0; Vince Guaraldi Trio
A CHRISTMAS ALBUM&#xa0; Various
A CHRISTMAS OF MIRACLES&#xa0; Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
To see Soderbergh's past lists,&#xa0;<a href="http://collider.com/steven-soderbergh-movies-books-tv-list/" target="_blank">click here</a>.

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