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Nepal's policymakers are undergoing 13 days' offline and online training for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) in Beijing after China "especially invited" them to attend it, sources said. China has reserved several seats for policymakers of the mega Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project at its Science Academy in Beijing. The programme started on September 4 and will end on September 20, sources said. "China has invited policymakers of Nepal to attend the training programme so that they can understand how these GPS and its application works in the field of education, research, science and other fields," they said. The move of China is seen as a counter to the US-based Global Positioning System (GPS) hegemony and push for its own indigenously developed navigation system in the region. China uses its homegrown navigation system BeiDou for both military and civilian purposes. BDS, stated to be rivalling GPS, is the fourth global satellite navigation system in the world. Other systems are Russia's GLONASS and the European Union's Galileo. India too is developing its own navigational system called the <keyword id="1493841" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Regional-Navigation-Satellite-System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</keyword> (<keyword id="1596484" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="IRNSS">IRNSS</keyword>), with an operational name of NAVIC. Sources said that BDS' implementation will not only reduce the dependence of Chinese aircraft, vehicles and anti-missile systems on GPS and GLONASS, but it will enhance the People's Liberation Army's capabilities in conducting overseas operations. BeiDou started providing independent navigation services over China in 2000 and will serve many countries part of BRI. Currently, BeiDou covers nearly 30 countries including Pakistan, Egypt and Indonesia. China's BRI is one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. It is aimed at furthering China's influence abroad with infrastructure projects funded by Chinese investments all over the world. The initiative also led to allegations of smaller countries reeling under mounting Chinese debt after Sri Lanka handed over its strategic Hambantota port in a debt swap to China in 2017 on a 99-year lease. According to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, China has inked 198 cooperation documents with 167 countries and international organisations under the BRI. China sees its trade expansion with the BRI countries as a way out to sustain its exports amid declining trend in the US and European Union, its top export destinations till now. (Sumit Kumar Singh can be reached at sumit.k@ians.in) --IANS sk/kr

China trains Nepal policymakers on BeiDou navigation system amid border tensions with India

<ul><li>The <keyword id="401917" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="India-China-border">India China border</keyword> row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15. </li><li>The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector. </li><li>This week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. </li></ul>The India China border row escalated with the news of soldiers being killed on both sides on June 15⁠ ⁠— despite assurances of de-escalation from both sides⁠— in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh, near the Line of Actual Control. India inherited the disputed border with China during British colonial rule. The two countries have overlapping lines claiming their territory in the Aksai Chin sector, which is largely an uninhabitable region. Every week, Business Insider collates interesting books to read, giving an outlook on career and professional growth, setbacks and opportunities. However, this week we bring you the books that help decode the relations between India and China — from border dispute to cultural exchanges and business ties. Here are some of those books. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/India-China-Relations-Border-Issues/dp/8130911957">India China Relations: The Border Issues and Beyond</a> Written by Mohan Guruswamy and Zorawar Singh Daulet, the book outlines the Indian China border dispute from a ‘conflict resolution’ perspective. It entails the details about the areas of Himalayas that separate north-east India from Tibet. In the 1950s, China said that it would occupy Tibet but India refused to acknowledge that and sent a letter negotiating the matter. The former Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru then wrote a memorandum on revision of the maps of India — to show defined boundaries. Later, India agreed on China taking over Tibet. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-nepal-india-Triangle-Dark-Indo-nepal-Relations/dp/1984528904/ref=sr_1_8?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-8">China-Nepal-India Triangle: The Dark Side of Indo-Nepal Relations </a> Written by Shiva Hari Dahal, China-Nepal-India Triangle talks about the less explored side of the India-Nepal relations. That includes the triangular region between China, India and Nepal. The book analyses the history of these nations through the lens of colonialism, dependency, democratic peace, and governmentalism. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Relations-Geo-political-Competition-Understanding/dp/3030444244/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-5">China-India Relations: Geo-political Competition, Economic Cooperation, Cultural Exchange and Business Ties</a> This book is written by Young Chan Kim and focuses on the relations between India and China with regard to the present business ties and competition. It also talks about the geo-political factors, such as religion that play a major role in shaping bilateral relations. It compares the networks of the two countries beyond just the border dispute. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fateful-Triangle-Shaped-U-S-India-Relations-ebook/dp/B07N8DRSQC/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;qid=1592549959&amp;refinements=p_28%3AIndia-China+Relations&amp;s=books&amp;sr=1-1">Fateful Triangle: How China Shaped US-India Relations During the Cold War</a> Written by Tanvi Madan, this book narrates how China shaped the India -US relations during the cold war. The US developed a separate relationship with the two Asian countries — India and China. The author argues the historical perspective of China’s influence globally and India US relations and their diplomatic history. <a href="https://www.amazon.in/India-China-Relations-Future-Perspectives/dp/9381411158">India China Relations: Future Perspectives</a> Authored by BR Deepak and DP Tripathi, the book outlines the history of cultural and material exchanges between India and China during the 20th century. In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi’s China visit led to the diplomatic relations between the two nations. The book is a collection of 18 researches by Indian and Chinese scholars and diplomats talking about the ‘multi-layered’ relationship with regard to 1950s ‘hindi cheeni bhai bhai’, the border dispute, defense and economic ties etc.

