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India’s political landscape is increasingly being defined by the troubling nexus between crime and politics. A study has highlighted a startling correlation: the election of politicians with criminal records is directly linked to a rise in crime across the country, particularly in states with weaker institutional frameworks. As India's political system continues to grapple with this issue, the societal consequences are becoming clear. <h2>A history of <keyword id="23341122" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="criminal-politicians" source="keywords">criminal politicians</keyword></h2><keyword id="21026899" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pappu-Yadav" source="keywords">Pappu Yadav</keyword>, a veteran politician from Bihar, serves as a prime example of this disturbing trend. Having represented his constituency for nearly 25 years, Yadav has faced 41 criminal cases, including serious accusations of murder and kidnapping. Despite his conviction in 2008, Yadav was acquitted in 2013, and he continues to hold political influence. His case is not unique; the political scene in states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh is littered with politicians facing multiple criminal charges. Anant Singh, another prominent figure from Bihar, holds a political career shadowed by 38 criminal cases, including murder, kidnapping, and attempts to murder. These individuals represent a broader pattern where politicians accused of serious crimes continue to serve in public office despite their criminal backgrounds. "They are getting elected, and over time the number has only been going up," remarks lead author Nishith Prakash. "In some states, it could be as high as almost 40% of people who are representing the state have some kind of a criminal accusation." <h2>Crime begets crime</h2>The research delves into the ramifications of electing criminally accused politicians. The study found that states with a higher number of such politicians also experienced increased <keyword id="22044507" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="crime-rates" source="keywords">crime rates</keyword>. For example, states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh, known for their historically weak institutions, have seen crime rise by 4.3% annually with the election of criminal politicians. The number increases to 5.8% when the politicians are accused of serious crimes like murder and kidnapping. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113692670" title="What will it take for Kangana Ranaut’s &amp;#39;Emergency&amp;#39; to finally hit theatres?" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>Prakash notes that weak rule of law and institutional failure create fertile ground for such politicians to not only rise to power but also exacerbate the deteriorating law-and-order situation. When politicians themselves are involved in criminal activities, they often manipulate legal and administrative systems, further weakening law enforcement and emboldening criminal networks. The reign of <keyword id="20122630" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lalu-prasad-yadav" source="keywords">Lalu Prasad Yadav</keyword>, president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal political party in Bihar, illustrates the adverse impact criminal politicians can have. Under his leadership, Bihar’s political environment devolved into what is now infamously known as "Jungle Raj," a period marked by rampant kidnappings for ransom, particularly targeting affluent individuals like doctors and schoolchildren. The researchers note that during this time, the kidnapping industry flourished as criminals enjoyed either direct or indirect support from the state. <h2><keyword id="22404298" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="impact-on-women" source="keywords">Impact on women</keyword> and <keyword id="19900794" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="economic-growth" source="keywords">economic growth</keyword></h2>Beyond the immediate rise in general crime rates, the study revealed alarming statistics regarding crimes against women. Electing criminally accused politicians was found to increase crimes against women by 12.6%. In states where such politicians held office, female labour force participation dropped by 10-11%, as women felt unsafe and chose not to engage in work outside their homes. The research also highlighted the economic toll criminal politicians take on their constituencies. Areas represented by politicians accused of serious crimes saw economic growth lag between 2.3% and 6.5% per year compared to other regions. These leaders often misappropriate public funds, divert resources for personal gain, and enable criminal enterprises, all of which stifle local development. <h2>Legal measures taken</h2>India has made strides in identifying and tracking criminally accused politicians. A landmark 2003 ruling by the <keyword id="19895345" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Supreme-Court" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Supreme Court" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Supreme Court">Supreme Court</keyword> mandated that candidates for political office must disclose their criminal records, making it easier for voters and institutions to scrutinise their backgrounds. However, the law only disqualifies convicted individuals from running for office, allowing accused politicians to continue their political careers while facing serious charges. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113446721" title="It&amp;#39;s not just the rhetoric — apathy and jokes could be fueling a spiral of retaliatory political violence, expert warns" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>The research conducted by Prakash and his team has caught the attention of Indian courts and the Election Commission. While reform is slow, there is growing recognition that the quality of political leadership has a profound impact on societal outcomes, from crime rates to economic performance. "The quality of politicians matters," Prakash notes. "Who you elect has implications on outcomes that we care about. It could be economic growth, it could be crime against women, it could be labour force participation. These are very important outcomes for society and the economy." The findings of this research have been published in Journal of Law Economics and Organization and can be accessed <a href="https://docs.iza.org/dp15259.pdf">here</a>.

