<ul class="summary-list"><li>"Moat" is a beloved term in tech that describes how a company can stop rivals taking their business.</li><li>In the fast-changing world of AI, OpenAI appeared to have created a powerful moat through ChatGPT.</li></ul>It seems fair to say that OpenAI has been the king of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-and-generative-ai-guide-to-most-talked-about-technology-2023-june">generative artificial intelligence</a> since the launch of ChatGPT. But that might not be the case for much longer.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chat-gpt-2023-1">OpenAI's chatbot</a> has upended teaching, writing, technology, and many other sectors since its arrival in November. It put the world's biggest tech companies like Meta and Google on the back foot. Blue-chip <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hundreds-of-ceos-talked-about-chatgpt-on-h1-earnings-calls-2023-7">CEOs across the US spent the last six months running to roll out ChatGPT plugins</a>.It looked like OpenAI's competitive moat was infallible — until now.<h2>Not the only game in town</h2><div type="image" title="Mark Zuckerberg wearing a suit and tie while standing in front of a sign with the Facebook logo on it." height="1992" width="2657" msid="101989995" hostid="261"></div>The term "moat" refers to a company's competitive advantage and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/warren-buffett-moat-strategy-explained-by-columbia-professor-bruce-greenwald-2019-12?r=US&amp;IR=T">was popularized by Warren Buffett</a>. One of the most famous moats in tech was, for example, Microsoft bundling its software with Windows, meaning generations of kids grew up using products like Word and Internet Explorer — until Google rolled out free rival products such as Google Docs.In much the same fashion, OpenAI started off strong out of the gate. The free version of ChatGPT was the fastest-growing internet app of all time when it arrived in November, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-may-be-fastest-growing-app-in-history-ubs-study-2023-2?r=US&amp;IR=T#:~:text=ChatGPT%20may%20be%20the%20fastest%2Dgrowing%20app%20in%20history%20with,easy%20access%20and%20faster%20responses.">with 100 million users in just two months</a>. That millions of people had their first exposure to advanced AI powered by large language models through ChatGPT was a major competitive advantage, and it was a genius move by OpenAI to launch a free version of the chatbot.The competition is now following suit.This week, Meta announced <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/meta-llama-2-data-train-ai-models-2023-7">the launch of Llama 2</a>, a huge new AI model, through a partnership with Microsoft. The companies described this as "open source" and said it would be freely available to developers for research and commercial use."We believe an open approach is the right one for the development of today's AI models, especially those in the generative space where the technology is rapidly advancing," <a href="https://about.fb.com/news/2023/07/llama-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a blog post announcing Llama 2 said</a>.Now, the open-source community disputes whether <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/meta-llama-2-ai-model-not-open-source-2023-7">Llama 2 is open-source at all</a>. Companies with more than 700 million monthly active users will need to get special permission from Meta to use Llama 2, per the <a href="https://ai.meta.com/resources/models-and-libraries/llama-downloads/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">terms and conditions</a> for the AI model's use. That essentially blocks Meta's biggest competitors from using the model but puts it at odds with open-source definitions set out by the nonprofit Open Source Initiative.And unlike OpenAI's ChatGPT, Llama 2 doesn't have an easy-to-use consumer interface. It's targeted at technical and corporate users who want to use the model to power their apps and services.That said, Llama 2 is now a powerful tool to be used by companies across the board who are desperate to reap the benefits of generative AI. Even if it isn't strictly open, it is broadly free, and later OpenAI models are not. Early impressions suggest Llama 2 stacks up pretty evenly against ChatGPT.Nathan Lambert, a research scientist at the AI company Hugging Face, <a href="https://www.interconnects.ai/p/llama-2-from-meta" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wrote in a Substack post</a> on Tuesday that Llama 2 involved "substantial technical expansions" in terms of data quality and training techniques, and its "fine-tuned chat models seem on the same level as ChatGPT.""It is a huge leap forward for open-source, and a huge blow to the closed-source providers, as using this model will offer way more customizability and way lower cost for most companies," Lambert wrote.<h2>A question of quality</h2>The second issue for OpenAI is quality.There is a growing sense throughout the AI community that the responses from GPT-4, the advanced, multi-modal AI model underlying the premium version of ChatGPT, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-openai-research-gpt4-2023-7">have gotten a little dumber.</a>Insider reported this month that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-gpt4-ai-model-got-lazier-dumber-chatgpt-2023-7">some of this deterioration may have resulted from a radical redesign of the model</a> that seems to have sped up the response time of the chatbot while decreasing the quality of the responses.A <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.09009.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">paper published by researchers at Stanford University and UC Berkeley</a> on Tuesday said the model was <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-openai-research-gpt4-2023-7">getting sloppy</a> in its ability to solve math problems, generate code, and respond meaningfully to sensitive questions.It's an issue OpenAI will want to be on top of as competitors emerge — especially as the initial novelty of ChatGPT wears off. This month, <a href="https://www.similarweb.com/blog/insights/ai-news/chatgpt-traffic-drops/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the web-analytics company Similarweb estimated</a> that worldwide desktop and mobile traffic to ChatGPT's website dropped 9.7% from May to June.As the first popular entrant into the generative AI space, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lost-job-chatgpt-made-me-obsolete-copywriter-2023-7">OpenAI's chatbot</a> had the advantage of capturing the imaginations of millions before Google, Meta, and the rest.But open models were always the threat. <a href="https://www.semianalysis.com/p/google-we-have-no-moat-and-neither" target="_blank" rel="noopener">In May</a>, the Semianalysis blog published a memo purportedly from an anonymous Google engineer warning that said open-source models would eventually overtake anything closed models could do. The paper was titled: "We Have No Moat, And Neither Does OpenAI."OpenAI may need to come to terms with that before Llama 3 is released.

