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<ul><li>It's not just you, even NASA scientists are now working from home.</li><li>The <keyword id="865992" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Curiosity-rover">Curiosity rover</keyword> team is coordinating over video and chat to operate the $2.5 billion piece of machinery.</li><li>Not all the equipment is available, communication is task and distractions are plenty — yet they haven't let that get in their way.</li></ul>One would think that operating a $2.5 billion piece of equipment is difficult enough but the engineers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638">NASA</a>) are now doing it from home — by driving the Curiosity rover on the Red Planet. The team is facing many of the same challenges as others who’re working from home — like getting the dog to stay quiet, sharing a space with family members and remembering to step away from the desk from time to time. Even though they’ve had to step up their game, the Curiosity rover hasn’t missed a beat. They started working from home on 20 March 2020 and two days later, the rover was busy drilling a rock sample at ‘Edinburg’ on Mars. “We’re usually all in one room, sharing screens, images and data. People are talking in small groups and to each other from across the room,” said Curiosity’s team leader <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7638">Alicia Allbaugh</a> describing the daily workflow. Now, they have to monitor around 15 chat channels at a time to stay on top of things. According to Allbaugh, this actually makes things more difficult than they normally would be. Here’s what it takes to drive the Curiosity rover from home Even though they have monitors, headsets and other equipment at home — there’s only so much of NASA’s equipment that is retrofitted to work remotely. For instance, the team behind the rover relies heavily on 3D images and uses special goggles to analyse the data that’s being streamed back to Earth. However, these goggles use advanced graphics cards, which are in sync in the high-performance computers at JPL. Taking them home just wasn’t an option. Instead, the scientists are now viewing the images on a normal laptop with simple red-blue 3D glasses that you get at any movie theatre. It’s not nearly as effective, but for now, it’s getting the job done. Aside from problems in having the right hardware on hand, making sure that nothing gets lost in communication as you work remotely is a different challenge altogether. It takes extra effort to make sure that everyone’s on the same page. In addition, it limits the number of commands that you can send out on a daily basis since a lot more time is lost in planning. The transition from being in a high tech room to trying to operate from what you have available at home has been challenging. Yet, the <keyword id="718236" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mars-rover">Mars rover</keyword> is as productive as ever. The next time you feel the frustration of ‘<keyword id="123591" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Work-from-home">work from home</keyword>’ coming on, remember that if these guys can pull off operating a $2.5 billion piece of machinery — meeting your deadlines, should be a piece of cake. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-is-visiting-the-largest-valley-on-the-moon-five-decades-after-apollo-18-was-originally-supposed-to-land-on-the-grand-canyon-sized-formation/articleshow/75136145.cms">NASA is visiting the largest valley on the Moon five decades after Apollo 18 was originally supposed to land on the Grand Canyon-sized formation</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/coronavirus-lockdown-explore-mars-jupiter-or-leave-the-solar-system-with-nasa/articleshow/75006371.cms">Coronavirus lockdown can make you want to leave the planet — here's how you can explore Mars, Jupiter or even leave the solar system</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/jupiter-saturn-and-mars-ignore-social-distancing-as-they-plan-to-meet-the-moon-this-week/articleshow/75132926.cms">Jupiter, Saturn and Mars ignore social distancing as they plan to meet the Moon this week</a>

If you think working from home is tough — NASA’s scientists are trying to operate the $2.5 billion Curiosity rover without an office

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-first-mars-sample-mysteriously-missing-2021-8">NASA's Perseverance rover</a> has had a rock stuck on one of its wheels for the last four months.</li><li>While other rocks have hitched weeks-long rides on rovers, this rock has been stuck for months.</li></ul>Since at least early February, <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword>'s Perseverance rover has had a rock clinging to its front left wheel. While other Martian rocks have previously latched onto rovers for weeks at a time, this particular rock has stuck around for months — reaching "pet rock" status.After landing in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-nasa-perseverance-rover-will-land-on-mars-2021-2">Jezero Crater</a> in February 2021, the Perseverance rover began <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-first-mars-sample-mysteriously-missing-2021-8">sampling Martian rocks</a> and looking for signs of ancient life. And since at least February 2022, the car-sized robot has not been doing it alone. A little pet rock hitched a ride on NASA's crater floor campaign and has since continued a long trek on the red planet. "If this pet rock could talk, it might tell us about the changes it's noticed as we traveled back north through the Octavia E. Butler landing site, and then west, passing the spectacular remains of the former extent of the delta, 'Kodiak,' on our journey to the western Jezero delta," Eleni Ravanis, a Perseverance student collaborator from the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/384/perseverance-has-a-pet-rock/">wrote in a mission update last week</a>. The agency says the rock is not damaging the wheel, but it shows up frequently in the rover's Hazcam — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-best-photos-100-days-on-mars-2021-6">a camera</a> used to detect obstacles in the rover's way. "We've seen these kinds of rocks get 'caught' in Curiosity's wheels from time to time, too," Andrew Good, a NASA spokesperson, told <a href="https://www.cnet.com/science/space/nasa-mars-perseverance-rover-has-a-rock-hitchhiking-in-one-of-its-wheels/">CNET</a> in March. Roughly 18 years ago, a potato-sized rock found its way into the Spirit rover's rear right wheel. "They occur during cross-slope drives, and tend to fall out entirely on their own after a while (there's no particular way to get this rock out of our 'shoe')," Good wrote in an email to CNET.<div type="image" title="The same rock still in the rover’s front left wheel on sol 413. Image taken April 19, 2022." height="965" width="1288" msid="92046422" hostid="261"></div>But while other rocks fall out on their own within weeks, Percy's new rock companion is sticking around. The rock has so far hitchhiked more than 5.3 miles across the Martian landscape, according to <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/384/perseverance-has-a-pet-rock/">NASA</a>.Since astronomers are unsure when the rock will end its journey, Ravanis has a message for any future Martian geologists mapping Jezero Crater: "If you've found a rock that looks out of place, you might just be looking at the former pet rock of Perseverance!"

