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<ul><li>As education level rises, the rate of unemployment also increases, shows data by Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). </li><li>Unemployment rate among the highly educated stood at 13.2% during September-December 2018. </li><li>People with bachelor’s degrees and above account for only 10% of India’s total working age population.</li><li>Rate of unemployment among women — with bachelor’s and master’s degrees — has been higher than men, at 35%. </li></ul>Unemployment has emerged as a key challenge for the Indian government as it heads into the general elections. A recent <a href="https://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=warticle&amp;dt=2019-03-19%2009:46:12&amp;msec=486">analysis </a>by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) has shown that the rate of unemployment among qualified youth — those with bachelor degrees and higher — has seen a sharp increase from mid 2017. The report has highlighted that the unemployment rate for the given group was projected at 13.2% during September - December period in 2018. While in 2017, the number stood at 12.1% for the qualified Indians. The highly educated set of individuals — those with bachelor’s degrees and above — faced the <a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/unemployment-rate-among-graduates-touched-13pct-during-sep-dec-2018-cmie/story/329572.html">maximum unemployment </a>while the students who passed high school stood at 10.6%, in terms of unemployment numbers. The CMIE’s Consumer Pyramids Household Survey bifurcated the unemployment numbers according to the levels of education. People who have completed a bachelor’s degree or any other higher level of education account for only 10% of the working age population of India. While over 100 million had a bachelor’s degree or higher as of 2018. Out of these, nearly 53 million of those were employed. While eight million were looking for jobs. Post graduates (master’s or higher) in India have been facing the biggest challenge to fetch jobs. The unemployment rate among those with a master’s degree is twice the unemployment among the entire labour force, according to the report. India has a labour participation rate of 61% — for the graduation and above group, which was below 60% mark, a year ago. Labour participation rate is the number of employed people or the ones seeking employment. Unemployment among women While the overall labour participation rate — employed and seeking jobs — in the country has improved from the past few years, the female participation was still significantly low at 11.1% during September-December 2018. However, for the females with higher educational qualifications, the numbers hit 22.6%, which is more than twice compared to the average female participation. Unemployment rate among women in this segment stood at 35% during the same period. In contrast, the rate of unemployment for men stood at 10%. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indians-will-prefer-to-learn-a-new-skill-if-they-have-a-four-days-work-week-survey/articleshow/68516702.cms">Indians were asked what they would do in their free time if they could work for four days a week — and their answers are unexpected</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/male-workforce-is-reportedly-shrinking-in-india-reveals-job-survey-by-nsso/articleshow/68498030.cms">Male workforce is reportedly shrinking in India, reveals job survey by NSSO</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-unemployment-crisis-is-hurting-women-more-than-the-men/articleshow/68403129.cms">India’s unemployment crisis is hurting women more than the men</a>

Fewer jobs for better educated: India’s unemployment rate stands at 13.2% among the highly educated segment

<ul><li>The number of salaried <keyword id="32919" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-employees">women employees</keyword> in the urban workforce has increased by 2.1%, compared to 1.5% amongst men, according to the <keyword id="3429286" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Periodic-Labour-Force-Survey">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> (PLFS) released by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO). </li><li>The overall share of salaried employees improved from 48.3% in 2018 to 50% in March 2019. </li><li>The unemployment rate dropped to 11.6% among women against 12.8% in June last year. </li><li>According to the Monster Salary Index, women earn 19% less than men in India. </li></ul>Fewer Indian women are a part of its labour market. But their participation seems to be growing at a faster rate than that of men. Salaried women employees in the urban workforce increased by 2.1% as compared to 1.5% among men, according to the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/rise-in-salaried-workers-women-fare-better-nso/articleshow/72217767.cms?from=mdr">Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) </a>released by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO). The overall share of salaried employees improved from 48.3% in 2018 to 50% in March 2019. However, the survey also says that unemployment is higher among women. The rate of unemployment in women dropped to 11.6% as against 12.8% in June last year. But it is yet to match that of men where unemployment rate is at 8.7%. <keyword id="2191211" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-pay-gap">Gender pay gap</keyword> remains However, the pay gap remains an area of concern for the government and organisations. According to the<a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/gender-pay-gap-still-high-women-in-india-earn-19-per-cent-less-than-men-report/story/325378.html"> Monster Salary Index,</a> women earn 19% less than men in India. The online job search platform shows that the gender pay gap widens with higher skill level but exist all across. This could be one of the many reasons why women participation in the workforce is low. Even after five years, merely 22% of the females between the age bracket of 15-30 years are expected to enter the labour force, according to the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/skills-study-over-next-5-years-just-1-in-5-entrants-to-labour-force-a-woman-6127848/">National Skills Development Corporation</a>. That means, of the 59 million people who enter the job market, only one in five will be women. Education Statistics Though fewer women are expected to work, there has been no change in women who are keen on an education. Female participation at the higher secondary level stood at 70.8% over the last decade. But this is changing as the skill levels increase. The share of women in engineering and management courses dropped in 2018, the survey highlighted. While the students enrolling in vocational courses rose by 3.9% in the last four years. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/unemployment-in-india-highest-among-urban-youth-says-government-data/articleshow/69631185.cms">Unemployment in India highest among urban youth, says government data</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/male-workforce-is-reportedly-shrinking-in-india-reveals-job-survey-by-nsso/articleshow/68498030.cms">Male workforce is reportedly shrinking in India, reveals job survey by NSSO</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/over-200-economists-academicians-ask-govt-to-release-nsso-data-reports/articleshow/72172989.cms">Over 200 economists, academicians ask govt to release NSSO data, reports</a>

