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<ul class="summary-list"><li>In October, a US submarine collided with what is believed to have been a seamount in the South China Sea.</li><li><keyword id="12273547" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="uss-connecticut" source="Orion">USS Connecticut</keyword> is one of the US's most sophisticated subs, leading to suspicions it was gathering intelligence.</li></ul><p>In October, a US nuclear-powered attack submarine collided with what is believed to have been an <a href="https://www.navy.mil/Press-Office/News-Stories/Article/2830738/statement-regarding-uss-connecticut-ssn-22-command-investigation/" target="_top">uncharted seamount</a> while operating in the South China Sea.</p><p>The USS Connecticut suffered some damage, and several sailors were wounded during the collision. The Navy said on November 4 that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/navy-relieves-leaders-of-submarine-that-crashed-into-underwater-mountain-2021-11" target="_blank" rel="noopener">it had relieved</a> the sub's senior leaders over the incident.</p><p>The Navy is investigating the incident and has not - and likely will not - disclose the nature of the USS Connecticut's mission. But it is safe to assume that the sub was involved in strategic reconnaissance or even intelligence gathering.</p><p>It wouldn't be the first time the Navy's Silent Service has conducted such risky operations.</p><h2>The Silent Service</h2><div type="image" title="The Seawolf-class attack submarine USS Connecticut" height="714" width="1000" msid="87530514" hostid="261"></div><p>The US Navy <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-us-navy-nuclear-powered-submarines-dominate-the-seas-2021-1" target="_top">fields three major submarine types</a> - ballistic missile, guided missile, and fast-attack submarines - totaling 68 nuclear-powered vessels of all types in service.</p><p>Ballistic-missile subs are the US nuclear triad's maritime component. The 14 Ohio-class subs can each pack 24 Trident nuclear-armed ballistic missiles.</p><p>Four Ohio-class subs were converted to guided-missile subs in the 2000s and now pack up 154 Tomahawk missiles, for an impressive non-nuclear show of force. In addition to launching precision strikes, these four subs can also carry a dry-dock shelter from which Navy SEALs can launch mini-submarines and conduct operations.</p><p>The US Navy's 50 fast-attack submarines - of the Los Angeles, Seawolf, and Virginia classes- primarily go after enemy vessels, but they can also conduct underwater strategic reconnaissance and can accommodate Navy SEALs and underwater drones with the addition of the multi-mission platform module.</p><p>Since submarines <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/confederate-civil-war-submarine-hunley-first-sub-to-sink-warship-2021-2" target="_top">emerged as an effective platform</a>, the governments able to build and maintain them have used them for overt and covert operations in war and during peace. The US Navy in particular has pulled off some impressive operations straight out of Hollywood.</p><h2>Spying subs</h2><div type="image" title="US Navy submarine USS Jimmy Carter mast conning tower crew" height="930" width="1400" msid="87530515" hostid="261"></div><p>During the Cold War, the US Navy and its submarines were on the frontline against the Soviet Union.</p><p>In 2013, the <keyword id="12471497" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="uss-jimmy-carter" source="Orion">USS Jimmy Carter</keyword>, an upgraded version of the already highly capable Seawolf-class subs, received the Presidential Unit Citation, the highest award a US military unit can receive and equivalent to the Navy Cross.</p><p>The award came after a classified operation in the South China Sea. The sub's official history logged the operation as "Mission 7," <a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/299352718/USS-Jimmy-Carter-2013-Command-Operations-Report-Redacted" target="_top">saying only</a> that it "performed under a wide range of adverse and extremely stressful conditions without external support ... in pursuit of vital national security goals."</p><p>When the sub returned to its homeport in Washington state, it was flying the Jolly Roger flag, a tradition dating to World War II and signifies that the submarine either sunk an enemy vessel or conducted a successful operation. That operation might very well have been intelligence-gathering.</p><p>Interestingly, USS Connecticut and USS Jimmy Carter are both Seawolf-class subs and part of the secretive Submarine Development Squadron 5, which is responsible for testing new underwater listening gear and remotely piloted underwater vehicles.</p><p>According to the <a href="https://www.dvidshub.net/news/397401/submarine-development-squadron-devron-5-holds-change-command" target="_top">Navy</a>, the unit works with civilian academic and scientific institutions "for tactical development, including unmanned undersea vehicles and naval special warfare."</p><p>The missions of the USS Connecticut and USS Jimmy Carter conduct now are likely reminiscent of ones done by their Cold War predecessors.</p><h2><keyword id="12471500" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="operation-ivy-bells" source="Orion">Operation Ivy Bells</keyword> and Project Azorian</h2><div type="image" title="Soviet ballistic missile submarine K-129" height="542" width="800" msid="87530516" hostid="261"></div><p>In 1968, the Soviet diesel-electric ballistic-missile submarine <keyword id="12471498" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="k-129" source="Orion">K-129</keyword> sank with all hands while on patrol in the Pacific.</p><p>Despite several weeks of frantic searching, the Soviets couldn't find the sub and recover its cryptographic devices, codebooks, and nuclear weapons. The <keyword id="11937984" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cia" source="Orion">CIA</keyword> saw a great opportunity for an intelligence coup. It launched "Project Azorian," an attempt to recover as much classified material as possible from K-129.</p><p>After the Soviets ended their search, the US Navy sent USS Halibut, a cruise-missile sub modified for intelligence missions, to locate the Soviet vessel.</p><p>After weeks of searching in a 1,200-square-mile area, the American sub managed to find the K-129. It later received a classified Presidential Unit Citation for its success.</p><p>In 1974, a CIA sent a salvage ship that managed to raise a section of the Soviet sub. The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cia-worked-with-billionaire-howard-hughes-to-recover-soviet-sub-2021-7" target="_top">CIA has never fully disclosed what it </a><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cia-worked-with-billionaire-howard-hughes-to-recover-soviet-sub-2021-7" target="_top">found</a>, but in 1992 the CIA gave Russia a recording of the burial at sea it conducted for the Soviet sailors recovered during the operation.