The Perseverance rover has a pet rock. NASA says it's breaking hitchhiking records.

<div class="image-container float_right click-to-enlarge" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a title_source="NASA" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/51485fc36bb3f7a94c00001b-960/mars-rover-10.jpg"></a></div><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia16763.html">NASA</a></div>
Plans for the <keyword id="69295" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Curiosity">Curiosity</keyword> rover are on hold after the $2.5-billion robot kicked into into "safe mode" on Saturday following a <a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1437">software error</a>. 
This is the second software hiccup in Curiosity's seven months on <keyword id="47638" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Mars">Mars</keyword>. In late February, Curiosity switched to its backup "B-side" computer when the <a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1431">robot failed to send recorded data back to Earth.</a> The rover remained in communication with the ground despite the memory issue. The <a href="http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&amp;NewsID=1437">cause of the glitch is still under investigation</a>. 
This time around a file "failed a size-check by the rover's protective software," which had to do with an unrelated file being attached to the file that was being checked, <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130318b.html">NASA said in a statement</a>. 
Scientists believe this is an easy fix, but the rover will be out of commission for a few days while they slowly bring the machine out of standby status. 
The second computer glitch comes after a big announcement that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mars-curiosity-rover-rock-sample-analysis-2013-3">Mars contains all the ingredients to have once supported microbial life</a>. 
The rover was scheduled to do another drilling at Yellowknife Bay, where she's parked now, in order to collect a second rock powder sample for analysis before rolling on to her next destination. 
"We would definitely like to get over this and get back to doing something," project manager Richard Cook <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/03/18/nasa-mars-rover-curiosity-sidelined-again/">told the AP</a>.