So, that's the end of OpenAI's ChatGPT moat

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Google is moving fast to launch its new AI model and put it in Bard.</li><li>The head of the company's Bard and Assistant talks about working with a "new magic ingredient."</li></ul>There's a lot of pressure on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-helpful-content-update-results-drop-ai-generated-2023-9">Google</a> right now.The company is on the verge of releasing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-gemini-ai-model-smashes-gpt4-says-semianalysis-2023-8">Gemini</a>, its highly-anticipated new large language model, which will be closely compared to OpenAI's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-gpt4-ai-model-got-lazier-dumber-chatgpt-2023-7">GPT-4</a>.Gemini will be multimodal, meaning it will be able to understand and produce text, images, and other types of content. CEO <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sundar-pichai-about-2016-2">Sundar Pichai</a> has hinted it will also be better at planning, while DeepMind CEO <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-deepmind-ai-smart-human-brain-2023-5">Demis Hassabis</a> told Wired that Gemini is being trained using techniques that powered its AlphaGo program, which beat the best human Go player in 2016.A key person in the middle of all this is Sissie Hsiao, Google's VP and general manager of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/googles-bard-ai-chatgpt-trained-under-pressure-workers-2023-7">Bard</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/tech/ok-google">Google Assistant</a>. She's also a member of Insider's inaugural <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-ai-100-2023-the-people-who-make-ai-intelligent-2023-10">AI 100</a>.Hsiao isn't part of the team building Gemini – a newly-formed coalition of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-ai-deepmind-org-chart-2023-7">DeepMind</a> and Google's Brain unit – but she is responsible for some of the major products that will give users access to these new AI systems."I've seen some pretty amazing things," said Hsiao. "Like, I'm trying to bake a cake, draw me 3 pictures of the steps to how to ice a three layer cake, and Gemini will actually create those images.""These are completely novel pictures. These are not pictures from the internet," she added. "It's able to speak in imagery with humans now, not just text."To say Google needs Gemini to be a success is an understatement. OpenAI recently announced the third iteration of its visual art generator, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-dalle-opt-out-process-artists-enraging-2023-9">DALL-E</a>, and updated <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/school-is-back-chatgpt-mainly-tool-cheating-homework-2023-9">ChatGPT</a> so it can access more up-to-date information (until now, it didn't have access to data about anything that happened after September 2021).If Gemini dazzles, it will help Google change the narrative that it was blindsided by Microsoft and OpenAI. If it disappoints, it will embolden critics who say Google has fallen behind.The search giant has upfront about Bard's limitations from day one, and still refers to it as an "experiment." The chatbot has come <a target="_blank" href="https://fortune.com/2023/04/05/google-bard-misinformation-harmful-false-narrative/">under fire for producing misinformation</a>. Hsiao's team recently <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-ai-bard-chatbot-gmail-maps-youtube-integration-2023-9">introduced a feature</a> that highlights information Bard suspects may not be accurate.Hsiao, like most Google executives right now, loves to say Google is being "bold and responsible," but she also acknowledged things inside the company are moving "incredibly fast" and said the Bard team feels like a "startup" right now."It feels like the first one or two years I was at Google," she said. "It feels like the beginning all over again.""People ask me, 'Is the hype real?" I don't think it's hype, I think it's real," she says. "Because I work with the technology every day."<h2>"It's like a new magic ingredient showed up"</h2><div type="image" title="Sissie Hsiao on stage at Google I/O 2023" height="3129" width="4810" msid="104369051" hostid="261" sizebytes="3901020"></div>Hsiao joined Google in 2006 as a product manager on image search and Google Docs. From there she moved through various jobs on Google's advertising products."After I had done that for a few years, I really looked and said, 'What is the most cutting edge product at Google to work on, that is sort of unsolved,'" she said. Google Assistant was the answer, and in 2021 <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-adds-new-executives-to-search-team-under-prabhakar-raghavan-2021-4">Google reshuffled its search team</a> to put Hsiao in charge of its voice assistant.Hsiao said she wanted to work on something that "marries cutting edge research with a cutting edge vision of a future that isn't here yet."The Bard and Assistant teams were merged earlier this year under Hsiao, and we're starting to learn why: Google recently announced that Bard is getting integrated into the Assistant on mobile devices, right on the heels of Amazon revealing a new, more powerful <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-alexa-job-layoffs-rise-and-fall-2022-11">Alexa</a>.Assistant with Bard, as Google is calling it, will fuse the generative AI powers of Bard with the helpful abilities of its voice assistant. Its arrival also suggests that the company is rethinking what the Assistant – which has stagnated in recent years – actually is in the era of powerful LLMs."We're moving away from voice as the primary modality," said Hsiao of the recent Assistant update, which will let users interact with it using text, voice, and images.Whether Google is planning to overhaul the experience on smart speakers remains to be seen. "We're still exploring," said Hsiao. "It's too early to say definitively whether it will be useful or not."While chatbots and large language models have wowed users, there are still questions about whether these AI systems are actually going to be useful in the long term. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-ai-how-big-tech-will-win-again-2023-5">Google's advantage here</a> is its array of already popular apps, such as Gmail, Docs, and Maps, that it can inject the underlying AI abilities into.Hsiao thinks Bard itself has value as a product in the long-term. "It is the most unconstrained expression of the large language model," she told Insider. "There is beauty in it being a simple box because in that box you can actually ask it to do anything."She also believes this new technology can be both a standalone AI product and something that is infused into other products.Assistant with Bard may go some way to Google proving this out, but it's still too early to tell – and Hsiao's team, like many within Google right now, are moving speedily to experiment and find ways to inject AI in ways that aren't just flashy, but genuinely helpful."It's like a new magic ingredient showed up," she said, "and you're trying to figure out what it can do."

Google VP teases Gemini's multimodal future: 'I've seen some pretty amazing things.'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The Cloud 1.0 era was dominated by Amazon Web Services. </li><li>The generative AI boom has ushered in the Cloud 2.0 era. </li></ul>When you're building a house, you can do it in various ways. You can build all the tools you need and then hike into a forest to chop down wood and turn that into your final structure. Or, you can go to Home Depot and buy wood that's already been chopped down, along with all the nails, hammers and other equipment you need.Or, you can pay a contractor to do most of the work. Over the past 15 years, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-aws-struggles-in-saas-business-applications-cloud-market-hubspot-2021-11">Amazon Web Services</a> became the go-to contractor for anyone wanting to build something online. A website, an app, a business software service. Nowadays, very few developers venture into the digital forest and chop down their own semiconductors and build their own servers and data centers. AWS does it all for you, and provides most of the tools you need. This is what turned AWS from a fringe idea in 2006 into a $80 billion business with juicy profit margins and a huge, sticky customer base. This is the essence of a technology platform. The rise of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/generative-ai-threat-to-saas-companies-software-as-a-service-2023-5">generative AI</a> has created what some technologists are calling Cloud 2.0. There's a new stack of hardware, software, tools, and services that will power AI applications for years to come. Which company will be the go-to contractor in this new world? When you're building your AI house, who will you turn to for all that digital wood and the right tools that just work well together to get the job done?At the moment, AWS doesn't look like the leader here, while <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nvidia-shocker-1-trillion-spent-ai-data-centers-4-years-2023-8">Nvidia</a> has a massive head start. <div type="image" title="jensen huang drive nvidia ces" height="1274" width="2000" msid="104157223" hostid="261" sizebytes="151410"></div>Nvidia