Not only does electing “criminal” politicians often lead to an increase in crime in India, it can also be terrible for the economy: study

India is already grappling with a significant <keyword id="22641561" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="cancer-burden" source="keywords">cancer burden</keyword>, having recorded about 12 lakh new cancer cases and 9.3 lakh cancer deaths in 2019. Even as the <keyword id="22641562" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="healthcare-struggle" source="keywords">healthcare struggle</keyword> continues, new research has shed light on an emerging crisis. Analysing data from over 23 million US cancer patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2019, the study found that <keyword id="22641557" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="cancer-incidence-rates" source="keywords">cancer incidence rates</keyword> have surged among <keyword id="22641558" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="younger-generations" source="keywords">younger generations</keyword> for 17 out of 34 cancer types, such as breast, pancreatic, and gastric cancers. <h2>Younger populations more prone</h2>In particular, people born in 1990 have notably higher rates of pancreatic, kidney, and small intestinal cancers compared to those born in 1955. Women in particular are seeing higher rates of liver cancer. Mortality rates are also on the rise for liver cancer (in women), uterine corpus, gallbladder, testicular, and colorectal cancers. The analysis showed that incidence rates have risen with each successive birth cohort since around 1920 for eight types of cancer. The incidence rate for the 1990 birth cohort is approximately two-to-three times higher than for the 1955 birth cohort for pancreatic, kidney, and small intestinal cancers in both men and women, and for liver cancer in women. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="112062293" title="Cancers in head and neck rising, account for 26% cases in India: Study" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>Furthermore, incidence rates increased in younger cohorts after a decline in older ones for nine cancers, including oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, uterine corpus cancer, colorectal cancer, non-cardia gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, anal cancer in men, and Kaposi sarcoma in men. Across various cancer types, the incidence rate in the 1990 birth cohort ranged from 12% higher for ovarian cancer to 169% higher for uterine corpus cancer compared to the birth cohort with the lowest incidence rate. Mortality rates also increased in younger cohorts for liver cancer (female only), uterine corpus, gallbladder, testicular, and colorectal cancers. <h2>Differing socioeconomic factors to blame</h2>The study’s lead author, Dr Hyuna Sung, emphasised that these increases may be linked to unique social, economic, and environmental factors faced by different birth cohorts during their developmental years. However, the precise reasons for these rising rates remain unclear. If this trend is representative for the rest of the world, it is epecially alarming for India, where the cancer burden is already projected to increase to 29.8 million disability-adjusted life years by 2025. Many experts have blamed factors such as <keyword id="20026286" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lifestyle-changes" source="keywords">lifestyle changes</keyword>, <keyword id="22641563" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="increased-consumption" source="keywords">increased consumption</keyword> of processed foods, tobacco use, and <keyword id="21456186" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="environmental-pollution" source="keywords">environmental pollution</keyword> for this growing problem, <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="112013660" title="Fad-busters: “Sunscreen” pills are the new trend in the market — but should you be taking them?" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>“The increase in cancer rates among this younger group of people indicate generational shifts in cancer risk and often serve as an early indicator of future cancer burden in the country,” notes another study author Dr Ahmedin Jemal. “Without effective population-level interventions, and as the elevated risk in younger generations is carried over as individuals age, an overall increase in cancer burden could occur in the future, halting or reversing decades of progress against the disease,” added.” The findings of this research have been published in The Lancet Public Health and can be accessed <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(24)00156-7/fulltext" data-type="tilCustomLink">here</a>.

