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Earth Day is celebrating its 50th anniversary today. Each year, on April 22, Earth Day is celebrated as the largest <a href="https://www.earthday.org/about/the-history-of-earth-day/">secular</a> observance in the world where <keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="climate-change">climate change</keyword>, plastic pollution, endangered species are a part of an environmental movement worldwide. Since the 1970’s, when the movement emerged, it has transformed from an anti-war campaign to a voice focused on global warming and clean energy. <div type="twitter" handle="NASA" handlename="NASA" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1091070803184177153/TI2qItoi_normal.jpg" favoritecount="2554" retweetcount="888" status="The outlet glacier of Vavilov Ice Cap has gone from sliding 20 meters per year to 20 meters per day. What triggered… https://t.co/tla19m0hJf" createdat="1555876086000" id="1120051602444959745"></div>

 The concerns of global warming and its effects are more pertinent now than ever before. Pictures from space agencies around the world like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities (Roscosmos), and the China National Space Administration highlight just how fragile the Earth can be.

On Earth Day, these images from space portray the planet’s fragility and beauty

<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-planet"></a><div type="image" title="Insider One Planet Banner" height="150" width="1200" msid="99694551" hostid="261" sizebytes="5678"></div>The clean-transportation revolution won't arrive by way of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/virgin-hyperloop-layoffs-passenger-travel-cargo-transport-2022-2">futuristic hyperloops</a>, driverless taxi pods, or <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/american-airlines-flying-taxis-vx4-evtol-2022-7">drones the size of minivans</a> — not anytime soon, at least.And while electric cars get all the hype, a game-changing solution to getting around without warming the planet has flourished right under our noses. Electric bicycles of all shapes and sizes have whirred and zipped their way into the mainstream in recent years as the pandemic has supercharged an e-biking boom that was already well underway. And that's a great thing, because while replacing gas-burning cars with electric ones is key to heading off global warming, <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=ca8bcadc82c3e1855682c1fbf219e7146fc3fe16ad4f06de2f2e06a6c966b24b&amp;postID=64381f57aa8499323b6b8329&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41558-020-00921-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research</a> <a href="https://rmi.org/how-to-move-america-to-electric-vehicles/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">has found</a> Americans also need to drive less altogether to avoid climate catastrophe.<h2>The Earth-saving potential of e-bikes</h2>Transportation is the single biggest contributor to <a href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#transportation" target="_blank" rel="noopener">US greenhouse-gas emissions</a>. And light-duty vehicles (cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs, not semis and airplanes) make up the largest chunk of that. Gains in vehicle efficiency are being <a href="https://jalopnik.com/large-trucks-suvs-erasing-u-s-fuel-economy-gains-1849888478" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dragged down by rising sales of large SUVs and trucks</a>, while practically no progress has been made in reducing the number of miles people drive, Carter Rubin, a transportation lead at the Natural Resources Defense Council, told Insider. All that makes enticing people to step out of the driver's seat and onto a bike, bus, or sidewalk increasingly important for meeting climate goals."Cleaner cars are an important solution, but we can't just focus on cars," Katherine García, the director of the Clean Transportation for All Campaign at the Sierra Club, told Insider. "We need to make sure we are putting programs in place that really encourage people to take alternatives."<div type="image" title="The Aventon Aventure.2" height="1668" width="2500" msid="99694552" hostid="261" sizebytes="542282"></div>E-bikes have loads of potential to pry Americans away from their beloved automobiles, advocates told Insider, especially since short trips could easily be made on two wheels instead. According to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics, <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/fotw-1230-march-21-2022-more-half-all-daily-trips-were-less-three-miles-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">more than half of all trips in the US are under 3 miles</a>.A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920921000687?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Oxford study</a> found that swapping a car for a bike just once a day slashed an individual's transportation emissions by a whopping 67%. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920920306696?via%3Dihub">Another study</a> found choosing an e-bike for 15% of one's miles traveled cut their transportation emissions by 12%.Fast, fun, and convenient, e-bikes are already helping people make that kind of shift in their daily lives. Victor Silva, a product manager in the suburbs of Washington, DC, bought a RadRunner Plus from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rad-power-bikes-radmission-1-review-best-affordable-e-bikes-2021-1">Rad Power Bikes</a> for $1,900 in the summer after realizing most of his car trips were only a few miles. Now he's hooked. He recently bought another e-bike and is looking to sell his and his wife's second car since it barely gets any use. He said he wasn't going to miss the insurance payments or traffic jams. "I'm trading an activity that I absolutely hate doing, which is getting stuck in traffic, with something that I actually like doing, which is getting some exercise and riding my bike," he told Insider. <div type="image" title="Two people seen riding Aventon e-bikes." height="1667" width="2500" msid="99694554" hostid="261" sizebytes="465600"></div>After Wesley Cook and his wife sold their second car last year, they test-rode a pair of e-bikes from a local, Atlanta-based company called Edison Bicycles and never looked back. While they had never biked much before, they've slowly replaced daily errands like getting groceries or taking their son to school with e-bike rides.Cook, a software engineer, just made an addition to the couple's fleet — a cargo bike from Urban Arrow that has plenty of room for their son and their baby who's arriving later this year.