designs and sells <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tech-giants-spending-nvidia-gpus-google-meta-amazon-2023-7">GPUs</a> that are the go-to chip used by almost everyone who is creating large language models and other big AI models. These components were being used by AI researchers more than a decade ago when <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/andrew-ng-ai-artificial-intelligence-playbook-2018-12">Andrew Ng</a> and others discovered GPUs could handle many computations in parallel. In contrast, AWS launched its Trainium GPU for AI model training in December 2020, almost a decade later. During that decade, Nvidia also built a platform around its GPUs that helped AI developers do their jobs. The company created compilers, drivers, an operating system, tools, code libraries, training notes and videos, and more. The core of this platform is a programming language called CUDA. There are now more than 4 million registered Nvidia developers who use CUDA all its related tools. That's up from 2 million in August 2020, and 1 million two years before that. The closest thing AWS has right now is called Neuron. This was released in 2019, according to <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/aws-neuron/aws-neuron-sdk/releases/tag/v1.0.0">its Github page</a>. CUDA came out in 2007. <h2>Libraries, models, and frameworks</h2>Michael Douglas, a former Nvidia executive, spoke to Bernstein analysts recently about all this, explaining that the chipmaker's software and tools are far ahead of the competition: <ul><li>There are 250 software libraries available to developers that sit on top of CUDA. A library is pre-built code that performs a function like handling video or audio or doing something in graphics.</li><li>There are also 400 pre-built models that Nvidia offers developers for AI tasks such as image recognition and voice synthesis.</li><li>These libraries and models are weaved together with popular software frameworks such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, Windows and VMware. </li><li>This all sits in stacks on top of 65 platforms. A platform provides most of the other software developers need to operationalize something in an environment in a data center, or at the edge, with AI. </li></ul>"What that means is that, it's like if you want to build a house, the difference between going into the forest and having to cut down your own trees and make your own tools or going into Home Depot, where you buy the lumber and the tools and get everything to work together," Douglas said. <h2>Cloud 2.0</h2>Another key point here: Most AI developers already know how to use CUDA and Nvidia GPUs. All the hacks, tricks, and other shortcuts are embedded in the community. Arguably, Nvidia has already created an AI cloud platform – as AWS once did for the Cloud 1.0 era. As we move into Cloud 2.0, this will be hard for AWS, or anyone else, to break. "Nvidia has been betting on AI for a long time. They have a level of software maturity that no other provider can match," said Luis Ceze, CEO and cofounder of AI startup OctoML. "With Amazon, there's still a lot to mature there. People must have confidence that the silicon is good and the system software is there." Amazon's offering is just not as complete yet, he added. "Look at the experience of developers trying to bring AI models to train on AWS versus Nvidia. These are world's apart right now," Ceze explained.<h2>The Amazon-Anthropic feedback loop</h2>Don't count AWS out yet, though. It's early days, as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/andy-jassy-amazon-web-services-ceo-2021-1">Andy Jassy</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/aws-ceo-adam-selipsky-stressed-about-amazon-day2-culture-2023-7">Adam Selipsky</a> keep saying. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-vp-distinguished-engineer-james-hamilton-profile-aws-jassy-boat-2021-8">James Hamilton</a> is an AWS cloud infrastructure genius who can take on Nvidia, even if the chipmaker has a major head start. "Nvidia has a lock on the market due to advantages in software," said Oren Etzioni, a technical director at the AI2 Incubator and a partner at Madrona Venture Group. "There's an argument that this window is starting to close."The Cloud 2.0 race really kicked off in late September when Amazon announced an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-invests-4-billion-in-anthropic-2023-9">investment of up to $4 billion</a> in an AI startup called <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/anthropic-cofounder-daniela-amodei-trust-safety-generative-artificial-intelligence-2023-4">Anthropic</a>. This relatively small San Francisco-based company is packed with researchers who helped create the core GPT technology at the heart of today's generative AI boom. Anthropic has one of the most capable large AI models out there, called Claude.<div type="image" title="Dario Amodei Anthropic" height="5179" width="5179" msid="104157225" hostid="261" sizebytes="2214932"></div>Anthropic will now use AWS's in-house Trainium and Inferentia chips to build, train, and deploy its future AI models, and the two companies will collaborate on the development of future Trainium and Inferentia technology.A key part here is the feedback loop between Anthropic and AWS. Those AI pioneers at Anthropic are now committed to using AWS's GPUs, along with all the related software and tooling. If AWS is lacking here, Anthropic can help identify the biggest holes and suggest ways of filling them. To catch Nvidia, AWS really needed a marquee developer like this. All it took was $1 billion to $4 billion. "Amazon needs a major AI player using its own silicon," said Ceze. "Amazon being able to show Anthropic running their workloads on Amazon chips is a win. They want other folks building AI models to feel confident that the silicon is good and the software is mature."<h2>Avoiding the Nvidia tax</h2>Making your own AI chips is a really important advantage for winning the Cloud 2.0 race. If AWS has to keep buying Nvidia GPUs, it will have to pay a margin to Nvidia. (Some AI experts call this the Nvidia tax). That will make AWS's Trainium and Inferentia cloud services more expensive to run. If, instead, AWS can make its own AI chips, then it gets to keep that Nvidia profit margin for itself. That means it can offer AI training and inference cloud services that are more cost effective. At a recent AWS event in Seattle, Selipsky, AWS's CEO, hammered this message home: AWS's AI cloud services will be competitive based on "price performance." This means it should be more efficient to build AI models on AWS, according to the CEO. <div type="image" title="Adam Selipsky reInvent" height="1996" width="3000" msid="104157227" hostid="261" sizebytes="115550"></div>In the Cloud 1.0 era, AWS pulled this off partly through the acquisition Annapurna Labs in 2015. This startup helped Amazon design its own Gravitron CPUs for its cloud data centers. Suddenly, AWS no longer needed to buy as many expensive Xeon chips from Intel. This was an important element that made AWS such a competitive and successful cloud provider. <h2>How easy it is to switch from Nvidia?</h2>Here's the problem though: You can have great AI chips and great prices, but will anyone switch from using Nvidia GPUs and the CUDA platform? If they don't, AWS might not win Cloud 2.0 in the way it did with Cloud 1.0. This brings us back to the house-building analogy. At the moment, Nvidia probably offers the best combination of wood and tools to get the job done. If you're already using this, can you switch easily? I asked Sharon Zhou, cofounder of Lamini AI. Her startup spent months building a data center from scratch to help customers train AI models. When it was unveiled in September, the surprise was that Lamini used AMD GPUs rather than Nvidia chips. How was the switch? Zhou said Lamini didn't even try because it would have been so hard. "We never switched. We started the company on AMD. That's why it works," she said. "Switching would be more difficult than starting from scratch. If you want to switch, you'd have to apply a major refactor to your entire codebase."She also went back to one of the same points that Douglas, the former Nvidia exec, made: The AI libraries and other frameworks and tooling around CUDA are just more developed. "Libraries are heavily integrated with Nvidia today," Zhou said. "You need to reimplement fundamental abilities to work with large language models. Outside of the fundamentals, you need to do so for other common libraries, too."<h2>Nvidia's lock-ins</h2>Etzioni said Nvidia still has 2 main lock-ins with AI developers. The first is that PyTorch, a popular AI framework, is optimized really well for CUDA and therefore Nvidia GPUs. OctoML, the startup Ceze runs, is working on a bunch of gnarly technical fixes that it hopes will make it easier for AI developers to use any GPU with different frameworks and platforms in the future, including AWS's offerings. Second, once you can efficiently connect to another AI software stack, that alternative platform has to be at least as good as CUDA. "And the alternatives are just not there yet," Etzioni said. AMD may be the closest to Nvidia at the moment, according to Etzioni. That chipmaker has ROCm, a software platform that gives AI developers access to popular languages, libraries and tools. He didn't mention AWS or Trainium, though.

