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<keyword id="6355629" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="google">Google</keyword> has successfully performed the largest chemical simulation on a quantum computer to date, a feat that can unlock new frontiers in chemistry, improving a wide variety of industries.<br /><br />The <keyword id="9838549" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="google-ai-quantum">Google AI Quantum</keyword> team used a noise-robust variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) to directly simulate a chemical mechanism via a quantum algorithm.<br /><br />Though the calculation focused on the "Hartree-Fock" approximation of a real chemical system, it was twice as large as previous chemistry calculations on a quantum computer, and contained 10 times as many quantum gate operations.<br /><br />In computational physics and chemistry, the 'Hartree-Fock' is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system in a stationary state.<br /><br />"Importantly, we validate that algorithms being developed for currently available quantum computers can achieve the precision required for experimental predictions, revealing pathways towards realistic simulations of quantum chemical systems," the Google team wrote in a paper appeared in the journal Science.<br /><br />The experiment was run on the Sycamore processor that was recently used to demonstrate quantum supremacy.<br /><br />Sycamore has 54-qubits and consists of over 140 individually tunable elements, each controlled with high-speed, analog electrical pulses.<br /><br />Alphabet and Google CEO Sundar Pichai tweeted: "Proud to share @GoogleAI team's recent advances in quantum chemistry: the largest quantum computation of chemistry to date &amp; the first time a quantum computer has been used to model a chemical reaction pathway".<br /><br />According to the researchers, unfortunately, the exact solution of quantum chemical equations for all but the smallest systems remains out of reach for modern classical computers, due to the exponential scaling in the number and statistics of quantum variables.<br /><br />"However, by using a quantum computer, which by its very nature takes advantage of unique quantum mechanical properties to handle calculations intractable to its classical counterpart, simulations of complex chemical processes can be achieved," they stressed.<br /><br />While today's quantum computers are powerful enough for a clear computational advantage at some tasks, it is an open question whether such devices can be used to accelerate current quantum chemistry simulation techniques.<br /><br />Furthermore, the team has released the code for the experiment, which uses "OpenFermion", Google's open source repository for quantum computations of chemistry.<br /><br />"We hope that this experiment serves as a blueprint for how to run chemistry calculations on quantum processors, and as a jumping off point on the path to physical simulation advantage," they wrote.

Google runs largest chemistry calculation on quantum computer, unlocking new frontiers in chemistry