More women are drawing salaries in India but the gender pay gap persists

I take the Delhi Metro to work every morning. The subway system allocates one out of six or eight carriages exclusively for the use of <keyword id="624" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Women">women</keyword>, in the interest of safety. The remaining carriages are mostly occupied by men - I would venture to say anywhere between 80% and 90%, based on rudimentary calculations. This is usually the case all the time. It’s a stark and daily reminder of just how far India has to go in terms of solving its gender inequality problem. A recent<a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Global%20Themes/Gender%20Equality/The%20power%20of%20parity%20Advancing%20womens%20equality%20in%20Asia%20Pacific/MGI_Power-of-Parity-Asia-Pacific_Report_April-2018.ashx"> report on gender equality </a>by the Mckinsey Global Institute (MGI), the consultancy’s research division, shows that India is one of the lowest-ranked countries in the Asia-Pacific in terms of labour force participation by females and the contribution of women to GDP, based on figures from 2016. Around 18% of India’s GDP is accounted for by women, while the share of females in the country’s labour force is 25%. Only Pakistan ranks lower than India on both counts- with women contributing a mere 11% to GDP and comprising 22% of its labour force. It has a lot to gain by unleashing the productive potential of its women- who have, up until this point, been a underused resource. MGI estimates that India’s GDP, if everything were to carry on as usual, could increase by $770 billion, or 18%, by 2025 by giving women access to equal work opportunities as men. Around $550bn, or 70% of this increase, would come by just increasing the share of females in the workforce by 10%. The remaining portion of the increase in GDP would be achieved by improving the quality of work given to women and the hours worked. Too often, the report notes, women are engaged in unpaid care work or low-quality, low-paying work like cleaning. A staggering 97% of all female workers are engaged in informal sector work that isn’t regulated and doesn’t offer adequate remuneration based on hours put in. Additionally, the amount of time spent doing unpaid, household chores is lengthened by a lack of easy access to amenities such as cooking fuel and clean water. A lot of women find themselves unable to enter the formal sector due to a low level of <keyword id="6355445" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="education">education</keyword>. A <a href="https://thewire.in/economy/ten-charts-gender-inequality">report last year in the Wire</a> showed that despite achieving strong enrolment rates for females in primary schools, as a result of the Right to Education Act, the government was not able to translate this into improved rates for secondary and tertiary enrolment. A girl’s higher education is looked at as an opportunity cost. Why send her to school when she can start helping her mother take care of the house or drawing an income from manual work? Inequality in formal sector The lack of female representation in the formal sector also has a lot to do with how upper classes in Indian society function. The MGI report explained that women’s workforce participation follows a “U-shaped curve”. While women from low-income families are forced to work out of necessity, the level of female employment gets progressively lower the wealthier a family gets, owing to the fact that there is a lower need for a woman to work for pay. MGI says that this effect can be reversed if companies step up their hiring of women and give women more leadership opportunities. In most cases, the hiring practices of Indian companies reinforce the <keyword id="6484133" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="labour-participation">labour participation</keyword> gap. According to <a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/548581522089881652/pdf/WPS8379.pdf">a working paper by the World Bank, </a>an analysis of over 800,000 Indian job postings showed that there was an explicit bias towards men, especially in blue-collar sectors. Further still, professions that have greater representation by women - such as teaching, health and business process outsourcing - actually paid men significantly more. A lack of legal protection and political representation India does not have any laws in place to ensure equal pay for men and women. While the government passed a law mandating 26 months paid maternity leave in April last year, it made no provision for financial support to small-and-medium sized businesses. At the time, experts felt that the law would only serve to exacerbate <a href="https://qz.com/943639/proof-that-indias-new-maternity-leave-law-could-make-it-even-harder-for-women-to-get-a-job/">discriminatory hiring practices against women.</a> The government also excluded the unorganised sector from the purview of the law, thereby offering no protection to women in temporary, self-employed or contractual roles. Worse still, the law did not make any mention of paternity leave, deciding once and for all that child-rearing was the sole responsibility of the mother. The percentage of women in India’s lower house of Parliament is tragically low, at 11%. The Women’s Reservation Bill, which reserves 33% of the seats in both houses of Parliament and state legislatures for women, has been languishing for 22 years, despite being passed in the upper house in 2010. No surprise there. Why would the leaders of a male-dominated legislature be okay with ceding their seat to a woman? The Northern states fare a lot worse There seems to be a regional aspect to India’s <keyword id="6372584" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-equality">gender equality</keyword> problem. While states in the northeast and south of India, like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Sikkim, report strong female workforce participation rates, Northern states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu &amp; Kashmir, fall significantly behind. Unsurprisingly, the level of female workforce participation was lowest in states with lower levels of adult literacy. This highlights the problem as primarily one of access to good education. In mapping out a strategy to improve gender equality in India, the government would do well to focus on states in the North first. Some progress has been made, however This is not to say that India hasn’t made any progress in curbing gender inequality. Over the past decade, it has reduced maternal mortality rates from 280 for every 100,000 births to 174. The female-to-male adult literacy ratio has also increased by 0.10 points to 0.87 while the prevalence of child marriage has declined. Financial inclusion is also being achieved, gradually, through the Jan Dhan Yojana Scheme, which has given around 300 million women access to bank accounts and savings schemes, and the Mudra Yojana microcredit programme, under which more than 6 million female entrepreneurs have received loans. But a lot more needs to be done So what does that India needs to do to unlock the potential of its women and achieve the aforementioned increase in GDP? Firstly, according to the MGI, the government needs to leverage the digital inclusion and internet penetration wave. Greater access to computer skilling and by extension, to the internet means greater access to information - educational courses, learning resources, job postings and networking opportunities. It also means access to online banking, which in turn, means access to credit and savings instruments. Secondly, there need to be skilling and vocational training programmes tailored to industries where women have the highest potential for greater participation- healthcare, hospitality, textiles and electronics assembly. Thirdly, the government needs to encourage gender diversity-focused hiring policies in the companies. Fourth, given that women do ten times more unpaid work than men, the government can help reduce the time spent on unpaid work by providing households in rural area with electricity, closer access to clean water and subsidised childcare services. Fifth, increasing the level of women in legislative bodies in India will set a good example for other industries and could kickstart a shift in societal norms. Women are an <a href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PyQ7hlxIkiyXlsUqq7JbOL/The-growing-importance-of-women-as-an-electoral-constituency.html">increasingly influential electoral group</a> and deserve adequate representation. Last, but most important, it needs to stimulate private investment and create enough jobs in the economy to accommodate the increase in female workers - an issue that merits its own feature story. The increase in the female labour participation rate is not low-hanging fruit that the government can pluck and qualify as a win. It transcends election cycles and requires long-term, structural reform and a broad shift in societal attitudes. It’s a massive undertaking, but with a worthy payoff. Wouldn’t it be great if there were two compartments for women in the Delhi subway? Or better yet, each compartment was equally comprised of men and women?

