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Houston's newest RV resort opened just as RV rentals and sales are skyrocketing due to pandemic travel — take a tour of the 10-acre property

Unprotected at the margins of the rental market

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A federal appeals court just ruled to revive a lawsuit from the Attorneys General of Maryland and the District of Columbia accusing <keyword id="3828720" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="President-Donald-Trump">President Donald Trump</keyword> of illegally profiting off of his Washington DC hotel. </li><li>In a 9-6 decision, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled against Trump in the suit, which accuses the president of violating the foreign <keyword id="9222967" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="emoluments-clause">emoluments clause</keyword> of the Constitution by soliciting business from foreign governments at his hotel.</li><li>Now, Trump's lawyers will have to go to the US Supreme Court to seek an appeal of Thursday's decision, but there is no guarantee the high court will hear the case. </li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul>A federal appeals court <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/14/appeals-court-green-lights-emoluments-suit-against-trump-257884">ruled on Thursday to revive a lawsuit</a> filed by the attorneys general of Maryland and the District of Columbia accusing President Donald Trump of illegally profiting off of his hotel in Washington DC. In a 9-6 decision, a full panel from the Fourth Circuit US Court of Appeals in Richmond, Virginia, ruled against Trump in allowing a lawsuit to proceed that accuses the president of violating the foreign and domestic emoluments clauses of the US constitution by soliciting business from foreign officials and nationals at the Trump International Hotel in Washington, DC. Thursday's en banc decision reverses a July 2019 decision from a three-judge panel on the Fourth Circuit that dismissed the suit on the grounds that the attorneys general did not have proper standing to sue. Now, Trump's lawyers will have to go to the US Supreme Court to overturn Thursday's decision from the entire Fourth Circuit allowing the suit to proceed to discovery."We disagree with the decision of the Fourth Circuit. This case is another example of Presidential harassment. We will be seeking review at the Supreme Court," Jay Sekulow, a personal attorney to Trump, said in a text message to Insider. While there is no guarantee that the Supreme Court would hear Trump's appeal, other federal courts have ruled differently on similar lawsuits accusing Trump of emoluments clauses violations, laying the groundwork for a significant conflict among circuits that the high court may want to address. In February of this year<a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/02/07/appeals-court-rejects-democrats-emoluments-suit-against-trump-111942">, the DC Circuit Court of Appeals moved to dismiss a similar lawsuit</a> from 200 Democratic members of Congress accusing foreign spending at Trump properties of violating the foreign emoluments clause, ruling that the plaintiffs did not have the standing to bring the suit. But in September 2019, a three-judge panel of the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York <a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/13/trump-foreign-corruption-lawsuit-1494571">revived a separate lawsuit</a> from watchdog group the Center for Ethics and Responsibility in Washington (CREW) and some hotel and restaurant industry groups also accusing Trump of violating the foreign emoluments clause, reversing a district court judge's previous dismissal of the suit. The Justice Department has appealed that decision to the entire 2nd Circuit but there hasn't been any substantive movement on the request.Even if the Supreme Court decided to take one or more emoluments cases it's unclear whether the issue would be fully resolved before the 2020 presidential election, especially considering that the DC and 2nd Circuits have been slower than the 4th Circuit to rule on the current emoluments-related lawsuits. A Trump loss in November could render the entire legal fight moot.The domestic emoluments clause, located within Article II of the US Constitution, says the president "shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States," which could encompass any federal funds spent at a Trump property, for example.And the "Nobility Clause" of the Constitution located in Article I, Section 9 decrees that "no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State."While most presidents divest from their businesses and assets upon taking office or put them in a