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Bengaluru, The ISRO on Tuesday said <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword> has completed its orbits around the earth and is now heading towards the Moon. "A successful <keyword id="18224854" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="perigee-firing" source="Orion">perigee-firing</keyword> performed at ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network). ISRO has injected the spacecraft into the translunar orbit," it said. The key manoeuvre was carried out early on Tuesday to slingshot the spacecraft towards the moon. "Chandrayaan-3 completes its orbits around the Earth and heads towards the moon," the national space agency said, adding, "Next stop: the moon." "As it arrives at the moon, the Lunar-Orbit Insertion is planned for August 5, 2023," ISRO said. An ISRO official told PTI that following the trans-lunar injection, the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft escaped from orbiting the Earth and is now following a path that would take it to the vicinity of the moon. The ISRO had said it would attempt softlanding on the lunar surface on August 23. The spacecraft's orbit was progressively increased five times after the Chandrayaan-3 mission to Moon was launched on July 14.

Destination moon: Chandrayaan-3 leaves earth's orbit

Bengaluru, The <keyword id="16816527" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="propulsion-module" source="Orion">Propulsion Module</keyword> (PM) of Chandrayaan-3 has been moved from an orbit around the Moon to an orbit around Earth, <keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword> has said, terming the operation a unique experiment. The primary objective of the <keyword id="15331763" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chandrayaan-3-mission" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3 mission</keyword> was to demonstrate a soft landing near the lunar south polar region and perform experiments using the instruments on the 'Vikram' lander and the 'Pragyan' rover. The spacecraft was launched on July 14, 2023, on board the LVM3-M4 vehicle from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR). On August 23, the Vikram lander made its historic touchdown on the Moon and subsequently, the Pragyan rover was deployed. The scientific instruments in the lander and rover were operated continuously for one lunar day as per the defined mission life. "The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 have been completely met," the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said in a statement. For the Propulsion Module, the main objective was to ferry the lander module from the Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) to the final lunar polar circular orbit and separate the lander, it said. After the separation, the Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload in the PM was also operated, the space agency said. The initial plan was to operate this payload for about three months during the mission life of the PM. The precise orbit injection by LVM3 and optimal earth or lunar burn manoeuvres resulted in the availability of over 100 kg of fuel in the PM after over one month of operations in the lunar orbit, it added. ISRO said that it was decided to use the available fuel in the PM to derive additional information for future lunar missions and demonstrate the mission operation strategies for a sample return mission. To continue the SHAPE payload for earth observation, it was decided to re-orbit the PM to a suitable earth orbit. This mission plan was worked out considering collision avoidance such as preventing the PM from crashing onto the Moon's surface or entering into the Earth's Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (GEO) belt at 36,000 km and orbits below that, the statement said. Considering the estimated fuel availability and the safety of the GEO spacecraft, the optimal earth return trajectory was designed for October 2023. The first maneuver was performed on October 9, 2023, to raise apolune altitude to 5,112 km from 150 km thus increasing the period of orbit from 2.1 hours to 7.2 hours. Later, considering the estimate of available propellant, the second manoeuvre plan was revised to target an Earth orbit of 1.8 lakh x 3.8 lakh km. The Trans-Earthinjection (TEI) maneuver was performed on October 13, 2023. In the post-TEI manoeuvre realised orbit, the PM made four Moon fly-bys before departing the sphere of influence (SOI) of the Moon on November 10. Currently, the PM is orbiting Earth and crossed its first perigee on November 22 with an altitude of 1.54 lakh km. The orbit period is nearly 13 days with a 27-degree inclination. The perigee and apogee altitude vary during its trajectory and the predicted minimum perigee altitude is 1.15 lakh km, ISRO said. "Hence as per current orbit prediction, there is no threat of close approach with any operational Earth-orbiting satellites," it said. As per the plan, the SHAPE payload is being operated whenever Earth is in its field of view. Also, a special operation of the SHAPE payload was carried out on October 28, 2023, during a solar eclipse. The SHAPE payload operations will continue further, the statement added. "UR Rao Satellite Centre/ISRO's flight dynamics team has developed an analysis tool from first principles for this operation which is being validated through the return maneuvers carried out for the Chandrayaan-3 PM," ISRO said. According to ISRO, the following are the main outcomes of the return manoeuvres carried out on the PM related to future missions: Planning and execution of trajectory and manoeuvres to return from the Moon to Earth; development of a software module to plan such a manoeuvre and its preliminary validation; planning and execution of a gravity-assisted fly-by across a planet or celestial body; and avoiding uncontrolled crashing of the PM onto the Moon's surface at the end of life of the PM thus meeting the requirements of no debris creation.

