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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Leftist <keyword id="12762431" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="candidate" source="Orion">candidate</keyword> <keyword id="12771325" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="gabriel-boric" source="Orion">Gabriel Boric</keyword>'s platform focused on radical reforms to address inequality.</li><li>Boric's opponent, José Antonio Kast, conceded only 90 minutes after polls had closed.</li></ul>Chileans elected 35-year-old Gabriel Boric as their next president, making him the youngest person elected president in the country's history.Boric, a lawmaker and former student protest leader, incorporated promises of radical reforms on inequality into his platform, including raising taxes on the rich, expanding the country's social safety net, creating a greener economy, and drafting a new Constitution, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html">The New York Time reported</a>."I am going to give the best of me to rise to this tremendous challenge," Boric said during a public video call with outgoing president, Sebastián Piñera, according to The Times. "I will be the president of all Chileans."His opponent, right-wing candidate José Antonio Kast, conceded only 90 minutes after the polls closed and half of the ballots were counted, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59715941?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bbbc.news.twitter%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D&amp;at_custom4=C33A7AA8-6121-11EC-8097-C7994744363C&amp;at_custom3=%40BBCWorld&amp;at_medium=custom7&amp;at_custom1=%5Bpost+type%5D&amp;at_campaign=64&amp;at_custom2=twitter">according to the BBC</a>. While Boric and Kast ran on vastly different platforms, both men belong to political parties that have never been represented in <keyword id="12085673" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="chile" source="Orion">Chile</keyword>'s government.Kast congratulated Boric and said on <a href="https://twitter.com/joseantoniokast/status/1472692985598910467?s=20" target="_blank" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer">Twitter</a> "from now on, he is the president elect of Chile and deserves all our respect and constructive collaboration."

Chile elects 35-year-old leftist Gabriel Boric to the presidency, making him one of the world's youngest leaders

<ul class="summary-list"><li>US President Joe Biden and Chilean President-elect Gabriel Boric held their first call on Thursday.</li><li>Biden congratulated the new leftist head of state and the two discussed <keyword id="12833198" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="valentina-orellana-peralta" source="Orion">Valentina Orellana-Peralta</keyword>.</li></ul>President Joe Biden congratulated Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric during their first call on Thursday and offered condolences Valentina Orellana-Peralta, a 14-year-old Chilean teenager killed by an LAPD officer's stray bullet while shopping for Christmas dresses.The teenager had moved to the US six months ago, studying and seeking to become an American citizen."President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. called President-elect Gabriel Boric of <keyword id="12085673" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="chile" source="Orion">Chile</keyword> today to congratulate him on his election victory," press secretary Jen Psaki said <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/30/statement-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-on-president-bidens-call-with-president-elect-gabriel-boric-of-chile/">in a statement</a>. "On behalf of the United States, the President also offered his deep condolences to the people of Chile for the tragic death of Valentina Orellana-Peralta."Orellana-Peralta's family <a href="https://www.insider.com/parents-valentina-orellana-peralta-demand-justice-LAPD-shooting-burlington-teenager-2021-12">spoke to the public</a> on Tuesday for the first time since Valentina was killed by an unnamed LAPD officer's stray bullet <a href="https://www.insider.com/victims-killed-suspect-shooting-at-burlington-coat-factory-2021-12">in a Burlington store</a> on December 23. Her family and attorneys called for justice and an investigation at the local, state, or federal level.The press conference came a day after the Los Angeles Police Department <a href="https://www.insider.com/lapd-release-body-cam-footage-burlington-coat-factory-teen-shooting-2021-12">released footage of the shooting</a> that killed the teenage bystander and 24-year-old assault suspect Daniel Elena-Lopez.Chileans <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chile-election-lefist-gabriel-boric-youngest-president-2021-12">elected</a> 35-year-old Boric as their next president on December 19, making him the youngest in the nation's history.Boric, a former student protest leader and lawmaker, ran on radical reforms on inequality in his platform, calling for raising taxes on the rich, creating a greener economy, and re-drafting the Constitution, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/19/world/americas/chile-president-election.html">The New York Time reported</a>

Biden and Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric discussed the 14-year-old bystander killed by LAPD, Valentina Orellana-Peralta