Software Bug Stalls The Curiosity Rover 

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div><ul><li>Scientists say a global dust storm on <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/mars">Mars</a> is the thickest and darkest they've ever seen.</li><li>NASA's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/opportunity-rover">Opportunity rover</a>, which runs on solar power, went into safe mode because the sky is so dark.</li><li>The nuclear-powered <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/curiosity-mars-rover">Curiosity rover</a> can still see and took selfie photos on Friday.</li><li>Learning as much as possible about such <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/dust-storms">dust storms</a> will be essential to safeguarding future human and robotic missions to Mars.</li></ul>A nasty dust storm is wrapping around Mars, and visibility in some regions is so poor that the skies <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mars-dust-storm-pictures-opportunity-rover-2018-6">look like night</a> during the middle of the day.It's a dire moment for NASA's Opportunity rover, which uses solar power to explore the red planet. The 15-year-old rover <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/opportunity-hunkers-down-during-dust-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fell asleep</a> on June 10 to conserve power in hopes of waiting out the storm until sunlight can reach its panels."This is the worst storm Opportunity has ever seen, and we're doing what we can, crossing our fingers, and hoping for the best," Steve Squyres, a planetary scientist at Cornell University and leader of the rover mission, told A.J.S. Rayl for a recent Planetary Society <a href="http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/mer-updates/2018/06-mer-update-opportunity-dust-storm-sleep.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">blog post</a>.Scientists think the storm may last weeks. If Opportunity's energy reserves run too low to keep its aging electronic circuits warm, blisteringly cold Martian temperatures could disable them.But halfway around the planet, dust storm conditions aren't as dangerous for Curiosity - a car-size, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nuclear-powered-spacecraft-nasa-history-2017-3">nuclear-powered</a> rover that NASA landed on Mars in 2012. Curiosity uses <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-nuclear-battery-plutonium-238-production-shortage-2017-8">plutonium-238</a> instead of solar cells to power its exploration of the red planet, so the darkness isn't a problem either.In fact, Curiosity photographed itself on Friday during the dust storm.<h2>Curiosity's latest selfie</h2>The image comes from an instrument called the Mars Hand Lens Imager. The camera sits on the end of Curiosity's robotic arm and can function like a multi-million-dollar selfie stick.Because the camera can't capture all of Curiosity in one shot, it has to take a series of photos - more than 200 in <a href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/raw/?s=2082&amp;camera=MAHLI" target="_blank" rel="noopener">this case</a>. So on Saturday, Kevin M. Gill, a NASA software engineer who processes spacecraft photos as a hobby, stitched them all together into a single panorama.The full panoramic selfie also shows the rover's surroundings, including a rock with a drill hole in it and a small pile of orange dust:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Curiosity's drill was taken offline line in December 2016 after suffering a mechanical problem.However, NASA eventually figured out a way to <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7137" target="_blank" rel="noopener">work around the problem</a> and tested the drill in May 2018. Curiosity bored a two-inch-deep hole, then dropped some fresh Martian grit on the ground during a subsequent test (to see how much dirt the drill could collect for sampling).<h2>The perfect storm for <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword></h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Scientists hope to gain more clues as to how such massive dust storms arise and dissipate on Mars by using Opportunity, Curiosity, and three satellites in orbit around the planet.The last dust storm to enshroud Mars happened in 2007, but there weren't as many spacecraft there at the time. So, while NASA is concerned about the future of its Opportunity rover, scientists have waited more than a decade for a dust storm of this magnitude to brew and study."This is the ideal storm for Mars science," Jim Watzin, the director of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, said in <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8350/nasa-encounters-the-perfect-storm-for-science/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a press release</a>. "We have a historic number of spacecraft operating at the red planet. Each offers a unique look at how dust storms form and behave - knowledge that will be essential for future robotic and human missions."The last time NASA updated the public about Curiosity, it was sitting on the edge of the growing dust storm, which had grown to the size of North America and Russia combined. A space agency representative could not immediately update Business Insider on the storm or the rovers' statuses.<h2>Future missions to Mars</h2>NASA recently launched its InSight Mars lander, which should touch down on November 26. Next up is the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/mars-2020">Mars 2020 rover</a>, which is almost identical to Curiosity, though it may be better equipped to detect signs of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/martian-oasis-water-extraterrestrial-life-2017-5">past alien life</a> and prepare a sample for return to Earth.NASA is also working on its giant <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/space-launch-system-rocket-engine-test-sls-nasa-2018-2">Space Launch System</a>, and one of the planned versions might send a small crew to the red planet. In addition, private companies hope to explore Mars. SpaceX, Elon Musk's rocket company, aims to send people to the red planet in the mid-2020s with its upcoming <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-instragram-spacex-mars-ship-2018-4">Big Falcon Rocket</a> system. Blue Origin, which is owned by Jeff Bezos, is designing a <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-rocket-company-most-important-2018-4">New Glenn</a> rocket that may be Mars-capable.If any of these outfits can send people to Mars <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chris-hadfield-mars-travel-nasa-spacex-blue-origin-2018-6">in relative safety</a>, experts say it will be <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mars-colonization-human-survival-radiation-food-biosphere-2018-4">no walk in the park</a>. Crews will face threats from <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-rockets-blowing-up-youtube-video-2017-9">explosions</a>, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mars-radiation-levels-spacex-nasa-exposure-2018-4">radiation</a>, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/astronaut-plants-air-food-water-life-support-2018-5">starvation</a>, and other dangers.If NASA can master a <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-nuclear-reactor-kilopower-how-it-works-2018-5">small-scale nuclear reactor for space</a>, though, future Martian crews would at least not have to worry about a dust storm threatening their power supply.<div><div style="position:relative;padding-bottom:54%"></div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/why-nasa-has-not-sent-humans-to-mars-2018-2">The surprising reason why NASA hasn't sent humans to Mars yet</a></h3> <div> </div> </div></hr>

NASA's nuclear-powered Mars rover took an amazing selfie during an intense global dust storm

September 24, 2014, is all set to be a red letter day for the <keyword id="119061" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Indian-Space-Research-Organization">Indian Space Research Organization</keyword> (ISRO). On this day, India’s Mars spacecraft, Mangalyaan, will enter the Red Planet’s orbit. Midway through its journey, India’s solo <keyword id="164562" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="80" keywordseo="Mars-mission">Mars mission</keyword> has captured the imagination of both its citizens and the international space community. If it succeeds, it will be testimony to Indian jugaad – our unique ability to part-innovate and part-improvise – and will also affirm the country’s status as an emerging space superpower. 
 
An insight into India 
Mangalyaan’s story provides a unique insight into the Indian psyche. Only in India you will find rocket scientists visiting temples and seeking blessings before every launch. In the case of Mangalyaan, it was ISRO’s chief, Dr K Radhakrishnan, who sought the divinity’s green light at the famed Tirupati temple before the launch. 
 