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>AP Photo/Michael Sohn</span></p><p class="caption">Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google, speaks during a statement as part of the opening of a new Google office in Berlin, Germany, Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2019.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li>Google scientists have claimed a major breakthrough in superfast computing after running an experiment which appears to demonstrate just how much faster quantum computers would be compared to classical ones.</li><li>Quantum computing is complicated, but based on the idea that computers can incorporate aspects of quantum theory. In theory, computational tasks can be carried out exponentially faster by quantum computers than by classical computers. This is known as quantum supremacy.</li><li>Google's scientists tested a 54-qubit (quantum bit) processor named Sycamore, and it performed a target computation in 200 seconds. To put this into perspective, the scientists estimate it would take the world's fastest supercomputer 10,000 years to produce a similar output.</li><li>IBM, which is also working on quantum computing research, cast doubt on Google's findings and said on Monday that quantum supremacy "has not been met."</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/international?r=US&amp;IR=T">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.</a></li></ul><p>Google scientists say they've made a breakthrough in one of the most cutting-edge areas of computing, publishing a paper that demonstrates how much faster quantum computers could be versus traditional computers.</p><p>According to a paper <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1666-5">published in Nature</a>, an experimental quantum processor developed by the scientists took seconds to carry out computation which they claim the world's fastest supercomputer would need 10,000 years to carry out. This is known as quantum supremacy, and would mark a major breakthrough in the experimental field.</p><p>Quantum computing is complex and very much at the research stage. It involves computing technology that is based on the principles of quantum theory. </p><p>Instead of bits, which today's computers use to process information, quantum computers use quantum bits, or 'qubits.' Where classical computers are constrained by how fast they can switch between outputting zeros and outputting ones, quantum computers would face no such constraints, because qubits can theoretically exist in both states simultaneously.</p><p>The upshot is that quantum computers would be able to carry out particular tasks exponentially faster than a standard computer - millions of times faster. Google says that this is what it's demonstrated.</p><p>John Martinis and Sergio Boixo, two senior scientists at Google AI Quantum, <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2019/10/quantum-supremacy-using-programmable.html">wrote on Wednesday</a> that they were motivated to run the experiment to find out if quantum computing "will ever do something useful" and whether it's "worth investing in."</p><p>Elaborating on their motivations, they wrote: "For such large-scale endeavors, it is good engineering practice to formulate decisive short-term goals that demonstrate whether the designs are going in the right direction. So, we devised an experiment as an important milestone to help answer these questions."</p><p>The scientists' experiment involved building a 54-qubit (quantum bit) processor named Sycamore, made up of fast, high-fidelity quantum logic gates.</p><p><em><strong>Read more:</strong> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-computing-explained-2019-5?r=US&amp;IR=T">Quantum computing could change everything, and IBM is racing with Microsoft, Intel, and Google to conquer it. Here's what you need to know.</a></em></p><p>They then tested Sycamore's computing ability, testing how long it would take to perform a single target calculation. Setting the bar for success high, the scientists agreed on a "sensitive computational benchmark that fails if just a single component of the computer is not good enough."</p><p>According to the scientists, Sycamore performed the target calculation in 200 seconds. They claimed that, according to their measurements, it would take the world's fastest supercomputer 10,000 years to produce a similar output.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Flickr/IBM</span></p><p class="caption">IBM disputes Google's claims (pictured is an IBM quantum computing researcher).</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>One expert says that Google's claims are "compelling."</p><p>Peter Knight, a senior physicist at Imperial College London, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0009jhk">told the BBC's Today Programme</a> on Wednesday that Google's experiment was "a real breakthrough," and agreed that this was "the real deal" in quantum computing research.</p><p>Though Knight noted similar research had been conducted by IBM, he "always felt it was likely the [Google] group would be there first." A draft paper on the same Google experiment <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9bb4e54-dbc1-11e9-8f9b-77216ebe1f17">reportedly appeared</a> on the NASA website in August before being swiftly taken down. </p><p> As quantum computing remains very much in its infancy, it's difficult to imagine how and in what ways it might impact human society, though no-one disputes <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-computers-will-change-the-world-2015-4?r=US&amp;IR=T">its potential to impact just about everything</a>. Knight briefly touched on one area it may affect: data security. Though he said the potential threat posed by quantum computing to processes such as encryption is still "distant," the threat "is still there."</p><p>For its part, IBM disputes Google's putative breakthrough. <a href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/10/on-quantum-supremacy/">In a blog post on Monday</a>, they claimed "the goal [of quantum supremacy] has not been met."</p> <p class="tagline">Get the latest Google stock price<a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/GOOG-Quote"> here.</a></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-google-pixel-4-event-in-12-minutes-2019-10">Watch Google's Pixel 4 event in 12 minutes</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