</p><p>In a separate effort in the early 1970s, the US intelligence community sought to tap into Soviet military communications. Washington and Moscow were <a href="https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/USRussiaNuclearAgreements" target="_top">discussing</a> how to contain their nuclear arsenals, and any intelligence on the Soviet's position would have been golden.</p><div type="image" title="Navy submarine USS Halibut" height="1528" width="2000" msid="87530517" hostid="261"></div><p>A US Navy intelligence officer <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/10/26/as-russia-scopes-undersea-cables-a-shadow-of-the-united-states-cold-war-past/" target="_top">came with a proposal</a> to tap an underwater communications cable connecting Soviet Pacific Fleet naval bases around the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><p>USS Halibut was once more sent into action for Operation Ivy Bells, as the cable-tapping mission was known. Divers from the sub successfully tapped the underwater cable, an extremely difficult task.</p><p>US divers periodically returned to the cable to replace the recorder - until 1981, when the operation was compromised and the Soviets recovered the device.</p><p>US submarines have likely conducted many similar missions in the decades since, and those operations have only gained importance in an era of renewed competition with capable adversaries - namely Russia and China.</p><p>Beijing has built military bases on manmade islands in the South China Sea, attempting to solidify its widely rejected territorial claims in what is one of the world's most important trade routes.</p><p>The US and its and allies would want to monitor Chinese moves through a number of methods - including underwater surveillance - and provide that intelligence to their policymakers.</p>

A mysterious accident with one of the US Navy's most sophisticated subs hints at a long history of submarine spying

<ul class="summary-list"><li>In the mid-1970s, the <keyword id="44293" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="CIA">CIA</keyword> pulled off one of its most audacious intelligence operations.</li><li>Project Azorian involved the recovery of a Soviet submarine that had sunk deep in the Pacific.</li><li>To keep the months-long project a secret, the US turned to an eccentric billionaire for help.</li></ul><p>On August 9, 1974, most Americans watched President Richard Nixon resign in disgrace, but on the other side of the world, 178 of their countrymen were pulling off one of the most audacious intelligence operations in history.</p><p>On that day, the CIA completed the recovery of the Soviet <a href="https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.php?ship_id=golf-class-attack-submarine-soviet-union" target="_top">Golf II-class</a> diesel-electric ballistic-missile submarine K-129, which had sunk in the Pacific six years earlier while on a routine patrol.</p><p>The Soviets had given up on finding the boat after an intense search. The US, however, had an advantage.</p><h2>K-129 lost and found</h2><div type="image" title="Soviet ballistic missile submarine K-129" height="542" width="800" msid="84960971" hostid="261"></div><p>K-129 was launched in May 1959. After upgrades in the mid-1960s, it had a new suite of electronic systems and carried one of the <keyword id="6365126" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="soviet-union">Soviet Union</keyword>'s newest weapons: three R-21 nuclear-tipped submarine-launched ballistic missiles - the first missiles that Soviet subs could launch while submerged.</p><p>On February 24, 1968, K-129 and its 98-man crew sailed out of their base in Kamchatka. The sub had been ordered to operate under radio silence for its first two weeks at sea.</p><p>By March 8, however, K-129 still hadn't reported in. After it failed to report for a second day, the Soviets panicked and <a href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-taking-of-k-129-josh-dean/1125490831" target="_top">launched</a> a major search operation.</p><p>Thirty-six vessels scoured over a million square miles of the <keyword id="90495" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Pacific-Ocean">Pacific Ocean</keyword>. They were joined by 53 aircraft that flew more than 286 flights for over two months.</p><p>The Soviets even resorted to searching with submarines using their sonars at full power, and calling out to K-129 over open channels. But after months of operating in bad weather, with waves as high as 45 feet, they called off their search.</p><p>The US Navy had been watching closely. The Soviet search, done with no apparent concern about detection by US submarines and aircraft, made it clear that something extremely important had been lost - likely a ballistic-missile sub.</p><div type="image" title="Navy submarine USS Halibut" height="1528" width="2000" msid="84960973" hostid="261"></div><p>The US Navy had a massive advantage over its Soviet counterpart. The Sound Surveillance System, or SOSUS, a network of underwater listening devices built to detect Soviet submarines, had picked up the sound of an exploding submarine in the search area.</p><p>The Navy was able to narrow its search area to 5 miles and sent <a href="http://www.hisutton.com/images/Halibut_poster4000.jpg" target="_top">USS Halibut</a>, a cruise-missile submarine repurposed for intelligence operations, to find K-129. After more than a month of searching, Halibut found the Soviet sub.</p><p>K-129 was 1,500 miles northwest of Hawaii, sitting 16,500 feet below the surface.</p><p>It had suffered a catastrophic mechanical failure, but the most important parts of the submarine, including its missile silos, remained largely intact. At least one and possibly two of the R-21 missiles appeared to still be in their silos.</p><p>Realizing the value of a largely intact Soviet submarine with nuclear missiles aboard, the CIA immediately took the lead in a recovery effort, codenamed <a href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf" target="_top">Project Azorian</a>.</p><p>Early ideas included using rockets or underwater balloons to raise the wreck, but it quickly became obvious that the only way to recover K-129 was with a claw attached to a ship.</p><h2>A perfect cover story</h2><div type="image" title="Howard Hughes Spruce Goose flying boat" height="1410" width="2000" msid="84960976" hostid="261"></div><p>At that time, nothing had ever been recovered from a depth of 16,500 feet before, let alone an object weighing some 2,000 tons. The deep-sea mining industry was still in its infancy, but one American company, Global Marine, had a reputation as the best builder of ocean mining vessels.</p><p>The CIA secured Global Marine's services in constructing and operating a vessel large enough for the mission. Lockheed was hired to make the claw, which was called the capture vehicle.