This social conservatism, however, did not extend to the team developing the spacecraft. In a country where a 60-plus Prime Ministerial candidate is considered young, Team Mangalyaan’s oldest member is the 50-year-old project director, Subbiah Arunan. The next most aged team member is 32 and the average age of Arunan’s team is just 27. 
 
But it was not just youthful vigour that spurred the team to develop the spacecraft in just 18 months, when a time span of 5-6 years happens to be the norm. While Mangalyaan may have been India’s first shot at Mars, ISRO is an old hand at the space game and they are very efficient at what they do. 
 
Set up in 1962 as the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), ISRO has, till date, mastered satellites, launch vehicles and a range of technologies required for each and every space mission. It is also persistent, which is useful when the usual sceptics begin questioning why a ‘poor’ country like India is squandering away millions for glory-hunting in space. 
 
As it turns out, one of the hallmarks of the Mars mission is the bargain basement for which India has spent $75 million or so, confounding the critics. Cheap labour, too, is partly responsible for this. 
 
Chasing a critical launch window where all the space geometry would work optimally for ISRO, the rule book was thrown out of the window – a typically Indian trait that frequently leads to chaos but paradoxically, is a must for innovation. And it saves money as well. 
 
Mission critical 
Although many of the subsystems used for Mangalyaan could be products of past endeavours, ISRO has definitely entered uncharted space as far as the complex mission profile of getting the spacecraft to Mars is concerned. 
 
When it was launched on November 5, 2013, Mangalyaan was temporarily placed in an orbit around the earth. That marked the geocentric phase where the earth’s gravity was used to build up to a slingshot that would send the spacecraft hurtling towards Mars. 
 
The slingshot took place on December 1, 2013, marking the start of the current 9-month heliocentric phase where the craft is under the gravitational influence of the Sun, apart from being subject to minor course corrections with the firing of onboard thrusters. 
 
The final leg of this journey – the Martian phase – will involve firing Mangalyaan’s liquid engine in what ISRO terms as the Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) manoeuvre to set it up in an elliptical orbit over the planet, which will vary between 387 and 80,000 km. 
 
But the mission doesn’t end there. The 1,337 kg spacecraft carries a payload of around 15 kg that comprises five different sensors for gathering scientific data ranging from the measurement of the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere to different kinds of minerals and soils found on the planet. Such mundane data collection may seem a far cry from the claims of glory-hunting made by critics, but these small discoveries are the basis of larger scientific leaps. 
 
A reality check 
While India’s achievements in developing a low-cost, homegrown Mars vehicle within a crunched timeframe is undoubtedly impressive, the larger task of exploring the planet is beyond the capabilities of any single country. 
 <keyword id="6360409" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="NASA">NASA</keyword>, which is in a different league when it comes to Mars missions, has barely scratched the surface, inspirational as the <keyword id="2200873" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Curiosity-mission">Curiosity mission</keyword> might have been. Having splurged $2.5 billion on this mission alone, it faces similar accusations of misplaced priorities as its Indian counterparts. 
 
But what is the endgame behind all these Mars missions? 
 
Wernher von Braun, the German rocket pioneer and creator of the infamous German V-2 rocket of WWII, imagined a manned flight to the Mars back in 1948 when he wrote The Mars Project. But his vision was not that of a solitary human explorer, sent out on hope and prayer. He had imagined a group of 70 Martian explorers, travelling in 10 spacecraft. 
 
Asked when that would be possible to achieve, von Braun replied, “In a hundred years.” That was in 1954. Today, critics of the Martian expeditions see red as it is expected to cost $100 billion to send a manned mission to the Red Planet. 
 
Budgetary battles and economic downturns may come and go, but the ambition of the space community is central to its DNA. 
 
India has recently unveiled plans for sending a rover to the moon after the success of its moon orbital mission. And a successful Mars mission will only spearhead ISRO’s demand for bigger budgets. Meanwhile, it doesn’t hurt to have God on your side.

