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<ul class="summary-list"><li>The Navy recently awarded a contract worth up to $5.6 billion for as many as 10 of its future guided-missile frigates, the FFG(X) class.</li><li>The service projects the final 18 ships of that class will cost less than $1 billion each, but analysis by the Congressional Research Service indicates that those costs could be much higher.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>The Navy awarded the long-awaited contract for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/military-recruiting-efforts-affecting-future-navy-ship-designs-2020-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">its future guided-missile frigate, the FFG(X) class</a>, at the end of April, but analysis of the service's projections for the ships' building cost indicates that problems may be in store.Navy budget documents released earlier this year said the service expected the first ship, ordered this year, to cost $1.28 billion and the second, ordered in 2021, to cost $1.05 billion.The Navy expects the final 18 ships it wants to buy to cost about $940 million each, bringing the total for 20 ships in under $20 billion.But a Congressional Research Service report on the frigate indicates that projection might be too rosy.<div type="image" title="Navy destroyer Jason Dunham" height="933" width="1400" msid="75613598" hostid="261"></div>"Ships of the same general type and complexity that are built under similar production conditions tend to have similar costs per weight," and the cost to procure one unit is consequently "more or less" proportional to its displacement, according to the report, first reported by <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-07/navy-s-big-frigate-risks-an-oversized-1-4-billion-cost-per-ship" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bloomberg</a>.But while the frigate's full-load displacement is about 76% as much as the Navy's Flight III DDG-51 destroyer, its most recent version, the frigate's estimated unit procurement cost is only about 49% as much as that destroyer, the report said.That $940 million price for each frigate "equates to a cost of about $127 million per thousand tons of full load displacement," the CRS report said. If the estimated cost per thousand tons of displacement for the new frigate is set about equal to that of the DDG-51 destroyer, then the cost for the final 18 frigates jumps to $1.47 billion each.The Navy awarded a fixed-price contract for the frigate, meaning the awardee is on the hook for costs over the contract amount.That "limits the government's risk in contract execution," Capt. Danny Hernandez, spokesman for the Navy's acquisition office, told Bloomberg. Hernandez did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Thursday afternoon.Nonetheless, the Navy's history with <keyword id="173772" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</keyword> costs — per-ship costs for the <keyword id="1745829" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Littoral-Combat-Ship">littoral combat ship</keyword> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-mccain-blasts-navy-warships-in-report-on-pentagon-waste-2016-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ballooned</a>, for example — will likely make lawmakers wary."There has to be much greater transparency and a very thoroughgoing review in light of these additional reported costs," Sen. Richard Blumenthal, a Democrat from Connecticut and member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said in an interview on Thursday."We have to be very clear-eyed and tough-minded about what we're capable of funding, especially in the post-Covid world, where there's a lot of uncertainty and doubt" about future spending, Blumenthal added.<div type="image" title="Navy frigate Reuben James" height="705" width="1400" msid="75613600" hostid="261"></div>The Pentagon <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Contracts/Contract/Article/2171906/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">announced</a> on April 30 that Wisconsin-based firm Fincantieri Marinette Marine had won an initial contract for just over $795 million for detail design and construction of the new frigates, with an option for nine more and a total potential value just under $5.6 billion.The last of the Navy's previous frigates, the Oliver Hazard Perry class, or FFG-7, was decommissioned in 2015. The Navy plans for design and construction of the first FFG(X) ship to take until 2026 but plans for the 10th to arrive by 2030, according to the budget documents.The new frigate will be smaller than the Navy's destroyers, but the Navy wants it to do many of the same missions, although in lower-threat areas — specifically, "air warfare, anti-submarine warfare, surface warfare, and electronic warfare and information operations," the Pentagon said in its contract award announcement.The new frigate "represents the evolution of the Navy's small surface combatant, with increased lethality, survivability and improved capability to support the National Defense Strategy across the full range of military operations in the current security environment," the announcement said.In its report, the CRS recommended lawmakers ask the Navy why it believed the new frigate — "a ship about three-quarters as large as the Flight III DDG-51, and with installed capabilities that are in many cases similar to those of the DDG-51" — could be procured for about half of the cost of those destroyers.Read the original article on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/navy-might-be-underestimating-cost-to-build-its-new-frigates-2020-5">Business Insider</a>

The US Navy just picked a builder for its new frigate, but there may already be a problem ahead