India would be US$550 billion richer if it just increased its share of women in the labor force by 10%

<ul><li>Corporate India is stepping up its efforts to address <keyword id="8438313" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-gap-at-workplaces">gender gap at workplaces</keyword>. </li><li>The <keyword id="7051312" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="female-employability">female employability</keyword> increased by 9% in the last two years. </li><li>Employability among men and women is also at par. The gender-wise employability stood at 46% and 48% for men and women, respectively. </li></ul>Women in India are just as good as men to get jobs but important sectors like automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare are still not hiring enough females in their workforce. The female employability has risen 9% in the last two years. According to a report titled ‘India Skills Report 2020,’ the <keyword id="3214497" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Female-Employment">female employment</keyword> in India stood at 47% in 2019, up against 38% in 2017. The gender-wise employability stood at 46% and 47% for men and women, respectively. However, India is among the 10 countries that have the lowest female labour force participation rate. Not just that, women <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/more-women-are-drawing-salaries-in-india-but-the-gender-pay-gap-persists/articleshow/72236452.cms">also get paid less </a>for the same jobs as compared to men. “The increase in the number of job-ready women presents an opportunity for India Inc to harness their talent and engage more women in jobs as this is the most essential step in filling the skill gaps in the country,” said the report. The survey highlights that the lowest women contribution is in the automotive and healthcare sectors. While BPO, KPO, IT and BFSI (Banking, Financial Services &amp; Insurance) sectors projected the highest contribution by women at over 30%. But there are other sectors where female participation is abysmally low. 
 