India’s First Mars Mission Midway Through Its Journey, Nearing Its
Goal

<div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right click-to-enlarge" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a title_source="BII" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/52613e2fecad04b575bd5e48-960/enterprisevalue.png"></a>BII</div></div>The Internet Of Things will make many of the familiar devices and objects in our lives - from door locks to toll booths to refrigerators - suddenly Internet-connected, smartphone- and tablet-accessible, and responsive. 
This shift to connectivity in once-inert things - the logical next step in the growing ubiquity of the Internet - will force companies large and small to transform dramatically.
But how are the "things" in the Internet of Things actually put together? What elevates an object or device from normal status to a sensor-laden node in the soon-to-be-massive Internet Of Things? <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">In a recent report from BI Intelligence</a>, we <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">gauge the size and growth of the Internet Of Things</a> from the point of view of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consumer-internet-of-things-2013-11" target="_blank">consumers</a>, businesses, and governments. But besides putting numbers to the trillion-dollar opportunity, we also explain how it works. 
<a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Access The Full Report And Data By Signing Up For A Risk Free Trial Today &gt;&gt;</a>
Here are the six main attributes that make "things" a part of the Internet Of Things, or IoT:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Sensors</a>: IoT devices and systems include sensors that track and measure activity in the world. One example is Smartthings' open-and-close sensors that detect whether or not a drawer, window, or door in your home is open or closed.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Connectivity</a>: Internet connectivity is either contained in the item itself, or a connected hub, smartphone, or base station. If it's the latter, then the base station will likely be collecting data from an array of sensor-laden objects, and relaying data to the cloud and back. </li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Processors</a>: Just like any computing device, IoT devices will contain some computing power "under the hood," if only to be able to parse incoming data and transmit it.</li>
</ul>
These characteristics all apply to today's smartphones, of course, but many IoT devices will also need to be equipped with several special features to be truly useful. These will differentiate IoT devices, particularly remote ones, from today's smartphones.
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Energy-efficiency</a>: Many devices in the IoT may be difficult, costly, or dangerous to access for charging or battery replacement. One may even think of the Mars Curiosity Rover as an example of such a device. Therefore, they may need to be able to operate for a year or more unattended using a conservative amount of energy or be able to wake up only periodically to relay data.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Cost-effectiveness</a>: Objects that contain sensors may need to be distributed broadly to be useful, as in the case of sensors in food products in supermarkets that would indicate if an item has spoiled. These would need to be relatively inexpensive to purchase and deploy.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Quality and reliability</a>: Some IoT devices will need to operate in harsh environments outdoors and for extended periods of time.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" target="_blank">Security</a>: IoT devices may need to relay sensitive or regulated information such as health-related data, so data security will be critical.</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">The report is full of charts and data that can be easily downloaded and put to use</a>. 
<div>
In full, the report: 
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" target="_blank">Shows why innovation pushed along by the Internet Of Things may trickle back down into the smartphone and tablet markets </a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Breaks down which products and industries on the consumer and enterprise sides are seeing the biggest investment in the IoT, and what sorts of technologies are gaining the most traction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Considers where growth will come from in the future</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Sizes the market for the IoT in terms of total devices, revenue, and economic value</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Explores the overlap between the IoT and the wearables and mobile markets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Considers the obstacles that could hinder the IoT from realizing its full potential, including differing standards and uncertain ROI</a></li>
</ul>
To access BI Intelligence's full report, <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Here Comes The Internet Of Things</a>, sign up for <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">a free trial subscription here</a>. Subscribers also gain access to over 100 in-depth reports on social and mobile, and <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT4&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">hundreds of charts and datasets</a>.

The 6 Basic Building Blocks Of The Things In The 'Internet Of Things'  