</p><p>The CIA still needed a cover story. Fortunately, it found a perfect one in <keyword id="325504" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Howard-Hughes">Howard Hughes</keyword>.</p><p>A Texas oil scion and business magnate, Hughes had a reputation as an eccentric recluse, which made the cover story - a financially risky effort to find <a href="https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-3/mineral-resources/manganese-nodules/" target="_top">manganese nodules</a> using unproven deep-sea mining methods - seem legitimate.</p><p>Hughes had taken on <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spruce-goose-flies" target="_top">US government projects</a> before, and he agreed to help the CIA recover the sub.</p><p>The Hughes Tool Company would be the public face for the Hughes <keyword id="11769641" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="glomar-explorer">Glomar Explorer</keyword>, the massive 620-foot ship specially designed for one purpose: to raise K-129 from the sea floor and bring it into its hold through a "moon pool" in the ship's hull.</p><h2>The recovery</h2><div type="image" title="Hughes Glomar Explorer moon pool" height="1338" width="2000" msid="84960978" hostid="261"></div><p>The Glomar Explorer arrived over the wreck on July 4, 1974, six years after the sub had been located. It spent the next month lowering the capture vehicle.</p><p>The Glomar Explorer was twice surveilled by Soviet ships. The first time, a missile-range instrumentation ship watched the Explorer and flew a helicopter around it for a few days before leaving.</p><p>The second ship, an ocean-going tug used for intelligence-gathering, stayed on the scene for weeks. The tug positioned itself so it could recover the Explorer's trash and repeatedly harassed the US ship, once sailing within 50 feet of it.</p><p>But the Soviets had no reason to believe anything suspicious was happening, and the Explorer's crew continued working. After about a month of lowering the claw, the Americans grabbed the sub and began to raise it.</p><div type="image" title="Hughes Glomar Explorer forward docking leg" height="1339" width="2000" msid="84960980" hostid="261"></div><p>A few days into the recovery, disaster struck. Several hooks on the claw suddenly broke, and two-thirds of the submarine, including the portion with the missile silos and the code room, fell back into the abyss.</p><p>The fallen piece couldn't be recovered, but the US crew continued to raise what was left. In a stroke of luck, the Soviet tug sailed away when the remains of the K-129 were just 1,000 feet below the Explorer.</p><p>With the wreckage aboard, the Explorer's crew began picking it apart as the ship headed back to the US.</p><p>The CIA was preparing for a second recovery effort, called Project Matador, but on March 18, 1975, reporter Jack Anderson broke the story of Project Azorian.</p><p>CIA Director William Colby had personally persuaded other journalists, including Seymour Hersh of The New York Times, to hold their stories until after K-129 had been fully recovered. Anderson refused Colby's requests and broadcasted his story on national radio.</p><h2>A partial success and a lasting legacy</h2><div type="image" title="Glomar Explorer Soviet submarine burial at sea" height="1384" width="2000" msid="84960982" hostid="261"></div><p>With the CIA's cover blown, the White House canceled the second recovery effort. Project Matador was shut down, and the <keyword id="685666" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Soviet-navy">Soviet Navy</keyword> began closely monitoring the ocean around the wreck.</p><p>But the operation was still fruitful. The CIA has never fully disclosed what it recovered, but the haul is believed to include at least two nuclear-tipped torpedoes and a collection of documents, as well as the sub's bell.</p><p>The recovered section also provided insight into Soviet submarine design, such as where important pieces were manufactured, how often they were replaced, and the thickness of the sub's hull.</p><p>Six bodies and a number of body parts were also recovered. In September 1974, as they sailed home, the crew of the Explorer conducted a burial at sea for the fallen submariners.</p><p>CIA director Robert Gates gave Russian President Boris Yeltsin <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La2zyImyEBA" target="_top">a </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=La2zyImyEBA" target="_top">recording</a> of the burial in 1992. The Russians were also given the sub's bell.</p><p>An enduring legacy of Project Azorian was the "Glomar Response," a bit of legalese devised by the CIA in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Rolling Stone reporter Harriet Ann Phillippi in 1976.</p><p>The agency was legally required to reply, so it said it could neither "confirm nor deny" the existence of records relating the program. A court later <a href="https://casetext.com/case/phillippi-v-central-intelligence-agency" target="_top">upheld</a> it as a legitimate response.</p>

How the CIA teamed up with a reclusive billionaire for a secret mission to raise a Soviet submarine sunk 3 miles under the ocean

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The loss of the Indonesian submarine <keyword id="11139638" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="KRI-Nanggala">KRI Nanggala</keyword> in April showed the perils of undersea warfare.</li><li>It's not the first time; in 1968, four submarines were lost in five months.</li><li>The causes of those wrecks remain unknown a half-century later.</li></ul><p>In April, after an extensive five-day search, the wreckage of the Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-might-have-happened-to-the-missing-submarine-kri-nanggala-2021-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">was found 2,750 feet underwater</a> in the Bali Sea.</p><p>The submarine had broken into three pieces, tragically confirming that all 53 crew members had perished.</p><p>The exact cause of the sinking remains unknown. Indonesian officials have <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF3g6oRQrG0" target="_top">ruled out</a> human error and have suggested a power failure or <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/04/30/992496772/what-is-an-internal-wave-it-might-explain-the-loss-of-an-indonesian-submarine" target="_blank" rel="noopener">undersea wave</a> may have forced the submarine to descend far below its crush depth of about 655 feet. The government plans to recover the submarine <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-sends-rescue-ships-to-help-recover-lost-indonesian-submarine-2021-5" target="_top">with help from China</a>.</p><p>Deep-water submarine sinkings are rare but always fatal, and their causes are hardly ever fully established.