Millennial and Gen X are developing 17 types of cancers far more frequently than older generations, study finds

The <keyword id="22556912" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Facial-Feedback-Hypothesis" source="keywords">Facial Feedback Hypothesis</keyword> suggests that smiling—even a forced <keyword id="6386044" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="smile" source="Orion">smile</keyword>, for that matter—can trigger feelings of happiness by sending positive signals to the brain. But for <keyword id="22556910" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="Airbnb-hosts" source="keywords">Airbnb hosts</keyword>, the benefits of <keyword id="30807" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="smiling" source="Orion">smiling</keyword> extend beyond personal well-being; it could also boost their booking rates! Recent research has found that <keyword id="719382" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Airbnb" source="Orion">Airbnb</keyword> hosts who include a <keyword id="22556913" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="smiling-photo" source="keywords">smiling photo</keyword> in their profile see an average increase of 3.5% in bookings. Conducted by a team from Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, Harvard Business School, Columbia Business School, University of Rochester and Yale School of Management, this study will soon be published in the Journal of Consumer Research. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Unveiling the smile effect" comment="subhead" text="Unveiling the smile effect">Unveiling the smile effect</cmsannotation> The study aimed to delve into how a simple smile influences booking rates on Airbnb. Researchers employed advanced machine learning to analyse thousands of profile photos, teaching a computer program to identify and categorise smiles. This extensive analysis, which would have been labour-intensive for humans, enabled the team to identify patterns and assess the impact of smiles on <keyword id="20347870" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="consumer-behaviour" source="keywords">consumer behaviour</keyword>. The findings show that smiling hosts, particularly those with higher listing uncertainties—such as inexperienced hosts or those with properties in high-crime areas—experience a notable increase in demand. A smile appears to diminish perceived risks and enhance the perception of warmth and competence. Interestingly, the positive impact of a smiling photo is more pronounced for male hosts than for female hosts. A smile in a male host's profile photo can boost property demand by over 8%, whereas the effect for female hosts is less significant. This suggests that a smile may convey warmth and competence more effectively for male hosts, who are generally perceived as less warm compared to their female counterparts. The study provides valuable insights into how smiling can influence consumer choices in an online environment where personal interaction is absent. This finding is especially relevant for any platform where trust and personal connection are crucial, such as online dating or professional services like online counsellors. However, the impact of smiling may vary across different fields. In legal settings, for instance, preferences for personal interaction might differ from those in the sharing economy, such as Airbnb, making the effect of a smile potentially dependent on the customer’s expectations rather than the smile alone. Future research will explore how non-verbal cues, including smiling, affect customer behaviour across various online service areas. These ventures could provide further insights into how digital interactions can be optimised for better engagement.

Smile for success: Airbnb hosts with smiling profile photos get more bookings, even for properties in high-crime areas!

India's economic engine is roaring, and the job market reflects that optimism. The latest <keyword id="20613906" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Economic-Survey" source="keywords">Economic Survey</keyword> 2023-2024 paints a picture of a growing economy brimming with opportunities, but also cautions of potential roadblocks on the road to success. <h2>Cause for celebration</h2>The good news is plentiful, if the recent Economic Survey tabled by <keyword id="20426375" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Union-Finance-Minister-Nirmala-Sitharaman" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman">Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman</keyword> is to be believed. The <keyword id="20054242" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="unemployment-rate" source="keywords">unemployment rate</keyword> has dipped to an impressive 3.2% in 2022-23, signifying a more vibrant job market. Increased participation of young people and women in the workforce presents a golden opportunity to leverage India's demographic dividend and achieve greater gender equality. Additionally, a surge in net payroll additions under the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) indicates a healthy rise in formal jobs, offering much-needed security for workers. The government's "Skill India" initiative is gaining traction, with a significant rise in the number of people undergoing skill development programs, the Economic Survey highlighted. This is crucial, as India's burgeoning tech scene, with its skyrocketing number of startups, is creating a wealth of new opportunities that demand a skilled workforce. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111920956" title="FM Nirmala Sitharaman tables Economic Survey 2023-24 in Lok Sabha" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> <h2>Challenges on the horizon </h2>However, amidst the optimism, there are challenges to navigate. While <keyword id="107950" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="artificial-intelligence" source="Orion">Artificial Intelligence</keyword> (AI) promises to revolutionise industries, it also poses a threat to some existing jobs. The Economic Survey emphasises the need to use technology for collective benefit, advocating against over-reliance on automation. Another significant hurdle is the widening <keyword id="21466653" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="skills-gap" source="keywords">skills gap</keyword>. The rapid transformation of the <keyword id="20001119" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="services-sector" source="keywords">services sector</keyword>, marked by the rise of domestic service delivery powered by technology (think online food delivery and home automation) and the diversification of India's services exports beyond traditional sectors like IT, demands a workforce equipped with specialised skills. Areas like Blockchain, Machine Learning, <keyword id="19906883" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="cybersecurity" source="keywords">Cybersecurity</keyword>, <keyword id="19960489" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="cloud-computing" source="keywords">Cloud Computing</keyword>, and Web and Mobile Development are becoming increasingly important. Outdated regulations, particularly those related to land use and restrictions on women's working hours, are further hindering job creation and female labour force participation. Deregulation in these areas is crucial to unlock India's full growth potential, according to the Economic Survey. The report also highlights the need for industry to take the lead in fostering innovation and skill development. Collaboration with academia and revamped vocational education programs are key to bridge the current skill gap. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111922453" title="AI casts huge pall of uncertainty over impact on workers across skill levels: Economic Survey" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> <h2>Opportunities beyond tech</h2>The Economic Survey identifies promising sectors with the potential to create a significant number of jobs: <ul><li>Agro-processing: This sector can be a major job generator, especially in rural areas.</li><li>Care Economy: The growing demand for elder care and childcare services presents an opportunity for skilled professionals.</li><li>Tourism: While AI might moderate India's services export growth, the report emphasises the importance of the <keyword id="20260982" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tourism-sector" source="keywords">tourism sector</keyword>, which is relatively less skill-dependent, for employment generation. To capitalise on this opportunity, public policy should focus on enhancing the tourism sector's infrastructure and services.</li></ul><h2>Upskilling for the future</h2>India's job market is on an exciting trajectory. But addressing the skills gap, adapting to technological advancements and promoting innovation is crucial. By upskilling the workforce through government and industry collaboration, India can become a high-value partner in areas like cybersecurity and enterprise management. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="111923191" title="Economic Survey 2024 – industries grow by 9.5%, fueling economic growth to 8.2%" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>