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Construction began on the first of the US Navy's new Constellation-class frigates in August 2022.</li><li>It's the first new frigate since the last Oliver Hazard Perry-class ship was built in the late 1980s.</li></ul>Last summer, the shipbuilder Fincantieri Marinette Marine began construction on the US Navy's first <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44972" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constellation-class</a> frigate, making <a href="https://fincantierimarinegroup.com/fincantieri-marinette-marine-starts-frigate-construction/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the first cut of steel</a> at its Wisconsin shipyard on August 31.Fincantieri <a href="https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sea-air-space-2023/2023/04/first-constellation-class-frigate-set-for-august-keel-laying/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">plans</a> to lay the keel of that ship, USS Constellation, this August. It will be the US Navy's first frigate since the retirement of its last <a href="http://www.military-today.com/navy/oliver_hazard_perry_class.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oliver Hazard Perry-class</a> frigate in 2015.When it arrives later this decade, USS Constellation will mark the return of a small but versatile class of ships to the US Navy.To realize its ambitions for the Constellation class, the Navy is applying hard lessons it has learned from recent high-profile warship programs that have cost too much, taken too long, or done too little.<h2>Frigates</h2><div type="image" title="Navy guided-missile frigate USS Oliver Hazard Perry" height="1485" width="2000" msid="100058911" hostid="261"></div>During the age of sail, frigates made up the bulk of most navies. They were generally built for speed and maneuverability and carried lighter armament.As armored, steam-powered warships arrived in large numbers in the late 19th century, frigates became a thing of the past. It wasn't until World War II that the classification was applied again to small, sea-going ships that were larger than corvettes but smaller than destroyers.During that war, frigates were largely tasked with escort missions, mostly in the anti-submarine role. With the invention of guided missiles during the Cold War, their missions expanded to include anti-air and some anti-surface operations.Though not intended to operate alone against enemy capital ships, frigates are now primarily used to support destroyer squadrons and carrier battle groups by performing escort, anti-submarine, anti-air, and limited anti-surface missions.Today, in terms of size and armament, frigates generally rank below destroyers, which are the frontline surface warships in most navies. Frigates can be built faster and cheaper than destroyers, however, and the US Navy hopes Constellation-class ships will boost its overall numbers while still bringing needed capabilities.The Navy's <a href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32665" target="_blank" rel="noopener">current goal</a> for fleet size is 355 manned warships, of which 104 will be "large surface combatants," mostly destroyers, and 52 "small surface combatants," of which 20 are planned to be frigates. (The 355-ship goal was announced in December 2016 and proposals for a different fleet size and composition are now circulating.)<h2>The Constellation class</h2><div type="image" title="Navy guided-missile frigate FFG(X" height="1631" width="2175" msid="100058913" hostid="261"></div>The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/military-recruiting-efforts-affecting-future-navy-ship-designs-2020-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Constellation-class design</a> was selected for the Navy's FFG(X) program in 2020. Though based on Fincantieri's <a href="https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.php?ship_id=fremm-multipurpose-frigate-french-navy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">FREMM-class</a> multipurpose frigate — a French-Italian design that is in service with France, Italy, Egypt, and Morocco — it has <a href="https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/Exhibits/SNA2022/SNA2022-CAPT-Smith-FFG62_Update.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">several differences</a> from its European forebear.The hull was extended by 23.6 feet to allow for larger generators and future upgrades. The sonar dome and enclosure deck were removed to increase stability. The original FREMM propeller was replaced with a fixed-pitch propeller for better acoustic performance, and the topside was modified to accommodate existing US Navy systems and hardware.The modifications give Constellation-class frigates a length of 496 feet, a full displacement of 7,291 tons, and a crew of 200. They will be able to operate in open ocean and in near-shore zones and be capable of anti-air, anti-submarine, and anti-surface warfare. According to current plans, they will also be capable of electronic-warfare operations.Their <a href="https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2022/navy/2022ffg62.pdf?ver=PUAzmWkOQb5ZDqU1SRM__Q%3D%3D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">weaponry</a> will include 32 Mark 41 vertical-launch cells for <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/evolved-seasparrow-missile-essm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles</a> and <a href="https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2022/navy/2022sm-2.pdf?ver=KIPLZwXE4_wG696ZR59Kdw%3D%3D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SM-2 Block IIIC</a> surface-to-air missiles. They will also carry 16 <a href="https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/09/kongsberg-receives-a-new-nsm-order-for-us-navys-oth-ws-program/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NSM anti-ship missiles</a> in four quad-tube <a href="https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/FY2020/navy/2020oth-ws.pdf?ver=MR9sHHzGOSmGqyf0erpJRw%3D%3D" target="_blank" rel="noopener">over-the-horizon launch systems</a>. A single Mk 110 57 mm gun will be located on the bow and an <a href="https://www.seaforces.org/wpnsys/SURFACE/Mk-49-missile-launcher.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Mk 49 guided-missile launcher</a> with 21 Rolling Airframe missiles will be near the stern.