</p><p>In 1968, for instance, four submarines from four countries were lost with all hands in a five-month period. Over 50 years later, their causes remain unknown.</p><h2><keyword id="11291807" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ins-dakar">INS Dakar</keyword></h2><div type="image" title="INS Dakar Israeli navy submarine" height="1276" width="2000" msid="82800939" hostid="261"></div><p><a href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-archives-on-sunken-dakar-sub-reveal-nothing-new-1.5233307" target="_top">INS Dakar</a> was an Israeli T-class submarine that was launched in 1943 and served in the British navy as HMS Totem before being purchased by Israel in 1965.</p><p>After completing sea and diving trials in Scotland, Dakar was scheduled to arrive to a welcoming ceremony in Israel on January 29, 1968. The sub arrived in Gibraltar on January 15, reported its location as just east of Crete on January 24, and sent its final message shortly after midnight on January 25.</p><p>When it was clear the sub was missing, ships from Britain, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, and Israel searched the area for days, though the effort was complicated by <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-archives-on-sunken-dakar-sub-reveal-nothing-new-1.5233307" target="_top">tensions</a> in the region.</p><p>Finding nothing, the search officially ended February 4, but the 69-man crew was not officially declared dead until 1981. In 1991, the wreck was finally discovered between Crete and Cyprus some 9,800 feet underwater.</p><p>The cause of Dakar's sinking has never been determined. The Israelis <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-feared-soviets-sunk-sub-in-1968-papers-reveals/" target="_top">initially believed</a> the Soviets might have been responsible but have since ruled out hostile action. Because Dakar was not carrying torpedoes and the wreck was mostly intact, an internal explosion is also unlikely.</p><p>The prevailing theories are that mechanical or human error caused a catastrophic accident or that the submarine's snorkel was damaged after hitting another ship in a storm, causing it to flood.</p><h2><keyword id="11291809" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="minerve">Minerve</keyword></h2><div type="image" title="Undated photo of the &quot;Minerve&quot;, a &quot;Daphne&quot; class submersible during an exercise" height="629" width="1024" msid="82800942" hostid="261"></div><p>Minerve was a French navy Daphné-class submarine launched in 1961. Based in Toulon, it had a crew of 52.</p><p>On January 27, 1968, Minerve was caught in bad weather as it returned to Toulon from a training operation in the Mediterranean.</p><p>When it was about 30 miles south of the French coast, Minerve made contact with French aircraft and said it would be in port in about an hour.</p><p>But Minerve never arrived. A frantic search was conducted with 20 vessels and aircraft, including the aircraft carrier Clemenceau, but it was called off on February 2. Multiple searches in the following years also failed to find the submarine.</p><p>Minerve would remain missing until 2019, when it was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/22/world/europe/france-submarine-minerve.html" target="_top">found</a> by the American ocean-mapping company Ocean Infinity as part of a French government-sponsored effort to find the submarine.</p><p>It was located about 28 miles off Toulon in about 7,800 feet of water. The sub was in three pieces scattered over a 984-foot area. The French government decided to not raise the sub, which means the cause of the sinking will probably never be known.</p><h2><keyword id="11291810" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="k-129">K-129</keyword></h2><div type="image" title="Soviet Golf II class submarine" height="1129" width="2000" msid="82800944" hostid="261"></div><p>K-129 was a Soviet Golf II-class diesel-electric ballistic-missile submarine launched in 1959. Part of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, it had a crew of 98 and carried three SS-N-5 submarine-launched ballistic missiles - the first Soviet SLBM that could be fired from a submerged sub.</p><p>On March 8, 1968, almost two weeks into a patrol in the North Pacific, K-129 failed to send a scheduled radio message. The Soviets soon began a frantic search with 36 vessels and dozens of aircraft, which flew 286 flights over the search area.</p><p>After two months and no sign of K-129, the Soviets gave up. The US Navy, however, didn't.</p><p>Intrigued by the massive search effort, the Americans knew something valuable had been lost, and thanks to the Navy's underwater listening devices, they managed to find K-129's wreck on August 20.</p><p>The wreck, located some 1,500 miles northwest of Hawaii, was over 16,500 feet below the surface. The CIA, eager to obtain Soviet codebooks, SS-N-5 missiles, and nuclear torpedoes, created a <a href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf" target="_top">plan</a>, called <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/during-cold-war-ci-secretly-plucked-soviet-submarine-ocean-floor-using-giant-claw-180972154/" target="_top">Project Azorian</a>, to recover the sub.</p><p>The CIA persuaded the eccentric billionaire Howard Hughes to use his deep-sea mining company, Global Marine Inc., as a front for a CIA-funded vessel specifically designed to recover the K-129 and bring it to the US.</p><p>In 1974, the ship, Hughes Glomar Explorer, successfully recovered one-third of the K-129. Apart from six bodies (which were buried at sea) the CIA has never publicly disclosed what it recovered, though it is <a href="https://news.engin.umich.edu/features/submerged/" target="_top">believed</a> to have obtained two nuclear torpedoes and other intelligence items.</p><p>The cause of K-129's sinking has never been established, and because of the secrecy of Project Azorian and its effect on the wreckage, it will most likely never be known.</p><h2><keyword id="11291808" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="uss-scorpion">USS Scorpion</keyword></h2><div type="image" title="Navy submarine Scorpion" height="800" width="1000" msid="82800947" hostid="261"></div><p>Almost three months after K-129 sank, <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/scorpion-ssn-589-vi.html" target="_top">USS Scorpion</a>, a Skipjack-class nuclear-powered attack submarine with a crew of 99, went missing in the Atlantic while returning from a patrol in the Mediterranean.</p><p>Launched in 1959, Scorpion had a reputation for mechanical troubles - so much so its crew <a href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1998/july/why-they-called-scorpion-scrapiron" target="_top">called</a> it "USS Scrapiron." It received a hasty refit in 1967 and set out for a Mediterranean patrol on February 15, 1968.