blind trust to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest, Trump has not done so. He still is the owner of the company, while the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-emoluments-clause/2019/10/17/1c2f46dc-f10a-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html">trust of his assets</a> are managed by his sons Donald Jr. and Eric — both executive vice-presidents at the <keyword id="293550" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Trump-Organization">Trump Organization</keyword> — and Chief Financial Officer Allen Weisselberg. One complicating factor to resolving questions surrounding whether Trump is violating the emoluments clause is that it largely hasn't been tested in court, and there is <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-emoluments-clause/2019/10/17/1c2f46dc-f10a-11e9-bb7e-d2026ee0c199_story.html">little to no precedent in court</a> for a US president being sued over emoluments violations at all.Last fall, Trump sparked controversy for suggesting that the US host the 2020 G7 summit at a Trump Organization property, the struggling Doral golf resort in Miami, which would have required a number of foreign leaders and their staff to directly pay the Trump Organization. At the time, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-hosting-g7-miami-doral-could-violate-constitution-2019-10">a number of legal experts told Insider</a> that such a decision would almost certainly violate the foreign emoluments clause of the constitution, which Trump called "phony."Read the original article on <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-will-have-to-fight-emoluments-lawsuit-in-us-supreme-court-2020-5">Business Insider</a>

Trump will have to go to the Supreme Court to defeat a lawsuit accusing his DC hotel of violating the Constitution by taking payments from foreign governments

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>For the Trump family, spring break means hopping aboard Trump Force One and heading out to Aspen for a week of skiing.Trump's eldest -&#xa0;Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric - descended on the resort with their partners, children, and about 100 Secret Service agents this week, <a href="http://www.aspentimes.com/news/trump-kids-families-to-visit-aspen-this-weekend/">according to</a> the Aspen Times. The president, his wife, Melania, and the two youngest children in the Trump clan, Tiffany and Barron, did not attend.This Colorado ski resort has been a&#xa0;<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/worlds-best-hotels-for-celebrity-sightings-2017-2">playground for the rich and famous</a>&#xa0;for decades. With four surrounding ski areas, countless trendy restaurants, bars, and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mansion-rentals-in-aspen-2016-12/">mega-mansions</a>, it has hosted some of America's most elite crowd, including the Obamas, Jay Z and&#xa0;Beyoncé, and plenty of wealthy New Yorkers.<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/03/23/politics/trump-family-aspen-spring-break/">According to CNN</a>, the Trump family has a long history of vacationing in Aspen.&#xa0;Ivana Trump, the president's first wife and mother of his three eldest, was a competitive skier in the Czech Republic and often took the children skiing in Aspen. Donald Trump Jr. also lived there for a year, CNN reported.&#xa0;But this week's family vacation caused quite a stir."They're everywhere. There are so many of them," a&#xa0;New York mother vacationing at the time <a href="http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/trump-kids-spring-break-aspen">told Vanity Fair</a>. "Everyone is complaining. Everyone is annoyed."The sheer size of the Trump group and the tight security meant that getting a reservation at local restaurants was tough, and traffic was much worse than usual, Vanity Fair reported.Some residents staged an impromptu protest on the town's Main Street on Sunday morning to voice their opposition to Trump's proposed budget cuts, the&#xa0;<a href="http://www.denverpost.com/2017/03/21/trump-protest-aspen/">Denver Post</a>&#xa0;reported. Local county commissioners also took out a full-page ad in both the <a href="http://www.aspendailynews.com/">Aspen Daily News</a> and the <a href="http://www.aspentimes.com/">Aspen Times</a> to welcome the family to the area and urge them to enact climate-friendly policies.&#xa0;It is not clear yet how much of the trip was funded by taxpayer dollars, but according to the&#xa0;<a href="http://www.aspentimes.com/news/mysterious-aspen-ski-rental-contract-may-relate-to-trumps/">Aspen Times</a>, the US&#xa0;Secret Service signed a contract for more than $12,000 last week with a ski rental equipment and clothing company.