Economic Survey 2023-2024 highlights emerging job trends in AI, Cybersecurity, 3D Printing and Web Development

The National Statistical Office (NSO) conducted a nationwide study on <a href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/library/resource/key-indicators-of-household-social-consumption-on-education-in-india-nss-75th-round-july-2017-june-2018/">'Household Social Consumption: Education</a> in India as part of the 75th round of National Sample Survey (NSS) - from July 2017 to June 2018 and it provides a comprehensive analysis of <keyword id="454749" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="female-literacy-rate">female literacy rate</keyword>s for every state of India, considering persons aged seven and above. As per the report, India's country-wide female literacy rate is 70.3%, while the male literacy rate is estimated at 84.7%. India’s average literacy rate stands at 77.7%, according to the NSO. Kerala tops the list with the highest female literacy rate of 95.2%, while Rajasthan is the worst performing state with only 57.6% of its female population being literate. Literacy rate definition Literacy rate in a population refers to the percentage of literate individuals among persons aged seven and above. According to the 2011 Census, a person is considered as literate when they can read and write a simple message with understanding at least in any one language. India: Female Literacy rate across five states <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; width: 468pt; table-layout: fixed;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">State </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Female Literacy rate </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Male literacy rate </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Overall literacy rate </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Rajasthan </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">57.6% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">80.8% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">69.7% </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Andhra Pradesh </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">59.5% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">73.4% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">66.4% </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Bihar </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">60.5% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">79.7% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">70.9% </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Uttar Pradesh </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">63.4% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">81.8% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">73% </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Jharkhand </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">64.7% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">83% </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">74.3% </td></tr></tbody></table> *NSS survey from July 2017 to June 2018. The literacy rate in % is among persons of age seven and above and includes rural + urban areas. Indian states with the lowest female literacy rates As per the NSS report, Rajasthan has the lowest number of literate females in the state, with the female literacy percentage for the state pegged at 57.6%. The other states that have recorded the lowest female literacy rates in India are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand. Rajasthan: Lowest female literacy The female literacy rate in the state is 57.6% putting the state in the lowest rung among all the states in India with regard to the number of educated females. The overall literacy percentage in the state of Rajasthan, combining female and male literacy rates, is 69.7%. The male literacy rate in the state is 80.8%. However when you consider the overall literacy rate and the male literacy rate, Rajasthan fares better than Andhra Pradesh that has the nationwide lowest figures. Andhra Pradesh stands second The female literacy rate for Andhra Pradesh is 59.5%, which is a bit higher than that of Rajasthan. However, when it comes to overall literacy percentage and male literacy percentage, Andhra Pradesh is the worst performer in the country with the scores of 66.4% and 73.4% respectively. Bihar ranks as the third state with the low female literacy rate The third member from the bottom with regard to female literacy percentage is Bihar scoring 60.5%. The state of Bihar has 79.7% male literacy rate and 70.9% overall literacy rate. Uttar Pradesh is the fourth-worst performing state with respect to female literacy Uttar Pradesh stands at the fourth rank in the country when it comes to poor female literacy rate, with 63.4%. The male literacy rate stands at 81.8% and the overall literacy percentage being 73%. Jharkhand ranks fifth The fifth lowest female literacy rate is found in Jharkhand with the state scoring 64.7%. The state has 83% of literate males with the overall literacy score in the state pegged at 74.3%.