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 Going forward, corporates do intend to hire more women but still the ratio is unfairly skewed 71:29 in favour of men. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/more-women-are-drawing-salaries-in-india-but-the-gender-pay-gap-persists/articleshow/72236452.cms">More women are drawing salaries in India but the gender pay gap persists</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/only-15-of-women-in-indian-boardrooms-new-study-says-its-the-third-lowest-in-asia-pacific/articleshow/71534761.cms">Only 15% of women in Indian boardrooms — new study says it’s the third lowest in Asia Pacific</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/fewer-indian-women-are-working-in-spite-of-companies-trying-hard-to-improve-diversity/articleshow/71938045.cms">Fewer Indian women are working in spite of companies trying hard to improve diversity</a>

The number of employable Indian women has sharply risen in the last two years⁠— and it is nearly at par with men

<ul><li>India has been ranked 52th on <keyword id="5799812" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="MasterCard-Index">Mastercard Index</keyword> of <keyword id="74945" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Women-Entrepreneurs">Women Entrepreneurs</keyword> for the third consecutive year — way behind the US and China. </li><li>Gender bias, lack of funding are the major roadblocks to growth of women entrepreneurs across economies. </li><li>The Indian government recently launched a 59‐minute loan platform that allows for easy access to credit for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME).</li></ul>India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. However, the country seems to be showing a flat growth in the female participation in organisations and businesses. It has been ranked 52nd on <keyword id="6368201" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="mastercard">Mastercard</keyword> Index of Women Entrepreneurs for the third consecutive year — way behind the US and China at 1st and 6th spot, respectively. India’s score witnessed a decline in women's entrepreneurial activity rate, which stood at 58.6 points. The index shows women are able to perform better in vibrant markets like — Singapore, Australia and others — where labour participation rate is comparatively higher. In India, female participation in the labour force is ata mere 15% in urban areas, as per a PTI <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/indias-urban-unemployment-rate-drops-to-9-3-pc-in-jan-mar-2019-govt-data/articleshow/72199613.cms">report</a>. According to the Mastercard report, several factors hinder women entrepreneurs in developing economies — including gender bias, lack of financial funding. “In India, Mastercard has been working along with government organizations, industry bodies, and NGOs to provide tools and networks that help women entrepreneurs become a part of the digital economy. Over the years, these programmes have brought a positive change to the lives of thousands of women entrepreneurs,” Vikas Varma, chief operating officer at Mastercard said. Government push India government has also been stepping up its efforts to improve <keyword id="6354423" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ease-of-Doing-Business">Ease of Doing Business</keyword>, inclusivity and promote startups. It recently launched a 59‐minute loan platform that allows for easy access to credit for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME). The government also tied up with Mastercard and NGOs like Mann Deshi and Industree foundation to support women entrepreneurs by providing access to digital tools and networks Globally, Mastercard introduced programmes like Start Path and Fintech Express to support startups. It has contributed to the growth of startups — Razorpay, Zeta and ToneTag. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-unemployment-crisis-is-hurting-women-more-than-the-men/articleshow/68403129.cms">India’s unemployment crisis is hurting women more than the men</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/a-large-section-of-women-are-vanishing-from-the-workforce-in-india/articleshow/69826315.cms">A large section of women are vanishing from the workforce in India</a>