The eldest Trump kids headed to Aspen for spring break this week - and some wealthy locals were not pleased

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The recent police killings of <keyword id="9295731" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="george-floyd">George Floyd</keyword> and Rayshard Brooks and ensuing <keyword id="6354896" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="protests">protests</keyword> have focused a spotlight on the historically fraught relationship between Black communities and law enforcement.</li><li>Slave patrols morphed into police departments, and this painful history has translated into a persistent mentality that Black people are threatening or criminals, experts told Insider.</li><li>"Police misconduct can powerfully suppress one of the most basic forms of civic engagement: calling 911 for matters of personal and public safety," according to a study in the American Sociological Review.</li><li>Effective police reform and sustained changes rely on Black people having a say in the matter and an overhaul of the way the police are viewed and their departments are funded, experts said.</li></ul>The police killing of <a href="https://www.insider.com/category/george-floyd">George Floyd</a> in Minneapolis set off an American uprising against police violence and racism.It's been less than a month since a bystander filmed the police officer Derek Chauvin pressing his knee on Floyd's neck for several minutes while the 46-year-old gasped for breath and became unresponsive. The disturbing video triggered massive protests and a global cry for justice. It also prompted conversations about defunding and abolishing police agencies or, at the very least, banning certain deadly-force techniques.Less than two weeks later, <a href="https://insider.com/category/rayshard-brooks">Rayshard Brooks</a> was killed. He fell asleep in his car in a Wendy's drive-thru line, which led to a 911 call and then to a cordial 40-plus minute interaction with two Atlanta police officers. But when the officers tried to arrest Brooks, 27, on suspicion of drunken driving, he resisted, snatched one of their Tasers, fired it at them, and tried to flee. That's when one of the officers, Garrett Rolfe, fatally shot him. (Rolfe was fired over the incident and on Wednesday was charged with felony murder.)Floyd and Brooks were Black, and their untimely — and widely watched — deaths reignited conversations around a long-standing issue: police distrust in the Black community.This sentiment was captured in stark relief last week when Eliah Pierre-Louis noticed a police cruiser while he was shooting hoops in the driveway of his Connecticut home. <a href="https://www.insider.com/video-shows-black-child-shooting-hoops-driveway-hiding-police-car-2020-6">Home-security footage showed the 10-year-old hiding until the squad car passed</a>. Asked why he reacted that way, Eliah told his father, "Because they killed George Floyd."According to Delores Jones-Brown, a retired professor of law, police science, and criminal-justice administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, policing in the US goes back nearly 400 years and has its roots in slave patrols. That painful history has created rhetoric that she said rendered Black Americans "innately inferior" and "undeserving" of freedom and justice and had led to associations between them and criminality. And this isn't a mentality that spares the wealthy, she said, because "police see their Blackness first."<h2>'Don't call the police to this house unless somebody's dying'</h2>Jones-Brown called 911 during a dispute with a parking attendant in 2009 and was told by an officer, "I don't need you jumping over my shoulder while I'm talking to this guy." The assumption there, she said, was that Black women are aggressive and prone to becoming hysterical. Jones-Brown stepped away, per the police officer's order, but was so upset that she's able to recall the interaction verbatim more than a decade later.By contrast, she said, her husband of 29 years, a Black journalist from Philadelphia, has had such "negative experiences" with police officers over the years that he views dialing 911 as "a last resort." His motto is "Don't call the police to this house unless somebody's dying," Jones-Brown said.<div type="image" title="FILE - In this June 5, 2020, file photo, people hold signs as they listen to a speaker in front of city hall in downtown Kansas City, Mo., during a rally to protest the death of George Floyd who died after being restrained by Minneapolis police officers on May 25. In the wake of Floyd's death, state lawmakers around the country want to make it easier to hold police legally accountable for their actions. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel, File)" height="1751" width="3501" msid="76456999" hostid="261"></div>Black people often balk at calling the police because they feel threatened by the same officers who are expected to help them — and cases like that of Atatiana Jefferson reinforce that fear. James Smith, of Fort Worth, Texas, called the police in October 2019 after seeing the 28-year-old woman's front-door open. An officer shot through a window and killed her."I'm devastated," <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFqVYOAOIgE">Smith told WFAA</a>. "People say, 'Well, James it's not your fault' … but I made the call."Smith — or someone in Smith's position — will have a hard time calling the police again or will at least think long and hard before doing so, Jones-Brown said.Frank Jude was beaten by off-duty Milwaukee police officers in October 2004, and, as <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/police-violence-lowers-911-calls-in-black-neighborhoods/501908/">The Atlantic</a> reported, the attack was followed by a sharp decline in <keyword id="9148460" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="911-calls">911 calls</keyword>.Researchers with the <a href="https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/attach/journals/oct16asrfeature.pdf">American Sociological Review</a> screened 1.1 million 911 calls made to Milwaukee's emergency dispatchers between March 1, 2004 and December 31, 2010."We find that residents of Milwaukee's neighborhoods, especially residents of Black neighborhoods, were far less likely to report <keyword id="39494" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="Crime">crime</keyword> after Jude's beating was broadcast. The effect lasted for over a year and resulted in a total net loss of approximately 22,200 calls for service," the authors wrote.Fifty-six percent of that drop came from Black neighborhoods in the area, per the study."Police misconduct can powerfully suppress one of the most basic forms of civic engagement: calling 911 for matters of personal and public safety," the authors wrote.