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<keyword id="2070810" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ice-melting" source="Orion">Ice melting</keyword> in Greenland and Antarctica, driven by <keyword id="6366055" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="global-warming" source="Orion">global warming</keyword>, is affecting <keyword id="446872" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="timekeeping" source="Orion">timekeeping</keyword> the world over by slowing down the Earth's rotating speed, according to a new research. As a result, a second might need to be deducted from the Coordinated <keyword id="4009157" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Universal-Time" source="Orion">Universal Time</keyword> (UTC) three years later than otherwise, it found. The study author, Duncan Agnew, explained that because the Earth doesn't always rotate at the same speed, the UTC consists of discontinuities. Since 1972, all discontinuities have required that a '<keyword id="1251649" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="leap-second" source="Orion">leap second</keyword>' be added, because many networked activities like computing and financial markets require the consistent, standardised and precise timescale provided by the UTC, he said. Agnew is a geophysicist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego, US. Using mathematical modelling, Agnew showed that the rate at which the Earth's liquid core rotates — angular velocity — has been slowing down. To compensate for this, the rotating speed of the solid Earth has steadily increased. The compensatory effect comes from the fact that for a closed system such as the Earth, angular momentum — the rate at which rotating speed changes — is a conserved quantity and doesn't change, he explained. His study has been published in the journal Nature. He found that the effect of the solid Earth rotating faster has resulted in fewer leap seconds being needed to be added to the UTC in recent decades. When extrapolated to the future, he predicted that a leap second will need to be deducted from the global primary standard of timekeeping as early as the year 2026. However, Agnew also found that the increased melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica has slowed down the Earth's rotation more rapidly than ever before and therefore, he estimated that the leap second will not need to be deducted until the year 2029. The ice melting was measured by satellite gravity. The findings suggested a possible problem for computer network timing, and thus, changes in the policy of aligning UTC to the Earth's rotation may need to be made earlier than currently planned, Agnew said. He noted that if the melting of polar ice caps had not recently accelerated, the turning back of the UTC by a leap second would be required three years earlier — in 2026. He also said that global warming and <keyword id="21122603" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="global-timekeeping" source="Orion">global timekeeping</keyword> have become "inextricably linked" and may become more so in the future.

Ice melt in Antarctica and Greenland is slowing Earth's rotation, affecting timekeeping: Study

<ul class="summary-list"><li>JPMorgan has created a new role to oversee the well-being of junior bankers and analysts.</li><li>The idea is to address burnout concerns amid scrutiny over Wall Street's work culture.</li></ul>JPMorgan Chase has created a new global role to oversee junior bankers and analysts and prevent <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-gen-z-is-impacting-wall-street-work-culture-2021-12">overwork</a>.Ryland McClendon is the newly appointed global investment banking associate and analyst leader, according to an internal memo from earlier this month seen by <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/jpmorgan-takes-wall-streets-overwork-concerns-with-new-role-memo-shows-2024-09-18/#:~:text=Sept%2018%20(Reuters)%20%2D%20JPMorgan,of%20overworking%20on%20Wall%20Street.">Reuters</a>.The firm has employed McClendon for just under 14 years, most recently as a managing director involved in talent and career development and previously as an investment banker.Per Reuters, the JPMorgan memo said that McClendon's duty in her new post would be to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-skepticism-80-hour-work-week-caps-jpmorgan-bofa-2024-9">support the "well-being and success" of associates and analysts</a>, two of the more junior positions in investment banking.The change comes amid heightened scrutiny over <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-wall-streets-culture-is-contributing-to-the-loneliness-crisis-2023-11">Wall Street's culture</a> of long hours, high workloads, and burnout, especially for early-level career employees.The death of a 35-year-old Bank of America associate in May, which was deemed to be caused by a blood clot, sparked renewed concern regarding working conditions.JPMorgan recently capped junior bankers' working time at <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jpmorgan-caps-bankers-work-80-hours-bank-of-america-tracking-2024-9">80 hours a week</a>, with certain exceptions, including during a live deal.<a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/wall-street-skepticism-80-hour-work-week-caps-jpmorgan-bofa-2024-9">BofA is introducing a timekeeping tool</a> to track junior bankers who are deemed to be overworking; those working more than 80 hours a week are flagged to human resources. Business Insider contacted JPMorgan for comment but didn't immediately hear back.