Amazon dominated the first cloud era. The AI boom has kicked off Cloud 2.0, and the company doesn't have a head start this time. 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Stanford students say interest in generative AI has already surpassed the crypto hype.</li><li>Enrollment in existing classes on artificial intelligence has skyrocketed, according to faculty.</li></ul>It's hard to separate Stanford University from the orbit of the tech industry. And as a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/list-whats-hot-whats-not-tech-chatgpt-ai-pickleball-2023-3">generative AI craze sweeps through Silicon Valley</a>, it's set big changes in motion at Stanford, tooJust look at Stanford's course listings. In just five years, the number of classes related to artificial intelligence appears to have doubled. Every year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/top-colleges-for-working-in-silicon-valley-2017-5">Stanford graduates funnel into coveted gigs</a> at Big Tech companies, venture capital firms — or they embrace the startup grind as founders. Almost 40,000 companies have been <a href="https://facts.stanford.edu/research/innovation/#:~:text=Stanford%20alumni%20and%20faculty%20have,region%20known%20as%20Silicon%20Valley." target="_blank" rel="noopener">launched</a> by <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tech-stars-who-graduated-from-stanford-2014-8">alumni</a> and faculty since the 1930s, including giants of the tech economy, like Google, LinkedIn, and Yahoo, the university brags.Now, since <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chat-gpt-2023-1">OpenAI released ChatGPT</a> in November, interest in AI on campus has surged, more than a dozen Stanford students and faculty told Insider."The speed the industry is moving is very surprising to me — as a person who is very aware of the industry," said Rishi Bommasani, a computer science doctoral student at the Stanford Center for Research on Foundation Models. And Stanford's rush into AI? "The speed of Stanford is very surprising to me — as a person fairly familiar with Stanford."<div type="image" title="Sophie Fuji" height="806" width="1076" msid="101515030" hostid="261"></div><h2>AI is now brunch conversation</h2>Until recently, conversations around AI have largely been relegated to those with a technical fluency in machine learning, programming, or advanced mathematics, students told Insider. The current curiosity, though, has been fueled by the accessibility of generative AI. Anyone can <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-potential-users-young-educated-and-rich-pew-survey-2023-5">experiment with ChatGPT</a>, for example, and use their experience as a starting point to consider broader questions around artificial intelligence.Now, students majoring in everything from English to economics to symbolic systems (also known as the "VC major") told Insider that they're grappling with the political, social, and even philosophical <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/list-generative-ai-artificial-intelligence-best-books-for-learning-experts-2023-3">implications of the AI revolution</a>.Take, for instance, a recent conversation among a group of Stanford students: Senior Isabelle Levent and her boyfriend had a few classmates over to their dorm for brunch in March. Guests initially circled through the usual topics — the a sinkhole in the parking lot, a venture capital event someone attended, predictions on when a lake nearby might run dry. That's until someone brought up a research paper that had just been published by OpenAI, the startup behind ChatGPT and its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gpt4-openai-chatgpt-everything-you-need-to-know-4-2023-3">newest language model, GPT-4</a>.Suddenly, everyone's faces lit up, Levent said. The group began discussing the paper, GPT-4's capabilities, and their concerns about the safety of AI. "This isn't typical brunch talk for all students on campus," Levent later told Insider by email, "but AI is on a lot of people's minds."<h3>'Fast' even for Stanford </h3>The university has made swift moves to accommodate the burst in student interest.Stanford is a decentralized campus where course programming is done at the departmental level, a representative for the university told Insider by email. That means it's difficult to tell exactly how many AI-related courses were introduced over the past few quarters.But Insider went through course catalogs from the past five years to get at least a bird's-eye view of the increase: For the 2018-2019 school year, there were 72 courses that touched on artificial intelligence in some capacity — and just five that specifically mentioned "generative AI."By the 2022-2023 school year, that number jumped to 140, with 14 courses that specifically touched on "generative AI." That means courses related to AI — at least by Insider's look — appear to have basically doubled in the past five years.<div type="image" title="Stanford University" height="2048" width="2730" msid="101515031" hostid="261"></div>And enrollment in Stanford's artificial intelligence-focused computer science classes also has skyrocketed in recent months.Over the past five years, CS 224N, a popular computer science course on natural language processing, has drawn about 400 to 500 students in the winter quarter. This year, though, more than 650 students enrolled in the class, making it the most popular computer science class, and second-most enrolled course in the quarter, <a href="https://stanforddaily.com/2023/02/15/course-enrollment-rankings-stem-dominates-the-most-popular-winter-quarter-courses/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according</a> to The Stanford Daily. Over the past few months, the university has also added new classes on generative AI in medicine, economics, and its master's program in liberal arts — all in departments that don't regularly touch on the topic.And professors are putting these courses together with record speed, too. Bryant Lin, a clinical professor of medicine, is teaching a class this quarter called "Generative AI and Medicine" that he said he organized in a matter of months. Given the size of Stanford's course catalog, Lin said that new classes don't land on students' radars as quickly as existing ones, but his class filled up in less than a day with a 36-person waitlist. For professors who have dedicated years to studying artificial intelligence, the uptick in interest has raised a bigger question: How should instruction be expanded beyond the student pursuing a Ph.D. in computer science?AI expert <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-university-technology-books-abu-dhabi-2020-8">Peter Norvig</a> began considering this question in the early 2000s when he was directing the core search algorithms group at Google and put together a course for software engineers who had little experience with machine learning. Now, as a fellow at Stanford's Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Norvig is thinking about how to broaden the scope of education to the non-technical student. "I think, just for, you know, everyone — as a consumer and citizen — these issues are touching our society," Norvig said. "They should know enough to understand what's going on, to use the tools that are available to them, to take advantage of the benefits, to watch out for the potential harms, and to understand how it's affecting society."Of course, the acceleration of generative AI tools like ChatGPT has also <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-technology-end-of-coding-software-developers-jobs-2023-4">raised the question of whether coding</a>, or <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/list-here-are-the-exams-chatgpt-has-passed-so-far-2023-1">essential academic skills</a>, will become obsolete.<div type="image" title="Sid Sharma" height="829" width="1105" msid="101515032" hostid="261"></div>Siddharth Sharma, a sophomore majoring in computer science, said those doubts haven't yet swept through campus."The whole point of ChatGPT is that it makes it easier to write segments of code that already exist out there in the wild," he said. "It just means that more critical thinking is going to be necessary, you know, in the coming years for students in general."<h3>AI isn't the next crypto</h3>The frenzy is not only academic. Stanford's deep ties to the venture capital world — where the generative AI boom has been a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-promising-generative-artificial-intelligence-startups-according-vcs-venture-capital-2023-3">rare bright spot</a> amid a gloomy funding landscape — have pointed students toward the tech industry's next gold rush. In conversations with Insider, several students drew comparisons between the AI hype cycle and the crypto craze of years past. Their general consensus, though, was that while interest in crypto was purely monetary, the fascination with generative AI is rooted in its potential to upend and reshape society. As symbolic systems major Sophie Fujiwara put it via Twitter direct message: The interest in AI is greater than any other trend.Every "entrepreneurially-minded" undergraduate is experimenting with generative AI, developing notes apps, health apps, and creating content, Levent, who hosted the brunch in March, told Insider. Graduate students studying artificial intelligence are also debating whether to leave to noble world of academic for lucrative gigs in Silicon Valley's new promised land, Insider previously <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tech-companies-raid-top-university-campuses-rare-artificial-intelligence-talent-2023-4">reported</a>. For the undergraduates, at least, the ideas are still nascent. They aren't yet dropping out in droves to launch AI startups. <div type="image" title="Bryan Chiang" height="2266" width="3022" msid="101515033" hostid="261"></div>Recent graduate, Bryan Chiang, who recently built <a href="https://www.rizzgpt.app" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RizzGPT</a>, an AI-powered monocle that displays words to help users sound more charismatic everyday conversations, said that most students are just "tinkering" right now. But that doesn't mean the promise of a larger disruption is on the horizon."You still have your Big Tech companies lying around, but they're much more vulnerable, because the bleeding edge of AI has basically been democratized," Chiang said, who spent time conducting research on AI models at Google and Microsoft.He summed up the promise of AI succinctly: "You don't have to be an academic or a professor, or someone with 10 years of expertise, to do cool stuff."