</p><p>Toward the end of its patrol, Scorpion was ordered to observe Soviet naval activity off the Canary Islands. On May 21, it radioed that it was some 50 miles south of the Azores and expected to return to Norfolk on May 27.</p><p>Scorpion never arrived. A massive search effort was launched with dozens of ships, submarines, and aircraft on both sides of the Atlantic, but on June 5, Scorpion and its crew were declared "presumed lost."</p><p>The search continued, and on October 29, the wreck was found roughly 400 miles southwest of the Azores under 10,000 feet of water.</p><p>The sub had broken into three pieces: The sail had been ripped off; the bow had separated from the operations compartment, which was obliterated; and the engine room had crumpled into the hull like a telescope.</p><p>The Navy never determined what caused Scorpion's sinking. The intact bow meant its torpedoes hadn't detonated, but multiple hatches on the sub's hull were open, and the batteries on the Scorpion's Mark 37 torpedoes were <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/what-really-happened-doomed-submarine-uss-scorpion-108276" target="_top">later known</a> to have defects.</p><p>The most likely theories are that Scorpion sank after a torpedo had accidentally been armed (known as a "hot run") and detonated inside or outside the sub, that the trash-disposal unit had malfunctioned and caused flooding that triggered an explosion when it reached the batteries, or that a hydrogen explosion was caused by gases trapped during or after the charging of the batteries.</p><p>The lack of a definitive answer has also led to conspiracy theories, including that the Soviet Navy sank the submarine in retaliation for the loss of the K-129. (Some Soviet Navy officials believed K-129 sank because of a collision with the USS Swordfish, a US submarine operating in the Pacific at the same time.)</p><p>Scorpion is one of two nuclear-powered submarines the US Navy has lost. The other, USS Thresher, sank off the coast of Massachusetts in 1963.</p>

4 mysterious submarine disappearances a half-century ago show why undersea disasters are so hard to figure out

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div><p></p></div></div></p>
<p>In August 1974, the United States undertook a top-secret mission that one CIA document <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf">disclosed</a> in 2010 "ranks in the forefront of imaginative and bold operations undertaken in the long history of intelligence collection."</p>
<p>As the declassified article in the internal CIA journal <a href="http://www.foia.cia.gov/collection/declassified-articles-studies-intelligence-ic's-journal-intelligence-professional">Studies in Intelligence</a> explains, Project AZORIAN was a collaboration among the CIA and private marine firms to recover a sunken Soviet submarine from the depths of the Pacific Ocean some 1,500 miles northwest of Hawaii. </p>
<p>The Soviet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf-class_submarine">G-II class ballistic missile submarine</a> had sunk years before, killing all aboard in March 1968. It was diesel-powered, but US intelligence suspected the vessel was armed with nuclear weaponry.</p>
<p>If true, the US stood to learn much about its Cold War rival if it recovered the sub. It would give the US a look at Soviet weapons design, on top of other potential intelligence treasures. Fortunately for the Americans, Moscow was in the dark regarding its lost submarine's location.</p>
<p>Of course, the US first had to figure out how to even retrieve a 1,750-ton vessel that sat more than three miles below the ocean surface and under tremendous water pressure. The CIA's solution: a purpose-specific ship, the Hughes Glomar Explorer, which would lug the submarine upward with a giant eight-fingered claw in the style of a claw crane grabbing a plush toy.</p>
<p>Global Marine and other companies agreed to conceal the ship's true function behind a cover story: The Hughes Glomar Explorer was an experimental deep-sea mining vessel, and its inauguration came complete with a champagne christening ceremony and speeches from the enterprising seafarers.   </p>
<p>The story of the US's partial success in this long endeavor - which spanned the tenure of two presidents and three Directors of Central Intelligence - is not newly surfaced. LA Times columnist Jack Anderson broke the news as early as February 1975, and the public radio program <a href="http://www.radiolab.org/story/confirm-nor-deny/">Radiolab</a> dedicated a half-hour program to this curious Cold War footnote (In the episode, Julia Barton reported that one of the legacies of project AZORIAN was the birth of the now-typical "neither confirm nor deny" response by government officials faced with inquiring reporters).  </p>
<p>But what the CIA's latest disclosure does offer is several stranger-than-fiction anecdotes on the many times the Hughes Glomar Explorer's mission could have gone awry.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"></div><p></p></div></div>Faith in the <a href="https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/experience-the-collection/index.html#%21/story/14">technical</a> viability of the project was shaky to begin with. In 1972, Admiral Moorer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote a memo that recommended dropping the mission "because of decreased intelligence value of the target with the passage of time" and mounting costs. Deputy Secretary of <keyword id="6354810" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Defense">Defense</keyword> Kenneth Rush only estimated the project's chance of success at 20 to 30 percent.</p>
<p>But Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms, the paper discloses, was worried about the long-term consequences of backing out, feeling that "a termination now would appear capricious to contractors and jeopardize future cooperative efforts."</p>
<p>President Nixon finally gave the project a green-light after a "long series of high-level program reviews." </p>
<p>After jumping these bureaucratic hurdles, the mission also had a close encounter with a major political flare-up. Too broad for the Panama Canal, the Glomar had to sail around the southern tip of South America to get the Pacific Ocean. The crew then docked in the port city of Valparaiso, Chile, only to find themselves in the midst of August Pinochet's violent coup on September 11th, 1973.</p>
<p>Seven technicians had traveled to Chile to join the mission. "After checking in to their hotel, early on 11 September, the Global Marine personnel were awakened by the sounds of the revolution in the streets." The Americans were under virtual house-arrest for a few days before eventually leaving safely - though not without stoking suspicions that the United States had a hand in socialist president Salvador Allende's ouster.</p>
<div>The Glomar would nearly find itself bogged down on home soil as well.