These are the Indian states with the lowest female literacy rate

<ul><li>A married woman’s employability is linked to a mother-in-law’s employment status, husband’s salary and so on, as per a new report.</li><li>For underprivileged <keyword id="121387" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="rural-women" source="Orion">rural women</keyword>, there is no marriage and motherhood penalty when it comes to employment.</li><li>Most such women, however, turn into contributing family workers in agriculture and work for subsistence.</li><li>In districts where women have high paid jobs, there are also more cases of domestic violence. </li></ul>One generation leads the other and that’s true in the case of women and their employment status in India. An unemployed mother-in-law can bring down the employability of a married woman and vice-versa, according to the ‘State of Working India 2023’ report by <keyword id="125797" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="azim-premji-university" source="Orion">Azim Premji University</keyword>. Proving that there is an inter-generational effect on gender norms, the report says that a married woman living in a household with an unemployed mother-in-law is less likely to be employed — 20% less likelihood in urban areas, and 30% in rural areas. This is in comparison to households without a mother-in-law. “However, if the mother-in-law was present and employed herself, this is associated with a higher likelihood of women’s participation to the extent of 50% (rural) to 70% (urban) more than households with no mother-in-law present,” the report released on Wednesday said. The husband and his earnings The story of women and employment in India is far from a straight line – many factors including marital status, economic status and motherhood – all have a direct impact on it. For married women especially, the husband’s salary is seen to have a direct impact. The report finds that husband’s income has a U-shaped effect on women’s employability. “A common gender norm is the “male breadwinner” norm, i.e. husbands are considered the primary earners with wives contributing to household income only if necessary,” the report says. In households where the husband’s earnings are high, the probability of the wife being employed is low, controlling for individual and household factors. But it’s not a straight line. After the husband's salary crosses ₹40,000 per month, women’s employability increases, especially in urban areas. “This U-shaped pattern could result from a change in norms with rising incomes or it could also be due to the fact that such husbands are matched with higher educated wives who have preferences as well as opportunities to access better paid work,” the report says. What’s the price of a job? In the case of rural women, marriage and motherhood only improves their employment. However, that’s associated with the fact that they turn into contributing family workers in agricultural work or find or find self-employment. “Thus, for women in the informal economy, rather than a marriage or motherhood penalty for employment, we find the reverse. But the absence of a penalty may not be a positive outcome since it likely reflects a compulsion to work for subsistence,” says the report. But are women happier with more employability? There is no straight answer for this question as well because there is data to show that districts that report high rates of working women also show women saying that they make their own healthcare decisions, own large assets or meet relatives. Yet, independence comes with a painful price for working women – as districts with higher percentages of women with paid working jobs also report higher domestic violence. “The suggested mechanism is that working women are more likely to face partner violence due to challenging of established gender norms,” the report says.