AI-related classes have doubled at Stanford over the past five years &mdash; showing just how fast it's taking over

Good morning to everyone except the fast-approaching debt ceiling. Phil Rosen here. Over the last week, the so-called "X-date" for a US default has commandeered conversations and headlines, with warnings coming from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/janet-yellen-debt-ceiling-government-run-out-money-june-1-2023-5?utm_medium=ingest&amp;utm_source=markets&amp;_gl=1*1qfpbqe*_ga*MjA5NTAyMzYyOS4xNjYyNDcwMDc5*_ga_E21CV80ZCZ*MTY4MzgyOTU3Ni44NDEuMS4xNjgzODMyNjkyLjQ2LjAuMA..">Janet Yellen</a>, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/goldman-sachs-hammack-us-debt-default-real-risk-greenback-dollar-2023-5">Goldman Sachs</a>, and <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/us-debt-ceiling-default-risk-unquantifiable-consequences-markets-economy-yellen-2023-5">top CEOs</a>.But on Thursday, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">the man with the most gravitas on Wall Street</a> shared his take on the potentially catastrophic scenario that's just weeks away.If this was forwarded to you, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/subscription/newsletter/10-things-opening-bell">sign up here</a>. Download Insider's app <a href="https://www.insider.com/app">here.</a><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5"></a>1. Everyone pays attention when Jamie Dimon speaks. And yesterday he said there's potential for widespread panic <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">if lawmakers don't get their act together</a> and strike a debt deal. That panic "affects contracts, collateral, clearing houses, clients," according to the JPMorgan CEO, who's now the only major bank chief that was around in 2008 and is still in the game today. In an interview with Bloomberg, Dimon said <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">he's put together a "war room"</a> at JPMorgan to plan for contingencies around a potential US default. He said his team currently meets once a week, but they could soon meet up to three times a day if folks in Washington <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">continue to drag their feet on negotiations</a>. While Dimon doesn't anticipate the country will actually see its first-ever default, he acknowledged the clock is running down."The closer you get to it, you will have panic," he said. "<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">Markets will get volatile</a>, maybe the stock market will go down, the Treasury markets will have their own problems." Dimon, whose bank earlier this month bought the assets of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-first-republic-failed-what-means-rest-banking-industry-2023-5?utm_medium=ingest&amp;utm_source=markets&amp;_gl=1*pf1o4t*_ga*MjA5NTAyMzYyOS4xNjYyNDcwMDc5*_ga_E21CV80ZCZ*MTY4MzgyOTU3Ni44NDEuMS4xNjgzODMzMTA5LjUxLjAuMA..">failed First Republic</a>, said things should never happen this way, and <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">any tumult in America</a> impacts markets around the world.As far as the banking crisis goes, Dimon said it's time for regulators to put an end to the chaos — but he's still predicting policymakers will carry the wrong lessons moving forward."I think it's going to get worse for banks," he said. "More regulations, more rules and more requirements. If you <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">overdo certain rules, requirements, regulations</a> — there are some of these community banks that tell me they have more compliance people than loan officers."Not only should blame be placed at the feet of bank executives, but regulators should be <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/debt-ceiling-jamie-dimon-limit-potentially-catastrophic-economy-biden-jpmorgan-2023-5">looking in the mirror too</a>, in Dimon's view. Here's how he put it:"I think there needs to be humility on the part of regulators. They should look at it and say, 'OK, we were a little bit a part of the problem' as opposed to just pointing fingers."What do you think of the JPMorgan chief's latest comments? Tweet me (<a href="https://twitter.com/philrosenn" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@philrosenn</a>) or email me (prosen@insider.com) to let me know.In other news:<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/housing-market-crash-debt-ceiling-zillow-default-home-prices-recession-2023-5"></a><div type="image" title="A mother and her daughter walk past a 'for sale' sign." height="1499" width="3000" msid="100185590" hostid="261" sizebytes="679114"></div>2. US stock futures rise early Friday, as investors await the release of preliminary consumer sentiment data, due out later this morning. Meanwhile, Tesla shares ticked higher after Elon Musk announced he had <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-says-hired-new-twitter-ceo-transition-cto-2023-5">found a new Twitter CEO</a>. For the latest market moves, <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/premarket?nr_email_referer=1&amp;utm_source=Sailthru&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=Opening_bell&amp;utm_campaign=Post%20Blast%20%20:%20The%20stock%20market%20is%20going%20to%20be%20trading%20flat%20as%20long%20as%20risk-free%20assets%20offer%20much%20more%20yield&amp;utm_term=10%20THINGS%20BEFORE%20THE%20OPENING%20BELL%20SEND%20LIST">click here</a>. 3. Earnings on deck: Allianz, Olympus Corp., and more, all <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/earnings-calendar">reporting</a>.4. A hedge fund manager shared how he leverages GPT-4 to inform his top stock picks. He said it's not about one or two prompts, but rather how you navigate through each prompt with follow-up questions. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/7-gpt-ai-prompts-for-top-stocks-hedge-fund-manager-2023-5">Here are six takeaways from his AI experiments</a>.5. A Zillow economist said home sales could crash 23% in the event of a US default. The so-called "X-date" is inching closer for the debt ceiling, and the housing market will feel the burn if no resolution is reached. <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/housing-market-crash-debt-ceiling-zillow-default-home-prices-recession-2023-5">The unprecedented event would deliver a "major negative shock" and a "deep freeze" for housing.</a>6. Fundstrat's Tom Lee said the bull case for stocks is alive and well. Parts of the economy are seeing "outright deflation," he explained — <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/stock-market-outlook-bull-market-economy-inflation-fed-interest-rates-2023-5">and that could lead to a sharp fall in prices that will boost stocks</a>. 7. South Africa's currency is hovering near a record low. The US just accused the country of secretly selling weapons to Russia, with a US ambassador saying "we do not consider this issue to be resolved." <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/south-africa-rand-dollar-arm-sales-russia-ukraine-sanctions-brics-2023-5">Get the full details</a>.8. What credit crunch? Credit Suisse's chief US economist told us why fears of a severe pullback in lending are overblown. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/credit-crunch-recession-outlook-economy-lending-standards-credit-suisse-farris-2023-5">Plus, he broke down his view on why the US economy is well-positioned to avoid a recession</a>. 9. Personal finance expert "The Budgetnista" shared the two money mistakes that are holding people back from building wealth. She explained how you can determine <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/money-mistakes-avoid-debt-saving-budgeting-budgetnista-2023-5">whether you're on the right track</a>.<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/microsoft-stock-buy-leads-ai-arms-race-chatgpt-alphabet-bard-2023-5"></a><div type="image" title="Microsoft stock price on May 12, 2023" height="968" width="1126" msid="100185594" hostid="261" sizebytes="38396"></div>10. Microsoft is the stock to buy as it leads the charge in the AI arms race. That's according to Wedbush, which said <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/microsoft-stock-buy-leads-ai-arms-race-chatgpt-alphabet-bard-2023-5">the tech giant's early move into OpenAI and ChatGPT gave it an advantage over Alphabet</a>.Curated by Phil Rosen in New York. Feedback or tips? Tweet <a href="https://twitter.com/philrosenn" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@philrosenn</a> or email <a href="mailto:prosen@insider.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">prosen@insider.com</a>.Edited by Max Adams (<a href="https://twitter.com/maxradams?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@maxradams</a>) in New York and Hallam Bullock (<a href="https://twitter.com/hallam_bullock" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@hallam_bullock</a>) in London.