Here are the five books that will help you decode the India China relations — beyond just the border dispute

Army chief Gen MM Naravane will arrive in Nepal on Wednesday on a three-day crucial visit, which Indian officials here say will deepen the long-standing bonds of friendship between the two armies and provide an opportunity for both sides to explore avenues to further strengthen bilateral defence partnership for mutual benefit. Naravane's visit is largely aimed at resetting relations with the Himalayan nation after the ties came under severe strain following a bitter border row. Gen Naravane is visiting Nepal at the official invitation of Nepal Army chief Gen Purnachandra Thapa. Indian Embassy spokesperson Naveen Kumar said that Gen Naravane's visit "will deepen the long-standing and customary bonds of friendship between the two armies." "His visit will provide an opportunity for both sides to discuss the bilateral defence partnership and explore avenues to further strengthen it for mutual benefit." Gen Naravane will pay homage at the martyrs' memorial at the Army Pavilion on Thursday morning and receive a guard of honour at the Nepal Army headquarters, according to Nepal Army sources. He will hold formal talks with his Nepalese counterpart at the Nepal Army headquarters on Thursday. Mutual interests between the two armies and bilateral relations will mainly feature during the talk, Nepal Army sources said. The <keyword id="78682" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-army-chief">Indian Army chief</keyword> will also gift an ambulance and medical equipment for a mobile field hospital to be operated by the Nepal Army. He will also hold interaction with senior officials at the Nepal Army headquarters. In the afternoon, the <keyword id="6354416" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Army">Indian Army</keyword> chief will be conferred with the honorary rank of General of Nepal Army by President Bidya Devi Bhandari amidst a special ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan. He will also pay a courtesy call on President Bhandari after the ceremony. Gen Naravane will attend a dinner reception hosted by Nepal Army chief at Nepal Army headquarters. Gen Naravane will address the student officers at the Army Command and Staff College at Shivapuri, in the outskirts of Kathmandu on Friday morning. In the afternoon, Gen Naravane will meet Prime Minister and Defence Minister K.P Sharma Oli at the Prime Minister's Official Residence at Baluwatar before wrapping up his visit. "I am delighted to be visiting Nepal on their kind invitation and to meet my counterpart Gen Purna Chandra Thapa, Chief of the Army Staff of the Nepali Army. I am sure this visit will go a long way in strengthening the bonds of friendship that the two armies cherish," Gen Naravane said in New Delhi ahead of the visit. The Chief of Army Staff said he was also grateful for the opportunity to call on Prime Minister Oli. India's decision to send the Army Chief to Nepal to reset the ties is seen as part of a larger exercise by New Delhi to rejuvenate relations with Myanmar, the Maldives, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Afghanistan in the wake of greater efforts by China to expand its influence in the region. The ties between the two countries came under strain after Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated an 80-km-long strategically crucial road connecting the Lipulekh pass with Dharchula in Uttarakhand on May 8. Nepal protested the inauguration of the road claiming that it passed through its territory. Days later, Nepal came out with the new map showing Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura as its territories. After Nepal released the map, India reacted sharply, calling it a "unilateral act" and cautioning Kathmandu that such "artificial enlargement" of territorial claims will not be acceptable to it. In June, Nepal's Parliament approved the new political map of the country featuring areas which India maintains belong to it. In its reaction after Nepal's lower house of parliament approved the bill, India termed as untenable the "artificial enlargement" of territorial claims by the neighbouring country. India said Nepal's action violates an understanding reached between the two countries to resolve the boundary issues through talks. Nepal Prime Minister Oli has been asserting that Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura belong to Nepal and vowed to "reclaim" them from India. The Lipulekh pass is a far western point near Kalapani, a disputed border area between Nepal and India. Both India and Nepal claim Kalapani as an integral part of their territory - India as part of Uttarakhand's Pithoragarh district and Nepal as part of Dharchula district.