Saas, bahu aur naukri: The inter-generational effect on gender norms

<ul><li>There is a 40% increase in the number of women entrepreneurs engaging in conversation related to entrepreneurship over <keyword id="6354616" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Twitter" source="Orion">Twitter</keyword>.</li><li>The Twitter report further says that conversations around investment have gained momentum by at least 62% as people seek financial advice on the platform.</li><li>People also want to get a deeper understanding of crypto, NFTs and other digital assets, showing a 185% increase in <keyword id="189908" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="financial-literacy" source="Orion">financial literacy</keyword> discussions.</li></ul>India has become one of the biggest hubs for startups and is home to the third largest unicorn ecosystem in the world. Thus, this is making people more engaged in conversation related to entrepreneurship, especially women, says <keyword id="14852843" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="2022-Twitter-Trends-India-report" source="Orion">2022 Twitter Trends India report</keyword>, after analysing billions of <keyword id="11940307" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="tweets" source="Orion">tweets</keyword>. There is a 40% increase in women joining the conversation, with the talk around female entrepreneurship going up by a whopping 269%. This clearly indicates the narrowing gender gap in the workforce, the report says. It further predicts that a major spurt in the number of women-owned businesses will deliver a massive boost to the country’s economy. Overall, there is a 22% increase in discussions around entrepreneurship in general. “Founders are building personal brands, while popular references like #SharkTankIndiaMemes and #PeakBengaluru adds humour and fun to the conversation,” says the Twitter report. A lot of people aspire to become an entrepreneur or start their businesses and are always on the lookout for mentors and big business owners to guide them with their own experiences. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Finance related conversations are also rising" comment="subhead" text="Finance related conversations are also rising">Finance related conversations are also rising</cmsannotation> The Twitter report further says that conversations around investment have gained momentum by at least 62% as people seek financial advice on the platform. “There has been a rise in the number of experts imparting their knowledge. Moreover, traditional and new age companies are increasingly interacting and catering to those who want to get involved,” the report says. People also seek a deeper understanding of crypto, NFTs and other digital assets, showing a 185% increase in financial literacy discussions. “Conversations about money have evolved, and concepts like decentralized finance (hello, crypto!) and digital assets have entered pop culture with NFT + Bollywood, Bollycoin, and Beyond Life emerging as topics to watch out for,” said the report. Preetha Athrey, director – global business marketing, Twitter APAC says that The Twitter Trends Report captures themes and interests that are shaping consumer behaviour in the Indian market, and outlines top trends for brands to lean into to become a part of conversations. Fan clubs too are engaging more and more people. The discussions around fandom have gone up by 47%. “People are taking ownership of passions like #CricketTwitter (+55%), building complex worlds like #DCFanDome (+35%), and engaging with diverse entertainment conversations like Kollywood (+14) as they converge on Twitter to find their tribe,” says the report. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/interior-design-software-startup-infurnias-38-crore-ipo-to-open-next-week/articleshow/93880718.cms">Interior design software startup Infurnia’s ₹38 crore IPO to open next week</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/hcl-tech-beats-wipro-to-become-indias-third-largest-it-company/articleshow/93879712.cms">HCL Tech beats Wipro to become India’s third largest IT company</a>