<h2>The e-bike advantage</h2>The power of e-bikes to alter peoples' habits and help save the planet is simple and maybe a little obvious. But it's important and worth spelling out nonetheless: By making biking easier, e-bikes encourage people to ride more. A little electrical assistance goes a long way toward helping people overcome the obstacles keeping them from biking, whether that's steep hills, a lengthy commute, physical limitations, or the mortifying thought of showing up somewhere with pit stains, John MacArthur, a professor at Portland State University who researches sustainable transportation, told Insider."A lot of those barriers can be broken down by putting a motor on a bike," he said.National surveys he's conducted have indicated that e-bikes motivate people to ride farther and more often — plus they broaden interest in cycling beyond the stereotypical spandex-clad white man.Lyft, which operates bike-sharing systems across the US, has noticed similar trends. It's seen ridership boom by more than 50% since 2020 and attributes much of that growth to e-bikes. In 2021, e-bikes made up just 20% of Lyft's New York City fleet but 40% of total rides and nearly two-thirds of journeys between boroughs, which typically involve a steep climb over a bridge. <div type="image" title="New form factors, including cargo models like the Tern GSD, have helped fuel e-bike demand." height="2001" width="3000" msid="99694555" hostid="261" sizebytes="685982"></div>As many people who have ridden an e-bike will tell you, they're just plain fun — and they can often get you places faster and with less hassle than a car or bus. They're that rare thing in life that's both good and good for you."They're kind of a rocket fuel for regular biking," Rubin, a daily e-biker, told Insider. Electric cars are important, too, but they're expensive and far off for a lot of drivers, MacArthur said. Just consider someone who recently bought a gas car and doesn't plan on trading it in for a decade. E-bikes, on the other hand, are an option that's right here, right now. <h2>The most popular electric vehicles in the US don't have a Tesla logo</h2>While electric cars get all the attention, e-bikes have for years been the best-selling electric vehicles in the US.Last year, Americans bought just over 800,000 electric cars, according to Kelley Blue Book, a record. E-bike imports (a good proxy for sales since most e-bikes aren't made in the US) numbered around 1.1 million, surging from 880,000 in 2021 and 437,000 the year before, according to an e-bike-industry trade group. In dollar terms, e-bike retail sales nearly quadrupled in the past four years, rising from $240.1 million in 2019 to $885.5 million in 2022, the market-research firm Circana estimates. While sales of leg-powered bicycles slumped 16% last year, e-bike sales jumped by $100 million.Ed Benjamin, the Light Electric Vehicle Association's chair, chalks up the trend to growing awareness among consumers and more interest and know-how among bike sellers. The pandemic, which made people wary of close-quarters public transit, boosted e-bike fandom to new heights, he said. And sales show no sign of slowing down. In China and some parts of Europe, one out of every two bikes sold has a motor, Benjamin said, which indicates there's plenty of room for growth in the US. Improving tech and new form factors for different types of shoppers have fueled public appetite, too, MacArthur of Portland State said. Now buyers can choose from a wide variety of regular-looking bikes, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-folding-electric-bike-ebike-gocycle-commuting-2021-8">folding bikes</a>, tricycles, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/super73-s1-review-electric-e-bike-post-lockdown-commuting-cycling-2020-7">fat-tire mopeds</a>, and even <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/18/23645151/cargo-ebike-electric-golden-age-prices-utility-dtc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cargo bikes, which have extra room for groceries and seats for children</a>.<div type="image" title="A red Gocycle G4i+ electric folding bike on grass, with water and blue skies in the background." height="2848" width="4201" msid="99694556" hostid="261" sizebytes="656330"></div>The demand explosion has meant boom times for e-bike makers who played their cards right, like California's Aventon, which got its start in 2013 selling (nonelectric) fixed-gear bikes.Seeing the potential in e-bikes, the young firm went all in on the technology in 2020, at what turned out to be a very opportune time. Since then, it's expanded its lineup to seven models and multiplied its revenues by a factor of 42, Aventon's chief marketing officer, Adele Nasr, told Insider. One key driver of the success, Nasr said: Customers are increasingly seeing e-bikes as legitimate tools for replacing car trips, rather than just toys for recreation."They're starting to think about them differently, starting to imagine use cases that are so much more evolved than they were even three years ago, which is incredible," Nasr said. <h2>Congress could give the e-bike boom another jolt</h2>While the federal government has committed <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/15/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-standards-and-major-progress-for-a-made-in-america-national-network-of-electric-vehicle-chargers/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">billions of dollars to public EV charging</a> and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/federal-state-electric-car-vehicle-tax-credits-rebates-qualify-2023-1">$7,500 tax refunds</a> to buyers of Teslas and electric Ford F-150s, it's largely left e-bikes out in the cold.That's a big mistake, said Noa Banayan, the director of federal affairs at PeopleForBikes, an advocacy group that represents the bike industry. Since e-bikes are much cheaper than electric cars, "you can get them into the hands of consumers faster," she said.But times are changing. In March, a group of congresspeople reintroduced the <a href="https://panetta.house.gov/media/press-releases/reps-panetta-blumenauer-thompson-and-schiff-reintroduce-e-bike-act" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Electric Bicycle Incentive Kickstart for the Environment (E-BIKE) Act</a>, which <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lawmakers-want-give-you-1500-buy-an-electric-bike-2023-3">proposes a 30% discount (up to $1,500) for the purchase of a new e-bike</a>. The law could not only make e-bikes more accessible to more Americans, Rubin of the Natural Resources Defense Council said, but also send a powerful message to state and local governments to get serious about safer cycling infrastructure such as protected bike lanes.Unlike when it was first introduced (then scrapped) in 2021, the bill now has support from major environmental groups, including the Sierra Club and Environment America."Now they're realizing that electric bicycles and active transportation, and micromobility more broadly, should be a part of their larger transportation and climate agendas," Banayan said. "That's really exciting."This article is part of "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/the-great-transition" rel="">The Great Transition</a>," a series covering the big changes across industries that are leading to a more sustainable future. For more climate-action news, visit Insider's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/one-planet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">One Planet</a> hub.