<div type="image" title="France FREMM frigate Aquitaine" height="1219" width="1625" msid="100058914" hostid="261"></div>For anti-sub operations, the Constellations will have the <a href="https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166784/ansqq-89v-undersea-warfare-anti-submarine-warfare-combat-system/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SQQ-89 (V)</a> combat system, a <a href="https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/sna-2023/2023/01/thales-started-production-of-captas-4-sonar-for-us-navy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CAPTAS-4</a> variable-depth sonar, a <a href="https://www.militaryaerospace.com/sensors/article/14034453/towedarray-sonar-antisubmarine-warfare-asw" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TB-37</a> multi-function towed array, and <a href="https://navalpost.com/us-navy-selects-ultra-for-nixie-electro-acoustic-towed-torpedo-countermeasure-system/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SLQ-25 NIXIE</a> towed torpedo decoys.The ships will also have the <a href="https://seapowermagazine.org/lockheed-seeks-to-field-aegis-combat-system-capabilities-faster-through-baseline-10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AEGIS Baseline 10</a> combat system, the <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/the-navys-newest-most-advanced-warships-will-all-soon-have-one-thing-in-common-the-spy-6-radar/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SPY-6 radar</a>, and the <a href="https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/Exhibits/SNA2022/SNA2022-CAPTJasonHall-SEWIP.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SLQ-32(V)6</a> electronic-warfare system, as well as room for an <a href="https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/MH-60R-Seahawk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MH-60R</a> helicopter and <a href="https://www.navair.navy.mil/news/Navy-demos-new-mine-countermeasure-prototype-MQ-8C-Fire-Scout/Thu-07072022-1419" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MQ-8C</a> aerial drone.Congress' 2023 defense bill required that <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/sm-6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SM-6 multi-mission missiles</a> and <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/tomahawk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tomahawk</a> cruise missiles be added to the frigate, but there is <a href="https://centerformaritimestrategy.org/publications/dont-fix-the-frigate-ffg-62-class-is-fine-without-sm-6-and-tomahawk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">disagreement</a> about the wisdom of adding new hardware at this stage of the program, and the Navy has <a href="https://news.usni.org/2023/04/11/no-timeline-yet-to-add-tomahawk-sm-6-to-constellation-frigates-says-program-manager" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a> there is no timeline yet for doing so.Fincantieri will build at least 10 frigates, with the first expected to be delivered in 2026. Contracts for the second and third frigates, to be named USS Congress and USS Chesapeake, were finalized in 2021 and 2022, and a contract for the yet-to-be-named fourth frigate is expected this year.<h2>'You can't buy back time'</h2><div type="image" title="Navy frigate Ingraham sinking exercise" height="600" width="800" msid="100058915" hostid="261"></div>While the US hasn't operated frigates in almost a decade, most countries never stopped.In fact, China has the most of any navy, with 41 <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tmib20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in service</a> — 31 of which were built after 2005. Russia's navy has also <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-navy-betting-big-on-new-smaller-warships-with-missiles-2021-4" target="_top">invested heavily in frigates</a>, which now make up much of its battle force and carry advanced weapons, like the <a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/ss-n-30a/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kalibr cruise missile</a>.Consequently, the US Navy has to catch up in both frigate construction and overall ship procurement.To do this, Navy officials have studied past ship programs that went over-budget, had long delays, or ended up less capable than hoped, such as the <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/why-zumwalt-class-destroyers-failed-meet-navys-expectations-198412#:~:text=Despite%20the%20well%2Dknown%20difficulties,to%20the%20Nunn%E2%80%94McCurdy%20Act." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zumwalt-class destroyer</a>, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/top-admiral-navy-too-much-new-tech-aircraft-carrier-ford-2021-8#:~:text=In%20an%20interview%20at%20a,%2Dgo.%22%20Gilday%20said." target="_top">Gerald R. Ford-class carrier</a>, and the Freedom and Independence-class <a href="https://www.naval-technology.com/features/was-the-us-navys-littoral-combat-ship-a-mistake/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">littoral combat ships</a>.Beginning with the FREMM as the "parent design" was meant to save time and avoid delays later. Construction of the first ship did not begin until 80% of the detail design work was done, and the frigates will only be equipped with proven technologies rather than new or experimental ones. The Navy also says the frigates will be 90% complete before entering the water.Fincantieri has spent more than $300 million on <a href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/shipshape-fincantieri-marinette-marine-yard-overhaul-sets-stage-for-frigate-construction" target="_blank" rel="noopener">upgrades</a> — including a new assembly building big enough for two under-construction frigates and new robotic welding equipment — to its Wisconsin shipyard to boost efficiency.<div type="image" title="Navy guided-missile frigate USS Curts dry dock shipyard" height="1354" width="2000" msid="100058916" hostid="261"></div>The Navy plans to buy the first seven frigates in a "saw-tooth" pattern, alternating between one and two a year until 2028, but the service <a href="https://news.usni.org/2023/04/18/cno-very-important-to-add-2nd-constellation-class-shipyard-build-4-frigates-a-year" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hopes to increase that to four</a> ships a year. Given Fincantieri's other commitments, the Navy will need another shipyard to reach that goal.At a Senate hearing in April, the service's top civilian and uniformed officials said they expect to get information about the ship design from Fincantieri by the end of year, which they will review to determine if another shipyard can build the frigates."I think two shipyards is in the plan. We want to make sure that we are measuring twice and cutting once before that decision is made," Adm. Michael Gilday, the chief of naval operations, told lawmakers.The Navy was building eight Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates a year in three shipyards at the peak of that program, and its Arleigh Burke-class destroyers are now being built in two shipyards. Like the US fleet, however, the number of shipyards in the US has shrunk since the Cold War, making the Navy's task more complicated."We are catching up, and you can't buy back time with the seven shipyards that we have relative to the 30 that we had years ago," Gilday said at the April hearing.