ISRO moves Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module to orbit around Earth in unique experiment

Chennai, Indian space agency on Thursday afternoon successfully detached the <keyword id="2544696" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="moon-lander" source="Orion">moon lander</keyword> from the main spacecraft <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword>. The <keyword id="17581471" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-3-spacecraft" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft</keyword> comprises a propulsion module (weighing 2,148 kg), a lander (1,723.89 kg) and a rover (26 kg). "Thanks for the ride, mate! said the Lander Module (LM). LM is successfully separated from the Propulsion Module (PM). LM is set to descend to a slightly lower orbit upon a deboosting planned for tomorrow around 1600 Hrs., IST," Indian Space Research Organisation (<keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword>) tweeted. According to ISRO, the lander was separated from the propulsion module at an orbit of 153 km x 163 km around the <keyword id="42440" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="moon" source="Orion">moon</keyword>. Meanwhile, the Propulsion Module continues its journey in the current orbit for months/years, said ISRO. "The SHAPE payload onboard it would perform spectroscopic study of the Earth's atmosphere and measure the variations in polarization from the clouds on Earth - to accumulate signatures of Exoplanets that would qualify for our habitability! This payload is SHAPEd by U R Rao Satellite Centre/ISRO, Bengaluru," ISRO added. The main purpose of India's third moon mission costing about Rs 600 crore is to land the lander softly on the moon. The Chandrayaan-2 mission failed as the lander called 'Vikram' crashed on to the moon. According to the ISRO, the lander is expected to make a soft-landing near the South Pole of the moon on August 23 at 5.47 p.m. The lander will descend to the moon from a height of about 100 km from the moon's surface. The soft landing is a tricky issue as it involves a series of complex manoeuvres consisting of rough and fine braking. Imaging of the landing site region prior to landing will be done for finding safe and hazard-free zones. Subsequent to the soft landing, the six-wheeled rover will roll out and carry out experiments on the lunar surface for a period of one lunar day which is equal to 14 earth days. The Chandrayaan-3 was put into orbit on July 14 in a copybook style by India's heavy lift rocket LVM3. The spacecraft completed orbiting around the earth and headed towards the moon on August 1. On that day a successful perigee-firing performed at ISTRAC, the ISRO had injected the spacecraft into the translunar orbit.

India's moon lander separates from main Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft

The <keyword id="116095" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="indian-space-research-organisation" source="Orion">Indian Space Research Organisation</keyword> (<keyword id="6358064" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="isro" source="Orion">ISRO</keyword>) on Tuesday successfully performed the third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) of the <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword> spacecraft. The next firing is planned for July 20 between 2 pm and 3 pm, the national space agency headquartered here said. "The third orbit-raising maneuver (Earth-bound perigee firing) is performed successfully from ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network)/ISRO, Bengaluru," it said. The Chandrayaan-3 mission to the Moon was launched on July 14.