Overworked junior bankers at JPMorgan are getting someone to check on their well-being

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-axis-shifted-melting-ice-climate-change-2021-4">Polar ice melt driven by climate change</a> is affecting Earth's rotation, according to new research.</li><li>We may have to adjust timekeeping by "skipping" a second in 2029.</li></ul>The climate crisis has gone so far that it's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/groundwater-pumping-causes-earth-rotational-pole-to-shift-study-finds-2023-7">altering the shape and spin of our planet</a>, and changing our experience of time itself, according to a new <a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=6e0ebadf62e8f47a67cc7282306158a72bdd5063f2fb3125a3504cbcc1d89ccf&amp;postID=6605b6fa669ae113e1c59c9b&amp;postSlug=human-activities-change-earth-spin-time-keeping-2024-3&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-024-07170-0.epdf%3Fsharing_token%3Dn1K3Lv83uuFdqGIlB55OhNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0M8eI6W1yLpWHEpE-RIkTCyYE2WIbRIkp2z3i1LfYhEU3YrU-85lxnPetCiUSDS5sZh2Yqx8exdxhiHVjsNg32gYMg9UFjTwdCeHAJyzUAmdpjxRja_Ev5m6jX89sSeTy-5GMAG9cTExYZgXc-LYQwOViaP1wIrgTvdQ3Q23voktQ%253D%253D%26tracking_referrer%3Dwww.cnn.com">study</a> published in the journal Nature on Wednesday."Enough ice has melted to move sea level enough that we can actually see the rate of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-spinning-around-axis-more-quickly-2021-1">Earth's rotation</a> has been affected," Duncan Agnew, a geophysicist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and author of the study, told <a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=195d94915c7be3972827c534262e8b53a0fc3dd3efb23944e2d14f69350381c6&amp;postID=6605b6fa669ae113e1c59c9b&amp;postSlug=human-activities-change-earth-spin-time-keeping-2024-3&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-024-00932-w">Nature</a>.<div type="image" title="3D Render of Planet Earth in blue-black space with sun beams peeking over the top" height="1500" width="3167" msid="108882044" hostid="261" sizebytes="111358"></div>Don't worry — this change in Earth's rotation <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-earth-stopped-spinning">won't be catastrophic</a>. However, it does mean that we'll have to adjust our time keeping, which may be a problem for much of the computing we rely on.<h2>Ice melt could delay the dreaded negative leap second</h2>Humans track time in seconds, minutes, and hours, and these measurements are dictated by Earth's rotation on its axis and the sun's position in the sky — what's called the solar timescale.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-rotation-slowing-helped-bacteria-produce-oxygen-2021-8">But the solar timescale is not very precise because the planet's spin has never been constant</a> — it changes based on how fluids both above and below the crust move.Therefore, humans invented a more precise way of time keeping with atomic clocks and the atomic timescale.But, every 1.5 years, or so, on average, these two timescales misalign because of the Earth's inconsistent rotation rate. When that happens, we <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/leap-second-december-31-2016-12">accommodate with what's called a leap second</a>: a second that is added to the atomic timescale to realign it with the solar timescale.We've been adding leap seconds this way since 1972, but we haven't needed one since 2016.That's because <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-spinning-around-axis-more-quickly-2021-1">Earth has spun faster and faster</a> over the last eight years for reasons scientists are still trying to understand.