The incredible, Earth-saving electric bike is having a moment

When I asked Frank Martela what makes him happy, he held out his phone and showed me a photo of a row of brightly colored children's bikes."I was taking my youngest kid to preschool when I saw all these tiny bicycles — hundreds of them parked outside," he said. Some of the kids, who are as young as 7, travel to and from school by themselves and go out to play alone too.Martela, a philosopher and researcher at Aalto University in Espoo, 12 miles from Finland's capital Helsinki, treasures the freedom his three children have there."Young children can move on their own," he said. "It's something that Finnish people might not think about if they've never been outside the country. They just take it for granted."Finland's high levels of social trust could be one reason the country has been ranked as the world's happiest for six years in a row. As the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-happiest-countries-in-the-world-finland-denmark-ranked-2023-3#10-new-zealand-1">World Happiness Report</a>, which does the ranking, notes, most Finns expect their wallet to be returned to them if they lose it.<div type="image" title="Row of children's cycles in Helsinki" height="2274" width="3024" msid="100906073" hostid="261"></div>"In Helsinki it is completely normal to leave the baby outside, obviously with a baby monitor and if possible by the window, so you can see the stroller while shopping or having coffee," said Jennifer De Paola, a social psychologist and an expert on Finnish happiness who moved to Finland when she was 25. (When I interviewed her in a cafe in Helsinki, De Paola's seven month old was napping at her side.) The country is also known for its focus on work-life balance. That point is underscored when I go to meet Heli Jimenez, of Visit Finland, at a Helsinki office block shortly after 5 p.m. Apart from us, the place is almost completely empty as workers have left for the day. Jimenez told me that Finns are surprised that people in other countries don't have "simple skills," like how to build a fire out in nature. So Finns have liberated children, trust their neighbors, commune with nature, and leave work on time.But ask them what they think of the happiness report and you'll get a surprising answer. "We're always surprised that we are still the first," Meri Larivaara, a mental health advocate, told me in yet another Helsinki coffee shop. "Every year there is a debate like 'How is this possible?'"In fact, locals I spoke to were exasperated by the survey and even annoyed by global perception of them as happy. Mentions of the report prompts eye-rolls and sighs."We don't agree with it, it's just not real for us," an interior designer told me, without giving me a name.A better word to describe Finns would be "content," Jimenez said. "Because we are satisfied with our lives."<h2>A different question</h2>Part of the problem is with the survey itself, which is published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network and written by a team of independent experts.The rankings data is taken from the Gallup World Poll, a worldwide survey that asks people to rate their lives on an imagined ladder measuring the best and worst possible life for them. Respondents score their own lives on a 0 to 10 scale."The question that they asked the participants is how satisfied you are with your life at the moment. So there is no mention of happiness," said De Paola."Happiness has more to do with emotions and the way the emotions are communicated," she said, pointing to research in which she had studied word associations on social media. "So smiling, being cheerful, being joyful, are more linked to happiness than the concept of life satisfaction."It's just sexier to call it the World Happiness Report rather than calling it the life satisfaction report."Finns don't view themselves as exceptionally happy people. In fact, the country can be <a href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20017498" target="_blank" rel="noopener">quite pessimistic</a>.Finnish people are "not so good at creating an atmosphere of optimism," said Larivaara, the mental health advocate. But she's quick to add that pessimism and contentment can exist simultaneously. <div type="image" title="A busy street in Helsinki, Finland" height="2799" width="3733" msid="100906076" hostid="261"></div>Finnish people are often stereotyped as introverted and keeping to themselves. Finns mind their own business, my Finnish grandmother tells me.During the summer, those with the means might retreat to private summer cottages in the countryside for weeks at a time. Yes, the climate is punishing. The country's winters are cold and abnormally dark, especially in the north, where there is almost continual darkness in the winter. But it's also true that Finns are very content with what they have. "They call us up and just ask if we like our lives. We just say there's nothing wrong right now, maybe call back tomorrow," one local said of the survey. <h2>A safety net</h2>Maybe it's not so much that Finns are happy, but that they don't have some of the intense fears that you might find in other places. Finland's government sponsors one of the most robust welfare systems in the world. In 2021, the Nordic country spent <a href="https://www.oecd.org/gov/gov-at-a-glance-2021-finland.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">24% of its GDP on social protection</a> — the highest of any other OECD country that year. Taxes are high in the country, but residents get a lot in return.Healthcare and education are free for all residents — all the way through to the Ph.D. level. The country also pays for a proportion of families' childcare costs and <a href="https://vacationtracker.io/leave-laws/europa/finland/#:~:text=Vacation%2FAnnual%20Paid%20Leave,the%20duration%20of%20the%20holiday." target="_blank" rel="noopener">workers are entitled</a> to four weeks of summer holiday and one week of winter holiday on top of the country's 13 national holidays.Finns are socialized and taught from a young age not to settle for poor working conditions, De Paola said: "Proper pay, proper breaks, proper working hours, and to have a job that matches their abilities — these are all things that every Finnish person expects."<div type="image" title="People are seen seated in chairs at an outdoor cafe." height="2333" width="3500" msid="100906077" hostid="261"></div>For example, if you lose your job in Finland, the state will help out until you find a new one. "You don't have to care so much about money as in somewhere like the US," Martela said. "If I lose my job, that doesn't affect my kids' education or my wife's healthcare or anything like that."Finns generally are also less dramatic in their aspirations when it comes to things like wealth and generally share an "attainable" idea of what it means to be content with your life."I wouldn't say that they don't dream big, but they dream attainable," De Paola said.<h2>'We have problems as well'</h2>As fun as such ratings can be to share and debate, they of course obscure the challenges experienced in any country, even Finland. "People forget that other countries have social problems as well. It's hard to find a country where we wouldn't have these issues," Larivaara said.Larivaara points to a mental health crisis that is hitting teenagers particularly hard.As in many countries, Finland has seen a rise in mental health problems in adolescents during the pandemic. In the spring of 2021, satisfaction with life had decreased among teenagers, while anxiety, depression, and feelings of loneliness increased in comparison to 2019, according to <a href="https://capmh.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13034-023-00591-1#ref-CR56" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a study in the journal Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health</a>, which cited Finnish research, in April.Overall, mental health complaints from Finnish adolescents had been increasing in the last two decades, per the report. Finland also has an aging population. According to the Population Reference Bureau, <a href="https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-populations-in-the-world/#:~:text=Asia%20and%20Europe%20are%20home,at%20just%20under%2022%20percent." target="_blank" rel="noopener">21.9% of Finland's population is 65</a> and over. The country has the third largest percentage of older people in the world, coming in just behind Japan and Italy.And of course there is wealth division. Two girls told me only the wealthy people in the city are "happy" as they can afford to do things like retreat to "summer cottages" in the countryside for the long summer vacations. <div type="image" title="Jennifer DePaola with her husband and child" height="1053" width="1170" msid="100906079" hostid="261"></div><h2>'Things were not set in stone'</h2>Speaking for herself, De Paola said she had felt an uplift in her life satisfaction since moving to Finland from Italy, where she grew up. She most valued feeling that in Finland she could pause and change the course of her life, thanks to the country's relaxed approach to "milestones." People take periodic career breaks and return to universities at all ages after working. "Things were not set in stone here," she said.After training to be a clinical psychologist in Italy, "the natural path would have been to go to psychotherapy school and become a psychotherapist." "But here I just took a pause and did odd jobs for some years to figure out what I wanted to do," said De Paola, who's now pursuing a Ph.D. There have also been some surprises. When De Paola's Finnish partner took her to a "summer cottage" — known as mökki — for the first time, she noticed many of the cottages didn't have electricity, and others don't even have running water. Finns enjoy bathing in lakes instead. "That's something strange that makes Finnish people happy," she said.

Finland is consistently ranked the happiest country on earth. For Finns, it's an eye-roller.