When Jamie Dimon speaks, Wall Street listens - and he just warned of catastrophe

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The progress that ChatGPT made in an exam in just three months stunned an economics professor.</li><li>Bryan Caplan of George Mason University said the chatbot got a D on his economics test in January.</li></ul>An economics professor said the progress ChatGPT made — it improved its score from a D to an A on his economics test in just three months — has stunned him.<a href="https://economics.gmu.edu/people/bcaplan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bryan Caplan</a>, an economics professor at George Mason University, told Insider that the latest version of ChatGPT could now be responsible for the first big bet he's ever lost.<h2>ChatGPT-3.5 didn't understand basic theory</h2>Writing in a <a href="https://betonit.substack.com/p/chatgpt-takes-my-midterm-and-gets" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blog post on his Substack "Bet On It" in January</a>, Caplan said he gave ChatGPT questions from his fall midterms.Caplan said his exam questions test students' understanding of economics rather than have them regurgitate textbooks or complete what are essentially memory exercises.It's here where the old version of ChatGPT tripped up. The bot scored 31 out of a possible 100 on his test, equivalent to a D and well below his 50% median. Caplan told Insider that the bot failed to understand basic concepts, such as the <a href="https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/topics/comparative-advantage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">principle of comparative and absolute advantage</a>. Its answers were also more political than economic, he said."ChatGPT does a fine job of imitating a very weak GMU econ student," Caplan wrote in his January blog post.He isn't the only academic that ChatGPT has disappointed. While it <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wharton-professor-tested-chatgpt-withfinal-exam-would-give-b-2023-1">passed a Wharton Business School exam in January</a>, its professor said it made "surprising mistakes" on simple calculations.<h2>Big bet</h2><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qShKedFJptpxfTHl9MBtHARAiurX-WK6ChrMgQRQz-0/edit" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Caplan likes to bet</a>. He's previously placed 23 public bets and won them all. They're usually for modest sums of about $100, and often on technical subjects like predicted unemployment rates and inflation readings. He also narrowly won a 2008 bet that no member state would leave the European Union before 2020 — the UK left in January of that year.ChatGPT's responses underwhelmed him so much that Caplan bet an AI model wouldn't score an A on six out of seven of his exams before 2029. But when ChatGPT-4 debuted, its progress stunned Caplan. <a href="https://betonit.substack.com/p/gpt-retakes-my-midterm-and-gets-an" target="_blank" rel="noopener">It scored 73% on the same midterm test</a>, equivalent to an A and among the best scores in his class.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-plus-free-openai-paid-version-chatbot-2023-2">ChatGPT's paywalled upgrade</a> sought to fix some of the early issues with the beta version, GPT-3.5. This purportedly <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gpt4-openai-chatgpt-everything-you-need-to-know-4-2023-3">included</a> making ChatGPT 40% more likely to return accurate responses, as well as making it able to handle more nuanced instructions. For Caplan, the improvements were obvious. The bot gave clear answers to his questions, understanding principles it previously struggled with. It also scored perfect marks explaining and evaluating concepts that economists like Paul Krugman have championed."The only thing I can say is it just seems a lot better," Caplan said.Caplan thought ChatGPT's training data might have picked up his previous blog post where he explained his answers, but colleagues told him this was highly unlikely.He added that he's already fed the bot new tests it hadn't seen before, where it did even better than its previous 73% grade. "I was very smug in my judgement, and I'm not smug anymore.," Caplan said.Caplan is more confident he'll win his next AI-related wager. He has a bet with Eliezer Yudkowsky, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2023-03-08/openai-ceo-sam-altman-s-twitter-feud-with-ai-doomer-eliezer-yudkowsky-explained" target="_blank" rel="noopener">an AI doomer who has sparred with Sam Altman, the creator of ChatGPT,</a> that AI will lead to the end of the world before January 1, 2030."I'm probably going to lose this AI bet, but I am totally on board to do a bunch more end-of-the-world AI bets because I think these people are out of their minds," he said.<h2>Tough to test</h2>AI bots have caused headaches for examiners. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-essays-college-cheating-professors-caught-students-ai-plagiarism-2023-1?r=US&amp;IR=T">Professors told Insider that plagiarism can be hard to prove</a> with material from ChatGPT because there is no material evidence of wrongdoing. Caplan said he's thinking of doing away with graded homework in the wake of ChatGPT's rise. He hopes his habit of regularly changing questions will be enough to stop students from learning and regurgitating ChatGPT's responses in exam settings.