Indian Army Chief Gen MM Naravane to begin three day Nepal visit today amid border tensions with China

By Shirish B Pradhan Kathmandu, Jun 19 () Nepal and China's ruling communist parties on Friday held a virtual meeting during which they discussed the current political situation and shared their experience on running the party and government. However, according to local media reports, some Nepalese leaders raised questions over the timing of the meeting given the border stand-off between India and China and escalating tension between Kathmandu and New Delhi over Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura. Nepal Communist Party Chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Deputy Prime Minister Ishwor Pokharel were among senior leaders of the party who took part in the video conference with senior Chinese leaders. During the conference, relations between the two communist parties, the current coronavirus pandemic and the current political situation mainly figured, according to sources close to the NCP. Dahal during the conference reiterated Nepal's commitment to the 'one China' policy regarding Tibet and Taiwan. The Chinese side assured the NCP leaders that China will continue to extend help to Nepal in its fight against the spread of the coronavirus. Party chairman Dahal said that Nepal will not accept any foreign assistance that is linked to foreign security interests. Dahal's statement comes at a time when there is hot debate going on within the ruling NCP about whether to accept the US' economic assistance under the MCC (Millennium Challenge Corporation) which is linked to the US's Indo-Pacific Strategy. According to a report in the Kathmandu Post, a central member of the NCP, on the condition of anonymity, said he was wondering if the timing for the meeting is right, given the border India-China military tension and souring of the relationship between Kathmandu and New Delhi over Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura areas. Former foreign minister Kamal Thapa said that such a meeting was objectionable. "Objectionable, a neo-colonial practice," Thapa, also the chairman of the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, wrote on Twitter. "What will happen if other political parties also start receiving training and financial assistance from foreign parties whom they are comfortable with? Is it an attempt to make Nepal a playground for international forces?" Nepal on Thursday completed the process of redrawing the country's political map through a Constitutional amendment, incorporating three strategically important Indian areas in a move that could severely jolt bilateral relations. India has already termed as "untenable" the "artificial enlargement" of the territorial claims by Nepal after its lower house of Parliament on Saturday unanimously approved the new political map of the country featuring Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura areas which India maintains belong to it. Meanwhile, Nepal's Foreign Minister Pradeep Kumar Gyawali took part in the high-level video conference on "Belt and Road International Cooperation: Combating COVID-19 with Solidarity" chaired by Chinese Foreign Minister and State Councillor Wang Yi. On the occasion, Gyawali underlined that mutual support and collective efforts and the cooperation from multilateral institutions are vital in combating the COVID- 19 pandemic. The WHO should be strengthened further and supported with core resources and technologies to promote international cooperation, he said. Appreciating the role played by BRI in playing high-quality development in the partner countries, he underscored the importance of the new initiative of Health Silk Road under BRI aimed at facilitating trade in anti-epidemic medical supplies and enhancing cooperation in fighting infectious diseases. Foreign Ministers and other senior officials from 26 countries along with the Director General of WHO and Administrator of the UNDP took part in the conference The participants underlined the need for unity, solidarity, mutual cooperation among the countries and strengthening the role of the WHO for combating the pandemic. SBP PMS AKJ PMS PMS