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Paul Constant is a writer at Civic Ventures and the cohost of the "<a href="http://www.pitchforkeconomics.com/">Pitchfork Economics</a>" podcast.</li><li>He recently spoke with Historian Marcelo Casals about <keyword id="12085673" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="chile" source="Orion">Chile</keyword>'s progress.</li></ul>Chile has a long and proud history of political <keyword id="12002887" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="protests" source="Orion">protests</keyword>. But <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/03/world/americas/chile-protests.html">the uprising of late 2019</a>, when more than a million Chileans took to the streets to protest outsize <keyword id="11975072" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="wealth-inequality" source="Orion">wealth inequality</keyword>, was unlike anything in the nation's history. Those protests, which <a href="https://qz.com/1754400/protests-in-chile-are-about-wealth-as-much-as-inequality/">started over a subway fare hike in Santiago</a>, led to a redraft of Chile's <keyword id="6363843" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="constitution" source="Orion">constitution</keyword>, and in late 2021, a 35-year-old progressive liberal named Gabriel Boric ran on an anti-inequality platform to become the country's youngest president.When he won the election, Boric promised to put an end to Chile's long-held economic system that favored the wealthy and corporations, saying <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59694056">that</a> "If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave."Historian Marcelo Casals joined <a href="https://pitchforkeconomics.com/episode/has-chile-defeated-neoliberalism-with-marcelo-casals/">the latest episode of "Pitchfork Economics</a>" to explain how the redrafting of Chile's constitution is going, and whether Boric has moved toward his promise to end the nation's egregious wealth <keyword id="11893571" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="inequality" source="Orion">inequality</keyword>. While strong steps have been taken toward making Chile's <keyword id="11893570" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="economy" source="Orion">economy</keyword> more inclusive, Casals said, that hard-fought progress is in a fragile state as the new constitution heads toward a public vote this fall. The free-market economic policies that were put in place during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in the 1970s have taken their toll on Chile: While Chile is the wealthiest nation in South America, that wealth is unevenly distributed. The nation is <a href="https://qz.com/1754400/protests-in-chile-are-about-wealth-as-much-as-inequality/">the most unequal</a> of the 38 member countries of the <a href="https://www.oecd.org/about/">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, and half of all Chilean workers earned <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chile-protests-explainer/explainer-chiles-inequality-challenge-what-went-wrong-and-can-it-be-fixed-idUSKBN1X22RK">less than $550 per month </a>at the time of the 2019 protests. Adopted under Pinochet in 1980, <a href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-end-of-neoliberalism-in-chile">Chile's constitution prioritized</a> the ownership of private property above all else, thereby allowing corporations to scoop up water rights, public land, and other resources. Casals said that the constitution also "defined the state as subsidiary," deemphasizing government as a last resort to step in when the free market fails to find a solution in areas like healthcare and education. That hands-off approach to capitalism has created extreme, even life-threatening inequality. Chile is the only nation in the world with a fully privatized water market, and a <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3369">2020 analysis </a>found that just "1% of registered actors own 79.02% surface consumption rights," which the authors term as an "abysmal" level of inequality. As a result, water prices for consumers in Chile are t<a href="https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/4271-chile-has-entirely-privatised-water-which-means-that-theft-is-institutionalised">he highest in all of Latin America</a>, mismanagement and deregulation has led to <a href="https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/globalisation-human-rights/chile-in-wake-of-osorno-health-crisis-water-giant-suez-is-sum-moned">public-health emergencies</a>, and the nation has suffered from<a href="https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/chile-faces-serious-water-shortages-due-climate-crisis"> a decade-long "mega-drought"</a> worsened by climate change.Chile's <a href="https://www.as-coa.org/articles/look-what-and-isnt-chiles-constitutional-draft">proposed new constitution</a> under Boric goes up for a vote on September 4. It increases labor force participation by requiring gender parity in government roles and creating gender pay and hiring regulations that look to close the nation's <a href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6cc8ea3e-en/index.html?itemId=/content/publication/6cc8ea3e-en">shocking 20 percentage-point gap</a> between male and female unemployment. The constitution also breaks corporate monopolies over environmental resources, enshrining environmental protections for clean air and water and blocking a few corporations from drawing wealth out of the nation's natural resources and away from the country. And it also <a href="https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46609">establishes government offices</a> that would create a social safety net ensuring more robust economic inclusion from low-income populations. Like most other nations, Chile has struggled with the <a href="https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/chile/">pandemic</a> and its resulting <a href="https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/chile/news/inflation/inflation-comes-in-at-highest-level-since-august-1994-in-april">inflationary crisis</a>, and the population is exhausted and angry. While voters gave progressive leadership <a href="https://www.as-coa.org/articles/look-what-and-isnt-chiles-constitutional-draft">a 78% mandate </a>to write the new constitution, recent polling shows that they're waiting to make up their minds on the results. Support for the new constitution, which needs a simple majority to be adopted, is currently <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/rejection-chiles-new-constitution-reaches-record-high-survey-2022-04-04/">hovering near 40%</a>, with just below a third of voters ready to reject it and the rest undecided. "It'll be a very close call," Casals said. "If the new constitution is not approved, that will be a political disaster — especially for the left-wing government in Chile."As with the United States, Brazil, and other countries around the world, Chile has seen the rise of a "conservative, anti-left, anti-progressive reaction," Casals said, adding he believes that in the next election, if the constitution isn't adopted, "a far-right populist candidate can be elected," and that candidate could reverse the progress Casals has made toward unspooling the nation's 40-year neoliberal campaign of deregulation for the powerful and tax cuts for the rich. When asked if the United States has anything to learn from Chile's recent antineoliberal wave, Casals said that his nation, with its tumultuous history of protests and sweeping changes, is in a unique position. But as a historian, he said, the last three years in Chile confirm his belief that "things can change, and sometimes very quickly," when those in political and economic power lose their legitimacy in the eyes of the public. As inequality balloons out of control, a majority of the people will likely come to believe that their leaders are only serving the needs of an elite few at the expense of everyone else. Under those conditions, he said, even inspired by something as small as the equivalent of a nickel increase in subway fares, "people can create change in a very institutionalized way by creating a new political system."

Chile redrafted its constitution to help end the nation's wealth gap. Here's how the fragile process is going and what we can learn from it.

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Chile elects 35-year-old leftist Gabriel Boric to the presidency, making him one of the world's youngest leaders

Morgan Keith

Biden and Chilean president-elect Gabriel Boric discussed the 14-year-old bystander killed by LAPD, Valentina Orellana-Peralta

Azmi Haroun

Chile redrafted its constitution to help end the nation's wealth gap. Here's how the fragile process is going and what we can learn from it.

Paul Constant

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