<ul><li>Earlier today, India’s Prime Minister — Narendra Modi — issued a statement reiterating India’s commitment towards the welfare of the planet observing <keyword id="6453991" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Earth-Day">Earth Day</keyword>. </li><li>While global warming in India remains within the two degree Celsius mark as per the Copenhagen agreement, it’s beyond the 1.5 degree Celsius limit set by the <keyword id="3087299" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Paris-agreement">Paris Agreement</keyword>. </li><li>Between 1998 and 2017, India saw $79.5 billion (₹5.5 trillion) in economic losses due to climate change according to the United Nations. </li></ul>On Earth Day in 2016, India — along with 173 other countries — signed the Paris Agreement at the United Nations Climate Change Conference with a promise to limit the global warming temperature increase, at most, to 1.5 degrees Celsius. And, as India’s Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, <a href="http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1570941">issued</a> his statement for Earth Day, it was hard not to notice that India’s already reached the two degrees Celsius mark. <div type="ExtQuote" text="Today on Earth Day, we bow in reverence to Mother Earth. For years, this great planet has been home to phenomenal diversity. Today we also reiterate our commitment to work towards the well-being of our planet, focus on sustainable development and mitigating climate change." auname="Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi’s, message on Earth Day"></div>

 Reaching the two degree mark isn’t the worst news since it’s still compatible with the 2009 Copenhagen goal. In fact, most countries are worse off having hit a three, four and, in some cases, even a five degrees Celsius increase in temperatures since the industrial era. <div type="image" title="climateactiontracker" msid="68998103" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;India is better off than most countries around the world with respect to its pledges and targets as per the climate change&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>

 In April last year, India and at least 170 other countries reiterated their commitment towards climate change in London by signing an <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/shipping-industry-joins-effort-to-tackle-climate-change/articleshow/63779431.cms?from=mdr">agreement</a> that states that stakeholders must reduce carbon dioxide emissions by at least 50% from shipping by 2050, based on 2008 emission levels. India manages to <a href="https://www.germanwatch.org/en/16046">rank</a> 14th on the Global Climate Risk Index. But despite its progress, India is among the countries <a href="http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01291/WEB/0__CO-78.HTM">most vulnerable</a> to climate change according to the World Bank. It’s no secret that India’s already facing a warming climate, witnessing a decline in monsoon rain since the 1950s. Extended droughts and incidents of unexpected heavy rainfall are also more frequent. Between 1998 and 2017, India saw $79.5 billion (₹5.5 trillion) in economic losses due to climate change <a href="https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/61119">according</a> to the United Nations. India’s been making progress but there are still reasons to worry:

Three years since the Paris Agreement, here’s where India stands on Earth Day

2022 was the year the Overconfidence Man fell back to earth

<ul><li>Three asteroids — 2019 RX1, 2019 QZ3 and 2019 RG2 — are going to be flying past Earth today.</li><li>Asteroid 2019 RG2's close approach to Earth will be uncomfortably close at 500,000 kilometers.</li><li>Asteroid 2019 RG2 will also be moving at record speeds of 79,164 kilometers per hour.</li></ul>Three asteroids are scheduled to fly past Earth today — and one of them is going to come as close as half a million kilometers from the surface. This is the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-happens-when-an-asteroid-actually-hits-earth/articleshow/70732006.cms">closest any asteroid</a> will get to Earth over the next three months. A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/an-asteroid-discovered-a-week-ago-will-be-flying-closest-to-earth-tonight/articleshow/70992905.cms">single asteroid</a> flying past Earth isn't an anomaly — it happens on a daily basis. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/two-asteroids-bigger-than-the-japan-tsunamis-are-coming-eerily-close-to-earth-today/articleshow/70870605.cms">Two asteroids</a> whizzing past the planet is a tad rarer, as it happens only once a month or so. Three asteroids on the same day, on the other hand, is exceptionally rare. Today, asteroids <a href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2019%20RX1">2019 RX1</a>, <a href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2019%20QZ3">2019 QZ3</a> and <a href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2019%20RG2">2019 RG2</a> will be making their visit close to Earth. Aside from the fact that there will be three asteroids gunning for the planet, it's even rarer for one to get this close. Most asteroids that approach the Earth are normally at least two million kilometers away. But 2019 RG2 will be a mere 524,000 kilometers away from our planet. Why size matters All three asteroids are extremely small. Asteroid 2019 QZ3 is the biggest of the three with a diameter of 38 meters, but that's only as big as the Lotus Temple in Delhi. 
 
 <div type="image" title="Lotus_Temple_at_Night_edited" msid="71042307" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Lotus Temple in New Delhi, India&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>




 Asteroid 2019 RX1 is smaller and only 28 meters in diameter — about the size of the Gateway of India in Mumbai. 
 
 <div type="image" title="Gateway_of_India_(13985936311)_edited" msid="71042355" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Gateway of India in Mumbai&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div>





 2019 RG2, which will be the closest to Earth, is the smallest. It's only 11 meters in size — twice the height of an average human being. Fast and furious Because 2019 RG2 is so small, it will travel at extremely fast at speed of 79,164 kilometers per hour. This will make it the second fastest asteroid to fly past Earth in September — and even October and November. In comparison, asteroid RX1 will be travelling at nearly half the speed of 47,988 kilometers. 2019 QZ 3, the slowest of the three, will be at a mere 26,892 kilometers. The only asteroid that will be faster is the one scheduled to whizz past Earth on 24 September 2019 at a speed of 80,136 kilometers per hour. But it will be much further away — 4 million kilometers away. None of the three asteroids are on a collision course with Earth, as no alert has been issued by the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS). Nonetheless, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory classified them as ‘potentially hazardous' and put them on <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/">Asteroid Watch</a>. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-10-biggest-asteroids-that-could-crash-into-earth-this-year/articleshow/70686096.cms">The 10 biggest asteroids that could crash into Earth in 2019</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-is-asteroid-meteorite-and-meteor/articleshow/70654013.cms">An asteroid only turns into a meteor if it falls to Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/an-asteroid-nearly-half-the-size-of-mount-everest-might-be-on-a-collision-course-for-earth-in-less-than-a-year/articleshow/70698774.cms">An asteroid nearly half the size of Mount Everest might be on a collision course for Earth in less than a year</a>