<div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right click-to-enlarge" style="width:400px"><div class="image"><a title_source="BII" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/52613e2fecad04b575bd5e48-960/enterprisevalue.png"></a>BII</div></div>The <keyword id="970768" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="internet-of-things">Internet Of Things</keyword> will make many of the familiar devices and objects in our lives - from door locks to toll booths to refrigerators - suddenly Internet-connected, smartphone-accessible, and responsive. 
This shift to connectivity in once-inert things - the logical next step in the growing ubiquity of the Internet - will force companies large and small to transform dramatically.
But how are the "things" in the Internet of Things actually put together? What elevates an object or device from normal status to a sensor-laden node in the soon-to-be-massive Internet Of Things? <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">In a new report from BI Intelligence</a>, we <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/growth-in-the-internet-of-things-2013-10" target="_blank">gauge the size and growth of the Internet Of Things</a> from the point of view of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-consumer-internet-of-things-2013-11" target="_blank">consumers</a>, businesses, and governments. But besides putting numbers to the trillion-dollar opportunity, we also explain how it works. 
<a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Access The Full Report And Data By Signing Up For A Risk Free Trial Today &gt;&gt;</a>
Here are the six main attributes that make "things" a part of the Internet Of Things, or IoT:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Sensors</a>: IoT devices and systems include sensors that track and measure activity in the world. One example is Smartthings' open-and-close sensors that detect whether or not a drawer, window, or door in your home is open or closed.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Connectivity</a>: Internet connectivity is either contained in the item itself, or a connected hub, smartphone, or base station. If it's the latter, then the base station will likely be collecting data from an array of sensor-laden objects, and relaying data to the cloud and back. </li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Processors</a>: Just like any computing device, IoT devices will contain some computing power "under the hood," if only to be able to parse incoming data and transmit it.</li>
</ul>
These characteristics all apply to today's smartphones, of course, but many IoT devices will also need to be equipped with several special features to be truly useful. These will differentiate IoT devices, particularly remote ones, from today's smartphones.
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Energy-efficiency</a>: Many devices in the IoT may be difficult, costly, or dangerous to access for charging or battery replacement. One may even think of the Mars Curiosity Rover as an example of such a device. Therefore, they may need to be able to operate for a year or more unattended using a conservative amount of <keyword id="6357014" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="energy">energy</keyword> or be able to wake up only periodically to relay data.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Cost-effectiveness</a>: Objects that contain sensors may need to be distributed broadly to be useful, as in the case of sensors in food products in supermarkets that would indicate if an item has spoiled. These would need to be relatively inexpensive to purchase and deploy.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">Quality and reliability</a>: Some IoT devices will need to operate in harsh environments outdoors and for extended periods of time.</li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" target="_blank">Security</a>: IoT devices may need to relay sensitive or regulated information such as health-related data, so data security will be critical.</li>
</ul>
<a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile">The report is full of charts and data that can be easily downloaded and put to use</a>. 
<div>
In full, the report: 
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" target="_blank">Shows why innovation pushed along by the Internet Of Things may trickle back down into the smartphone and tablet markets </a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Breaks down which products and industries on the consumer and enterprise sides are seeing the biggest investment in the IoT, and what sorts of technologies are gaining the most traction</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Considers where growth will come from in the future</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Sizes the market for the IoT in terms of total devices, revenue, and economic value</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Explores the overlap between the IoT and the wearables and mobile markets</a></li>
<li><a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Considers the obstacles that could hinder the IoT from realizing its full potential, including differing standards and uncertain ROI</a></li>
</ul>
 To access <keyword id="1736808" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="BI-Intelligence">BI Intelligence</keyword>'s full report, <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">Here Comes The Internet Of Things</a>, sign up for <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">a free trial subscription here</a>. Subscribers also gain access to over 100 in-depth reports on social and <keyword id="6354485" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="mobile">mobile</keyword>, and <a href="https://intelligence.businessinsider.com/the-internet-of-things-2013-10?utm_source=House&amp;utm_medium=Edit&amp;utm_term=MIoT3&amp;utm_content=link&amp;utm_campaign=BIIMobile" onclick="this.href = this.href + '-' + window.location.search.substr(1).replace(/\&amp;|\=/g, '-');">hundreds of charts and datasets</a>.

These Are The 6 Main Attributes That Define The Things In 'The Internet Of Things' 