Twitterati is seeking and also giving more investment advice

The <keyword id="6354872" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="economic-survey" source="Orion">Economic Survey</keyword>, which was tabled earlier today by Finance Minister <keyword id="129243" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="nirmala-sitharaman" source="Orion">Nirmala Sitharaman</keyword> estimated that in 2022-23, India's total workforce stood at nearly 56.5 crore. However, as data from the recent Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS) notes, their distribution is highly skewed, with over 45% of them engaged in agriculture, followed by 28.9% in services, 13% in construction, and 11.4% in manufacturing. At the same time, while the agriculture sector has grown at about 4.18% at constant prices over the last 5 years, India's service sector is estimated to have grown by around 7.6% in just the last financial year, as provisional estimates suggest. As such, the continued dominance of the agriculture sector as an employer, particularly when it comes to women, is concerning, especially as India's service sector, which contributes about 55% to the total size of economy, demands increasingly more workers, who possess specific, focused skill sets (think blockchain, AI, machine learning, 3D printing, web development and more). <h2>Encouraging trends</h2>The unemployment rate amongst youth, or those aged between 15-29 has come down sharply to 10% in 2022-23, from 17.8% in 2017-18. Nearly 75% of all new subscribers on EPFO payroll, a gauge for formal employment generation, are aged between 18 and 28. But while our economy keeps pace with employing young population, a staggering 57.3% of this workforce is self-employed, while another 18.3% work as unpaid laborers in households. The most prominent participant in both these categories happen to be women. As for regular wage or salaried workers, they constitute merely 20.9% of the workforce. Casual labor, characterized by sporadic, intermittent terms of employment, makes up for 21.8% of the workforce. Its not as if female labor workforce participation (FLFPR) is dwindling. In fact, as the survey notes, it has been rising for the last 6 years, with rural FLFPR inching up by 16.9 percentage points between 2017-18 and 2022-23. But the same rise is not to be seen in urban FLFPR, which inched up a meagre 5% to 25.4% in 2022-23. Pan-India, women participation in workforce jumped to 37%, largely driven by the thrust in rural FLFPR. The growth in terms of wages per worker in rural areas between FY15-22 was also higher in rural areas at 6.9%, as compared to 6.1% in urban areas. So, what can be done to rationalize this lopsidedness in employment? <h2>Developing the care economy </h2>In order to cater to the requirements of the growing workforce, the survey estimated that India will have to annually generate around 78.5 lakh non-farm jobs annually till 2030. And with India's care needs set to grow significantly in the next 25 years, it is time to develop India's care economy. Consider this-by 2050, the population of those aged between 0-14 years will decline to 18%, or 30 crore people, while those aged above 60 will swell to 20.8%, or a massive 34.7 crore person. Both these segments will need considerable care, which is currently an unpaid job both employed and unemployed women already undertake. Per NSO’s time use statistics for 2019, working-age women in India spend 5.6 hours per day on unpaid work, as opposed to just 30 mins for men. Even employed women end up spending 6x more time on unpaid care, compared to their male counterparts. As it is, studies notes that an additional hour of caregiving per day reduces women’s labor market participation by 20 percentage points, while having no effect on men. A recent report by CII pegged the economic value of women's unpaid domestic and care work to be a staggering 15-17% of GDP. As it is, care economy is one of the fastest growing sectors, expected to generate around 475 million jobs globally. In India, an investment of just 2% of GDP could lead to 11 million new jobs, 70% of which will go to women, accelerating their participation in labor force, the survey revealed. As such, developing India's care economy, both for catering to its young and silver dividend, will become a cornerstone for employment related policies in the times to come.

Economic Survey 2023-24: Where does India stand on the employment, and what's next?