India is way behind the US and China when it comes to women entrepreneurs

For the past few years, the International women’s day has been increasingly exploited by corporations to push products to women. And in the process failing to grasp the spirit of the day to reflect upon the pressing issues of gender inequality and some very real, existential struggles for Indian women. Here’s a stock-take of how women in the country fare on various development fronts including economic and workplace opportunities. 23% women participation in the workforce According to the latest data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for 2017-18 (yet to be released), female participation in the workforce has <a href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/why-female-participation-in-workforce-is-on-the-decline-in-india/301207">declined to 23.3%</a> from 31.2 in 2011-12. It is a matter of grave concern as a greater number of women are participating in the examination for higher studies and competitive exams, reported Outlook. In fact, India features among the countries with lowest female share of workforce with only 25.9% share, said another study released by Pew Research Center in March 2017. Withdrawal of women from work is now being attributed as the primary reason for a fall in India’s workforce. Weak laws governing equal pay rights for women India is among <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india-among-the-worst-countries-for-laws-governing-equal-pay-rights-for-women-world-bank/articleshow/68287917.cms">the worst countries</a> when it comes to laws governing equal pay rights. It scored zero out of 100 when it comes to giving equal pay rights to women compared to men, said a recent report by the World Bank on “Women, Business, and the Law 2019,”However, it scored 100 out of 100 for “starting a job,” which measured laws letting women pursue a job, and getting married. Slow improvement in sex ratio India has been a poster child for unequal sex ratio from ages. However, the sex ratio has witnessed a marginal improvement from 933 female in 2001 to 940 in 2011 against every 1000 males, reported Economic Times. According to the<a href="https://www.census2011.co.in/"> Population Census of 2011</a>, population ratio in India was 940 females per 1000 males in 2011. 53% female literacy rate There’s a huge gender gap in India when it comes to education and literacy. According to the Census 2011, “The overall literacy rate works out to be 64.8 %, the male literacy rate is 75.3% and that for females is 53.7%, showing a gap of 21.6 percentage points between the sexes at the national level.” The gender gap in literacy rate is more in rural areas than urban areas. Kerala, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Goa and Chandigarh are the top five positions in literacy. On the flip, Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Bihar are at the bottom. Number of women in politics The proportion of ministerial posts held by women in India <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/02/chart-of-the-day-these-countries-have-the-most-women-in-parliament/">is low</a>. Although India once had a female leader, India Gandhi, today there are only 64 women in 545 of Member of Parliaments as of February 2019, according to World Economic Forum In fact, most of the countries around the world never had a female leader. Low representation in highest-earning Indian celebrity list by Forbes. Only 18 women made it to this year’s Forbes list of 100 highest-earning Indian celebrities including sports. Deepika Padukone, who earned over ₹1,120 million in 2018, was ranked as the highest paid female celebrity in India. With that, she also became the first woman to make it to the top five on the overall list, standing at fourth place. Widening gender wage gap India also has the<a href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gender-wage-gap-highest-in-india-women-are-paid-30-less-than-men-ilo-118112701048_1.html"> highest gender wage gap</a> when it comes to hourly wages for labour. Women in India are paid 35% less than what men are paid, said a recent report by the International Labour Organisation. The gender wage gap is recorded as the highest among all the 73 countries included in the report. Crime against women India, which is among the few countries to maintain the list of sex offenders, have recently added over 500,000 names in the list. Overall, there were nearly 338,954 cases registered for crimes committed against women in 2016. A further breakdown <a href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/govt-adds-5-lakh-names-to-national-sex-offenders-database-1463738-2019-02-24">revealed </a>that most of the cases were reported under violence by husband or his relatives (32.6%t), assault on woman (25%), kidnapping(19%), and rape (11.5%). Hardly any Indian women billionaires The number of women billionaires representing India in Forbes billionaires rich list 2019 was extremely low. Only one woman, Savitri Jindal, from Jindal group<a href="https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/#42a13695251c"> could make it to the top 500 </a>people at 290 rank with a net worth of $5.9 billion. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/activists-demand-reservation-for-women-in-all-political-parties/articleshow/68301996.cms">India should bar political parties with low women representation, demands activist group</a>

Women’s day in numbers: 9 grim reminders that Indian women are still a long way off from empowerment

Gender discrimination is the reason for 98 per cent of employment gap between males and females in <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword>, according to a new report of <keyword id="69945" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="oxfam-india" source="Orion">Oxfam India</keyword>. The report highlighted that woman in India despite their same educational qualification and work experience as men will be discriminated in the labour market due to societal and employers' prejudices. The Oxfam India's 'India Discrimination Report 2022' shows that discrimination causes 100 per cent of employment inequality faced by women in rural areas in labour market and 98 per cent in urban areas. The report said self-employed males earn 2.5 times more than females, 83 per cent of which is attributed to gender-based discrimination and 95 per cent of the gap between the earnings of male and female casual wage workers is due to discrimination. According to the report, gender discrimination is the reason for 98 per cent of the employment gap between males and females. Woman in India despite their same educational qualification and work experience as men will be discriminated in the labour market due to societal and employers' prejudices, it said. The report further said that 93 per cent of the gap in earnings of males and females is due to discrimination. Rural self-employed males earn twice of what females earn in rural areas. Male casual workers earn Rs 3,000 per month more than females, 96 per cent of which is attributed to discrimination, it said. As high as 91.1 per cent of the gap in earnings between males and females is explained by discrimination. The academically recognised statistical model applied in the report is now able to quantify the discrimination women face in the labour market. The lower wages for salaried women are due to 67 per cent of discrimination and 33 per cent due to lack of education and work experience, the report said. Oxfam India called on the government to actively enforce effective measures for the protection and right to equal wages and work for all women. The Government of India should also incentivise the participation of women in workforce, including enhancement in pay, upskilling, job reservations and easy return-to-work options after maternity, the report said. What the report finds is if a man and woman starts on an equal footing, the woman will be discriminated in the economic sphere where she will lag behind in regular/salaried, casual and self-employment, said <keyword id="1594237" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="amitabh-behar" source="Orion">Amitabh Behar</keyword>, CEO of Oxfam India. "The inequality in the labour market for gender and other social categories, the report finds, is not just due to poor access to education or work experience but because of discrimination," he said. These findings are based on the government data on employment and labour from 2004-05 to 2019-20. The Oxfam India report refers to unit level data from 61st round <keyword id="179132" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="national-sample-survey" source="Orion">National Sample Survey</keyword> (NSS) data on employment-unemployment (2004-05), the <keyword id="3429286" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="periodic-labour-force-survey" source="Orion">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> in 2018-19 and 2019-20 and All India Debt and Investment Survey by the government. SEE ALSO : <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/online-education-platform-upgrad-acquires-centum-learning-to-upskill-enterprise-workforce/articleshow/94216993.cms">Online education platform upGrad acquires Centum Learning to upskill enterprise workforce</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/fitch-slashes-indias-fy23-gdp-growth-forecast-to-7-from-7-8-earlier/articleshow/94213633.cms?utm_source=google_newsstand&amp;utm_medium=google_rssfeed&amp;utm_campaign=news_referral">Fitch slashes India's FY23 GDP growth forecast to 7% from 7.8% earlier</a>