<div type="image" title="A standing clock on the side of a small town road." height="1413" width="2120" msid="108882045" hostid="261" sizebytes="468964"></div>As a result, scientists predict that we would need the first-ever negative leap second by 2026. Meaning we'd need to subtract a second from the atomic timescale, instead of adding one.But this new research suggests that climate change is slowing down the acceleration of Earth's rotation and will delay that negative leap second to 2029.Losing one second of time may not sound like much. But <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-compute-engine-leap-smear-deals-with-61-second-minutes-2015-6">adding and subtracting leap seconds poses big problems for computing</a>, so much so that the International Bureau of Weights and Measures voted to get rid of them by 2035.Computers, financial exchanges, GPS, and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/billionaires-companies-going-to-space-need-rules-2024-3">spaceflight</a> rely on extremely precise timekeeping, so leap seconds can lead to "serious malfunctions in critical digital infrastructure," the Bureau wrote in its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf/281f3160-fc56-3e63-dbf7-77b76500990f">resolution</a>. It added that the negative leap second which may soon be necessary "has never been foreseen or tested.""We do not know how to cope with one second missing. This is why time metrologists are worried," Felicitas Arias, former director of the Time Department at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, told <a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=195d94915c7be3972827c534262e8b53a0fc3dd3efb23944e2d14f69350381c6&amp;postID=6605b6fa669ae113e1c59c9b&amp;postSlug=human-activities-change-earth-spin-time-keeping-2024-3&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-024-00932-w">Nature</a>.While Agnew's study suggests we have more time before facing this worrying unknown, it's worth noting that Earth's spin is very difficult to predict, and the new study is not necessarily a definitive forecast."There's a very great uncertainty about this," Judah Levine, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2024/03/27/leap-second-melting-poles-climate-time/">The Washington Post</a>. "A few years ago, there were predictions in the other direction."<h2>How melting ice slows Earth's spin</h2><div type="image" title="Earth's core illustration" height="2680" width="4020" msid="108882046" hostid="261" sizebytes="474888"></div>There are three main mechanisms that control the Earth's spin:<ul><li>One is tidal friction, or the interaction between moving ocean water and the ocean floor, which slows Earth's rotation.</li><li>The second is changes in the ice caps that covered Northern Canada and Scandinavia during the last Ice Age, which made Earth more spherical, speeding up its rotation rate, according to Agnew.</li><li>And finally, currents of magma inside <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-element-arctic-lava-suggest-earth-core-may-leaking-2023-10">Earth's spinning, liquid core</a> change irregularly, causing it to rotate faster or slower and altering the entire planet's rotation in the process.</li></ul>But now, a fourth influence has come to scientists' attention: climate change.As average global temperatures rise, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-thwaites-doomsday-glacier-melting-collapse-flooding-curtains-2024-3">polar ice is melting at an unprecedented rate</a>, dumping water in the oceans. As that meltwater moves from the Arctic toward the equator — a process that is raising sea levels and causing devastating coastal flooding — our planet grows slightly wider around the middle, which slows its rotation.<div type="image" title="glacier calving splinters of ice fall into ocean" height="1674" width="2500" msid="108882047" hostid="261" sizebytes="255576"></div>Picture a figure skater spinning with her arms above her head. Now imagine that she lowers her arms to extend them out at her sides, causing her spin to slow down. Earth's widening equator is having a similar effect on its spin."To me, the fact that human beings have caused the rotation of the Earth to change is kind of amazing," Agnew told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/27/climate/timekeeping-polar-ice-melt-earth-rotation/index.html">CNN</a>.Perhaps you've managed to escape the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/canadian-wildfires-smoke-us-air-quality-2023-6">mega-clouds of wildfire smoke</a>, historic floods, and debilitating heat waves so far. But this new study reveals that the climate crisis is affecting even the most intimate aspects of our day-to-day lives. Nobody escapes time.