After a 35-year break, the US Navy is building frigates again, and it has a lot of catching up to do

US Navy/Petty Officer 3rd Class Taylor A. ElbergPetty Officer 3rd Class Nctees Thao mans the helm of guided-missile destroyer USS Roosevelt, October 27, 2016.<ul class="summary-list"><li>Recruiting has emerged as one of the main challenges for the US military service branches in recent years.</li><li>Each branch is taking steps to attract and retain the personnel it wants. For the Navy, appealing to new sailors now could have a long-lasting impact on its ships.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>More than one <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-revamps-personnel-management-amid-turn-to-great-power-competition-2020-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">senior military leader</a> has said the services are facing a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-military-war-for-talent-struggle-to-attract-immigrants-2018-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">war for talent</a>," as a stronger economy and two decades of war, among other factors, make military service less appealing to young Americans.The Army, striving to reach 500,000 active-duty soldiers by the end of this decade, has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/army-is-using-esports-to-put-to-recruit-american-teenagers-2020-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rolled out an esports team</a> to attract recruits. The Air Force, facing a protracted pilot shortage, capitalized on the recent blockbuster "Captain Marvel" with <a href="https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/01/05/captain-marvel-effect-air-force-academy-sees-most-female-applicants-5-years.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a recruiting drive</a>.For the Navy, which wants more ships to do more operations across a greater area, the effort to attract more people - and the right people - is influencing ship design, the service's top civilian official said this week."What we have to think about - and we're sort of a platform-centric service, both us and the Marine Corps - is how do we reduce the number of people we have and that distributed maritime force that we have? How do we get lethality out there without having to have 300 people on a ship to deliver it?" Navy Secretary Thomas Modly said Friday at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in response to a question about personnel costs, which <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2020/01/31/the-pentagon-is-racing-against-inflation-for-military-might/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rise faster</a> than inflation."It also requires, I think, an increase in the level of capability and skill that we have in the force, and that's why we're investing so much in education, because you're going to ask these people to do a lot more and to be a lot more adaptable in the jobs that ... we're asking them to do," Modly said.US Navy/Petty Officer 3rd Class Daniel BarkerGuided-missile frigate USS Reuben James at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, June 20, 2011.That thinking was "sort of the philosophy" behind the Navy's future guided-missile frigate, Modly added.Frigates do many of the same missions as destroyers and cruisers but are smaller and less equipped and therefore generally do those missions in lower-threat areas.The Navy <a href="https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=109976" target="_blank" rel="noopener">wants</a> the new frigate to be able to operate in open-ocean and near-shore environments and to conduct air, anti-submarine, surface, and electronic warfare and information operations."That's going to be a fairly lightly-manned ship with a lot of capability on it," Modly said."I had a great example of a ship, and I won't mention which manufacturer it was, but I went into the ship and they showed me a stateroom with four bunks and its own shower and bathroom facility," Modly said.He continued: "I was in the Navy back in the Cold War, and I said, 'Wow, this is a really nice stateroom for officers.' They said, 'No, this where our enlisted people live.' And I said, 'Well, why did you design the ship like that?' And they said, 'We designed the ship like this for the type of people we want to recruit to man it.'""That's really what we have to think about," Modly added. "They're going to be more lightly manned but with probably more highly-skilled people who have lots of opportunities to do things in other places, so we have to be able to attract those people. That is a big, big part of our challenge."