It’s a record day for asteroids as three of them plan to fly past Earth

Climate change as seen from outer space

<ul class="summary-list"><li>An earthquake hit New Jersey Friday days before a total solar eclipse.</li><li>But the two events have no correlation according to the United States Geological Survey.</li></ul>An <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earthquake-rattles-new-york-city-new-jersey-2024-4">earthquake hit New Jersey</a> on Friday, and the fact that this happened a few days before a total solar eclipse is due to sweep across America has not gone unnoticed.People have taken to X, formerly Twitter, to discuss the link between the two events, many joking that it is a sign of end times to come.The eclipse itself is unlikely to have impacted the earthquake, the United States Geological Survey<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/can-position-moon-or-planets-affect-seismicity-are-there-more-earthquakes-morningin-eveningat?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> previously said.</a>"This is unrelated to the solar eclipse. Earthquakes of this size — there's basically no correlation with celestial bodies," Paul Earle, a seismologist with USGS, said in a Friday briefing.That said, research in the past has linked the moon to tremors on Earth.<h2>The moon's effect on earthquakes was hidden</h2>Our moon has an undeniable affect on Earth's tides. Its gravitational pull causes rises and falls in our planet's sea level. But what if the moon were to have a smaller, less visible affect on our planet? A small handful of experts claim to have evidence that our satellite produces forces that can trigger earthquakes. Scientists have long pondered whether the moon's tides could be linked to earthquakes. After all, our satellite is always there, shifting the weight of the oceans and pulling at our planet.<div type="image" title="A gif showing the earth and the moon static shows how the tides raise the oceans towards our moon." height="342" width="684" msid="100896873" hostid="261"></div>Surely, all that pressure, even if it is incremental, would add up to a significant effect, scientists asked. But until recently, datasets were not good enough to show the link between the moon and earthquakes, and the pull was deemed <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40766-022-00038-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">too weak</a> to have any significant impact. "For a while, it was a field where only fools worked," Chris Scholtz, a geologist and professor emeritus of earth and environmental science at Columbia Climate School, told Insider. But with the advent of bigger and more comprehensive datasets over the past 20 years, the influence of the moon has started to emerge from the data. And it seems that in some cases, the moon did help trigger earthquakes around the world. "With these huge datasets, they started to get some small but significant correlation," Scholtz said, adding: "Now it's credible," he said.<h2>The moon is also pulling at Earth's rocks</h2><div type="image" title="a picture shows the moon showing against the daylight sky behind a mountain ridge." height="692" width="923" msid="100896877" hostid="261"></div>It's not just in the oceans where the moon is causing havoc. Though we may not feel it, the moon also causes tiny, but important, tides in rocks.While standing on the surface of the Earth, it may be difficult to imagine mountains ebbing and flowing like the ocean, but rocks do bulge and squish under the pull from the moon"Solid earth tides are the same as the tides, it's just on the solid earth. And the amplitude of motion is very tiny because the earth is very stiff," said Scholtz. "You can measure it with a very sensitive instrument. But you can't notice it," he said.These tides can deform the Earth by up to about 22 inches vertically and about 11 inches horizontally every day, Davide Zaccagnino, PhD student of geophysics at the Sapienza University of Rome, told Insider in an email. By digging into these datasets, a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X08007723" target="_blank" rel="noopener">few</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/04/230421092025.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies</a> have suggested a link between Earth tides and earthquakes."While fluids can flow, rocks can just slightly change their shape according to the intensity and direction of the tidal perturbation, which promotes stress accumulation," said Zaccagnino.If rocks are already overstressed because of the action of tectonic forces, even a small stress the pull of the moon can be the straw that breaks the camel's back, creating a crack in the rock, he said."If surrounding rocks are also unstable, the fracture can speed up to involve large fault patches. The final outcome is an earthquake," said Zaccagnino.<h2>The moon can put the weight of the ocean on a volcano</h2><div type="image" title="Pictures taken by a satellite show the moon crossing the Earth." height="553" width="738" msid="100896874" hostid="261"></div>One place where the moon's impact is seen clearly is in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1150558" target="_blank" rel="noopener">underwater earthquakes</a>. That makes sense, given the moon's pull on the oceans.A <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1103961#:~:text=References-,Abstract,3%20with%20the%20tidal%20stress." target="_blank" rel="noopener">2004 paper</a> published in the peer-reviewed journal Science, for instance, found that earthquakes along underwater fault lines seemed to follow the tides of the ocean. Scholtz and his team set out to <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2019/june/tides-and-earthquakes-.html#:~:text=During%20movement%2C%20the%20upper%20block,down%20and%20cause%20the%20earthquakes." target="_blank" rel="noopener">study</a> how the moon could be exerting its power on the earthquakes on the Axial Volcano on the <a href="http://faculty.washington.edu/wilcock/files/PaperPDFs/wilcock_GRL_2001.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Juan de Fuca</a> ridge off the West coast of the US. Earthquakes here are about ten-fold more likely to happen when the tide has gone out, Scholtz said.<div type="image" title="A graph shows that eqrthquakes are much more frequent when the tide is around its 0 phase, meaning when the tide is out." height="1112" width="1482" msid="100896875" hostid="261"></div>Their study, published in <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2019/june/tides-and-earthquakes-.html#:~:text=During%20movement%2C%20the%20upper%20block,down%20and%20cause%20the%20earthquakes." target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nature Communications in 2019</a>, found an explanation for the link between the moon and earthquakes. It suggested they were caused by the weight of the ocean pressing down on a volcano's magma chamber."What's happening is the tides are actually making the magma chamber inflate and deflate," he said. "That's what's causing the earthquakes."Then when the tide is low, less water presses down on the chamber, which then inflates. This, in turn, puts more pressure on the fault line, making it more likely to jerk and create an earthquake. <h2>It can push earthquakes over the edge</h2>Let's get one thing clear: the moon isn't causing these earthquakes. Rather, it is when the rock is on the very brink of collapse that the moon's small tug could push it past that final tipping point. This only happens in very specific circumstances, for instance, when the pressure from the moon's gravitational pull lines up perfectly with the fault line. So it is not like we could say that every earthquake is more likely to happen when the moon is out."Tides cannot help us to predict earthquakes. But they can help us to better understand their physics, which is still mainly unknown," said Zaccagnino. Knowing when the moon's pull has been able to trigger on an earthquake can help us, for instance, understand when the crust was at a breaking point, Zaccagnino said.