Highest literacy (most eduacated) rate in India state wise

<ul><li>The use of technology has hit the roof as most people turn to digital services to meet their day-to-day requirements amid the coronavirus pandemic.</li><li>NASSCOM President Debjani Ghosh believes that the lockdown has people — consumers and business owners alike — saying, “technology bacha le (save us)”.</li><li>However, the uptake of technology has also highlighted the digital divide that exists in our society. </li><li>Most of the services available online can only be accessed using smartphones, and people need to speak English or be literate in order to use them effectively.</li></ul>Digital technology has been a saviour for many during the coronavirus pandemic and its accompanying lockdown in India. “They’re saying technology bacha le (save us),” NASSCOM President Debjani Ghosh said during the Big Reset panel with Business Insider India in collaboration with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF). Technology may certainly have been a boon for the 4.35 million people employed in the IT industry, it’s not the same story across the board. Nearly 67.8 million migrant workers — 83.5% of whom are employed in blue-collar jobs, the informal sector — had to “<a href="https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/what-indias-digital-divide-means-for-migrant-workers-in-a-covid19-world-and-beyond-65900/">be allowed to move</a>” back home once the lockdown hit amid the coronavirus pandemic. “India needs a completely different playbook from the west when it comes to technology,” said Ghosh. Technology adoption has become faster — but cutting costs can’t be the only priority The coronavirus pandemic has eroded business opportunities and along the way, it’s been eating away at revenue as well. Needless to say, entrepreneurs and business owners are more cost-conscious as they focus on ensuring that their business survives to thrive in the post-COVID world. <div type="image" title="tech_work_edited" msid="76317033" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Women who were returning home after the work wait for bus maintaining social distancing at a waiting shed near Infopark, in Kochi on May 29&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> One of the aspects of being cost-conscious is focusing on how technology can be a way for them to reduce costs. In the west, technology has, and threatens to, reduced cost by replacing workers via automation so far — in part, due to the ageing population. But that is not something that India can afford given that the median age lies between 23 to 25 years, and around 90 million young people will be flooding in, looking for jobs in another five years. “It’s not a machine versus man story, it’s a machine and human story,” said Ghosh. Essentially, businesses have to find new revenue sources by leveraging technology to increase productivity — not just cut costs. <div type="image" title="tech_work2_edited" msid="76317138" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;After reaching at Kalyan the migrants wait to board the train from Kalyan to Guntur in Andhra Pradesh. With no work and their savings depleting fast, the workers who either lived or worked in Dongri were provided meals by the police and BMC during the lockdown period. &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Other countries may need technology to replace the loss that they’re facing, but India needs a way to increase productivity and ensure that employment opportunities don’t shrink any faster than they already are. As of May, more than one-fifth of India’s demographic dividend — 23.48% — was unemployed, according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (<a href="https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/">CMIE</a>). The massive young population of job seekers is not the only problem “I have always said that Indians take to technology like fish take to water,” said Ghosh during the panel discussion. A lot of middle-class people who did not order groceries online have learnt how to. The same goes for renting houses, booking airline and railway tickets, and even acquiring liquor tokens. But even having access to these facilities is limited to less than half of the Indian population. According to market research firm techARC, India had 502.2 million smartphone users as of December 2019 — which is less than half of the 1.3 billion population of the country. <div type="image" title="tech_rickshaw_edited" msid="76316900" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Ritlal Sahani speaks over cell phone from his rickshaw stand at Padmapukur to his family in Muzzafarpur Bihar on 10 June&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Among them are 22% of people who are below the poverty line (BPL) grappling against the average wage of around ₹247 per day, according to the International Labour Organisation. “This is a great time for digital thinking, this great time for pulling into digital manufacturing, work from home is a great idea. But COVID-19 also shows us that there are problems in the way our societies have been organized,” said Sunjoy Joshi, chairman of ORF. <div type="image" title="tech_rickshaw2_edited" msid="76316936" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;A passenger sits back side of a share auto rickshaw along with huge luggage and using the mobile phone unmindful of risk in Vijayawada on May 28&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> Despite the government’s attempts to bring in digitisation measures to overcome the challenges of physical access to public goods — many were seen starving, squabbling over a packet of Parle G biscuits, the cheapest among biscuit brands, and struggling to survive as most of India was shut down. <div type="twitter" handle="Benarasiyaa" handlename="Piyush Rai" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1219264195021029377/fC6-ctxh_normal.jpg" favoritecount="997" retweetcount="625" status="Passengers of a Shramik train loot water bottles kept at platforms at Mughalsarai railway station in UP's Chandauli… https://t.co/NmtFqs5U70" createdat="1590223944000" id="1264116960503246848"></div> Most of the services are in English Even though global conglomerates like Google and Microsoft have been working on localising the web, most of these online services are available in English. It’s the first language for only 256,000 people and a second language for 83 million. That doesn’t even scratch the surface of India's 1.3 billion large demographic. Even without the English language becoming a barrier, India’s literacy rate is 74.04% — leaving one-fourth of the population out of its fold. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="76133893" title="BevQ, Kerala’s liquor home delivery app, is ‘on the rocks’ with a 2.1 rating on the Google Play Store" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div> For them, digital innovation is far from adequate. “This is not going to something just gonna happen in the next two, three years, four years of ideas and there are going to be conflicts — managing those conflicts is going to be key for that reset,” said Joshi, citing the example of how the Black Lives Matter movement is currently happening in the US. “COVID has struck different sections of society differently no matter where it came from, no matter the origins,” he added. “But the fact is that the marginalized have been struck the hardest and they are the ones who are going to be most feeling the impact,” he added. Technology may be a short-cut to cutting costs, but for the long haul — it may do more harm than good for Indian society at large without a ‘people-centric’ approach. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/bcci-wants-indian-premier-league-to-happen-even-if-that-means-playing-in-empty-stadiums/articleshow/76313974.cms">BCCI wants Indian Premier League to happen — even if that means playing in empty stadiums</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/what-is-capitalism-without-capital-and-why-is-the-ceo-of-bombay-stock-exchange-recommending-it-for-india/articleshow/76315962.cms">What is ‘Capitalism without Capital’ and why is the CEO of Bombay Stock Exchange recommending it for India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/news/six-indian-ceos-list-out-the-policy-changes-that-should-be-prioritised/slidelist/76313181.cms">Six Indian CEOs list out the policy changes that should be prioritised</a>

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