<h2>10 frigates in four years</h2>US Navy/MCS 3rd Class Sean FureyGuided-missile frigate USS Reuben James in the Pacific, March 23, 2012.The Navy's most recent frigates were the Oliver Hazard Perry class, or FFG-7 - 51 of which entered service between 1977 and 1989 and were decommissioned between 1994 and 2015.While the design for the future frigate, designated FFG(X), has not yet been selected, the Navy plans to award the design and construction contract in July, according to budget documents released this month.The Navy is only <a href="https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=109976" target="_blank" rel="noopener">considering</a> designs already in use, and the firms in the running are Fincantieri with its FREMM frigate design, General Dynamics Bath Iron Works and Navantia with the latter's F-100 variant, Austal USA with a frigate version of its Independence-class littoral combat ship, and Huntington Ingalls with what many believe may be a variation of the National Security Cutter it's building for the Coast Guard, <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2020/02/11/heres-the-timeline-for-the-us-navys-next-generation-frigate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">according to Defense News</a>.The Navy plans for design and construction of the first ship to take until 2026 but expects construction to increase rapidly thereafter, with the 10th arriving by 2030, eventually producing 20 of the new frigates.Without an exact design, cost is hard to estimate, but the Navy wants to keep the price below a billion dollars per ship for the second through 20th ships and hit a total program cost of <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2020/02/11/heres-the-timeline-for-the-us-navys-next-generation-frigate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">$19.81 billion</a>.US Navy/Cmdr. Corey BarkerGuided-missile frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts returns to Naval Station Mayport, October 23, 2013.The Navy also wants to use dual-crewing to maximize the time its future frigates spend at sea.Switching between a "blue crew" and a "gold crew" extends the amount of time the ship can operate - allowing frigates to take on missions that larger combatants, like destroyers, have been saddled with - without increasing the burden on the crew and their families; it's already in use on ballistic-missile submarines and littoral combat ships.Dual-crewing "should double" the new frigate's operational availability, Vice Adm. Ronald Boxall, then the surface-warfare director for the chief of naval operations, <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2019/01/30/the-us-navy-is-planning-for-its-new-frigate-to-be-a-workhorse/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">told Defense News</a> at the end of 2018.In the blue-gold crew model, the crew of the ship would still be working to improve their skills in what Boxall described as "higher-fidelity training environments.""In an increasingly complex environment, it's just intuitive that you have to have time to train," Boxall <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2019/01/30/the-us-navy-is-planning-for-its-new-frigate-to-be-a-workhorse/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">told Defense News</a>. "We think Blue-Gold makes sense for those reasons on the frigate." <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-annapolis-us-naval-academy-military-day-one-2019-8">We went inside the US Naval Academy at Annapolis to see what it's really like for new Navy plebes on their first day</a></h3>

The military's 'war for talent' is affecting what the Navy's future ships will look like

You Searched For "ffg x" and got 3 results

The US Navy just picked a builder for its new frigate, but there may already be a problem ahead

Christopher Woody

After a 35-year break, the US Navy is building frigates again, and it has a lot of catching up to do

Benjamin Brimelow

The military's 'war for talent' is affecting what the Navy's future ships will look like

Christopher Woody

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