<h2>'A conscious decision to use race to heighten sensitivity to the issue'</h2>The police's relationship with Black communities has in some cases been "abusive" and in others, "violent and abusive," according to Shaun Gabbidon, a professor of criminal justice at Penn State Harrisburg.Black communities feel uncomfortable around the police because they don't know whether the encounter "is going to get out of hand," Gabbidon said, adding that officers "may actually heighten the issue as opposed to de-escalating the situation." This "negative perception" and pervasive lack of trust force some in the Black community to handle problems themselves.Added to that are the microaggressions and discrimination from community members who perpetuate the idea that Black people are a threat. The burgeoning trend strains racial relationships and also has policing implications, Gabbidon said.The video of a white woman named Amy Cooper siccing the New York City police on a man named Christian Cooper in Central Park — in which she highlighted his race multiple times — revealed to Gabbidon, also a Black man, that "she understands the connection when you say it's a Black person — not just any person — who's doing something."He continued: "It's a conscious decision to use race to heighten sensitivity to the issue and, in some ways, make it seem more ominous."Relations with Black Americans will remain "very fractured and very distrustful" unless this inflection point brings about necessary changes, he said.Every jurisdiction will need to choose its own path, but Gabbidon said he's in favor of defunding police forces and redistributing those funds to other critical social services.Jones-Brown echoed her support of redirecting money from police departments and prisons to schools, housing, and recreational facilities that would "reduce the need for enforced contact of the police." "This is the time to shift some of the money, the billions of dollars that's been spent on policing to control and contain people to whom we haven't made food available, we haven't made decent housing available, and we haven't made good educational systems available," she said.<h2><div type="image" title="Six-year-old Blue Scott, of Florissant, Mo.,assumes a prone position on Sunday, June 7, 2020, as he participates with about 100 protesters in a die-in in the middle of Lindbergh Boulevard in front of the Florissant Police Station in Florissant, Mo. A suburban St. Louis police detective has been suspended after a video appears to show him hitting a man with a police SUV and then hitting the suspect at least twice while arresting him. Florissant Police Chief Tim Fagan has asked St. Louis County police and the FBI to investigate. (Christian Gooden/St. Louis Post-Dispatch via AP)" height="3202" width="4637" msid="76457007" hostid="261"></div>'Are police departments fighting a war? Are civilians the enemy?'</h2>Abolishing the police — as some are advocating — would leave people in the lurch if somebody were to commit a serious crime, but, Gabbidon said, "I do think that we can change the nature or maybe change the way we think about the police.""There are police departments that are paramilitary," he added. "Why is that? Are police departments fighting a war? Are civilians the enemy?"Also, meaningful change will depend on the way reforms are implemented, Gabbidon said, and hinge on Black people having a seat at the table."Black voices need to be heard in this particular moment," he said. "And I think that's the only way that they'll be comfortable with what happens going forward and be open to improving relationships with the police."Gabbidon complimented state and local leaders for plans to be more transparent about misconduct in law enforcement."But that doesn't necessarily change the long-term relationship between the police and the community," he said. "That long-term relationship is going to be determined with a conversation ... about what the police should be doing in communities. What is their central role?"Jones-Brown agreed, saying that "warrior training" made it so officers "rule the streets.""Police were supposed to be public servants and they were supposed to be our friendly neighborhood officers. But when we turned them into warriors, we actually pitted them against the public," she said. "The police have to be retrained to get them out of warrior-mode where they are acting like occupied armies."Fear is the biggest issue in policing today, but it goes both ways, according to Jones-Brown.Brooks in Atlanta snatched an officer's Taser and ran away. Eric Garner, whose 2014 death in New York City was similar to Floyd's last month, had told police officers: "Every time you see me, you want to mess with me. I'm tired of it. It stops today." He was wrestled to the ground in a chokehold by a police officer, and, like Floyd, said, "I can't breathe" until he lost consciousness and died."There's going to be a lot more of those incidents because now we've got a dual fear," Jones-Brown said. "The police are fearful, the community is fearful. We're going to have to work really hard to try to diminish the fear on both sides."She suggested focusing on relational and humanistic models of policing."We have to take steps toward community wellness because the police have not made the communities well," Jones-Brown said. "They've made them afraid. They've made them die."Expanded Coverage Module: black-lives-matter-module

The deaths of George Floyd and Rayshard Brooks have soured the already strained relationship between Black people and the police

<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image">APKatharine Newton, a student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, calls her parents while walking more than two miles from campus to her parents' home during a snow storm.</div></div>
North Carolina got hit with a bad storm this week that has paralyzed travel in the state and left thousands without power.