Self-employed males earn 2.5 times more than females: Oxfam

New Delhi, In a bid to encourage more women in the workforce, the Economic Survey for 2020-21 has suggested support for female workers in terms of child care facilities, family-friendly work environment along with equality in salary and career progression. The survey tabled by the <keyword id="25455" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="finance">Finance</keyword> Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the <keyword id="6354721" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="parliament">Parliament</keyword> on Friday, said that in order to incentivise more women to join into the labour force, investment in institutional support to affordable and quality child care facilities, paid paternal leave, family-friendly work environment, and support for elderly care needs to be made. "There is also a need to promote non-discriminatory practices at the workplace like pay and career progression, improve work incentives, including other medical and social security benefits for female workers," it said. The document said that the labour force participation rate (LFPR) of females in the productive age (15-59 years) was 26.5 per cent in 2018-19, as compared to 80.3 per cent for males (rural and urban). While 54.7 per cent of urban women were employed in the regular wage/salaried category, about 59.6 per cent of rural females were not only self-employed but 37.9 per cent among them were helpers in household enterprises. The low female LFPR is attributed to high participation of women (15 years and above) in domestic duties, that is 55.7 per cent in rural areas and 59.1 per cent in urban areas in 2018-19.

Economic Survey suggests incentives, equal pay for female employees

<ul><li><keyword id="3658" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> does not feature in the list of the 10 countries to have the best conditions for working women. </li><li>Over 90% of the 10 million job job lost last year were reported by women according to CMIE.</li></ul>The female <keyword id="7446716" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Workforce-in-India">workforce in India</keyword> has seen a striking decline over the years. Only a quarter of women who can work, are working, as per periodic labour force survey (PLFS) data published by National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). India has a significantly low female labour participation rate (LFPR)-- the percentage of working age women who are employed, or are available to work. This is at 23% in 2017-2018, which came down from 31% in 2011-12. Unsurprisingly, India is behind nine others in terms of the lowest proportion of working women, the data says. It also does not feature in the list of the 10 countries which have the best conditions for working women. Ireland, Sweden, New Zealand are amongst those which occupied the coveted spots. Those who were working did not have it easy either. Over 90% of the 10 million jobs lost last year were<a href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-election-women-jobs/from-farms-to-slums-indian-women-on-sharp-end-of-jobs-crisis-idINKCN1R1073"> reported by women,</a> according to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The women working in the informal sector are going through job crisis, said a <a href="https://in.reuters.com/article/india-election-women-jobs/from-farms-to-slums-indian-women-on-sharp-end-of-jobs-crisis-idINKCN1R1073">Reuters report.</a> Fewer women managers According to media reports, Asia and the Pacific had the lowest percentage of women in managerial positions, at 24%. For other continents, including Europe, this number is at 70.8%. What is worse is that educated women are failing to contribute to the economy. Women<a href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/union-budget-2019-millions-of-women-are-dropping-out-of-work-heres-how-indias-first-full-time-woman-finance-minister-can-stop-it-2182263.html"> constitute 42% of graduates </a>in the country but only 24 percent of them turn up as entry-level professionals. This curve tapers sharply at the top. The number of women at senior management role is as low as 10%. As a result, a miniscule 1% of women occupy CEO-level positions. According to the <a href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/union-budget-2019-millions-of-women-are-dropping-out-of-work-heres-how-indias-first-full-time-woman-finance-minister-can-stop-it-2182263.html">Ministry of Corporate Affairs,</a> 21% of publicly listed companies do not adhere to the mandate of appointing women directors to the board.