<p>Docked in Long Beach, California in November 1973, the ship landed on the bad side of about a hundred union picketers  - "including strong-arm types" - voicing their dissatisfaction with Global Marine.</p>
<p>"The resulting tense situation continued for the next week to ten days," the Studies in Intelligence article states. "During this time, the ship's crew and shipboard workers were harassed, delivery trucks stopped, and special security measures had to be put into effect."</p>
<p>Though they were ignorant of the vessel's special mission, the protesters delayed the HGE's departure by a few uncomfortable weeks. And docked just a few hundred yards away were Soviet ships that didn't suspect the Glomar's true purpose.</p>
<p>Once at its target location above the submarine, the Glomar was still pressured by the Soviet navy. One military ship dispatched a helicopter on two occasions, to snap photos of the idling ship. Its unarmed crew put crates on the Glomar's helipad to thwart a potential landing, and even made preparations to destroy their ship's clearly intelligence-related equipment. </p>
<p>Even friendly ships threatened to blow the Glomar's cover. One of them was a British merchant vessel that had approached the HGE for help treating a sick crew member.</p>
<p>The incident may have actually played to the American ship's advantage. As the Glomar responded to a well-meaning question about its activity over the open radio circuit, "It was hoped the Soviets were monitoring this exchange."</p>
<p>In the end, the Hughes Glomar Explorer overcame steep odds to finally attempt a raising of the doomed submarine. TV monitors were placed around the ship so that "sailors, cooks, divers, drill crew" and everyone else onboard could watch the fateful attempt to recover the submarine.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div><p></p></div></div>But it only partially succeeded.</p>
<p>As recounted by David Sharp, a CIA officer aboard the Glomar, the greater part of the submarine broke off as the vessel was being hauled up to the surface and plummeted back to the ocean floor. In the fragment that was actually recovered, Sharp says the Glomar's crew encountered three of the submarine crew's dead.</p>
<p>"They were given the full respect that I think the Soviet navy would have conferred upon their own people under those conditions," Sharp said. The LA Times later reported that 70 bodies were found and buried at sea.</p>
<p>After years of effort, numerous setbacks, and the construction of a purpose-built vessel, it's understood that the CIA didn't recover any useful material from the operation.</p>
</div>

How The CIA Tried To Raise A Lost Soviet Submarine With A Giant Crane - And Sort Of Succeeded

<p>We all know the conspiracy theories - the <keyword id="26362" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Government">government</keyword>'s plan for 911, the second gunman who shot JFK, the evolution of the elite from a race of blood-drinking, shape-shifting lizards. </p>
<p>But the people who spread these ideas usually can't prove them. </p>
<p>As the years pass, however, secrets surface. Government documents become declassified. We now have evidence of certain elaborate government schemes right here in the U.S. of A. </p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image"><p class="source">AP Photo</p><p class="caption">The <keyword id="6404780" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Prohibition">Prohibition</keyword> Research Committee, pictured above, traveled the country trying to find one "drunk" reformed by the legislation.</p></div></div>1. The U.S. Department of the Treasury poisoned alcohol during Prohibition - and people died. </h3>
<p>The 18th Amendment, which took effect in Jan., 1920, banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol - but not consumption. Despite the government's efforts, alcoholism actually skyrocketed during the era.</p>
<p>To keep up with America's thirst, bootleggers not only created their own alcohol <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2010/02/the_chemists_war.single.html">but also stole industrial versions</a>, rendered undrinkable by the inclusion of certain chemicals (namely methyl alcohol). Liquor syndicates then employed chemists to "re-nature" the alcohol once again, making it safe for consumption, according to Deborah Blum, author of <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1594202435?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=slatmaga-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=1594202435">"The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York."</a></p>
<p>By mid-1927, however, U.S. government added much deadlier chemicals - kerosene, chloroform, and acetone among those most well known - which made alcohol more difficult to render consumable again. Adding 10% more methyl alcohol caused the worst efforts.</p>
<p>Althought New York City's chief medical examiner, Charles Norris, tried to publicize the dangers, in 1926, poisonous alcohol killed 400 in the city. The next year, 700 died. </p>
<p><div class="image-container float_left"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">A doctor administers an injection to one of the Tuskegee patients.</p></div></div></p>
<h3>2. The U.S. Public Health Service lied about treating black men with syphilis for more than 40 years.</h3>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">In 1932, the Public Health Service collaborated with the Tuskegee Institute to record the history of syphilis in the black male community, hoping to justify a treatment program. </span></p>
<p>Called the <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm">Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male</a>, <span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">the study initially </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">included 600 black men - 399 with the disease and 201 without. While the man were told they would receive treatment, however, the researchers never provided adequate treatment for the disease. </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">Even when penicillin became the preferred and available treatment for syphilis, researchers kept their subjects in the dark. </span></p>
<p>Although originally planned to last only six months, the experiment continued for 40 years. Finally, in 1972, an Associated Press article prompted public outrage and a subsequent investigation. A government advisory panel deemed the study "ethically irresponsible" and research ended almost immediately. </p>