Hundreds of people <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/snow-is-paralyzing-north-carolina-2014-2">have resorted to abandoning their cars on the roads</a>. The scene looks similar to Atlanta last month, where an unusual storm halted traffic and forced drivers to spend the night in stores and schools.
The snow is expected to continue Thursday, <a href="http://www.wral.com/thursday-brings-another-shot-of-snow-school-closings/13386273/">according to</a> WRAL. Parts of North Carolina have seen ice accumulations of a quarter-inch.
Hundreds of schools, daycares, churches, businesses, and government buildings <a href="http://www.wral.com/weather/closings/">are closed Thursday</a>.
Check out some of the photos:
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
Quite possibly the craziest snow photo I've ever seen, today in Raleigh NC: <a href="http://t.co/YTDIRTidb3">http://t.co/YTDIRTidb3</a> <a href="http://t.co/kNjM9FEwJL">pic.twitter.com/kNjM9FEwJL</a>
- Eric Holthaus (@EricHolthaus) <a href="https://twitter.com/EricHolthaus/statuses/433753520760561664">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
<a href="https://twitter.com/WRAL">@WRAL</a> on capital just south of wake forest <a href="http://t.co/Zwgts3baOx">pic.twitter.com/Zwgts3baOx</a>
- Danny White™ (@cf2ncdan) <a href="https://twitter.com/cf2ncdan/statuses/433718237885640705">February 12, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
Snowy gridlock at Wade Ave and Edwards Mill. Live coverage <a href="https://twitter.com/WRAL">@WRAL</a>. <a href="http://t.co/SYytYTSjN0">pic.twitter.com/SYytYTSjN0</a>
- WRAL NEWS in NC (@WRAL) <a href="https://twitter.com/WRAL/statuses/433680224144719872">February 12, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
Does this scene look familiar? How long were you on the road today? <a href="http://t.co/34evSsP2ig">pic.twitter.com/34evSsP2ig</a>
- WRAL NEWS in NC (@WRAL) <a href="https://twitter.com/WRAL/statuses/433822988249481216">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
Wake EMS checks if anyone is inside car, then marks it with police tape on Glenwood Ave <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23wral&amp;src=hash">#wral</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23staysafe&amp;src=hash">#staysafe</a> <a href="http://t.co/WwQ22q73u4">pic.twitter.com/WwQ22q73u4</a>
- Leyla Santiago (@leylasantiago) <a href="https://twitter.com/leylasantiago/statuses/433935051324403712">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
This is why there are so many worries about power outages in the <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23triangle&amp;src=hash">#triangle</a> <a href="http://t.co/gJ1fP91Rv6">pic.twitter.com/gJ1fP91Rv6</a>
- Tara Lynn (@TLynnNews) <a href="https://twitter.com/TLynnNews/statuses/433945177288609792">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
What to do if you had to abandon your car: <a href="http://t.co/mYCvinRdu6">http://t.co/mYCvinRdu6</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Raleigh&amp;src=hash">#Raleigh</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23ncwx&amp;src=hash">#ncwx</a> <a href="http://t.co/8Z5rpv3vij">pic.twitter.com/8Z5rpv3vij</a>
- WNCN (@WNCN) <a href="https://twitter.com/WNCN/statuses/433947633942409216">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
While <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23Phoenix&amp;src=hash">#Phoenix</a> is expected to hit 85-degrees Thursday.The Charlotte Observer shared their Wednesday from Durham,NC. <a href="http://t.co/Jq0gJx5Y8i">pic.twitter.com/Jq0gJx5Y8i</a>
- Michael Meister (@photomeisterAZR) <a href="https://twitter.com/photomeisterAZR/statuses/433763328930746369">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
Police work to assist motorists as they attempt to drive up a hill in Charlotte, North Carolina. Via <a href="https://twitter.com/Reuters">@Reuters</a> <a href="http://t.co/zg2BIEULYn">pic.twitter.com/zg2BIEULYn</a>
- PzFeed Top News (@PzFeed) <a href="https://twitter.com/PzFeed/statuses/433775175025577984">February 13, 2014</a></blockquote>

10 Photos Of North Carolina Crippled by Snow