A professor says he's stunned that ChatGPT went from a D grade on his economics test to an A in just 3 months

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-chat-gpt-2023-1">ChatGPT</a> has taken the world by storm — but some struggle to get the chatbot to do what they want.</li><li>Insider asked AI enthusiasts how they interact with the chatbot to produce desirable outputs.</li></ul>Since launching over a year ago, ChatGPT has become seemingly omnipresent.At work, people have used the OpenAI product to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-amazon-employees-use-ai-chatbot-software-coding-customer-questions-2023-1">develop code</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/marketing-industry-using-ai-save-time-money-boost-productivity-study-2023-6">generate marketing materials</a>, and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/high-school-math-science-teacher-uses-openai-chatgpt-education-learning-2023-3">create lesson plans</a>. It's become so popular that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jobs-roles-companies-want-ai-chatgpt-experience-salary-2023-6">companies are now hiring workers who have ChatGPT expertise</a> to boost their bottom lines. And in their everyday lives, people are turning to the chatbot for help with <a href="https://www.insider.com/chatgpt-fitness-ai-love-exercise-2023-5">losing weight</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-men-are-using-ai-for-dating-profiles-messaging-study-2023-6">landing dates</a>, and <a href="https://www.insider.com/chatgpt-anti-aging-skincare-routine-wrinkles-ai-2023-6">delaying aging.</a>But ChatGPT doesn't always produce desirable outcomes, and the tech can be <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-chatbot-chatgpt-google-microsofty-lying-search-belief-2023-2">prone to errors and misinformation.</a>It all comes down to the prompts users put into ChatGPT. "If you really want to generate something that is going to be useful for you, you need to do more than just write a generic sentence," Jacqueline DeStefano-Tangorra, a consultant who uses ChatGPT to secure new contracts, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/consultant-saved-time-using-chatgpt-landed-new-deals-business-2023-5">told Insider</a>. Insider sifted through AI research and asked AI enthusiasts, ChatGPT coaches, and workers who use the chatbot for tips on how to get ChatGPT to do what you want.<h2>Here are 12 ways you can write better ChatGPT prompts. </h2><h3>1. Assign ChatGPT a specific role</h3>ChatGPT works best when you assign it a persona — such as a specific job role — Jason Gulya, an AI council chair at Berkeley College who teaches clients how to use ChatGPT, said.Rob Cressy, the founder of the AI-coaching firm GPT Leaders, told Insider to "talk to ChatGPT like an employee" to help accomplish particular goals or tasks.To do this, Gulya suggests that users write a prompt that includes a specific, concrete description of the persona you want the chatbot to take on. Begin your prompt with "act as a professor" or "act as a marketing professional," followed by a description of the desired outcome.<h3>2. Be specific — and only give the bot one task at a time</h3>Once you give ChatGPT a role, craft the prompt so it can accomplish a singular task such as writing a 300-word cover letter or generating a recipe for a protein-packed dinner."Don't ask it to do too much at once," Cressy said.If you're a marketing professional, and you want ChatGPT to build a list of emails, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-courses-instruction-academic-lucrative-side-hustle-2023-4">Peggy Dean, an artist who runs a ChatGPT course for creatives</a>, recommends crafting what she calls a "power prompt," a concise and detailed prompt.If asking ChatGPT to brief a marketing campaign, she said she'd include target audiences, key features, and calls to action.If asking the chatbot to come up with an email list and calls to action, she said she'd say:"Pretend you are an expert email marketer and your client is a [role] specializing in [offerings] for [target audience]. Your goal is to build a robust email list in order to accomplish [goal]. Your client uses [platform(s)] to reach their audience. Come up with [details or quantity] ideal call to action ideas of [freebies or lead magnets] your client can provide.""It's crucial to have a clear idea of what you hope to achieve," Dean told Insider. <h3>3. Refine your prompts based on a previous outputs</h3>If ChatGPT's response isn't quite what you're looking for, Cressy said to build on its output by fine-tuning the initial prompt. He calls this process "peeling back an onion." "Don't be afraid to refine your prompts," <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/consultant-saved-time-using-chatgpt-landed-new-deals-business-2023-5">DeStefano-Tangorra</a> said. "If the initial output doesn't match your expectation, rephrase the prompt, add more detail, or clarify the context." If the answer to a prompt asking ChatGPT to "suggest a good book" is too vague, refine it to something like: "As someone who loves mystery novels with strong female leads, like Agatha Christie's Miss Marple series, can you suggest other similar books that I may enjoy?" <h3>4. Provide context </h3>ChatGPT prompts should include context such as historical information, user profiles, preferences, or any relevant details to guide its response, DeStefano-Tangorra said. The more specific, the better. Asking ChatGPT to "suggest dinner recipes," will lead to a generic output. Instead, DeStefano-Tangorra suggests tweaking that prompt to say: "As someone who loves trying out new cuisines and has a particular fondness of spicy food, can you suggest an exciting dinner menu for my next weekend get-together with my friends?"If you want to apply ChatGPT to your business, Cressy suggests creating a "best-practices document" that includes details on who you are, what you do, and what your brand voice sounds like. That way, users can copy and paste the information into the chatbot whenever they start a new conversation. Instead of asking ChatGPT to "create me a marketing strategy" the prompt should say "I am a world-class [role] who helps [target audience] for business growth. Our brand voice is friendly, positive, inspiring, brand-safe, conversational. Create me a marketing strategy to help build my brand on Facebook and Instagram by leveraging my podcast." <h3>5. Break down the desired output into a series of steps</h3>While it's best for prompts to be specific and include context, writing a long prompt can be counterproductive, Gulya said. "More often than not, a long mega-prompt does not give the desirable output," he said. To avoid this, Gulya suggests breaking down the desired output into a series of steps. That way, if the chatbot generates errors, the user can pinpoint what exactly the chatbot may not understand. "This allows you to validate each step before proceeding, course-correcting when necessary," Gulya said. If the goal is to use ChatGPT to generate a widely read blog post, the user should ask the chatbot to first research which SEO terms will most likely make the article appear at the top of search-engine results. In a separate prompt, ask it to apply what it learned to the blog post.<h3>6. Ask ChatGPT for advice on how to prompt it better </h3>To ensure your prompt is as thorough as it can be, Dean suggested asking ChatGPT what other details it needs from the user to produce the best output.To do this, Dean suggests adding a line to your prompt that follows this template: "If I want to [desired outcome], what prompts should I share with ChatGPT in order to get the best results?" Once ChatGPT has generated an output, tell the chatbot what you like and dislike about the output and ask it to "request additional results, edits, or tweaks," she said.<h3>7. Prioritize clarity and precision </h3>DeStefano-Tangorra suggests that ChatGPT users "explicitly outline your expectations within the prompt" by adding precise words. "Clear and specific prompts lead to more relevant and useful responses," she said. The prompt "compare and contrast using an oven versus a microwave for preparing dinner," should be tweaked to "can you compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of using a traditional oven versus a microwave for preparing a family dinner?" <h3>8. Use a thesaurus</h3>To write your prompt with precision, Anna Bernstein, a prompt engineer at the generative-AI writing tool Copy.ai, suggests using a thesaurus to find the words that can increase your chances of getting what you want out of the chatbot. "Don't give up on a concept just because your first prompt didn't get the result you wanted," <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-write-better-ai-chatgpt-prompts-according-prompt-engineer-2023-3">Bernstein previously told Insider</a>. "Often, finding the right word or phrasing can unlock what you're doing."