<p>As a result, the government settled a class-action lawsuit out of court in 1974 for $10 million and lifetime health benefits for all participants, the last of whom died in 2004. </p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_left"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">Jonas Salk, who created the inactivated polio vaccine in 1955.</p></div></div>3. More than 100 million Americans received a polio vaccine contaminated with a potentially cancer-causing virus.</h3>
<p>From 1954 to 1961, simian virus 40 (SV40) somehow showed up  in polio vaccines, according to the "<a href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/22/10273.long">American Journal of Cancer</a>." Researchers estimate 98 million people in the U.S. and even more worldwide received contaminated inoculations.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.salk.edu/about/jonas_salk.html">Jonas Salk</a>, known creator of the inactivated polio vaccine, used cells from rhesus monkeys infected with SV40, according to president of the National Vaccine Information Center Barbara Fisher, who <a href="http://www.nvic.org/nvic-archives/testimony/testimonyspetember102003.aspx">testified before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness in the U.S. House of Representatives</a> on this matter in 2003, after researching the situation for 10 years.</p>
<p>The federal government changed oral vaccine stipulations in 1961 - which didn't include Salk's inactivated polio vaccine - specifically citing SV40. But medical professionals continued to administer tainted vaccines until 1963, according to Michael E. Horwin writing for the <a href="http://www.sv40foundation.org/CPV-link.html">"Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology"</a> in 2003. And even after 1961, the "American Journal of Cancer" found contaminated oral vaccines.</p>
<p>Although researchers know SV40 causes cancer in animals, opinions vary on a <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10472327">direct link between the virus and cancer</a> in humans. Independent studies, however, have <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9989448">identified SV40 in brain and lung tumors</a> of children and adults. </p>
<p>The Centers for Disease Control did post a fact sheet acknowledging the presence of SV40 in polio vaccines but has since removed it, according to <a href="http://www.medicaldaily.com/cdc-removes-webpage-about-polio-vaccine-contamination-further-admission-guilt-249339">Medical Daily.</a></p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">A photo of three Vietnamese boats taken from the USS Maddox (on Aug. 2).</p></div></div>4. Parts of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which lead to U.S. intervention in <keyword id="13486" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Vietnam">Vietnam</keyword>, never happened.</h3>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px;">After evading a torpedo attack, the USS Maddox reportedly engaged three North Vietnamese boats in the Gulf of Tonkin on both Aug. 2 and 4, 1964, according to the <a href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/pent4.htm">Pentagon Papers</a>. Although without U.S. casualties, the events prompted Congress to pass a resolution allowing President Lyndon John to intervene in the Southeast. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px;"></span>Talk of Tonkin's status as a "false flag" for U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War has permeated public discourse almost since the time of the attacks, especially after the government admitted that <span>the second incident may have involved false radar images.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">But after resisting comment for decades, the </span><a href="http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/gulf_of_tonkin/">National Security Agency finally declassified documents</a><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;"> in 2005, admitting the incident on Aug. 4 never happened at all. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">Those involved didn't necessarily intend to cover-up the incident to propagate a war. But the evidence does suggest "an active effort to make SIGINT fit the claim of what happened during the evening of 4 August in the Gulf of Tonkin,"according to <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/press20051201.htm">NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok.</a></span></p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_left"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">Fidel Castro speaking in Havana in 1978.</p></div></div>5. Military leaders reportedly planned terrorist attacks in the U.S. to drum up support for a war against Cuba.</h3>
<p>In 1962, the joint chiefs-of-staff approved <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/northwoods.pdf">Operation Northwoods</a>, a covert plan to create support for a war in Cuba that would oust communist leader Fidel Castro. </p>
<p>Declassified government documents show considerations include: host funerals for "mock-victims," "start rumors (many)," and "blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba." They even suggested somehow pinning John Glenn's potential death, should his rocket explode, on communists in Cuba. </p>
<p>The advisors presented the plan to President Kennedy's Secretary of <keyword id="6354810" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Defense">Defense</keyword> Robert McNamara, according to investigative journalist James Bamford's book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Body-Secrets-Ultra-Secret-National-Security/dp/0385499086">"Body of Secrets</a>." We don't know whether McNamara immediately refused, but a few days later, Kennedy told Army Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer, the plan's poo-bah, that the U.S. would never use overt force to take Cuba.</p>
<p>A few months later, Lemnitzer lost his position. </p>
<p><span>"There really was a worry at the time about the military going off crazy and they did, but they never succeeded, but it wasn't for lack of trying," Bamford told <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662&amp;page=2">ABC News</a>.</span></p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">Ken Kesey, author of "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest," voluntarily participated in Project MKUltra.</p></div></div>6. The government tested the effects of LSD on unwitting U.S. and Canadian citizens. </h3>
<p>Under the code name "MKUltra," the U.S. government ran a human research operation within the <keyword id="44293" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="CIA">CIA</keyword>'s Scientific Research Division. Researchers tested the effects of hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, torture, and most memorably, LSD, on U.S. and Canadian citizens. Most had no idea.</p>