A large section of women are vanishing from the workforce in India

Indias urban unemployment rate improved remarkably in the April-June quarter, revealed the <keyword id="7734679" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="national-statistical-office" source="Orion">National Statistical Office</keyword>. It dipped to 7.6 per cent during the April-June quarter from 12.6 per cent during the corresponding quarter a year ago. It is a clear indication that the country's economy is coming out the grip of Covid-induced slowdown. India's urban unemployment rate improved across genders and age groups to its best-ever level in the quarter ending June 2022.India's headline urban unemployment rate was 7.6 per cent in the quarter ending June, compared to 8.2 per cent in the quarter ending March, 12.7 per cent in the June quarter of 2021-22, and 8.9 per cent in the June quarter of 2019-20. Joblessness was high in April-June 2021 mainly due to the staggering impact of Covid-related restrictions in the country. The 15th <keyword id="3429286" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="periodic-labour-force-survey" source="Orion">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> (<keyword id="1697741" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="plfs" source="Orion">PLFS</keyword>) showed that the unemployment rate among females (aged 15 years and above) in urban areas declined to 9.5 per cent in April-June, 2022 from 14.3 per cent a year ago. It was 10.1 per cent in January-March, 2022.Among males, the unemployment rate in urban areas dipped to 7.1 per cent in April-June 2022 compared to 12.2 per cent a year ago. It was 7.7 per cent in January-March 2022. Since some kinds of jobs, like those in agriculture, are seasonal in nature, unemployment rate comparisons are best made for the same quarter across years. However, the remarkable improvement in this rate can be seen from the fact that it is the lowest rate since the quarter ending June 2018, the first quarter for which the quarterly bulletins have data, revealed media reports. That the improvement in unemployment rate was not lopsided can be seen from the fact that it improved across groups. The quarterly bulletin gives a breakup of unemployment rate by gender and by three age groups: all ages, 15-29 years, and 15 years and above. Unemployment rates for all these groups was the best in the quarter ending June, media reports said. Similarly, at 37.2 per cent, the labour force participation rate (<keyword id="4279410" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="lfpr" source="Orion">LFPR</keyword>) - or the share of population working or seeking work - in the first quarter of the current financial year was the highest for this quarter for any year since 2018-19 and 10 basis points (100th of a percentage point) higher than in the first quarter of last year. While LFPR was not at its best level in the quarterly bulletin's history like the unemployment rate, it is enough for it to be best for the June quarter because of the seasonality factor. The broad industry-wise breakup of workers further showed that employment prospects also improved. The share of workers in agriculture, secondary sector (which includes sectors like manufacturing and mining), and tertiary sector (comprises services) was 5.7 per cent, 34 per cent and 60.3 per cent, respectively. The share in agriculture is an improvement over the June quarters of FY 2021-22 and FY 2020-21, both affected by lockdowns, but not over FY 2019-20, when only 4.9 per cent were in agriculture. The share in tertiary sector was similarly a higher 62 per cent in FY 2019-20, a clear sign that though people are seeking and finding jobs with the pandemic under control, they may not be earning as much as they did before the pandemic. These signs will be confirmed or rejected when the unit-level data becomes available, the report stated. Labour force refers to the part of the population which supplies or offers to supply labour for pursuing economic activities for the production of goods and services and, therefore, includes both employed and unemployed persons. The NSO launched PLFS in April 2017. On the basis of PLFS, a quarterly bulletin is brought out giving estimates of labour force indicators namely unemployment rate, worker population ratio (<keyword id="1966243" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="wpr" source="Orion">WPR</keyword>), labour force participation rate (LFPR), distribution of workers by broad status in employment and industry of work in Current Weekly Status. SEE ALSO : <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/gromo-raises-11-million-plans-to-double-headcount-in-6-12-months/articleshow/94031705.cms">GroMo raises $11 million, plans to double headcount in 6-12 months</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/dreamfolks-services-beats-grey-market-expectations-lists-at-a-55-premium/articleshow/94017839.cms">DreamFolks Services stock slips 8% from its listing price</a>

India's urban unemployment rate dips to 7.6% in the April-June quarter

<ul><li>Global investment and Financial services company <keyword id="6361649" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Goldman-Sachs">Goldman Sachs</keyword> has joined hands with Indian School of Business(ISB) to roll out a ‘<keyword id="5141003" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Goldman-Sachs-10">Goldman Sachs 10</keyword>,000 Women Ambassadors Programme’. </li><li>The three-months long course will will commence from 17 November at ISB Mohali. </li><li>The initiative is aimed at fostering women-owned businesses by educating them in areas like management, mentoring, networking. </li><li>Women account for merely 18% of India’s GDP growth.</li></ul>Global financial services major Goldman Sachs joined hands with Indian School of Business (ISB) to roll out an entrepreneurship programme for women. The three-month long course will will commence from 17 November at ISB Mohali. “This programme signifies our belief in the potential of women entrepreneurs in India to grow their businesses and serve as ambassadors in their communities and beyond,” said Charlotte Keenan, global director of the Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women Ambassadors Programme. The initiative aims to educate women in areas like management, mentoring, networking, and access to capital. It will focus on imparting skills like organisational growth strategies, customer analytics, financial growth and digital marketing. A 2018 report by McKinsey indicates that India has one of the largest opportunities in the world to boost GDP by advancing women’s equality. It would lead to $770 billion of added GDP by 2025. The current female contribution to India’s GDP is 18 percent, one of the lowest proportions in the world, reflecting the fact that only 25 percent of India’s labour force is female. The report estimates more than 70% of the potential GDP opportunity resides in increasing women’s participation in the labour force by 10 percentage points, the press release said. According to a study titled "<a href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/unemployment-rate-among-indian-women-more-than-twice-that-of-men-report-2092987">Gender Inclusion in Hiring in India</a>,” the unemployment rate is higher among Indian women, as compared to the male counterparts In addition to organising country-specific programmes, Goldman Sachs is also expanding in India. It infused <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/goldman-sachs-invests-250-mn-in-india/article27357096.ece">$250 million</a> in its Bengaluru office, which is its third largest in the world. Interested applicants can apply at the <a href="https://www.isb.edu/Ambassadorsprogramme/">official website</a>. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/goldman-sachs-unveils-2-simple-ipo-investment-strategies-that-have-crushed-the-market-over-the-past-25-years/articleshow/70998627.cms">Goldman Sachs unveils 2 simple IPO-investment strategies that have crushed the market over the past 25 years</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/headcount-at-the-worlds-largest-investment-banks-shrank-by-1500-in-the-first-half-of-2019-and-equities-trading-took-the-brunt-of-it/articleshow/70985810.cms">Headcount at the world's largest investment banks shrank by 1,500 in the first half of 2019, and equities trading took the brunt of it</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/check-out-these-latest-job-openings-in-the-us-for-indians/articleshow/71043696.cms">Check out these latest job openings in the US</a>