Google scientists have claimed a massive breakthrough in cutting-edge computing with 'quantum supremacy'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Quantum computers are wondrous because they operate on quantum mechanics.</li><li>Quantinuum unveiled a new one in a Denver data center and invited a small crew of people to see it.</li></ul><p>A drab, vinyl-floored, windowless office building just north of Denver houses one of the wonders of the computer industry. It's home to several wonders, actually: a data center where two commercial-quantum computers are operating for paying customers including JPMorgan, and a third prototype under construction.</p><p>Quantum computers are wondrous because they operate on quantum mechanics: the tiniest parts of the universe where the rules of physics as we think we know them don't always apply. Instead of transistors that calculate information by switching on and off, quantum computers use qubits, which can switch to "on," "off," or "both," meaning some state in between.</p><p>Proponents say these computers are uniquely able to solve complex problems, such as discovering new materials or determining how to improve supply chains.</p><p>Quantinuum, which spun out of the defense contractor giant Honeywell in 2021 after <a href="https://www.honeywell.com/us/en/press/2021/06/honeywell-quantum-solutions-and-cambridge-quantum-computing-will-combine-to-form-worlds-largest-most-advanced-quantum-business" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Honeywell acquired</a> the UK quantum company Cambridge Quantum, built the computer I saw. I visited as part of an invitational media-and-analysts' day held a few days before Quantinuum officially launched H2, its 32-qubit, second-generation quantum computer on Tuesday.</p><p>Quantinuum claims the H2 is the most precise quantum computer ever built — and it's <a href="https://www.quantinuum.com/news/quantinuum-launches-the-most-benchmarked-quantum-computer-in-the-world-and-publishes-all-the-data" target="_blank" rel="noopener">published the results of numerous benchmarks tests</a> it conducted to back its bravado. </p><p>That's a significant claim because for these computers to reach their potential and one day be far more powerful than today's supercomputers, they'll need to use hundreds, a thousand, or even more qubits. And to do that, the qubits must stay on task, calculating what engineers tell them to compute.</p><p>Infinitesimal environmental changes, such as temperature or light, can interfere with their work. The more qubits crammed together, the higher the likelihood that some will get distracted by that so-called noise, and the higher the likelihood that the computer's overall results will be less accurate.</p><p>Because of that, <a href="https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/quantum-computing-qubits-error-correction-no-cloning-theorem/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">some skeptics</a> have said that quantum computing at that scale may not be possible. Still, Russell Stutz, the executive responsible for the design and build of these computers at Quantinuum, told me that his work has made him a believer. "It's not if, but when," he said.</p><p>Other competitors focus on size records. In November, IBM unveiled <a href="https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-11-09-IBM-Unveils-400-Qubit-Plus-Quantum-Processor-and-Next-Generation-IBM-Quantum-System-Two" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a 400-qubit machine</a>, and Google has used a 54-qubit processor <a href="https://ai.googleblog.com/2020/08/scaling-up-fundamental-quantum.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">called Sycamore</a> since 2019. A handful of startups <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/quantum-computing-next-big-thing-hype-amazon-microsoft-ibm-2022-4">are working on quantum as well</a>.</p><p>No one can say how long it will be before quantum computers reach the scale and reliability to meet their promise, but they are already in use for early adopters experimenting with the tech. Companies like Nvidia and Microsoft, which is building its own quantum computer, are partners to Quantinuum.</p><p>There's still work to be done because even if a quantum computer can claim accuracy as high as 99%, that only "ensures that you will get the wrong results" when making millions of calculations, Fabrice Frachon, the principal PM lead at Microsoft's Azure Quantum unit, told me.</p><p>All that explains why Quantinuum's computer was amazing — it looked more like a science experiment than a piece of next-generation computing technology.</p><h2>The H2 is the size of a small room</h2><p>We were forbidden from taking pictures of the actual computer or data center, but the company shared this basic, schematic drawing of what the H2 computer looks like. It doesn't do it justice. </p><p>As the graphic above shows, the computer is the size of a small room, where its components are splayed across several tables instead of contained in a boxed casing, similar to a typical supercomputer.</p><p>Using the best artistic skills I have — yes, really — I've annotated the above illustration to show a bit better what the room really looked like. </p><div type="image" title="Using my best artistic stick-figure skills, I've modified the original drawing to better explain what the computer and room looked like in person." height="500" width="1000" msid="100208445" hostid="261" sizebytes="46426"></div><p>The computer was actually spread across two 100-square-foot platforms, and my stick-figure self stood in an aisle between them. Blue cables sprouted out all over the place, neatly organized, piping into conventional, but customized, computing devices that control the computer and the environment. Quantinuum uses lasers to cool and control the chamber the qubits are in.</p><p>Knobs and custom controls lay all over the lower tables. The computers are usually hidden behind black curtains that shut out the environment, and a group of Ph.D. scientists work in the room with monitors at the back against the wall. </p><h2>The room controls a thumbnail-sized tray with 32 qubits on a racetrack</h2><div type="image" title="Quantinuum qubit tray" height="1124" width="1500" msid="100208448" hostid="261" sizebytes="61532"></div><p>Quantinuum's computer uses "trapped ions" as the foundation of its qubits, meaning that atomic scientists take atoms — from the mineral ytterbium — strip off electrons, charge them, and place them in a tiny thumbnail-sized tray that restricts their movements. </p><p>This H2 computer is currently 32 qubits, but the company says it will grow to 50. It's building a prototype that could handle more. That version will use a grid-patterned tray, and the about-100-square-foot area for the computer won't need to be bigger, Stutz said. </p><p>The tiny qubits are inside a metal chamber about the size of a cantaloupe that needs to be kept so cold that it's almost "absolute zero," the lowest temperature possible. The qubits emit light, which indicate if they are on, off, or in an in-between state.</p><div type="image" title="This chamber hosts the thumbnail-sized tray and keeps it at unimaginable cold temperatures. But the data-center room was a normal temperature fit for humans." height="667" width="1335" msid="100208451" hostid="261" sizebytes="62244"></div><p>As Quantinuum makes its computers more powerful, it also hopes to shrink them over time. As for when these room-sized computers could shrink in size and cost and become another PC on your desk, that won't happen for the foreseeable future, Stutz said. For now, this remains a cloud service, where customers send in jobs as easily as uploading a document.</p><p>Looking at the Quantinuum computer and hearing about all the science used to invent it made me feel like we are standing on the cusp of a new era, similar to when the computing pioneer <a href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/future-technology/how-ada-lovelaces-notes-on-the-analytical-engine-created-the-first-computer-program/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ada Lovelace explained</a> the potential of an "analytical engine."</p>

I saw a quantum computer used by JPMorgan, with Microsoft and Nvidia as partners, and it was mind-blowing

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Google runs largest chemistry calculation on quantum computer, unlocking new frontiers in chemistry

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Google scientists have claimed a massive breakthrough in cutting-edge computing with 'quantum supremacy'

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I saw a quantum computer used by JPMorgan, with Microsoft and Nvidia as partners, and it was mind-blowing

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