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image">ReutersPolice line up shortly after the deadline for a city-wide curfew at North Ave and Pennsylvania Ave in Baltimore, Maryland April 30, 2015.</div></div></div>Calls to reform police departments have echoed across the country with renewed energy in recent years, as cities from New York and Chicago to Baltimore and Milwaukee face increasing pressure to police less aggressively while still keeping a lid on crime rates."Broken Windows," the policing strategy which emphasizes pursuing smaller crimes as a means preventing more serious or violent ones, has received much of the blame for instances of police-related killings and racial profiling, and has largely fallen out of favor among the public and lawmakers alike.But although criminal justice experts remain divided on whether the theory is actually an effective crime prevention strategy, they say it's unlikely that "Broken Windows" is on its way out.In the face of renewed criticism, politicians and police departments appear to be shying away rhetorically from the theory, but it's unclear whether reforms within the departments reflect any significant strategic shift. During a press conference earlier in August announcing New York Police Department commissioner <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/reports-nypd-commissioner-bill-bratton-resigns-2016-8">Bill Bratton's resignation</a>, his successor James O'Neill and Mayor Bill de Blasio touted a strategy termed "neighborhood policing," and called for officers to spend less time in their cruisers and more time interacting with the communities they patrol.That definition doesn't differ much from the "Broken Windows" approach, according to Peter Moskos, a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and former police officer in Baltimore. "Broken Windows" policing has always demanded a high amount of community interaction as it targets neighborhood disorder. But to predominantly African-American neighborhoods already wary of police officers, the rhetorical shift may help reassure residents who fear aggressive police tactics."My guess is that because [O'Neill is] a Bratton protegé, I'm assuming he basically believes what Bratton does in terms of policing. If that's true, he is going to use 'neighborhood policing' as his justification to keep doing 'Broken Windows' - by that name or a different name," Moskos told Business Insider."To some extent those optics are important."<h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Associated Press/Mary AltafferNew York City Police Commissioner William Bratton is joined by Mayor Bill de Blasio during a news conference, Tuesday, Aug. 2, 2016, in New York's City Hall.</div></div></div></h3><h2>Where did "Broken Windows" go astray</h2>"Broken Windows" was first introduced in a <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/">1982 Atlantic essay</a> by George Kelling and James Q. Wilson. In the essay, Kelling and Wilson call for police to focus on quality-of-life violations and "order maintenance." They post that preventing order-based crimes such as vandalism or public drinking prevents more serious or violent crimes from occurring by projecting an atmosphere of <keyword id="6355470" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Law">law</keyword> and order.Kelling has since argued that his theory has been misunderstood by many of the police departments that implemented it."Broken windows was never intended to be a high-arrest program," he wrote last summer in <a href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/broken-windows-theory-poor-policing-ferguson-kelling-121268">Politico Magazine</a>. "The goal is to reduce the level of disorder in public spaces so that citizens feel safe, are able to use them, and businesses thrive. Arrest of an offender is supposed to be a last resort - not the first."Instead, "Broken Windows" became the justification for "<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/29/opinion/sunday/the-cost-of-zero-tolerance.html">zero tolerance</a>" policing for <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ap-justice-dept-report-critical-of-zero-tolerance-policing-2016-8">many major cities</a> beginning in the 1990s. "Zero tolerance" is the tough-on-crime approach that equates success with arrests. New York, Chicago and other cities' practice of "Stop and Frisk" is frequently associated with "Broken Windows" policing as well. "Broken Windows" was never intended by Kelling and Wilson to result in arrests at every minor infraction, Robert Worden, an associate professor of criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany told Business Insider. For better or worse, that is what "Broken Windows" has come to mean for many police reform advocates and the public. <h3>A perfect storm for police violence</h3>It's questionable whether "Broken Windows" is relevant to the ongoing national debate about police violence.Some criminal justice experts argue that eliminating the theory will do little to lessen the propensity of officer-related violence when lawmakers continue to fall back on policing, rather than political reform, to tackle crime. Alex Vitale, a Brooklyn College sociologist and "Broken Windows" critic, said he has observed few substantial changes in American policing, despite two years of near-constant protests, criticism, and media scrutiny following the widely reported deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri and Eric Garner in New York in the summer of 2014. Even after the prolonged public outcry and a rhetorical shift