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/amoyo/13625500595/in/photolist-mL3fC4-d3ea79-a2dSm2-ndxh37-gYLoeE-6CDbTX-zXzr7-8j5sgh-c4Yemd-akMH34-eP5WC8-4Hv9Ff-5xHQcj-eidVZR-6arjaW-9fdZCu-dCEafP-d6hXp5-h1FU7H-8szrqe-eh3UCT-8u6Qji-egaNwP-8J9Gmz-g3ny7K-cUHXiQ-6VmJqC-7GnSEh-ehMCSH-nREyBC-dZ1ELK-5JFoA9-beKfSP-8BaqhZ-8ochqM-ej14yS-czDc5A-7NTgrc-b1TGA6-bFuH8k-7NU8TZ-4RxXso-d79HKs-nA815a-bibymB-8pYagL-5Pz4jU-6tszg3-c8ycAC-rQ9jD">flickr via bartolomeo perrotta</a></div></div></div>Stocks finished the day little-changed to cap a busy week that saw little action in the final day of trading for the equity markets. First, the scoreboard:<ul><li>Dow: 16,640, -57.3, (-0.3%)</li><li>S&amp;P 500: 1,948.1, -3.7, (-0.2%)</li><li>Nasdaq: 4,590.5, +8.3, (+0.2%)</li><li>WTI crude oil: $32.95, (-0.1%)</li></ul><h2>Stock Market</h2><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-doublelines-gundlach-says-firm-purchased-some-equities-two-weeks-ago-2016-2">Jeff Gundlach bought some stocks</a>."I thought it was a good buy point two weeks ago Wednesday and so we bought some," Gundlach told Reuters' Jennifer Ablan.Congrats, Jeff!Recall that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-gundlach-webcast-january-12-2016-1">last month Gundlach said</a> he wasn't interested in buying oil or high-yield bonds - at that point - as he prefers to avoid things that go down in price every single day. And look, we know that most investors don't buy things they think will get less valuable, but Gundlach - who is a bond fund manager - doesn't need to go outside his usual asset class unless he has a real strong conviction. So, he bought stocks. Noted.Meanwhile, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/earnings-estimate-volatility-is-rising-2016-2">research out of UBS indicates</a> that the volatility of earnings estimates is at the highest since 2010, setting the stage for continued choppiness in stocks. Julian Emanuel, the top stock strategist at UBS, notes that indications are the risks for big swings in stock prices currently point upwards."Putting it all together," Emanuel writes, "we believe that earnings risk remains largely balanced with the potential for upside surprises to 'be more surprising' given the historically high volatility and unidirectional (down) aspect of consensus revisions. Paired with historically defensive investor sentiment which has frequently presaged meaningful rallies, we continue to view risk to US equities as skewed to the upside."And in hedge fund land, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/hedge-fund-short-positions-are-going-against-them-2016-2">stocks investors are selling short are rising</a>.Or as Goldman Sachs writes, the return on the most shorted stocks in the US over the last three months, "reached heights not seen since the third quarter of 2011 - when Standard &amp; Poor's cut the US's triple-A credit rating - and even exceeded the peak during the financial crisis in 2008."Not great.If you wanted to do something great in the stock market, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/warren-buffett-berkshire-hathaway-historical-returns-2016-2">investing with Warren Buffett back in the day would've done the trick</a>. (Of course, that's not really fair to either Buffett or investors who didn't invest with him: it was a once-in-a-lifetime buy 30 years ago and looking for these kinds of returns is simply not realistic.)<h2>Recession Watch, 2016</h2>In the fourth quarter of 2015 the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/us-gdp-q4-2015-second-estimate-2016-2">US economy grew at a 1% pace</a>. This is faster than the 0.7% pace initially reported last month with the BEA's first estimate of GDP and Friday's second estimate for the measure beat expectations for a 0.4% increase in the economy. And while a less-disappointing end to 2015 - and make no mistake, growing at a 1% pace is disappointing - is another win for those arguing the US economy is not heading for recession, Ian Shepherdson at Pantheon Macroeconomics noted that this likely takes some growth that had been forecast for the first quarter of this year and pulls it forward. (Or something like that.)Here's Shepherdson:"Other things equal, the upward revision to inventories implies weaker growth than currently expected in Q1, because the difference between the level of inventory and where it needs to be - in order to restore prior norms, relative to sales - is bigger than previously believed."The Atlanta Fed's GDPNow <a href="https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx">tracker</a> sees first quarter GDP growing at a 2.1% pace. <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image">Atlanta Fed</div></div></div>Elsewhere, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/umich-consumer-sentiment-february-26-2016-2">consumer confidence topped expectations on Friday</a> with the final reading on sentiment in February out of the University of Michigan coming at 91.7, better than the 91.0 that was expected. This reading is, however, down from January's 98.1 reading.Richard Curtin, chief economist for the survey, said Friday that, "Consumers' most important concern involves how much the slowdown in GDP growth will affect employment growth. At present, consumers anticipate only a slight negative impact on jobs."The February jobs report is next Friday. <h2>Inflation</h2><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/personal-income-and-spending-feb-26-2016-2">We're seeing inflation make a comeback</a>. On Friday the latest data on "core" PCE - an alternative inflation measure that excludes the more volatile costs of food and gas and is favored by the Federal Reserve - showed prices rose 1.7% over last year in January. Last week, the consumer price index, a more widely-cited measure of inflation, showed "core" prices ticked up 2.2% over last year. PCE prices are what goes into the GDP calculation."Core" PCE was expected to show prices rose 1.5% in January.And so with inflation perking up the Fed is getting ever-closer to satisfying the second of its two mandates - we'd argue that the "full employment" mandate has been met - the March policy statement from the Fed seems likely to be a closer call than previously assumed by the markets. "Okay, okay, did you hear the news, it was like a cannon shot heard round the world," Chris Rupkey at MUFG wrote following the report. "There's inflation out there, and it's the Fed's own indicator, PCE inflation. It's not just CPI inflation that's hot. Policy is hopelessly behind the curve, that is if they didn't break the curve by flat-lining interest rates at zero for so many years. The bond market's been down so long it doesn't know what up is anymore."Rupkey - who we'd note has long been a hawk on Fed policy, arguing the economy is far stronger than policymakers believes and, therefore, interest rates should be higher - thinks that March is now firmly on the table.Of course, economists at Societe Generale <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/socgen-market-allows-one-fed-hike-this-year-2016-2">early Friday cut expectations for the Fed this year</a>, saying they now see just one additional rate hike from the Fed in 2016.