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO successfully completes third orbit-raising manoeuvre

<ul><li>The last <keyword id="592509" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Super-Moon">Super Moon</keyword> of 2020 is set to rise on Thursday, May 7, this week.</li><li>Tonight the Moon will be just 2% away from being a full-blown Super Moon, appearing larger than average in the sky.</li><li>The Full Moon in May is also called the ‘Flower’ Moon or the ‘Vesak’ Moon and coincides with the celebration of <keyword id="160011" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Buddha-Purnima">Buddha Purnima</keyword>.</li></ul>This week is your last chance to grab a view of a <keyword id="9176967" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="super-full-moon">Super Full Moon</keyword> this year. The Super ‘Flower’ Moon, set to rise on May 7, will be the last of the Super Moons we’ll see this year. Astronomers recommend catching the view right after sunset, as the Moon is rising over the horizon. According to NASA, the Moon will visible in its full glory for a total of three days. So, even if you look up at the sky tonight — anytime after 5:51 pm IST — the waxing gibbous Moon will be a wonderful sight only 2% away from being at its largest tomorrow evening. <div type="image" title="supermoon_ISS_edited" msid="75578460" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet took this image of a Super Moon from on board the International Space Station in 2016&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> ‘Flower’ Power Full Super Moon Moon The May Moon gets its nickname from spring in the US since flowers are in abundance as spring kicks in. Similarly, it’s also called the Vesak Moon in India given that it comes during the harvest season, according to the Maine Farmer’s Almanac published in the 1930s. In some parts of the country, it’s also when people celebrate Buddha Purnima to commemorate the life of Gautam Buddha. In other parts of the world, May’s Moon is also referred to as the Corn Planting Mooon and the Milk Moon. Super Moon origins For those unfamiliar with the concept of Super Moons, it’s when the Moon is at its closest to the Earth — its perigee. Because is it at its closest, a Super Full Moon also appears to be 16% brighter than the average Full Moon. <div type="image" title="supermoon_LRAO_edited" msid="75578524" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;An image of the moon taken by NASA&amp;#39;s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is shown in two halves to illustrate the difference in the apparent size and brightness of the moon during a supermoon. The left half shows the apparent size of a supermoon (full moon at perigee), while the right half shows the apparent size and brightness of a micromoon (full moon at apogee). &amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> And it’s not just the Moon that gets brighter during a Super Moon, the hides also get higher. Scientists estimate that the perigean spring tides are around 2 inches higher than regular spring tides. ‘Super Moon’ isn’t an official astronomical term, but one coined by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979. According to him, it is whenever the Moon is more than 90% of its approach to Earth’s orbit. However, it is not clear why chose the 90% threshold as the cut-off — which is any distance closer than 360,000 kilometres from the centre of the Earth. <div type="image" title="supermoon" msid="75578588" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The Moon at perigee and apogee from the Earth&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> This year, there have been four Super Moons that graced the sky, April’s being the largest. In the coming year, there will only be two Super Moons — one in April and followed by another in May. Historically, the Super Moon on 14 November 2016 was the closest Super Moon that the Earth has seen since 1948. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/isro-may-quietly-gain-a-cost-advantage-despite-the-delay-in-gaganyaan-and-chandrayaan-3-says-an-expert/articleshow/75546034.cms">ISRO may quietly gain a cost advantage despite the delay in Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan 3, says an expert</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/heres-how-you-can-watch-the-biggest-asteroid-of-2020-live-as-it-zooms-past-the-earth/articleshow/75442421.cms">Here’s how you can watch the biggest asteroid of 2020 live as it zooms past the Earth</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/there-are-19-interstellar-asteroids-between-jupiter-and-neptune-and-even-computers-cant-predict-where-they-are-headed/articleshow/75350530.cms">There are 19 interstellar asteroids between Jupiter and Neptune ⁠— and even computers can’t predict where they are headed</a>

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Destination moon: Chandrayaan-3 leaves earth's orbit

PTI

ISRO moves Chandrayaan-3 propulsion module to orbit around Earth in unique experiment

PTI

India's moon lander separates from main Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft

IANS

Chandrayaan-3: ISRO successfully completes third orbit-raising manoeuvre

PTI

The last Super Moon of the year set to rise on May 7 — the flower power wonder kicks off tonight

Prabhjote Gill

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