from public officials away from "Broken Windows" policing, "egregious" police killings still regularly appear in news cycles, unlawful arrests continue to occur, and overall incarceration rates haven't dropped in any meaningful way, Vitale told Business Insider.Indeed, <a href="http://gothamist.com/2016/08/09/nyc_war_on_weed.php">marijuana arrests</a> in New York City have jumped by a third since last year, according to data published in July by the Police Reform Organizing Project, a police watchdog group. This despite widespread criticism of prosecuting those offenses, even from Brooklyn's District Attorney Ken Thompson. Low-level marijuana arrest are a perfect recipe for instances of police violence, according to Vitale. A person being arrested for a such an offense in the city is highly likely to resent the police officer making the arrest. Should he or she resist, the officer will resort to force - a situation that would be entirely possible to avoid if lawmakers relaxed marijuana laws."Elected leaders have taken more and more social problems and turned them into police problems. The students don't work? Let's not hire more counselors or fund more disciplinary programs, let's just flood the schools with cops. Methamphetamine use is on the increase? Let's not open more drug treatment, let's just massively expand anti-drug policing," he said"Then when the cops have interactions with these people, people resent it. And they resist sometimes. And those encounters escalate."<h3>'Asking too much of police'</h3><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Thomson ReutersNew York City Police officers (NYPD) stand outside a door to the New York Stock Exchange in New York's financial district</div></div></div>At issue in most communities that use "Broken Windows" policing is the amount of discretion it provides officers.Kelling and Wilson's theory admits there's no "wholly satisfactory answer" to the question of racial profiling and excessive use of force. The best that can be hoped for is that "by their selection, training, and supervision, the police will be inculcated with a clear sense of the outer limit of their discretionary authority."Minor misbehavior incidents nearly always deserve education, reminders, or warnings instead of arrests, the University of Michigan's David Thacher argued last year in a <a href="https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/09/09/don-t-end-broken-windows-policing-fix-it#.JS2iAtgR3">Marshall Project op-ed</a> titled "Don't End Broken Windows Policing, Fix It.""Even in the face of defiance they call for modest sanctions and restraints - citations, court summons and perhaps temporary detention of an unruly drunk on the street rather than a trip to the jail in a patrol car and a permanent misdemeanor record," Thacher wrote.But while criminal justice experts maintain the distinction, officers may not always know where the line is drawn."It is challenging to exercise that discretion in the right way. Officers that are very good at that, who have extremely good judgment, practice 'Broken Windows' policing effectively. Officers whose judgment is less well-developed or who work less at it make a hash of it," Worden said. "["Broken Windows"] is a fundamentally sound concept, but it can be challenging to implement properly," he added.Not that police departments haven't tried - programs such as <a href="http://www.mprnews.org/story/2016/08/08/minneapolis-police-make-changes-aimed-at-defusing-conflicts">de-escalation</a>, <a href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/crime/seattle-police-have-embraced-crisis-intervention-training-report-says/">crisis intervention</a>, and <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/10/a-look-inside-the-training-the-white-house-thinks-could-stop-the-police-shootingprotestdamning-doj-report-cycle/">implicit bias training</a> are being experimented with around the country. But Vitale said those efforts are futile when officers are still instructed to uphold two priorities that seem fundamentally at odds: combat crime aggressively and reduce use of force.Hinging the success of the country's leading crime-prevention theory to the judgment calls of individual officers is simply asking too much of police, he said."How do you train the police to simultaneously be ready to shoot at any time of a threat, and also to hold off shooting?" he said. "We have to quit expecting policing to be the solution to all of our problems." <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-twitter-morning-joe-scarborough-hosts-mika-brzezinski-2016-8">Trump strikes back after 'Morning Joe' host says he sounded like 'he's had a lot to drink'</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="p2NTJoNTE6szdj6gXaZRauws5brrQbEB" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

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