Human activities are changing Earth's spin so much that it might affect how we keep time

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<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div>The Apple Watch is going to hit the market very soon. But before the Apple Watch was announced, another well-known brand captured the attention of the horological universe in dramatic fashion.It was Swatch. Yes, Swatch - maker of all those witty plastic timepieces that everyone wore in the 1980s, and that still have a following in both low and <a href="http://fortune.com/2014/08/10/ceos-swatches/">high places</a> today.The watch was the <a href="http://www.swatch.com/en_us/sistem51">Sistem51</a> - an innovative and radically new automatic timepiece that's purely Swiss and purely Swatch.The Sistem51 only costs $150 and went on sale in the US in 2014. It created a sensation at the big annual watch show in Basel in 2013. From my perspective, it's the coolest $150 watch in the world right now.There were four original versions of the watch. They have now been joined by five new editions, including a variation of the Sistem Blue that now has a more legible dial for timekeeping.<h3>CREATING A SENSATION</h3>When it was revealed, Sistem51 took the Swiss watchmaking community by storm."Jaws dropped," said Carlo Giordanetti, Swatch's Creative Director. "No one thought it would be possible."So what exactly did Swatch manage to achieve with <a href="http://www.watches2u.com/watches/swatch/suts401-sistem51---sistem-blue-watch.html">Sistem51</a>?It reduced the number of parts in the movement to 51, about half of what a typical automatic watch requires. An automatic movement is powered by the movement of the wearer. The finest watches in the world are automatics, costing tens and even hundreds of thousands. Their movements - complicated miniature machines - are a source of fascination to watch collectors and enthusiasts.There are plenty of cheap automatics out there. You can pick up a perfectly good one for less than $100. It won't be anything to write home about, but it won't need a new battery every few years, either.And it won't be as innovative as Sistem51. "51 became a target," said Giordanetti, who has been with Swatch since 1987. " It was a challenge for our engineers to get the same number of components in an automatic as in a quartz."<h3>ELIMINATING COMPLICATION</h3>The overriding goal was to eliminate complexity. For the record, complications are what the traditional Swiss watch industry thrives on. More complications can make for a far more valuable and desirable watch. Quartz watches, by contrast, are fairly simple: they use a quartz crystal and electric oscillation to generate very precise timekeeping. Automatic watches use mechanical action to wind a mainspring, which powers the timekeeping function.There's no fastidious watchmaker laboring over a bench with tiny tools and a sure, practiced hand producing the Sistem51. Instead, there are robots. The entire assembly process is automated. The movement is constructed around a single, central screw.No shortage of traditional watchmaker know-how went into creating the watch, according to Giordanetti. It was, however, updated, forward-thinking know-how."There were 25 to 35 young people involved, all from watchmaking families," he said. "No other brand could have done this."The traditional Swiss watch industry is doing quite well these days, supported by global demand for luxury timepieces from Rolex, Patek Philippe, and other big names. It's all about automatics, so Swatch saw an opportunity to use its heft to introduce something radically new into this market - all while keeping intact the brand's affection for whimsy and irreverence.<h3>IT'S NOT ABOUT SHOWING OFF</h3>"It was an innocent provocation," Giordanetti said of the roll-out of Sistem51 in Basel in 2013. But it was more than that. "It was emotional," the Swatch veteran added.Apart from watchmaking innovation, Sistem51 also represents another core Swatch value: cheerful unpretentiousness. "It's not about showing off," Giordanetti explained. "It's all about lightness. A Swatch collector wants to look at his or her watch and smile two or three times a day.""You can hide it," Giordanetti said, and he's right. This isn't a watch that will live on display below your shirt cuff. It's the farthest thing from a chunky, stainless-steel dive watch you can get. It's the anti-Rolex Submariner. But like the Rolex, it's still a completely Swiss watch.And at $150, it's also the most affordable all-new, super-innovative all-Swiss movement you can lay your hands on.Sistem51 is a piece of watchmaking history, as important as the arrival of Swatch quartzes were in the 1980s. The Apple Watch will be a big deal. But Apple isn't the only innovator in watches these days!You can find <a href="http://www.watches2u.com/watches/swatch/suts401-sistem51---sistem-blue-watch.html">the Sistem51 here</a>.Here's a look at the new designs:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div> <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div> <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div> <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/rival-armed-gangs-fighting-in-china-video-2015-2">Watch 2 armed gangs fight on a busy road in China</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="RwcGo2czoKLZhcKYJSFEeU8bohrjYxgg" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

There are now a whole bunch of new versions of the coolest $150 watch in the world