<h2>The Law</h2><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dow-chemical-settled-lawsuit-after-scalia-death-2016-2">Here's Dow Chemical</a> (all emphasis ours):The Dow Chemical Company (NYSE: DOW) has entered into a settlement agreement to resolve the In re Urethanes Class Action litigation. In this settlement agreement, Dow has agreed to pay the plaintiff class $835 million... The settlement will resolve the $1.06 billion judgment (and also resolve post-judgment interest and an anticipated award of attorney's fees) against Dow entered in 2013.[...]Growing political uncertainties due to recent events within the Supreme Court and increased likelihood for unfavorable outcomes for business involved in class action suits have changed Dow's risk assessment of the situation. Dow believes this settlement is the right decision for the company and our shareholders.While Dow is settling this case, it continues to strongly believe that it was not part of any conspiracy and the judgment was fundamentally flawed as a matter of class action law. Further, the judgment covered alleged legacy activity between 2000 and 2003. Dow cooperated with an extensive investigation by the U.S. Department of Justice, which closed its investigation in 2007 without taking any or proposing any action against Dow. Dow's position at the U.S. Supreme Court is that the judgment violates class action law in multiple ways, notably with respect to the Supreme Court's Walmart decision of 2011 and the Comcast decision of 2013, both authored by Justice Scalia.And as <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/dow-chemical-settled-lawsuit-after-scalia-death-2016-2">Elena Holodny writes</a>, "the big takeaway form all of this is that the settlement reflects just how things might change going forward for other businesses after the Scalia's death."<h2>Negative Interest Rates</h2>So, here's what might happen to your bank account if negative rates come to the US, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/negative-interest-rate-bank-account-impact-2016-2#">via Deutsche Bank's recent meetings with PNC Bank CEO Bill Demchak</a>:"If rates go negative, consumer deposit rates go to zero and PNC would charge fees on accounts."And here's Bob Bryan:For example, in New York City a PNC savings account with under $2,500 earns 0.01% interest monthly - 0.05% if you have a PNC checking account - according to <a href="https://apps.pnc.com/rates/servlet/DepositRatesSearch?productGroup=">the company's website</a>. Standard savings accounts with over $2,500 earn 0.10% interest with a PNC checking account.In terms of fees, a <a href="https://content.pncmc.com/live/pnc/personal/serviceCharges/ServiceChargesA.pdf">PNC savings account with under $300</a> in average monthly assets is charged a $5-a-month service fee. This is waived if the balance is above that threshold.But based on Demchak's remarks, however, these fees seem likely to increase.Look: it's a tax on the banking system. <h2>Warren Buffett</h2>Tomorrow is the big day: the Berkshire Hathaway annual letter will be released to shareholders on Saturday morning. Here's what Buffett said last year about accounting:Our income and expense data conforming to GAAP is on page 49. In contrast, the operating expense figures above are non-GAAP and exclude some purchase-accounting items (primarily the amortization of certain intangible assets). We present the data in this manner because Charlie and I believe the adjusted numbers more accurately reflect the true economic expenses and profits of the businesses aggregated in the table than do GAAP figures.I won't explain all of the adjustments - some are tiny and arcane - but serious investors should understand the disparate nature of intangible assets. Some truly deplete over time, while others in no way lose value. For software, as a big example, amortization charges are very real expenses. The concept of making charges against other intangibles, such as the amortization of customer relationships, however, arises through purchase-accounting rules and clearly does not reflect reality. GAAP accounting draws no distinction between the two types of charges. Both, that is, are recorded as expenses when earnings are calculated - even though from an investor's viewpoint they could not be more different.In the GAAP-compliant figures we show on page 49, amortization charges of $1.15 billion have been deducted as expenses. We would call about 20% of these "real," the rest not. The "non-real" charges, once nonexistent at Berkshire, have become significant because of the many acquisitions we have made. Non-real amortization charges will almost certainly rise further as we acquire more companies.The GAAP-compliant table on page 67 gives you the current status of our intangible assets. We now have $7.4 billion left to amortize, of which $4.1 billion will be charged over the next five years. Eventually, of course, every dollar of non-real costs becomes entirely charged off. When that happens, reported earnings increase even if true earnings are flat.Depreciation charges, we want to emphasize, are different: Every dime of depreciation expense we report is a real cost. That's true, moreover, at most other companies. When CEOs tout EBITDA as a valuation guide, wire them up for a polygraph test.Our public reports of earnings will, of course, continue to conform to GAAP. To embrace reality, however, you should remember to add back most of the amortization charges we report.<h2>Additionally</h2><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/too-much-free-stuff-is-destroying-america-2016-2">America has too much free stuff</a>. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/societe-generales-chart-of-swan-risks-2016-02">Black swans</a>. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chris-christie-endorses-donald-trump-2016-2">Chris Christie endorses Donald Trump</a>. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/rich-kids-of-london-are-now-on-instagram-and-facebook-2016-2">Meet the "Rich Kids of London."</a><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/in-a-huge-upset-gianni-infantino-voted-new-president-of-fifa-2016-2">FIFA has a new president</a>.<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-25-best-caribbean-islands-ranked-2016-2">Caribbean islands, ranked</a>. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/curiosity-rover-mars-takes-selfies-photos-outer-space-nasa-2016-2">There's something unsettling about these photos from NASA's Curiosity Mars rover</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="A5d2dwMDE6k7a5W_p92Tz4lr9sTPvcDb" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

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