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<keyword id="61368" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="newton" source="Orion">Newton</keyword>'s Third <keyword id="1971082" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="law-of-motion" source="Orion">Law of Motion</keyword> posited that for every action in the natural world, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Beyond being a memorable line for heroes seeking vengeance, Newton's 17th-century genius formulated this law to describe how forces function, emphasising that interacting pairs of objects always exert equal and opposite forces on each other. Newton's "laws" revolutionised science, and they remain valid in most cases, with some exceptions in the microscopic realm or when objects approach the speed of light. However, there is another domain where this Third Law appears to break down, leaving scientists perplexed. Surprisingly, this occurs right within our bodies. Human <keyword id="6359009" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="sperm" source="Orion">sperm</keyword> cells have unique characteristics, with a peculiar blob-like head and an extraordinarily long tail. Despite their appearance, these sperm cells defy the laws of <keyword id="55984" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="physics" source="Orion">physics</keyword> simply by existing. Human sperm cells and the <keyword id="19241595" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chlamydomonas" source="Orion">Chlamydomonas</keyword> algae both move by wiggling their tails, or <keyword id="4844103" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="flagella" source="Orion">flagella</keyword>. While this motion may seem innocuous, physicists are baffled as to how it works. In theory, the fluid surrounding the sperm cells should dissipate all the energy they exert, essentially rendering them stationary. However, the inherent elasticity of the sperm cells' shape-shifting flagella allows them to move without losing a significant amount of energy to the surrounding environment. This extraordinary property, which defies Newton's Third Law, is termed the '<keyword id="19241596" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="odd-elastic" source="Orion">odd elastic</keyword> modulus.' This term is relatively new, introduced to the scientific community in around 2019 to help comprehend microscopic interactions. The precise mechanisms at play in these agile swimmers are known only to the intricate processes of evolution. If we can calculate the odd elastic modulus for various microorganisms, we may gain insight into what enables them to defy Newton's laws. Furthermore, this knowledge could aid scientists in developing soft, elastic robots that can fully exploit this "non-reciprocity." The research findings have been published in PRX Life and can be accessed <a href="https://archive.ph/o/xXbmn/https://journals.aps.org/prxlife/abstract/10.1103/PRXLife.1.023002" data-type="tilCustomLink">here</a>.

Human sperm cells do not care about Newton’s third law of motion, and scientists don’t know why

<ul><li>Two different classes of micro-organisms inhabiting the earth, bacteria, and viruses, have nothing in common between them other than sharing the name ‘microbes’. </li><li>Bacterial and viral infections can cause mild, moderate, or severe diseases in humans with similar or dissimilar symptoms. </li><li>Bacterial and viral infections are different in many regards, as these microbes have stark structural differences, and they respond differently to medications. </li></ul>Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, diseases caused by bacteria and viruses have been a popular topic in human society. Disease outbreaks like Black Death and Bubonic Plague caused by Yersinia Pestis bacteria and smallpox caused by the variola virus have killed millions of people. The entire world suffered a fatal blow after two big pandemics. One during 1918-19 called the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/bacterial-and-viral-infections#1">Spanish Flu, which killed 20-40 million people</a>. The second being the 2013 HIV / AIDS outbreak, which killed around 1.5 million people. What are bacteria and viruses? Bacteria and viruses are two different classes of microorganisms. Both are too small in size to be seen without the aid of a powerful microscope. Nevertheless, they are as different from each other. <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Point of comparison </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Bacteria </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Virus </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Anatomical features </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Bacteria are complex single-celled organisms consisting of a cell-wall and an elastic membrane surrounding the cell fluid. Bacteria come in different shapes and sizes including spheres, cylinders, threads, rods, and chains. The projections on bacteria are known as pili or flagella that help them attach to the host and move respectively. </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Viruses are much tinier than bacteria. The largest virus is still smaller than the smallest of bacteria. The structure of a virus reveals a piece of genetic material either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein shell known as a capsid. Many viruses have some projections called as peplomers that help them attach to some kinds of receptors on the host cell. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Existence </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Can exist, live and reproduce on their own. They can live in any conceivable environment, and inside or outside the human body. </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Viruses are parasitic. They cannot survive without a host. They can multiply only by attaching themselves to living cells. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> How harmful they are to humans </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Most bacteria are harmless. Many bacterial populations in fact help humans by digesting food and killing disease-causing microbes and cancer cells and supplying essential nutrients. Only less than 1% of bacteria called pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in people. </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Most viruses are disease causing. In several cases, they reprogram the cells they inhabit to create new viruses to the point of the host cells bursting and dying. In some other cases, they convert normal cells into cancerous or malignant cells. </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;background-color:#bdd7ee;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;"> Treatment </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Bacterial infections are treated by administering antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics can make the bacteria develop resistance to them. </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-right:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 0.5pt;border-top:solid #000000 0.5pt;vertical-align:top;padding:0pt 5.4pt 0pt 5.4pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Antibiotics are not effective in treating viruses. Most viruses are fought through vaccines. Due to their smaller size, viruses are highly challenging to treat. In some cases, antiviral medications are employed. Some viruses have become drug-resistant. </td></tr></tbody></table>

You Searched For "flagella" and got 2 results

Human sperm cells do not care about Newton’s third law of motion, and scientists don’t know why

Ankush Banerjee

Bacteria and virus: Differences you need to know

BI India Bureau

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