Ruling communist parties of Nepal, China hold virtual meeting

Kathmandu, Jun 20 () Nepal on Saturday said it was confident that both its "friendly neighbours" India and China will resolve their border stand-off at the Line of Actual Control through peaceful means, keeping in mind the stability of the region and world peace. The Himalayan nation, sandwiched between the two Asian giants, said it has always stood firmly for regional and world peace and expressed confidence that the differences between India and China will be resolved in the "spirit of good neighbourliness". "Nepal maintains that disputes between the countries should be resolved through peaceful means," the foreign ministry said in a statement, two days after the Nepal government completed the process of redrawing the country's political map through a Constitutional amendment, incorporating three strategically important Indian areas of Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura in a move that could severely jolt bilateral relations with New Delhi. The foreign ministry statement noted that Nepal has always stood firmly for regional and world peace. "In the context of recent developments in the Galwan Valley area between our friendly neighbours India and China, Nepal is confident that both the neighbouring countries will resolve, in the spirit of good neighbourliness, their mutual differences through peaceful means in favour of bilateral, regional and world peace and stability," it said. Nepal's statement comes in the backdrop of clashes that have taken place between the forces of two countries in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh. Twenty Indian Army personnel, including a Colonel, were killed in the clash with Chinese troops in the Galwan Valley on Monday night, the biggest military confrontation in over five decades that has significantly escalated the already volatile border standoff between the two countries. MRJ AKJ MRJ

Nepal confident India, China will resolve differences through peaceful means

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Chinese developer Evergrande just reported a massive two-year loss of $81 billion - almost triple Iceland's GDP.</li><li>China's property-market slump has worsened, with investment sliding and the industry as a whole contracting.</li></ul>China's Evergrande, the world's most indebted developer, just reported a combined $81 billion loss for the last two years – a figure that's twice the GDP of Nepal and almost triple that of Iceland.The embattled builder's financial woes are emblematic of the deepening troubles of the Asian nation's property sector. Investment in the sector fell 7.9% in the first half of this year, official data show. The <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-18/china-property-recovery-proves-short-lived-as-industry-contracts?leadSource=uverify%20wall" target="_blank" rel="noopener">industry as a whole shrank last quarter</a>, resuming a contracting trend in place since 2021, Bloomberg reported.Property sales in China by floor area plunged more than 28% in June from a year earlier, after an almost 20% in slump in May, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/chinas-jan-june-property-sales-investment-fell-faster-pace-2023-07-17/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reuters reported</a>, citing official data.Evergrande's net losses for 2021 and 2022, excluding non-controlling interests, were <a href="https://doc.irasia.com/listco/hk/evergrande/annual/2021/res.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">476 billion yuan</a> ( $66 billion) and <a href="https://doc.irasia.com/listco/hk/evergrande/annual/2022/res.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">105.9 billion yuan</a> ($14.7 billion) respectively, exchange filings show. In comparison, Nepal's 2022 GDP was $40.8 billion and Iceland's was $27.8 billion, according to <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener">World Bank data</a>.The Chinese developer hit the headlines back in 2021 when it defaulted on its debt — an event that reverberated through global markets and have had wide-ranging effects on the Asian nation's property sector. Mass defaults and abandoned projects have become a headwind for China's struggling economy – other big developers such as Sunac and Kaisa have also missed debt payments.Wall Street banks have warned that the real-estate industry could remain a drag on the world's second-largest economy for years to come."We see persistent weaknesses in the property sector, mainly related to lower-tier cities and private developer financing, and believe there appears to be no quick fix for them," Goldman Sachs economists wrote in a research note last month, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/14/chinas-property-market-to-see-persistent-weakness.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">per CNBC</a>."We only assume an 'L-shaped' recovery in the property sector in coming years," they said, per the outlet. This is the most severe type of business downturn – where a recovery is expected to follow an "L" shape when mapped on a line graph. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-gdp-economy-growth-stimulus-unlikely-2023-7">China's overall growth has slowed too</a>. Data released on Monday clocked second-quarter GDP growth at 6.3% from one year earlier – falling short of analysts' expectations. Disappointing economic figures have led analysts to predict a fiscal stimulus package to reignite growth, but no intervention measures have been announced just yet.