The moon's pull is so strong it may trigger earthquakes on Earth. Scientists are still baffled by its power.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>An animation showcases how the seasons change with Earth's orbit around the sun.</li><li>Earth's angle causes very specific weather patterns and daylight during the course of a year.</li></ul>Astronomers believe that billions of years ago, a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pieces-planet-theia-buried-in-earth-mantle-2021-4">Mars-sized object smashed into Earth</a>, knocking our planet over and leaving it tilted at an angle.That ancient bump is what caused the Earth's seasons — times of the year that have very specific weather patterns and hours of daylight that vary depending on the latitude.Most places experience four noticeable seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Below, view how the seasons change with Earth's orbit around the Sun:<div type="image" title="earth animation seasons eleanor lutz" height="1080" width="1080" msid="96396797" hostid="261"></div>Eleanor Lutz, who is currently a graphics editor at The New York Times, made the animation in 2019 using open data from NASA, USGS, and Natural Earth."I've always been very interested in designs that combine science and art. When I learned to code as part of my Biology PhD, I wanted to apply coding to my design work as well," Lutz told Insider. "I decided to create a series of astronomy maps, because there is a lot of wonderful open-source data in the astronomy community."The graphic showcases how seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature affect Earth's ice, vegetation, cloud cover, and sunlight.<h2>Earth's tilt relative to the sun causes the seasons</h2>Earth is currently tilted 23.4 degrees relative to the plane where most objects in the solar system orbit the sun, <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/in-depth/#:~:text=Earth's%20axis%20of%20rotation%20is,our%20yearly%20cycle%20of%20seasons.">NASA explains</a>. That means that as our planet travels in a nearly circular orbit around the sun, different parts of the globe receive different amounts of sunlight throughout the course of a year.<div type="image" title="Earth’s seasons are caused by its axis being tilted about 23 degrees." height="540" width="720" msid="96396798" hostid="261"></div>Earth is divided into a northern and southern hemisphere by an imaginary ring called the equator. When the northern hemisphere is leaning toward the sun in June, it experiences summer. That's when the sun's rays hit that part of Earth more directly, heating Earth's surface. When it's summer in the northern hemisphere, it's winter in the southern hemisphere.Six months later, in December, the situation is reversed: the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, and it experiences winter weather.The tilt of the Earth's axis also defines the length of daylight hours, which are shortest in each hemisphere's winter. This is most dramatic at the planet's poles, above the Arctic Circle.In <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/barrow-alaska-is-dark-for-65-days-2013-11">Utqiaġvik, Alaska</a>, the northernmost town in the US, the darkness lasts from mid-November until mid-January.Near the equator, the seasons are less pronounced, because each day the sun strikes at about the same angle. There, the duration of daytime remains almost 12 hours throughout all of the seasons.The angle of the Earth's tilt is relatively stable, but there are some slight shifts over large time scales (tens of thousands of years). According to <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/#:~:text=Earth's%20axis%20is%20currently%20tilted,about%209%2C800%20years%20from%20now.">NASA</a>, the angle is slowly decreasing.

Celebrate the winter solstice with this gorgeous animation that shows how the Earth changes with the seasons

<ul><li>Dual asteroids are rare and even more infrequent when they are big in size.</li><li>Asteroid 467317 (2000 QW7) is as big as the Shanghai Tower — the second tallest building in the world.</li><li>The two asteroids are set to pass by Earth in the same 24-hour window on 14 September 2019.</li></ul>Two asteroids already whizzed past Earth this week and now, two more are set to fly by on 14 September 2019. But this time around, the pair will be bigger and faster — but also further away. The first asteroid, which will be bigger than the Empire State Building and India’s own Statue of Unity, is set to whiz past Earth at a speed of 23,000 kilometers per hou. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) estimates that the asteroid dubbed <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/The-10-biggest-asteroids-that-could-crash-into-Earth-in-2019/3467317-2000-QW7/slideshow/70686174.cms">467317 (2000 QW7)</a> could be anywhere between 290 meters to 650 meters in diameter. So, at its largest, the asteroid measures around the same size as the Shanghai Tower — the second tallest building in the world. And, it won’t be alone. In the same 24-hour window, Asteroid <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/The-10-biggest-asteroids-that-could-crash-into-Earth-in-2019/504800-2010-CO1/slideshow/70686170.cms">504800 (2010 CO1)</a>, estimated to be between 120 meters to 260 meters in diameter, will be flying past the planet at a speed of 51,696 kilometers per hour. Both them of them are going to be around 5.3 million kilometers from Earth as they make their visit. This is the second time in the span of a month that dual asteroids are whizzing past the planet. On 28 August 2019, two asteroids — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/two-asteroids-bigger-than-the-japan-tsunamis-are-coming-eerily-close-to-earth-today/articleshow/70870605.cms">2019 OU1 and 2019 QS</a>— flew past Earth within hours of each other. Don’t fear, but who’s gonna be there? NASA’s Center of Near Earth Object Studies is tracking both the asteroids and do not seem to pose any danger as of now. Should that change, NASA’s current defense plan against any incoming asteroids is the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) — which is still under development. Elon Musk, Founder and CEO of SpaceX, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/elon-musk-says-we-have-no-defence-against-asteroid-god-of-chaos/articleshow/70748251.cms">opines</a> that, “A big rock will eventually hit Earth eventually and we currently have no defence.” In June, astronomers have already shown that in case an asteroid poses a threat — then can move people out of harm’s away in time. When asteroid 2019 MO was barrelling towards Earth on 22 June 2019, scientists at the University of Hawaii used the ATLAS and Pan-STARRS telescopes to detect the asteroid’s path. They were able to confirm that the asteroid would burn up in the atmosphere, over the ocean, 400 kilometers away from San Juan. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/historys-most-famous-science-satellites-have-grown-to-enormous-proportions/articleshow/49279291.cms">ATLAS</a>, which is actually two telescopes in Hawaii — one on Big Island and the other on Maui — scans the skies every two days for asteroids that could be heading towards Earth. It claims to be able to detect small asteroids 12 hours in advance and bigger asteroids will be on their radar days before they’re anywhere near Earth. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-happens-when-an-asteroid-actually-hits-earth/articleshow/70732006.cms">What happens when an asteroid actually hits Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/what-is-asteroid-meteorite-and-meteor/articleshow/70654013.cms">An asteroid only turns into a meteor if it falls to Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/the-last-major-asteroid-to-hit-earth-destroyed-500-square-kilometers-and-it-could-have-been-much-worse/articleshow/70782507.cms">The last major asteroid to hit Earth destroyed 500 square kilometers — and it could have been much worse</a>

Another pair of asteroids is going to whiz past Earth on 14 September — Bigger, faster but further away