<p>To conduct these experiments, the CIA paid prisons, hospitals, and other institutions to keep quiet. The department even enticed heroin addicts to participate by offering them heroin, <span>according to </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/13inmate_ProjectMKULTRA.pdf">documents from a joint hearing</a><span> to subcommittees of Congress, where President Kennedy spoke. </span></p>
<p><span>That day, he regaled Congress with "chilling testimony." <span>Over 30 universities became involved in various studies. </span>Notably, m</span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em; color: #000000;">any lacked oversight by medical or scientific professionals. A</span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em; color: #000000;">t least one participant, </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em; color: #000000;">Frank Olsen</span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em; color: #000000;">, died, reportedly from suicide after unknowingly ingesting LSD. </span></p>
<p>In January 1973, then CIA Director Richard Helms ordered the destruction of all documents pertaining to MKUltra. When Congress looked into the matter, no one, not even Helms, could "remember" details. Through a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, more documents were located, but the full timeline remains incomplete. </p>
<p>The events inspired investigative journalist Jon Ronson's best-selling book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Men-Who-Stare-Goats/dp/1439181772">"The Men Who Stare At Goats</a>," now a movie of the same title starring George Clooney. </p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_left"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p><p class="caption">The Hughes Glomar Explorer, the recovery ship designed for Project Azorian.</p></div></div>7. In 1974, the CIA secretly resurfaced a sunken soviet submarine with three nuclear-armed ballistic missiles. </h3>
<p>The <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm">CIA's secret "Project Azorian</a>" aimed to raise a sunken Soviet submarine from the floor of the Pacific Ocean to retrieve three nuclear-armed ballistic missiles, each carrying a one megaton nuclear warhead. </p>
<p>With President Nixon's approval, CIA director Richard Helms placed all the plans in a secret file called "Jennifer," thus keeping the information from everyone but a select number government officials. </p>
<p>After a FOIA, the <keyword id="38879" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="NSA">NSA</keyword> finally published an article from the CIA's in-house journal, <a href="http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf">"Studies in Intelligence</a>," revealing that the department succeeded in resurfacing portions of the sub, named K-129.</p>
<p>The CIA redacted text in these documents that prevent determining the operation's exact level of success, but the crew of the Glomar Explorer, the recovery ship, did haul contents to Hawaii for unloading. </p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image"><p class="source">Wikimedia Commons</p></div></div></h3>
<h3>8. The U.S. government sold weapons to Iran, violating an embargo, and used the money to support Nicaraguan militants. </h3>
<p>In 1985, senior officials in the Reagan administration facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, then under embargo. The government, with the National Security Council's <a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/h-on-gallery.php">Oliver North</a> acting as a key player, later used the profits to fund the Contras, anti-communist rebels, in Nicaragua. </p>
<p>The whole situation began with seven American hostages taken by a hostile group in Lebanon with ties to Iran. Through an elaborate exchange involving Israel, the U.S. planned to sell weapons to Iran in exchange for the hostages' freedom. The situation quickly derailed, although the Lebanese did release all but two hostages. </p>
<p>After a leak from an Iranian, the situation finally came to light in 1986. After repeatedly denying any involvement, the Reagan administration underwent 41 days of Congressional hearings, according to <a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/thehearings.php">Brown University's research project on the scandal.</a> They subpoenaed <a href="http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php">government documents</a> as early as 1981 and forced declassification of others. </p>
<p><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5em;">Reagan's involvement in and even knowledge of the situation remains unclear. The hearings never labeled the sale of weapons to Iran a criminal offense, but some officials faced charges for supporting the Contras. The administration, however, refused to declassify certain documents, forcing Congress to drop them.</span></p>
<h3><div class="image-container float_right"><div class="image"><p class="source"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmfVs3WaE9Y">YouTube/guyjohn59</a></p><p class="caption">"Nayirah"</p></div></div>9. A public relations firm organized Congressional testimony that propelled U.S. involvement in the <keyword id="386457" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Persian-Gulf">Persian Gulf</keyword> War.</h3>
<p>In 1990, a 15-year-old Kuwaiti girl identified only as "Nayirah" testified before Congress that she witnessed Iraqi soldiers pulling infants from their incubators at a hospital and tossing them to the ground to die.</p>
<p>A later investigation revealed that PR giant Hill &amp; Knowlton arranged her testimony for a client, Kuwaiti-sponsored Citizens for a Free Kuwait, and furthermore that Nayirah was the daughter of Kuwait's Ambassador to the U.S., according to the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/15/opinion/deception-on-capitol-hill.html">New York Times</a>.</p>
<p>Tom Lantos, a representative from California who co-founded the committee that heard Nayirah, coordinated the whole thing. Perhaps not coincidentally, his committee rented space in the PR firm's headquarters at a reduced rate. <span>Citizens for a Free Kuwait would go on to donate money to foundations with ties to said committee sometime after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. </span></p>
<p><span>At first, Amnesty International affirmed the girl's testimony. But after reinvestigation, the group and other human rights organizations switched positions. They didn't necessarily question the accuracy, just her withheld bias.</span></p>
<p><span>Nayirah's testimony helped build support for the Persian Gulf War, though Congress would have likely pursued involvement without her words.</span></p>

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