Evergrande's whopping $81 billion loss is almost triple Iceland's GDP - it's a reflection of China's deepening property crisis

By Lalit K Jha and Shirish B Pradhan (Eds: Updating with more inputs) Washington/Kathmandu, Jun 25 () US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and his Nepalese counterpart Pradeep Gyawali have reviewed their bilateral ties, including the ongoing cooperation to address the COVID-19 pandemic. State Department spokesperson Morgan Ortagus said that during the phone call on Wednesday, the two leaders reviewed the USD 7.3 million COVID-19 aid that the US has provided to Nepal, building on the USD 600 million in health programming assistance that Washington has provided to Kathmandu over the past two decades. Secretary Pompeo and Foreign Minister Gyawali pledged to remain in contact on issues of mutual concern, she said. The telephonic conversation came at a time when hectic discussions are going on within the ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP) on whether the country should accept a USD 500 million grant under the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) of the US government. A section of the ruling party has strongly opposed the US assistance, alleging that it is linked to the Indo-Pacific Strategy of the US government aimed at cornering China. According to a statement by Nepal's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "the two leaders shared experiences in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and also offered sympathies and condolences on the loss of human lives due to the pandemic". The two sides discussed the importance of development partnership between the two countries, which has complemented Nepal's efforts for socioeconomic development, it said. China has been investing hugely in Nepal's infrastructure in recent years, helping the landlocked Himalyan country in laying new roads including connecting it to Chinese cities for transportation of petroleum and other essential products. Nepal has been repeatedly failing to endorse the MCC agreement to expedite the implementation of projects under the USD 500 million grant. Although the two sides had earlier agreed to endorse the MCC agreement through Parliament by June 30, Nepal seems to miss the deadline as the meeting of the House of Representatives has been put off until July 1 due to the differences of opinion within the NCP. The party is expected to make a formal decision through the Standing Committee meeting. Minister Gyawali appreciated the support provided by the US to Nepal's health sector among others through the projects related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pompeo assured Nepal of continued US cooperation. The two sides also expressed confidence that cooperation will continue to grow in the post-COVID-19 context with an enhanced level of economic partnership. According to Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, the contagion has infected over 9.4 million people and killed more than 482,000 across the world. The US is the worst affected country with over 2.3 million cases and more than 1,21,000 deaths. Nepal have reported nearly 11,000 COVID-19 cases and 24 deaths. The COVID-19, which originated in China's Wuhan city in December last year, has also battered the world economy with the International Monetary Fund saying that the global economy is bound to suffer a "severe recession". Scientists are racing against time to find a vaccine or medicine for its treatment. LKJ/SBP CPS AKJ CPS

Nepal, US discuss economic cooperation, COVID-19

China on Tuesday said it has removed leading US travel platform <keyword id="172543" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Tripadvisor">Tripadvisor</keyword>'s app along with 104 other mobile apps from various online stores in the country as part of cleaning up the internet. Most of the apps that were banned belonged to local Chinese companies but it was not clear why the country blocked Tripadvisor. "As of Tuesday afternoon, Tripadvisor's website was still accessible in China," reports CNN. The Cyberspace Administration of China said in a statement that it had removed 105 apps it considered to be "illegal," including the US travel giant. Chinese regulators were quoted as saying that the removed apps were the first of many that would be taken down in a wide-ranging "clean-up" of online content related to illegal activity, including obscenity, pornography, prostitution, violence, fraud or gambling. However, some media reports linked the action on TripAdvisor to US and its ongoing exercise to ban TikTok which is owned by China-based Bytedance. A judge in the US has granted a preliminary injunction barring the US Commerce Department from putting restrictions that it had planned to impose on short video-sharing platform TikTok. The order on Monday came in response to challenge to the Donald Trump administration's executive order on August 6 that would have barred US companies from doing transactions with the Chinese parent company of TikTok, ByteDance, The Verge reported. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/mount-everest-taller-by-2-8-feet-as-nepal-and-china-set-aside-their-differences/articleshow/79622601.cms">Mount Everest is 2.8 feet taller as China and Nepal finally agree on the height of the world's highest peak</a>

China calls Tripadvisor and 104 other mobile apps 'illegal' before removing them from online stores