<h3>9. Pay attention to verbs </h3>A thesaurus can help you find verbs that clearly express your intent. That way, the AI has a better chance of fully understanding your request, Bernstein said. She said that a prompt including the phrase "condense this" is stronger than "rewrite this to be shorter."<h3>10. Be polite, but direct </h3>While ChatGPT users may have different conversational styles, Gulya said he finds that talking to the AI using polite, direct language — as if he's writing to a friend — yields the best results."Doing so puts me in a more collaborative, more flexible mindset," he said. When interacting with the chatbot for, say, advice on how college professors can enhance their skillsets, Gulya suggests writing flattering comments such as, "You're magnificent at seeing the root causes in faculty member's anxieties about artificial intelligence."After the chatbot spits out a response you like, express gratitude by saying something like, "This is great. Thank you so much!" followed by a request to make revisions to its output.<h3>11.Talk to ChatGPT with emotional language</h3>If talking to ChatGPT like a friend doesn't produce desirable results, try adding some emotion to your prompts. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-llm-ai-responds-better-emotional-language-prompts-study-finds-2023-11">A study</a> conducted by a team of researchers from Microsoft, William &amp; Mary, and research centers across Asia found that adding phrases like "This is very important to my career" and "You'd better be sure" to ChatGPT prompts yield better responses. ChatGPT users can also try writing prompts with phrases like "You'd better be sure," "Take pride in your work and give it your best," and "Remember that progress is made one step at a time. Stay determined and keep moving forward." <h3>12. Check and tweak the copy's tone and reading level </h3>If you're using ChatGPT to generate copy or captions for social media posts, make sure to tweak its tone so the content resonates with your target audience, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-hacks-reduce-workload-example-prompts-2023-4">Ashley Couto, a marketing professional who uses the chatbot to reduce her workload, told Business Insider.</a> Couto finds that the best marketing copy reads at a fifth- or sixth-grade level, which includes "short sentences and paragraphs, a conversational tone, and simple language." To do this, Couto recommends asking ChatGPT to "change the reading level and tone" after it spits out a response. <h3>13. Feed ChatGPT an outline </h3>If you want ChatGPT to generate longer posts, Couto suggests giving the AI a specific structure and outline. She said the more specific you can be with your instructions, the better its output will be. Here's one prompt Couto uses to generate a company blog post:"Following this story structure — 1. Capture the heart, 2. Set up a tension, 3. Resolve the tension, 4. Conclude by offering value — write a 1,000-word story at a grade-five reading level in the first person using the following information."<h3>14. Include reference text </h3>Is ChatGPT making up answers that are factually incorrect? If so, adding bodies of text from trusted sources into the prompt may help eliminate these hallucinations. <a href="https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering/strategy-provide-reference-text" target="_blank" rel="noopener">OpenAI's prompt guide</a> suggests copying and pasting articles into ChatGPT, and then asking the chatbot to answer questions based on them.An example of a prompt OpenAI provides is "Use the provided articles delimited by triple quotes to answer questions. If the answer cannot be found in the articles, write 'I could not find an answer.' After that, insert the text from the article below, followed by the questions you want ChatGPT to answer."

14 ways to get better at using ChatGPT: Comprehensive prompt guide

<ul><li><keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword>, a country of 29 states, is finally en route to implementing universal patient’s right in the country. </li><li>The <keyword id="6354960" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="national-human-rights-commission">National Human Rights Commission</keyword> (NHRC) publish a draft of the ‘Charter of Patients Rights’, which not only highlight individual entitlements but also responsibilities that go hand-in-hand. </li><li>While some of these rights may seem obvious, historical examples highlight their urgent need.</li></ul>One of the biggest economies in the world is still struggling with the basics of healthcare. India, where the medical tourism sector is rapidly growing, has patients come in from all over the world yet lacks a universal policy on patient’s rights. On Tuesday, the Health Ministry released a draft of the <a href="https://www.mohfw.gov.in/newshighlights/draft-patient-charter-prepared-national-human-rights-commission">‘Charter of Patient Rights’</a> collated by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). 
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 Currently, some states adhere to the Clinical Establishments Act 2010 while others have their own unique legislation in place for the regulation of hospitals. The Charter of <keyword id="3014312" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="patient-rights">Patient Rights</keyword> not only lists out the rights of every patient but also their responsibilities so that doctors can do their job. 
 
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 In addition to establishing the legislation, the charter also proposes setting up a grievance redressal mechanism where hospitals and doctors can be reported and held accountable should there be any violations. The right to non-discrimination Caste, creed, gender or even medical conditions cannot be the basis for discrimination when patients go looking for treatment. It’s not only the practitioners who have to adhere to this, but the hospital management is also responsible for seeing that these rights are being enforced. Historical <a href="http://ijme.in/articles/reflections-on-discrimination-and-health-in-india/?galley=html">examples</a> of discrimination not only outline cases where medical care has been subpar or refused altogether, but where patients have been taken advantage of in order to have access to basic check-ups. Incidences vary in intensity, temporality and even dimensions. The right to informed consent While this should be a fundamental right, the confusion lies in situations where the patient is unconscious or under heavy medication. Because even with complete patient autonomy in some countries, they are still extremely hesitant to accept the concept of active euthanasia. And, that’s where <a href="http://ijme.in/articles/informed-consent-legal-and-ethical-aspects/?galley=html">‘valid consent’</a> comes in. Most public hospitals in India make patients sign a consent form when they are admitted which basically states that the doctor can perform any treatment that he deems fit. But, the legality there is questionable. Currently, Indian courts follow the concept of ‘true consent’ where the process is biased towards the doctors. In comparison, western courts follow the ‘reasonable patient’ approach. Right to transparency in rates It was only last year in KPMG International’s <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-fares-poorly-on-transparency-finds-kpmg-healthcare-report/article9637907.ece">report</a> that India was second-to-last in terms of transparency in the healthcare system. The issue isn’t just that patients get overcharged for treatments, but at times they don’t even know what they’re paying for. Right to safety and quality care According to a <a href="https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0676">study</a> published in Health Affairs, even globally acclaimed hospitals in India have facilities that extremely low in quality. That being said, it’s not a challenge that’s unique to India. Developing and developed countries alike face quality issues due to geographic variations, medical errors etc. While quality care has normally been linked to infrastructural constraints, recent studies have shown that more than the availability of clinical establishments, the issue lies in the knowledge base of healthcare providers. While they may believe they are providing high-quality services, it’s their lack of capacity or knowledge that renders the sub-par quality of the health system. The Draft of Patient’s Rights aims to address these problems at a fundamental level. The charter comes days ahead of the launch of India’s universal health scheme, Ayushman Bharat. <keyword id="6854027" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="universal-patient-rights">Universal patient rights</keyword> in cohesion with, what some call, Modicare are the push that the Indian healthcare sector needs to improve. That being said, as ambitious as these plans are, they will only be successful if implemented with greater clarity.

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