Goldman Sachs teams up with Indian School of Business to nurture women entrepreneurs

<ul><li>The Indian government is reportedly going to introduce a separate unit dedicated to improve the status of women in different states. </li><li>The unit is likely to be set up under the <keyword id="114696" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-and-child-development">Women and Child Development</keyword> Ministry and its state counterpart. </li></ul>The Indian government is reportedly working on developing a dedicated unit to track the progress of women status in different states across the country, <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/bridging-the-gap-unit-to-monitor-states-gender-targets-on-cards/articleshow/69765017.cms?utm_source=ETTopNews&amp;utm_medium=HP&amp;utm_campaign=TN&amp;utm_content=23">reported</a> Economic Times. The government is planning to set up the unit under Women and Child Development Ministry and its state-level counterparts. It will reportedly join hands with the government’s think tank, NITI Aayog and introduce a gender based index that will rank states considering various parameters, said a senior official to Economic Times. Women in India <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international-womens-day-indian-women-still-a-long-way-off-from-empowerment/articleshow/68313107.cms">continue to struggle</a> given the widened <keyword id="6372584" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-equality">gender equality</keyword> gap and discrimination against women <a href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/how-to-reduce-the-gender-gap-in-states/article26378758.ece">According to the Economic Survey 2018</a>, Over 63 million women are “missing” whereas 21 million girls fall in the category of “unwanted” because of a traditional preference for a boy child. Moreover, more and more girls are dropping out from secondary and higher secondary school than before. Most women have to spend ten times the working hours of men in doing household chores. And despite the education, only 23.3% of the female were a part of labour workforce in 2017-2018, according to National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) Many other countries including Finland have a separate unit that is responsible for promoting gender equality. The same idea was suggested earlier this year by NITI Aayog in its Strategy for New India @ 75’ document, however the progress was halted because of the general election that were due to take place in April- May. The new government is now planning to re-look at all the pending proposals, especially those focusing on women. The unit, once developed, will gather data and conduct regular reviews from other ministries and define gender targets to be achieved in that state. Reportedly, some of the targets may include reducing anaemia rate in adolescent girls and mortality rate in pregnant women. Since women are dealing with multiple issues, the key parameter that will help assess the status of women in different states can include, sex ratio, number girls completing secondary school, maternal mortality rate, crime against women and labour participation rate.

You Searched For "female labour participation rate in india" and got 12 results

Fewer jobs for better educated: India’s unemployment rate stands at 13.2% among the highly educated segment

BI India Bureau

More women are drawing salaries in India but the gender pay gap persists

Prerna Sindwani

India would be US$550 billion richer if it just increased its share of women in the labor force by 10%

Dilsher Dhillon

The number of employable Indian women has sharply risen in the last two years⁠— and it is nearly at par with men

Prerna Sindwani

India is way behind the US and China when it comes to women entrepreneurs

Prerna Sindwani

Women’s day in numbers: 9 grim reminders that Indian women are still a long way off from empowerment

BI India Bureau

Self-employed males earn 2.5 times more than females: Oxfam

PTI

Economic Survey suggests incentives, equal pay for female employees

IANS

A large section of women are vanishing from the workforce in India

BI India Bureau

India's urban unemployment rate dips to 7.6% in the April-June quarter

IANS

Goldman Sachs teams up with Indian School of Business to nurture women entrepreneurs

Prerna Sindwani

The Indian government is reportedly planning a 'gender equality' unit

Preeti Soni

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