<keyword id="150671" type="POSITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="chief-of-defence-staff">Chief of Defence Staff</keyword> General <keyword id="2496903" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bipin-Rawat">Bipin Rawat</keyword> said on Monday that if diplomatic talks with China over the border issue fail, then military options are on the table. "The military option to deal with the transgressions by the Chinese is still on but will be considered only if the talks at the diplomatic and military level fail," said General Bipin Rawat. He however, refused to share what military options India is looking upon. The Chinese <keyword id="6358624" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="peoples-liberation-army">People's Liberation Army</keyword> (PLA) troops are sitting at various disputed and friction points along the <keyword id="49399" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Line-of-Actual-Control">Line of Actual Control</keyword> (LAC). They have refused to disengage since mid-July and have started construction work on those disputed junctions. Apart from that they have been raising unacceptable points before India. To deal with the emerging situation, Defence Minister <keyword id="6355121" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Rajnath-Singh">Rajnath Singh</keyword> on Saturday held a meeting with National Security Advisor Ajit Doval and the top military brass to discuss the situation at the border with China. Talks between India and China remain deadlocked. India has to move around three additional formations to reinforce the border. Singh held the review meeting with Doval, Rawat and the three service chiefs on the prevailing situation at the LAC in Eastern Ladakh where Chinese troops are still camping. "The meeting happened for almost one-and-a-half-hours in South Block," said a source. The de-escalation of troops at the LAC has stopped for now as the disengagement talks between India and China have hit a roadblock. China has refused to move back from its present military position north of the Pangong Tso and Depsang. The PL) has refused to pull back eastwards from the 8-km stretch it has occupied from Finger-4 to Finger-8 by building scores of new fortifications there since early May. The mountain spurs jutting into the lake are referred to as Fingers in military parlance. China has also increased its troop deployment at Lipulekh, the place that became a trigger for strained relations between New Delhi and Kathmandu. Lipulekh is a tri-junction between India, Nepal and China situated atop the Kalapani Valley. China has changed the status quo on the LAC at various places. India has objected to it and is taking up the matter with China at all levels. Both the countries are locked in a more than three-month-long standoff at multiple points, hitherto unprecedented, along the border. During the meeting, it was also discussed that Beijing has started troop and material build-up in depth areas across the 3,488-km LAC. India has found that China has deployed troops, artillery and armour in three sectors of the LAC -- western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/india/news/from-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-to-manmohan-singh-these-are-the-stated-views-of-congress-working-committee-members-on-sonia-gandhis-resignation/slidelist/77713740.cms">From Priyanka Gandhi Vadra to Manmohan Singh, these are the stated views of Congress Working Committee members on Sonia Gandhi's resignation</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/india/news/congress-working-committee-cwc-meeting-updates-decision-on-congress-new-president-sonia-gandhi-or-rahul-gandhi/articleshow/77717675.cms">Sonia Gandhi offers to quit, Manmohan Singh holds her back and Rahul Gandhi questions party leaders — the CWC meeting reveals the cracks in Congress</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/cognizant-says-it-will-spend-2-7-crore-to-restore-sebakkam-lake-and-help-natural-marshland-pallikaranai-wetland/articleshow/77716094.cms">Cognizant says it will spend ₹2.7 crore to restore one of India's last natural marshlands in Chennai</a>

Military options on the table if India-China talks fail says Chief of Defence Staff General Bipin Rawat