It takes a lot to truly shake up the watch world.
Apple is attempting to do it with the Apple Watch, due out next year.&#xa0;
But before the Apple Watch was announced, another well-known brand captured the attention of the horological universe in dramatic fashion.
It was Swatch.&#xa0;
Yes, Swatch - maker of all those witty plastic timepieces that everyone wore in the 1980s, and that still have a following in both low and <a href="http://fortune.com/2014/08/10/ceos-swatches/">high places</a> today.
Swatch is actually the Swatch Group, which includes names such as Omega, Breguet, and Rado. It's a huge force in Swiss watchmaking and, with the creation of the Swatch brand several decades ago, is often credited with saving that country's watch industry in the face of an onslaught of inexpensive quartz timepieces from Asia.
<h3>CREATING A SENSATION</h3>
The watch is the <a href="http://www.swatch.com/en_us/sistem51">Sistem51</a> - an innovative and radically new automatic timepiece that's purely Swiss and purely Swatch.
The Sistem51 only costs $150 and went on sale in the US late this year.&#xa0;It created a sensation at the big annual watch show in Basel in 2013.
"Jaws dropped," said Carlo Giordanetti, Swatch's Creative Director. "No one thought it would be possible."
So what exactly did Swatch manage to achieve with Sistem51?
It reduced the number of parts in the movement to 51, about half of what a typical automatic watch requires. 
An automatic movement is powered by the movement of the wearer. The finest watches in the world are automatics, costing tens and even hundreds of thousands. Their movements - complicated miniature machines - are a source of fascination to watch collectors and enthusiasts.
There are plenty of cheap automatics out there. You can pick up a perfectly good one for less than $100. It won't be anything to write home about, but it won't need a new battery every few years, either.
And it won't be as innovative as Sistem51.&#xa0;
"51 became a target," said Giordanetti, who has been with Swatch since 1987. " It was a challenge for our engineers to get the same number of components in an automatic as in a quartz."
<h3>ELIMINATING COMPLICATION</h3>
The overriding goal was to eliminate complexity. For the record, complications are what the traditional Swiss watch industry thrives on. More complications can make for a far more valuable and desirable watch. Quartz watches, by contrast, are fairly simple: they use a quartz crystal and electric oscillation to generate very precise timekeeping.&#xa0;
Automatic watches use mechanical action to wind a mainspring, which powers the timekeeping function.
There's no fastidious watchmaker laboring over a bench with tiny tools and a sure, practiced hand producing the Sistem51. Instead, there are robots. The entire assembly process is automated.&#xa0;The movement is constructed around a single, central screw.
No shortage of traditional watchmaker know-how went into creating the watch, according to&#xa0;Giordanetti. It was, however,&#xa0;updated, forward-thinking&#xa0;know-how.
"There were 25 to 35 young people involved, all from watchmaking families," he said. "No other brand could have done this."
 
The traditional Swiss watch industry is doing quite well these days, supported by global demand for luxury timepieces from Rolex, Patek Philippe, and other big names. It's all about automatics, so Swatch saw an opportunity to use its heft to introduce something radically new into this market - all while keeping intact the brand's affection for whimsy and irreverence.
<h3>IT'S NOT ABOUT SHOWING OFF</h3>
"It was an innocent provocation," Giordanetti said of the roll-out of Sistem51 in Basel in 2013. 
But it was more than that. "It was emotional," the Swatch veteran added.
Apart from watchmaking innovation, Sistem51 also represents another core Swatch value: cheerful unpretentiousness.&#xa0;
"It's not about showing off," Giordanetti explained. "It's all about&#xa0;lightness.&#xa0;A Swatch collector wants to look at his or her watch and smile two or three times a day." 
The current lineup of Sistem51 watches - there are four - has a face design vaguely evocative of astronomy, emulating the arrangement of the movement. The movement itself can been seen in action through a clear caseback (it's hermetically sealed and doesn't require servicing).&#xa0;
I tried all four and decided that I liked the "Sistem Blue" version with a soft, silicon strap best ("Sistem Black," with a simple black leather strap, is the most conservative, while "Sistem White" and its festive aesthetic is the least serious; "Sistem Red" is Sistem Blue in a hotter color). I sported a Swatch for several years back in the 1990s and was immediately reminded by Sistem Blue of how light and easy these watches are to wear.&#xa0;
 
"You can&#xa0;hide it," Giordanetti said, and he's right. This isn't a watch that will live on display below your shirt cuff. It's the farthest thing from a chunky, stainless-steel dive watch you can get. It's the anti-Rolex Submariner. But like the Rolex, it's still a completely Swiss watch.
And at $150, it's also the most affordable all-new, super-innovative all-Swiss movement you can lay your hands on. 
It's obviously not for everybody - the translucent plastic case is very Swatch and will compel some to compare the Sistem51 to a toy. But there will be more examples to choose from in 2015, according to Giordanetti. Slightly less witty face designs are on the horizon. You could wear these Swatches with business suits.
Sistem51 is a piece of watchmaking history, as important as the arrival of Swatch quartzes were in the 1980s. The Apple Watch will be a big deal. But Apple isn't the only innovator in watches these days!

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You Searched For "global timekeeping" and got 6 results

Ice melt in Antarctica and Greenland is slowing Earth's rotation, affecting timekeeping: Study

PTI

Overworked junior bankers at JPMorgan are getting someone to check on their well-being

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Human activities are changing Earth's spin so much that it might affect how we keep time

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Check out 18 pitch decks that legal-tech startups used to raise millions

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There are now a whole bunch of new versions of the coolest $150 watch in the world

Matthew DeBord

This Is The Coolest $150 Watch In The World

Matthew DeBord

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