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Betelgeuse is flustering astronomers once again, as it is now shining 50% brighter than usual. </li><li>This dying red giant had only recently mysteriously dimmed its shine after an enormous explosion. </li></ul><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/betelgeuse?r=US&amp;IR=T">Betelgeuse</a>, one of the most visible stars in the Earth's sky, is behaving very weirdly. The red giant — a star not far from death — is now shining about <a href="https://twitter.com/betelbot/status/1659275513653784600?s=20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">50% brighter</a> than it usually would, scientists said.This comes a few years after it mysteriously <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/betelgeuse-supernova-red-nova-contact-binary-star-system-explosion-2020-1?r=US&amp;IR=T">got dimmer</a> in 2019, prompting speculation about whether it was <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/betelgeuse-supernova-red-nova-contact-binary-star-system-explosion-2020-1?r=US&amp;IR=T">ready to collapse and explode</a>. Scientists later found out that Betelgeuse was not yet collapsing. But it had experienced an enormous explosion that affected its brightness.<div type="image" title="betelgeuse star orange light dimming in space" height="878" width="1866" msid="100533351" hostid="261"></div>More recently astronomers have noticed Betelgeuse returning to its brightest state about twice as quickly as usual, in about 200 days, per a study <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.09732.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">published</a> on the pre-print server arXiv on May 18.It's not uncommon for Betelgeuse to get dimmer and brighter — but that tends to happen following a 400-day-long cycle. This cycle shortening is likely linked to the Great Dimming of 2019, experts have said.<h2>Your friendly neighborhood giant dying star</h2><div type="image" title="A picture of Betelgeuse taken from earth shows it shining bright against other stars in the firmament." height="1816" width="2421" msid="100533353" hostid="261"></div>Scientists are keeping a close eye on Betelgeuse, as this red giant is a dying star that is close to turning supernova. However, given the huge timescales in the life of stars, this last step may still take thousands of years. Betelgeuse (pronounced like the Tim Burton character Beetlejuice) is a relatively young star in the Earth's backyard, located in the Milky Way about 640 light-years away. It is about 10 million years old, much younger than our sun, which has been around for about 5 billion years. But this star is so big, about 700 times the size of the sun, that it is already starting to die. "One of the coolest things about Betelgeuse is that we're watching the final stages of big-star evolution play out almost in real-time for us, which we've never really been able to study in this much depth before," said Sara Webb, an astrophysicist at the Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/may/26/its-new-territory-why-is-betelgeuse-is-glowing-so-brightly-and-behaving-so-strangely" target="_blank" rel="noopener">in an interview with the Guardian</a>. <h2>The explosion is still being felt</h2><div type="image" title="An artist's impression shows Betelgeuse obscured by a cloud of dust" height="1500" width="2000" msid="100533355" hostid="261"></div>Betelgeuse's weird behavior is likely linked to the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/betelgeuse-dimming-star-not-exploding-just-dusty-2021-6" rel="">Great Dimming of 2019</a> and 2020. Scientists started raising alarm bells when they spotted Betelgeuse had lost its brightness in no time at all in 2019. When massive stars abruptly lose brightness, it can be a warning sign that they are <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-image-rare-pre-supernova-star-2023-3" rel="">ready to explode</a>. But later analysis suggested something else — an explosion. Betelgeuse had released an enormous amount of its plasma into space in the blast, seen in the artist's impression here:<div type="image" title="Four panels side by side show an artist's impression of a massive coronal mass ejection, 400 billion times bigger than usual, that led to the formation of a dust cloud that dimmed Betelgeuse. The panels show matter slowly erupting from Betelgeuse, then dissipating into a cloud of dust which obscured the view from Earth." height="320" width="1040" msid="100533357" hostid="261"></div>The explosion was so massive that it created a dense cloud of cosmic dust that stood between the Earth and Betelgeuse, obscuring the star.Andrea Dupree, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who tracks the star told <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/betelgueses-brightening-raises-hopes-for-a-supernova-spectacle/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Scientific American</a> that the star's weird behavior is likely a consequence of this massive explosion. "Just imagine if you take a hunk of the material out. Then everything else is going to swish in, and it's going to slosh around," he said. <h2>Betelgeuse could burst into a supernova visible from Earth — one day </h2><div type="image" title="bright star surrounded by layers of pink yellow red clouds billowing out in starry black space" height="1523" width="2030" msid="100533359" hostid="261"></div>When it finally explodes, Betelgeuse is far enough that it won't be dangerous for our planet, but near enough that it will be a spectacular show for anyone watching.On the day, the sight will be momentous. The explosion will be so bright that, for about a week, it could be visible during the day, The Guardian reported. The last time such a supernova exploded in our galaxy was in the 17th century, Insider <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/betelgeuse-dimming-star-not-exploding-just-dusty-2021-6?r=US&amp;IR=T">previously reported</a>. That is, if humans are still around to see it. Experts are quick to explain that this is unlikely to happen for at least another 10,000 years. That being said, stars are very unpredictable, so a supernova within our lifetimes is not completely impossible.

Earth's neighboring star Betelgeuse unexpectedly got 50% brighter &mdash;part of a weird process that will end in the dying star going supernova