China has increased its <keyword id="1729943" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="troop-deployment">troop deployment</keyword> near Lipulekh, the place that became a trigger for strained relations between New Delhi and Kathmandu. Lipulekh is tri-junction between India, Nepal and China situated atop the Kalapani Valley in Uttarakhand. <div type="image" title="5b429d90a565c415c93857fd7fe4e7e0" msid="77647047" hostid="261"></div> Sources said that China has deployed 150 <keyword id="9789794" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="light-combined-arms-brigade">Light Combined Arms Brigade</keyword>. The brigade was moved in two weeks ago from Tibet towards the Lipulekh tri-junction in China. The Indian authorities have came to know two weeks ago that Chinese troops were reinforced in Pala, around 10 km from the border. In July itself, around 1,000 troops were deployed near Pala and a permanent post was built there by China. "A fortnight back, 2,000 more additional troops were deployed at the post," sources said. India's road construction to Lipulekh lake at 17,000 feet had sparked a diplomatic row between the India and Nepal as Kathmandu claimed the area to be its territory. The road will shorten the travel time for pilgrims visiting the Kailash Mansarovar. Nepal also brought out a new political map showing the contested area as its own. India and China are locked in a more than three-month-long standoff at multiple points, hitherto unprecedented along the border. China had changed the status quo on <keyword id="9262087" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-line-of-actual-control">the Line of Actual Control</keyword> at various places, moving inside Indian territories. India has objected to it and is taking up the matter with China at all levels. China has built up troops, artillery and armour in three sectors of Line of Actual Control -- western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal). The border tension between India and China has not been resolved despite several rounds of military and diplomatic talks. China's commitment for disengagement at the border in Eastern Ladakh remains unsatisfactory and India has directed its armed forces to prepare for a long haul. SEE ALSO:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/kepler-supernova-exploded-400-years-ago-but-hasnt-slowed-down-and-two-pieces-of-debris-are-headed-towards-earth/articleshow/77646381.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Kepler supernova exploded 400 years ago but hasn’t slowed down — and two pieces of debris are headed towards Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/retail/news/heres-how-reliance-retail-stacks-up-against-some-of-its-global-peers-walmart-and-tesco/articleshow/77646302.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">Here’s how Reliance Retail stacks up against some of its global peers – Walmart and Tesco</a>

China increases troop deployment near Lipulekh Pass

Prime Minister <keyword id="6354477" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Narendra-Modi">Narendra Modi</keyword> is in <keyword id="6356598" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="Bhutan">Bhutan</keyword> on a two-day visit (June 15-16) to the Himalayan nation – his first foreign visit as the <keyword id="3658" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="India">India</keyword> premier. But why did he choose Bhutan as his first foreign destination after assuming office in May this year? 
 
Before his departure, Modi said Bhutan was a ‘natural choice’ for his visit because of the ‘unique and special relationship’ between the two countries. “Bound by common interests and shared prosperity, India and Bhutan enjoy a unique and special relationship, which has been forged by ties of geography, history and culture. Therefore, Bhutan as the destination for my first visit abroad as Prime Minister is a natural choice,” he said. Modi also described the bilateral ties as B2B relations – Bharat-to-Bhutan relations. 
 Relations between India and Bhutan have always been warm and friendly. Bhutan, along with <keyword id="12266" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Nepal">Nepal</keyword>, is India’s closest friend in the neighbourhood. India is the largest trading partner of Bhutan. In fact, Bhutan is fully dependent on India for its trade as India accounts for 98% of its exports and 90% of its imports. 
 India has also played a crucial role in the infrastructural development and security in Bhutan. India provides military training to the Bhutanese army. Bhutan does not have air force and it depends on the <keyword id="15141" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Indian-Air-Force">Indian Air Force</keyword> for support. Since it is a landlocked country, it does not have navy. 
 The bilateral relations between the two countries have been close historically. In 1949, India and Bhutan signed the <keyword id="2339173" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Treaty-of-Friendship">Treaty of Friendship</keyword>, under which Bhutan agreed to let India ‘guide’ its foreign policy while both nations would consult each other on foreign policies. 
 <keyword id="1334" type="COUNTRY" weightage="100" keywordseo="China">China</keyword>’s annexation of Tibet brought both the nations even closer. In 1958, the then Indian Prime Minister, <keyword id="6360386" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Jawaharlal-Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</keyword>, went to Bhutan and on his return, announced in the Parliament that “any aggression against Bhutan would be seen as aggression against India.” 
 Bhutan, too, has always stood by India. It supported India on the <keyword id="148052" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="Comprehensive-Test-Ban-Treaty">Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty</keyword> (<keyword id="42800" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="CTBT">CTBT</keyword>) issue and the Pokhran nuclear tests. In 2003, Bhutan launched military operations against the <keyword id="534673" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="United-Liberation-Front-of-Assam">United Liberation Front of Assam</keyword> (<keyword id="38341" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="ULFA">ULFA</keyword>), which had established some bases in the Bhutanese territory. 
 
Modi’s visit assumes more significance as it comes before the talks between Bhutan and China. China, of late, has been keen on establishing diplomatic ties with Bhutan.

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