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A former member of Chad Daybell and Lori Vallow's cult testified at Vallow's trial Tuesday.</li><li>Vallow and Daybell are married and are accused of killing their former spouses and two of her kids.</li></ul>A former friend of Lori Vallow's and a member of her small, insular, religious group testified Tuesday morning about the radicalizing influence of their leader Chad Daybell, who later married Vallow and is also being charged for the killings of her children and his wife.Zulema Pastenes, who had befriended apocalyptic author Daybell with Vallow, said he assured Pastenes that when the rapture came she would be one of the special 144,000 saved and brought to live safely in cities of white tents."I believed we were doing something good to help get rid of darkness and get evil spirits off of the earth," Pastenes testified.Pastenes described Daybell giving her multiple "blessings," and calling her "Goddess of the Earth." She read aloud text messages from Daybell including one in which he assured her: "You're on the team!"<div type="image" title="Chad Daybell at a court hearing in Idaho in August 2020." height="2000" width="3000" msid="99622434" hostid="261" sizebytes="152504"></div>"He made me feel very good and very special," she said. "I started to really believe it."As Pastenes spoke, Vallow — who became a doomsday prepper through her relationship with Daybell — leaned forward, blinking her eyes and subtly shaking her head side-to-side.Vallow's children, 17-year-old Tylee Ryan and 7-year-old Joshua "J.J." Vallow, were reported missing in November 2019. Vallow and Daybell disappeared the day after the Rexburg Police Department in Idaho conducted a well-being check and asked about the children's whereabouts.By December 2019 they had left a string of mysterious deaths in their wake, including Vallow's previous husband, her brother, and Daybell's first wife, who Chad reportedly prophesied would die.In January 2020, the couple was found <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/police-doomsday-couple-lori-vallow-chad-daybell-hawaii-without-kids-2020-1" rel="">vacationing in a luxury condo on the Hawaiian island of Kauai — without their missing children</a> — shocking those who had been following the case. In June 2020, the bodies of J.J. and Tylee were found buried on Daybell's property. Pastenes said Daybell encouraged her to go to temple daily and to focus on religion to the exclusion of all else. He told her he was guided by angels and could see truths others could not because his eyes were not covered by a "veil," according to Pastenes. Vallow, meanwhile, claimed she spoke with God."Lori said she had conversations with Jesus Christ and I trusted her," Pastenes said.Daybell and Vallow exerted an outsize psychological influence on Alex Cox, Vallow's brother, according to Pastenes. Cox is charged along with Daybell and Vallow with the murders of Vallow's two youngest children and Daybell's late wife, Tammy Daybell.The tangled web of their alleged killings <a href="https://www.insider.com/timeline-mysterious-events-surrounding-doomsday-couple-chad-daybell-lori-vallow-2020-2">had already unraveled publicly</a> before Vallow went on trial this month. Vallow has denied killing the children.In July 2019, Cox shot and killed Vallow's fourth husband, Charles Vallow, and claimed self-defense. In November 2019, Cox and Pastenes married in Las Vegas. Cox died in Pastenes' Arizona home in December 2019 of what a medical examiner determined were natural causes.Pastenes testified that Daybell had told Cox he was an immortal angel who once appeared to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints founder Joseph Smith and that he had been a "powerful warrior" who had "unmasked Satan.""Chad and Lori were telling him the only reason he had come to Earth was to protect Lori," Pastenes said of Cox. "Alex believed everything they told him."Pastenes said she and Vallow held prayer ceremonies to drive out evil spirits they believed possessed Charles Vallow, her fourth husband. Each time they succeeded, a more powerful evil spirit took its place. Pastenes testified that Vallow came to believe Charles Vallow's "body had to be destroyed.""I believe Chad and Lori's intentions were very evil," said Pastenes, who said she has since renounced the cult. "The things that they were saying were evil, manipulative most definitely."

Cult member who followed Chad Daybell said he made her feel 'special' and called her 'Goddess of the Earth'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Prince Harry is now going after his stepmother, Camilla, the Queen Consort.</li><li>Harry said Camilla forged connections with the press to "trade" information. </li></ul>Prince Harry, the Duke of Sussex, is going scorched earth on the royal family, and has now revealed new information about his stepmother Camilla, the Queen Consort.Harry spoke extensively about Camilla to <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prince-harry-interview-transcript-60-minutes-2023-01-08/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anderson Cooper on the CBS program "60 Minutes"</a> on January 8, two days before the release of his <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-seconds-thoughts-about-memoir-after-seeing-the-queen-2023-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">upcoming memoir, "Spare."</a> According to Harry, Camilla <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-says-camilla-had-dangerous-relationship-with-press-2023-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">became "dangerous" amid her drive to rehabilitate her image</a> after her affair with his father, King Charles. Harry told Cooper that, where Camilla was concerned: "She was the villain. She was the third person in their marriage. She needed to rehabilitate her image." During his interview with the prince, Cooper referenced an excerpt from the book where Harry accused Camilla of starting a press campaign to smooth the road ahead for marriage with Charles. "And you wrote, "I even wanted Camilla to be happy. Maybe she'd be less dangerous if she was happy." How was she dangerous?" Cooper asked Harry."Because of the need for her to rehabilitate her image," Harry replied. "That made her dangerous because of the connections that she was forging within the British press. And there was open willingness on both sides to trade of information," the prince said during the interview. "And with a family built on hierarchy, and with her, on the way to being Queen consort, there was gonna be people or bodies left in the street because of that."<h2>Harry tells all about his family in upcoming memoir</h2>Harry's media tour to promote his book has revealed various lines of tension between him and other senior royals. During his interview on "60 Minutes," Harry also said he believed Buckingham Palace had previously <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-royal-family-spoonfed-the-press-as-he-tried-to-leave-2023-1" rel="">planted stories about him</a> and Meghan.Harry was also asked by Cooper on "60 Minutes" about how he and his brother, Prince William, asked their father not to marry Camilla. "We didn't think it was necessary. We thought that it was gonna cause more harm than good and that if he was now with his person, that — surely that's enough," Harry said. "Why go that far when you don't necessarily need to?"According to an excerpt from "Spare" viewed by <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/01/06/prince-harry-spare-claim-king-charles-jealous-meghan/?utm_content=telegraph&amp;utm_medium=Social&amp;utm_campaign=Echobox&amp;utm_source=Facebook#Echobox=1673076722" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">The Telegraph</a> ahead of the book's release, Harry accused his father of <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-king-charles-thought-meghan-markle-would-steal-limelight-2023-1">being afraid that Meghan Markle would steal his spotlight</a>. Harry speculated, per <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-written-out-of-king-charles-coronation-royal-correspondent-2023-1">The Telegraph</a>, that Charles did not want to have "a novel and resplendent" figure like Markle around, who would "dominate the monarchy"In an excerpt of his autobiography viewed by <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jan/04/prince-harry-william-physical-attack-2019-meghan-spare-book" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Guardian,</a> Harry also detailed what he said was a physical altercation between him and his brother William in 2019. According to Harry's account, William knocked him over during a tense conversation at Nottingham Cottage, Kensington Palace. Harry, per the excerpt seen by The Guardian, also said William called his wife Markle "difficult," "rude," and "abrasive." However, Harry this year also <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-says-he-wants-his-father-and-brother-back-2023-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">expressed a desire to reconcile</a> with William and their father."I would like to get my father back. I would like to have my brother back," Harry <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2023/jan/02/itv-releases-trailer-interview-prince-harry-video" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a> this month in an interview with ITV. This desire <a href="https://www.insider.com/prince-harry-written-out-of-king-charles-coronation-royal-correspondent-2023-1">might not be realized.</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RoyaNikkhah/status/1611795413228736512" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">The Sunday Times' royal correspondent Roya Nikkhah tweeted</a> on Saturday that the Duke of Sussex "has been written out of the script for the Coronation, with no official role in the service if he attends."Buckingham Palace, Kensington Palace, and representatives for the Duke and Duchess of Sussex did not immediately respond to Insider's requests for comment.

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